Compare and Contrast Processes REPRODUCTION

in Plants and Animals: - an essential characteristic of organisms to

Reproduction and Development perpetuate their kind.
- Plants and animals can reproduce either sexually or
1. A mode of reproduction that does not involve the asexually.
union of sex cells.

2. Stage of development characterized by an increase

in size of an individual.

3. A mode of reproduction that involves the union of,

sex cells.

4. It is the union of egg cell and sperm cell.

PLANT REPRODUCTION
5. The outermost whorl of a flower collectively known
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
as corolla.
 Many of the plants on earth are produced
through asexual means. This type of plants is
6. The placement of the pollen grain from the anther
advantageous when they are adapted to a
to the stigma of a carpel of a flower.
particular environment and the genetic variation
among plant members is not a necessity.
7. The male reproductive structure of a flower.
One strategy of plants reproducing asexually is
8. Also known as the womb where the embryo
through
develops with thick muscular walls, blood vessels, and
endometrial lining.
vegetative reproduction (a type of reproduction in
plants from its vegetative parts or specialized
9. A cell that contains only half the chromosome
reproductive structures).
number.
- The new plant that results from this type of
10. A cell that contains the full chromosome number
reproduction is identical to its parent plant.
or two sets of chromosomes.
-The structure in plants that reproduce vegetatively
came mostly from modified stems, such as runners,
11. The process that blocks fertilization, implantation,
tubers, corm and rhizomes.
and actual completion of development of fetus in
humans.
1. Stolon -also known as a “creeping stem,” is a
12. A reproductive structure where a plant embryo
horizontal stem that grows along the ground’s
and a food source are contained within a testa.
surface, producing roots and shoots at various points
along its length.
13. An outgrowth arises forming a bud from the body
of a parent.
-A runner- is a specialized type of stolon that grows
horizontally above the ground and produces new
14. A male reproductive organ where sperm is
plants at the nodes.
produced.
-Runners are commonly found in plants such as
grasses, clovers, and strawberries.
15. The body breaks into two or more parts and each
fragment are capable of becoming a complete
2. Tuber- specialized storage stem of certain seed
individual.
plants. Tubers are usually short and thickened and
typically grow below the soil.

3. Corms- are very similar to bulbs but lack the

layered scales that characterize true bulbs.
- They reproduce via cormlets or individual corms, Male Organs of a Flower:
and each can be divided away from the parent to Stamen – male reproductive part of a flower.
produce exact copies of the plant. a.Anther – makes tiny grains called “pollen”, which
contains male sex cells
b. Filament – holds up the anther.
4. Rhizome -horizontal underground
plant stem capable of producing the shoot Female Organs of a Flower:
and root systems of a new plant. a. Carpel – female reproductive part
b. Stigma – top part of the carpel with sticky surface
artificial plant propagation -Another method used for to trap the pollen
plants to grow is by means of ,with a little help from c. Style – joins the stigma and the ovary
the human. d. Ovary – Contains the female sex cells called
- It is very useful because plants can grow faster than ovules
plants grown from the seeds.
- Some plants such as sugarcane, apple, pineapple,
and other ornamental plants, can be propagated by
stem cuttings using this method.

grafting -Woody plants are reproduced through,

which attaches a piece of stem from one plant to the
root or root-bearing of another plant.

Stock- The result of combining it to a root-bearing

stem host is called
scion -and the grafted stem part is called the. When
the vascular stem of scion merged with that of the
stock, it will form a continuous vascular stem
producing
xylem and phloem- to transport water and other
nutrients through the plant’s body. Double fertilization Another way on how flowering
plants may be developed is through the process of
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Are you amazed by the beautiful flowers around Double fertilization process is seen in plants that
you? Most of us want to have a flower in our bear fruits which may contain one or many seeds.
garden because they are decorative in nature and
they gives us a very refreshing and wonderful What do you think is the main purpose of fruits?
feeling of happiness. Fruits have two purpose:
(1) to protect the seed from damage against
Angiosperms or flowering plants -are widely animals and infectious agents,
distributed in the world. (2) to aid in seed dispersal. A fruit sometimes can
-Their life cycle centers on reproducing sexually be a mature ovary and its seeds or may include
through their flower. other parts of the flower. Some plants produce
- In what part of the flower do you think sexual fleshy and edible fruits such as apples and
reproduction occur? Sexual reproduction occurs in the tomatoes, whereas others produce dry and
sexual organ of the flower. inedible fruits. Inside the seed, a plant embryo
awaits its favorable growth.

ovary -allows the plant to produce seeds enclosed

within the fruits.
Seeds- protect the future embryo from harm and only
grow when favorable conditions exist.

