MODELLING AND SIMULATION USING MATLAB

1) A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]

>> new

A=

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

2) rand(3)

>> new

ans =

0.8147 0.9134 0.2785

0.9058 0.6324 0.5469

0.1270 0.0975 0.9575

3) rand(2,3)

>> new

ans =

0.9649 0.9706 0.4854

0.1576 0.9572 0.8003

Operating with Matrices

4) a=rand(4)
 b=rand(4)

c=a+b

>> new

a=

0.0318 0.8235 0.0344 0.7952

0.2769 0.6948 0.4387 0.1869

0.0462 0.3171 0.3816 0.4898

0.0971 0.9502 0.7655 0.4456

b=

0.6463 0.6797 0.4984 0.2238

0.7094 0.6551 0.9597 0.7513

0.7547 0.1626 0.3404 0.2551

0.2760 0.1190 0.5853 0.5060

c=

0.6781 1.5032 0.5328 1.0190

0.9863 1.3499 1.3985 0.9381

0.8009 0.4797 0.7219 0.7449

0.3732 1.0692 1.3508 0.9515

5) d=rand(4,1)

e=a*d

>> new

d=

0.6991
 0.8909

0.9593

0.5472

e=

1.2241

1.3358

0.9488

1.8926

6) a=rand(3,2)

a'

>> new

a=

0.1386 0.8407

0.1493 0.2543

0.2575 0.8143

ans =

0.1386 0.1493 0.2575

0.8407 0.2543 0.8143

7) a=3

b=a*3

eye(3)

>> new
a=

b=

ans =

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

8) [eye(3),diag(eye(3)),rand(3,2)

>> new

ans =

1.0000 0 0 1.0000 0.2435 0.1966

0 1.0000 0 1.0000 0.9293 0.2511

0 0 1.0000 1.0000 0.3500 0.6160

9) A=rand(3)

B = [A, zeros(3,2); zeros(2,3), ones(2)]

>> new

A=

0.4733 0.5853 0.2858

0.3517 0.5497 0.7572

0.8308 0.9172 0.7537

B=
 0.4733 0.5853 0.2858 0 0

0.3517 0.5497 0.7572 0 0

0.8308 0.9172 0.7537 0 0

0 0 0 1.0000 1.0000

0 0 0 1.0000 1.0000

10) x=0:pi/2:2*pi

b=sin(x)

[x' b' ]

>> new

x=

0 1.5708 3.1416 4.7124 6.2832

b=

0 1.0000 0.0000 -1.0000 -0.0000

ans =

0 0

1.5708 1.0000

3.1416 0.0000

4.7124 -1.0000

6.2832 -0.0000

11) a=rand(3,4)

a(2,3)

a(1:2,2:3)

a(1,end)
 a(1,:)

a(:,3)

>>

>> new

a=

0.3804 0.0540 0.9340 0.4694

0.5678 0.5308 0.1299 0.0119

0.0759 0.7792 0.5688 0.3371

ans =

0.1299

ans =

0.0540 0.9340

0.5308 0.1299

ans =

0.4694

ans =

0.3804 0.0540 0.9340 0.4694

ans =

0.9340

0.1299

0.5688

12) a=[1 2 3;4 5 6; 9 8 7]

 a(3)

a(7)

a([1 2 3 4])

a(:)

