CHAPTER 3 MATLAB EXERCISES 153

2. Verify the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix

3 4
6 0 4
22 1 3 .
2 0 4
3. Prove the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the case of an arbitrary 2 3 2 matrix A,

3 4
a b
A5 .
c d

4. If A is nonsingular and psAd 5 An 1 cn21An21 1 . . . 1 c1A 1 c0I 5 0, show

that
1
A21 5 s2An21 2 cn21An22 2 . . . 2 c2A 2 c1Id.
c0
Use this result to find the inverse of the matrix

3 4
1 2
A5 .
3 5
5. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem can be used to calculate powers An of the square
matrix A. For example, the characteristic polynomial of the matrix
3 21
A5 32 21 4
is psld 5 l2 2 2l 2 1.
The Cayley-Hamilton theorem implies that
A2 2 2A 2 I 5 0 or A2 5 2A 1 I.
Thus, A2 is given in terms of lower powers of A.
3 21 7 22
3 4 3 4 3 4
1 0
A2 5 2A 1 I 5 2 1 5
2 21 0 1 4 21

Similarly, multiplying both sides of the equation A2 5 2A 1 I by A gives A3 in

terms of lower powers of A, A3 5 2A2 1 A.
(a) Use this method to find A3 and A4.
(b) Find A5 for the matrix

3 4
0 0 1
(b) 2 2 21 .
1 0 2

CHAPTER 3 ❑ MATLAB EXERCISES

1. Use MATLAB to calculate the determinants of the following matrices.

25

3 4
6 7
2 23
1. (a)326 9 4
(b) 0 21 2
4 0 23
1. (c) pascals4d (d) hilbs8d
154 CHAPTER 3 DETERMINANTS

2. Let

32 4
1 4
A5 .
21
Use the MATLAB determinant command det to compute dets2 p eyes2d 2 Ad. Find an integer
value of t such that detstI 2 Ad 5 0.
3. Choose arbitrary 4 3 4 matrices A and B. Compute detsAd detsBd, and detsABd. What do you ob-
serve? Do the same for detsAd 1 detsBd and detsA 1 Bd.
4. Choose an arbitrary real number t. Form the matrix

3 4
cosstd sinstd
A5
2sinstd cosstd
and calculate its determinant. Does the value of the determinant depend on t?
5. Consider the matrices
2 21

3 4 3 4
2 0 1 4
A 5 1 21 2 and B 5 0 21 3 .
3 1 1 3 22 1
(a) Verify that detsAd detsBd 5 detsABd.
(b) Verify that detsAT d 5 detsAd.
(c) Verify that detsA21d 5 1ydetsAd.
6. In this exercise, we will use Cramer’s rule to solve the linear system Ax 5 b from Example 3,
Section 3.4. Let
4 22
3 4 3 4
10
A5 and b5
3 25 11
be the coefficient matrix and the right-hand side, respectively. To form the matrix A1, we need to
replace the first column of A with b. To do this, type
A1 5 A
A1s :, f1gd 5b
The solution x1 is obtained by typing
detsA1dydetsAd
You can calculate x2 in a similar manner.
A2 5 A
A2s :, f2gd 5b
detsA2dydetsAd
7. Use the Cramer’s Rule algorithm from Exercise 6 to solve the following linear system. Compare
your answer with that obtained using rref.
3x 1 3y 1 4z 5 22
x 1 y 1 4z 5 22
2x 1 5y 1 4z 5 23

CUMULATIVE TEST FOR CHAPTERS 1–3

Take this test as you would take a test in class. After you are done, check your work against
the answers at the back of the book.
1. Solve the following system of linear equations.
2x1 2 2x2 5 23
2x1 1 6x2 5 21