Seed can be classified as monocot and dicot.

Monocot- is a plant with one cotyledon inside its seed
dicot -is a plant with two cotyledons inside its seed.
 The only disadvantages of sexual reproduction are
time and energy are needed to find a mate and it is
not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce.

Human Reproduction
 Human reproduction consists of two components
– main reproductive organs and accessory
organs.
- Similar to other forms of animals, both have a pair of
gonads (testis and ovaries) containing germ cells that
will later on, give rise to mature sex cells or gametes.

-Male and female hormones control the maturity of

the reproductive systems and the development of
secondary sexual characteristics to prepare the body
for reproductive processes.
Male Reproductive System
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION -Examine the diagram showing the parts of the male
Asexual Reproduction in Animals reproductive system. Be familiar with the specific
Asexual reproduction -is also called as ‘clonal functions of the parts.
reproduction’.
Three Mechanisms of Asexual reproduction • Testis – produce sperm cells
 Fission • Scrotum – pouch-like sac that holds the testis
 Budding • Penis – places sperms into the vagina during mating
 Fragmentation • Vas deferens - transports mature sperm to the
urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
1. Fission – involves the division of body into two or • Glands - Provide liquid in which sperm can swim
more equal parts. a. seminal vesicle - Secretes one of the
Example: Amoeba and Paramecium components of the semen
2. Budding – a new individual arises as an outgrowth b. prostate gland - Secretes a milky fluid that
(bud) from its parent. is discharged into the urethra as part of the
-The new outgrowth can become an independent semen.
animal or may remain c. Bulbourethral gland - Mucous secreting
to be attached to the parent forming a colony. glands located at the base of the penis.
Example: Jelly Fish
3. Fragmentation – the body breaks into two or more
parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a
complete individual.
Example: Starfish and Earthworms.

Sexual Reproduction:three fundamental steps:

1. Gametogenesis : production of gametes

2. Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
3. Fertilization: fusion of gametes (external
fertilization or internal fertilization)

Advantages of sexual reproduction:

(1) produces genetic variation in the offspring;
Female Reproductive System
(2) the species can adapt to new environments due
The female reproductive system has the following
to variation, which gives them a survival advantage,
functions:
and
1. Production of female sex cells
(3) a disease is less likely to affect all the
individuals in a population.
2. Reception of sperm cells from the male.
3. Nurturing the development of, and providing
nourishment for, the new individual

Female Reproductive System

• Ovary - produces egg cells
• Oviduct- passageway of eggs from the ovary
to the uterus (also the same place where the
egg is fertilized).
• Uterus - place where fertilized egg develops.
• Vagina - receives the penis of male during
mating.

Embryonic and Fatal Development

 Three weeks after fertilization, almost one-fourth
of the inner surface of the uterus will become a
spongy tissue composed of endometrium and
embryonic membranes, the chorion. Through this
tissue, the placenta and the embryo receive
nutrients and oxygen from the mother and send
out wastes in return.

 Birth takes place about 9 months or

approximately 40 weeks after fertilization. The
birth process begins when the uterus starts to
contract. Birth typically occurs less than an hour
after full dilation. Immediately afterward, uterine
contraction forces fluid, blood, and the placenta
from the body. The umbilical cord is now cut, and
Human Growth and Development the newborn embarks on its nurtured existence
Fertilization begins with the fusion of sperm and egg in the outside world.
cell to form a fertilized egg called a zygote.
-A series of cell division will take place as the zygote
travels down the fallopian tube going to the uterus.
The journey will take about 6 to 7 days after
fertilization.

Zygote- is like a ball of cells attached itself to the

uterine lining (endometrium) of the uterus in the
process called implantation.
When the zygote is already attached, it is known as
embryo.
The embryo/fetus will stay in the uterus for 9 months
to develop until it is ready for birth. The illustration
shown in figure 5 will help you understand the early
steps of fertilization.