>> new

a=

1 2 3

4 5 6

9 8 7

ans =

ans =

ans =

1 4 9 2

ans =

6
 7

Loops: For and While

13) x=10;while x > 1; x = x/2,end

>> new

x=

x=

2.5000

x=

1.2500

x=

0.6250

14) x = []; for i = 1:4, x=[x,iˆ2], end

>> new

x=

1
x=

1 4

x=

1 4 9

x=

1 4 9 16

15) x = []; for i = 4:-1:1, x=[x,i^2], end

>> new

x=

16

x=

16 9

x=

16 9 4

x=

16 9 4 1

16) 3<5,3>5,3==5

>> new

ans =

logical
 1

ans =

logical

ans =

logical

17) a = rand(5), b = triu(a), a == b

>> new

a=

0.1622 0.6020 0.4505 0.8258 0.1067

0.7943 0.2630 0.0838 0.5383 0.9619

0.3112 0.6541 0.2290 0.9961 0.0046

0.5285 0.6892 0.9133 0.0782 0.7749

0.1656 0.7482 0.1524 0.4427 0.8173

b=

0.1622 0.6020 0.4505 0.8258 0.1067

0 0.2630 0.0838 0.5383 0.9619

0 0 0.2290 0.9961 0.0046

0 0 0 0.0782 0.7749

0 0 0 0 0.8173

ans =
5×5 logical array

1 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 1

Logical Indexing

18)

a>2

>> new

a=

0.1622 0.6020 0.4505 0.8258 0.1067

0.7943 0.2630 0.0838 0.5383 0.9619

0.3112 0.6541 0.2290 0.9961 0.0046

0.5285 0.6892 0.9133 0.0782 0.7749

0.1656 0.7482 0.1524 0.4427 0.8173

ans =

5×5 logical array

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

19) a(ans)=20

>> new

a=

0.1622 0.6020 0.4505 0.8258 0.1067

0.7943 0.2630 0.0838 0.5383 0.9619

0.3112 0.6541 0.2290 0.9961 0.0046

0.5285 0.6892 0.9133 0.0782 0.7749

0.1656 0.7482 0.1524 0.4427 0.8173

>> new

a=

0.1622 0.6020 0.4505 0.8258 0.1067

0.7943 0.2630 0.0838 0.5383 0.9619

0.3112 0.6541 0.2290 0.9961 0.0046

0.5285 0.6892 0.9133 0.0782 0.7749

0.1656 0.7482 0.1524 0.4427 0.8173

20)

x = 0:pi/6:.5*pi;

y = sin(x)

>> new

y=

0 0.5000 0.8660 1.0000

21)

a=rand(3,4)

b=sin(a)

c=sqrt(b)

>> new

a=

0.8687 0.2599 0.9106 0.1455

0.0844 0.8001 0.1818 0.1361

0.3998 0.4314 0.2638 0.8693

b=

0.7635 0.2570 0.7899 0.1450

0.0843 0.7174 0.1808 0.1356

0.3892 0.4182 0.2608 0.7639

c=

0.8738 0.5069 0.8888 0.3808

0.2904 0.8470 0.4253 0.3683

0.6239 0.6466 0.5106 0.8740

Matrix Functions

22)
A=rand(3)

y=eig(A)

>> new

A=

0.5797 0.8530 0.5132

0.5499 0.6221 0.4018

0.1450 0.3510 0.0760

y=

1.4447 + 0.0000i

-0.0835 + 0.0407i

-0.0835 - 0.0407i

23)

[V,D]=eig(A)

>> new

V=

-0.7499 + 0.0000i -0.2986 - 0.3058i -0.2986 + 0.3058i

-0.6174 + 0.0000i -0.2571 + 0.2235i -0.2571 - 0.2235i

-0.2377 + 0.0000i 0.8374 + 0.0000i 0.8374 + 0.0000i

D=

1.4447 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 0.0000i -0.0835 + 0.0407i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i -0.0835 - 0.0407i

>> initial_velocity = 0;

acceleration = 4.5;

time = 25;

final velocity = initial velocity ...

+ acceleration * time

final velocity =

112.5000

>> format long

x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2

x=

17.231981640639408

>> format short

x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2

x=

17.2320

>> format bank

daily wage = 177.45;

weekly wage = daily wage * 6

weekly wage =
 1064.70

>> format short e

4.678 * 4.9

ans =

2.2922e+01

>> format long e

x = pi

x=

3.141592653589793e+00

>> format rat

4.678 * 4.9

Ans =

2063/90

>> format bank

daily wage = 177.45;

weekly wage = daily wage * 6

weekly wage =

1064.70

format short e

4.678 * 4.9
Ans =

2.2922e+01

Creating vectors

>> r = [7 8 9 10 11]

r=

7 8 9 10 11

>> r = [7 8 9 10 11];

t = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

res = r + t

res =

9 11 13 15 17

>> c = [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]

c=

10

11

>> m = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
m=

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Create a script file, and type the following code:

a = 5; b = 7;

c=a+b

d = c + sin(b)

e=5*d

f = exp(-d)

c=

12

d=

1.2657e+01

e=

6.3285e+01

f=

3.1852e-06

Q1) write a 3x3 cell array and call all the data type

A = ones (4)

B = 'this is a string'

C = rand(4)

D = [1 3 4 5]
E = 'my name is neeraj'

F = [2 4 5; 4 4 4; 5 5 4]

G = [3233; 3432; 3343; 6566]

H = rand(3)

I = [3; 3; 4; 4]

cell = {A, B, C; D, E, F; G, H, I}

cell{1,1}

cell{1,2}

cell{1,3}

cell{2,1}

cell{2,2}

cell{2,3}

cell{3,1}

cell{3,2}

cell{3,3}

q2) Write a structure array in matlab and call all the datatype

student(1).name= 'neeraj'

student(2).rolnum= 23

student(3).precentage= 84.44

student

student(1).name

student(2).rolnum

student(3).precentage
>> new

student =

struct with fields:

name: 'neeraj'

student =

1×2 struct array with fields:

name

rolnum

student =

1×3 struct array with fields:

name

rolnum

precentage

student =

1×3 struct array with fields:

name

rolnum

precentage

ans =
 'neeraj'

ans =

23

ans =

84.4400

>>

q3) write a structure array for a patient details

paitent(1).name= 'rahul'

paitent(2).blood_group= 'B positive'

paitent(3).age= 43

paitent(4).type= 'flue'

paitent

paitent(1).name

paitent(2).blood_group

paitent(3).age

paitent(4).type

>> new

paitent =

struct with fields:

 name: 'rahul'

paitent =

1×2 struct array with fields:

name

blood_group

paitent =

1×3 struct array with fields:

name

blood_group

age

paitent =

1×4 struct array with fields:

name
 blood_group

age

type

paitent =

1×4 struct array with fields:

name

blood_group

age

type

ans =

'rahul'

ans =

'B positive'

ans =

43

ans =

'flue'

>>
q3) write a matrix in matlab and chack the condition

a = rand(5), b = triu(a), a == b

ans)

a=

0.7011 0.1781 0.5612 0.4607 0.3763

0.6663 0.1280 0.8819 0.9816 0.1909

0.5391 0.9991 0.6692 0.1564 0.4283

0.6981 0.1711 0.1904 0.8555 0.4820

0.6665 0.0326 0.3689 0.6448 0.1206

b=

0.7011 0.1781 0.5612 0.4607 0.3763

0 0.1280 0.8819 0.9816 0.1909

0 0 0.6692 0.1564 0.4283

0 0 0 0.8555 0.4820

0 0 0 0 0.1206

ans =

5×5 logical array

1 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 1

>>
2D Linear Plots

Q4) Write a 2d linear plot

x = -2*pi:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(x); plot(x,y)

Q5) Write a 3d plot

t=.01:.01:20*pi; x=cos(t); y=sin(t); z=t.ˆ3;

plot3(x,y,z)
Chapter 3
Array operations and Linear
Equations

1) Introduction of M file Script with Example ?

Ans = M-File Scripts

A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB statements. Script

files have a filename extension .m and are often called M-files. M-files can be scripts that

simply execute a series of MATLAB statements, or they can be functions that can accept

argumenxts and can produce one or more outputs.

Examples

Here are two simple scripts.

Example 1

Consider the system of equations:

Find the solution x to the system of equations.

Solution:

• Use the MATLAB editor to create a file: File → New → M-file.

• Enter the following statements in the file:

• Save the file, for example, example1.m.

• Run the file, in the command line, by typing:

example1

A = [1 2 3; 3 3 4; 2 3 3];
b = [1; 1; 2];
x = A\b

x=
-0.5000
1.5000
-0.5000

2) Introduction of M File script with example?

Ans = M-File functions
As mentioned earlier, functions are programs (or routines) that accept input arguments
and
return output arguments. Each M-file function (or function or M-file for short) has its own
area of workspace, separated from the MATLAB base workspace.

Example = factorial(5)

f = 120

Q) What is M file function?

M-File functions
MATLAB provides many matrix functions for various matrix/vector manipulations; see
Table 3.3 for some of these functions. Use the online help of MATLAB to find how to use
these functions
Q1) A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
b = [1; 1; 1];
x = inv(A)*b

x = -1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000

Q2) A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
b = [1; 1; 1];
x = A\b

x = -1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000

Solving linear equations

Q1) A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
b = [1; 1; 1];
x = inv(A)*b

Ans: x = -1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000

Q2) A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
b = [1; 1; 1];
x = A\b

Ans: x = -1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000
Matrix inverse

Q1) A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
inv(A)

Ans:

-1.7778 0.8889 -0.1111

1.5556 -0.7778 0.2222
-0.1111 0.2222 -0.1111
Chapter 4
Introduction to programming in MATLAB

Q) What is M file Function?

Ans: functions are programs (or routines) that accept input arguments and return output
arguments. Each M-file function (or function or M-file for short) has its own area of
workspace, separated from the MATLAB base workspace.

Anatomy of a M-File function

1. function f = factorial(n)
2. % FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N.
3. % Compute a factorial value.
4. f = prod(1:n);

Q1) f = factorial(4)
Ans:
f = 24

Q2) f = prod(1:6)
Ans:
f = 720
Q3) game1 = input('Enter the points scored in the first game' );
game2 = input('Enter the points scored in the second game' );
game3 = input('Enter the points scored in the third game' );
average = (game1+game2+game3)/3

Ans:
Enter the points scored in the first game
15
Enter the points scored in the second game
23
Enter the points scored in the third game
10

average =

16

Chapter 5
Control flow and operators
Control flow MATLAB has four control flow structures: the if statement, the for loop, the
while loop, and the switch statemen t

The ‘‘if...end’’ structure MATLAB supports the variants of “if” construct.

• if ... end
• if ... else ... end
• if ... elseif ... else ... end

1. discr = b*b - 4*a*c;

if discr < 0
disp(’Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are
imaginary’);
 end

2. discr = b*b - 4*a*c;

if discr < 0
disp(’Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are
imaginary’);
else
disp(’Roots are real, but may be repeated’)
end

3. discr = b*b - 4*a*c;

if discr < 0
disp(’Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are
imaginary’);
elseif discr == 0
disp(’Discriminant is zero, roots are repeated’)
else
disp(’Roots are real’)
end

The ‘‘for...end’’ loop

In the for ... end loop, the execution of a command is repeated at a fixed and
predetermined number of times. The syntax is
for variable = expression
statements
end
Usually, expression is a vector of the form i:s:j. A simple example of for loop is
for ii=1:5
x=ii*ii
End

n = 5; A = eye(n);
for j=2:n
for i=1:j-1
A(i,j)=i/j;
A(j,i)=i/j;
 end
End

The ‘‘while...end’’ loop

This loop is used when the number of passes is not specified. The looping
continues until a
stated condition is satisfied. The while loop has the form:

while expression
statements
end
The statements are executed as long as expression is true.

x=1
while x <= 10
x = 3*x
End

Saving output to a file

In addition to displaying output on the screen, the command fprintf can be used for
writing the output to a file. The saved data can subsequently be used by MATLAB or other
softwares.
To save the results of some computation to a file in a text format requires the
following
steps:
1. Open a file using fopen
2. Write the output using fprintf
3. Close the file using fclose

Here is an example (script) of its use.

% write some variable length strings to a file

op = fopen(’weekdays.txt’,’wt’);
fprintf(op,’Sunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\n’);
fprintf(op,’Thursday\nFriday\nSaturday\n’);
fclose(op);