Problem Set 2 ANSWER KEY c.

𝑦 = 𝐶 tan 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 sec 2 𝑥 derive
1. Eliminate the arbitrary constants of the ff: 1
[𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 sec 2
𝑥] ( 2 ) multiply both sides
sec 𝑥
a. 𝑦 = 𝐶 sin 𝑥 1
by sec2 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 cos 𝑥 derive 𝑦′
1 =𝐶
[𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 cos 𝑥] ( ) multiply both sides sec2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
1
by cos 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶 tan 𝑥 substitute Arbitrary
𝑦′ Constant to the given
cos 𝑥
=𝐶
equation
𝑦′
𝑦 = 𝐶 sin 𝑥 substitute Arbitrary 𝑦 = (sec2 𝑥) tan 𝑥
Constant to the given sin 𝑥 1
𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ cos2 𝑥 ( ) = cos2 𝑥
equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
𝑦′ 𝑦 = 𝑦′ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦=( ) sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 tan 𝑥′
𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ tan 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦′
2 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ tan 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 2𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ sin 2𝑥 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
[ tan 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0] (𝑑𝑥) = 𝑦′ ′
𝑦 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 𝑦′ [ sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0] (𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0

d. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝐶1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 derive twice
b. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑦" = 16𝐶1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 4𝑥 derive twice
𝑦" = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 16𝐶2 𝑒 4𝑥 We use determinants:

We use determinants: 𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1
[ 𝑦′ 4 3 | 𝑦′ 4 ]
𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 𝑦" 16 9 𝑦" 16
[ 𝑦′ −1 4 | 𝑦′ −1]
𝑦" 1 16 𝑦" 1 0 = (36𝑦 + 3𝑦" + 16𝑦′) − (4𝑦" + 48𝑦 + 9𝑦′)

0 = (−16𝑦 + 4𝑦" + 𝑦′) − (−𝑦" + 4𝑦 + 16𝑦′) Combine like terms:

0 = 36𝑦 + 3𝑦" + 16𝑦′ − 4𝑦" − 48𝑦 − 9𝑦′
Combine like terms: 0 = −𝑦" + 7𝑦′ − 12y
0 = −16𝑦 + 4𝑦"+ y'+ y" − 4𝑦 − 16𝑦′ [0 = −𝑦" + 7𝑦′ − 12y](−1)
0 = 5𝑦" − 15𝑦′ − 20y 𝑦 ′′ − 7𝑦 ′ + 12𝑦 = 0

Simplify by dividing the equation by 5:

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
e. 𝑦 = 𝐶 sec 𝑥 g. 𝑦 = 𝐶 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 derive 𝑦 ′ = −𝐶 sin 𝑥 derive
1 1
[𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥] ( ) [𝑦 ′ = −𝐶 sin 𝑥] (− )
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥
multiply both sides multiply both sides
1 1
by sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 by − sin 𝑥
𝑦′ 𝑦′
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
=𝐶 − sin 𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝐶 sec 𝑥 substitute Arbitrary 𝑦 = 𝐶 cos 𝑥 substitute Arbitrary

Constant to the given Constant to the given
equation equation
𝑦′ 𝑦′
𝑦 = (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑦 = (− sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
𝑦′ 1 𝑦 = −𝑦 ′ cot 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦= = cot 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑦 ′ cot 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′ cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 [ cot 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0] (𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
[ cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0] (𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0

f. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 h. 𝑦 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 5𝑥 − 4𝐶2 𝑒 6𝑥

𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 derive twice 𝑦 ′ = 10𝐶1 𝑒 5𝑥 − 24𝐶2 𝑒 6𝑥 derive twice
𝑦" = 4𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦" = 50𝐶1 𝑒 5𝑥 − 144𝐶2 𝑒 6𝑥

Get the common factor 4 Using determinants:

𝑦" = 4(𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑦 2 −4 𝑦 2
But 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑦, therefore [ 𝑦′ 10 −24 | 𝑦′ 10]
𝑦" = 4𝑦 𝑦" 50 −144 𝑦" 50
𝑦" − 4𝑦 = 0
0 = (−1440𝑦 − 48𝑦" − 200𝑦′) − (−40𝑦" − 1200𝑦 − 288𝑦′)

Using determinants: Combine like terms:

0 = −1440𝑦 − 48𝑦′′ − 200y'+40y'' + 1200𝑦 + 288𝑦′′
𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 0 = −8𝑦" + 88𝑦′ − 2640y
[ 𝑦′ −2 2 | 𝑦′ −2]
𝑦" 4 4 𝑦" 4 Simplify by multiplying the equation by −1/8:

1
0 = (−8𝑦 + 2𝑦" + 4𝑦′) − (−2𝑦" + 8𝑦 + 4𝑦′) [0 = −8𝑦" + 88𝑦′ − 2640y] (− )
8
𝑦 ′′ − 11𝑦 ′ + 330𝑦 = 0
Combine like terms:
0 = −8𝑦 + 2𝑦′′+4y'+2y'' − 8𝑦 − 4𝑦′
0 = 4𝑦" − 16y

Simplify by multiplying the equation by 1/4:

1
[0 = 4𝑦" − 16y] ( )
4
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 0
i. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 5𝑦 = −(𝑦 ′ + 8𝑒 2𝑥 ) − 20𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 1 + 2𝐶𝑥 derive 5𝑦 = −𝑦 ′ − 8𝑒 2𝑥 − 20𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 1 = 2𝐶𝑥 5𝑦 = −𝑦 ′ − 28𝑒 2𝑥
[𝑦 ′ − 1 = 2𝐶𝑥] ( )
1 𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 + 28𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
2𝑥
multiply both sides
1 1. Obtain the DE of the family of straight lines
by 2𝑥 through point (4,-6).
𝑦 ′ −1
=𝐶 Given: point: (4, -6) and straight line
2𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 substitute Arbitrary Formula: point-slope form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

Constant to the given where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point.
equation
𝑦′ − 1 2 1 Arbitrary constant: 𝑚
𝑦 =𝑥+( )𝑥
2𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦′ − 1
𝑦 =𝑥+( )𝑥 𝑦 − (−6) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 4)
2
𝑦 ′ −1 Distribute:
[𝑦 = 𝑥 + ( 2
) 𝑥] (2) 𝑦 + 6 = 𝑚𝑥 − 4𝑚

multiply both sides Derive:

𝑦′ = 𝑚
by 2
2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + (𝑦 ′ − 1)𝑥
Since it has arbitrary constant, substitute it to
2𝑦 = (2 + 𝑦 ′ − 1)𝑥 the underived equation which is
2𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑥 𝑦 + 6 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 4).
2𝑦 − (1 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑥 = 0 𝑦 + 6 = 𝑦′(𝑥 − 4)

Rearrange:
−5𝑥 2𝑥
j. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 − 4𝑒 𝑦 ′ (𝑥 − 4) − 𝑦 − 6 = 0
′ −5𝑥
𝑦 = −5𝐶1 𝑒 − 8𝑒 2𝑥 derive once
𝑦 + 8𝑒 = −5𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥
′ 2𝑥

1 2. Obtain the DE of the family of straight lines

[𝑦 ′ + 8𝑒 2𝑥 = −5𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥 ] (− ) with slope equal to 8.
5𝑒 −5𝑥
multiply both sides Given: slope: 𝑚 = 8 and straight line
1
by − 5𝑒 −5𝑥
Formula: slope-intercept form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 ′ + 8𝑒 2𝑥
− = 𝐶1
5𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 𝑏

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥 − 4𝑒 2𝑥 1 Arbitrary constant: 𝑏

substitute Arbitrary Derive:
Constant to the given 𝑦′ = 8
equation ′
Rearrange: 𝑦 −8=0

𝑦 ′ + 8𝑒 2𝑥 −5𝑥
𝑦 = (− )𝑒 − 4𝑒 2𝑥
5𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑦 ′ +8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = (− 5
) − 4𝑒 2𝑥
′ 2𝑥
𝑦 + 8𝑒
[𝑦 = (− ) − 4𝑒 2𝑥 ] (5)
5
 3. Obtain the DE of the families of circles that 4. Obtain the DE of the families of parabolas
passes through points (1,1) and (3, 1) . whose vertex at (1, 2) and axis parallel to the
x-axis.
Given: point: (1,1) and circle
Given:
Formula: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
vertex : (1, 2)
3 Arbitrary constants: 𝑟, 𝑘, ℎ
but it will down to 2 AC if we substitute the points axis : ∥ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
to the formula
Formula: (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)

Point (1, 1) (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − 1)

(1 − ℎ)2 + (1 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 ① 2 Arbitrary constant: 𝑘, 𝑎

Point (3, 1) Simplify the formula:

(3 − ℎ)2 + (1 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 ② (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − 1)

Eliminate: k and r √(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = √4𝑎(𝑥 − 1)

① and ②:
(1 − ℎ)2 + (1 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 𝑦 − 𝑘 = 2√𝑎(𝑥 − 1)1/2
(3 − ℎ)2 + (1 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Derive
(1 − ℎ)2 − (3 − ℎ)2 = 0
1
1 − 2ℎ + ℎ2 − (9 − 6ℎ + ℎ2 ) = 0 𝑦′ = 2√𝑎 [ (𝑥 − 1)−1/2 ]
2
1 − 2ℎ + ℎ2 − 9 + 6ℎ − ℎ2 = 0
−8 + 4ℎ = 0 𝑦′
4ℎ = 8 = √𝑎
(𝑥 − 1)−1/2
ℎ=2
Now the center is (2,k), so only 2 AC. 𝑦 ′ √𝑥 − 1 = √𝑎

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 Derive again

1 1
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 𝑦 ′ [ (𝑥 − 1)−2 ] + √𝑥 − 1𝑦 ′′ = 0
2
2(𝑥 − 2)(1) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦′ = 0
1 1 1
[2(𝑥 − 2) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦′ = 0] ( ) (𝑥 − 1)−2 [ 𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′′ = 0]
2 2
𝑥 − 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦′ = 0
1 1 1
(𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦 ′ = 2 − 𝑥 {(𝑥 − 1)−2 [ 𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′′ = 0]} (𝑥 − 1)2
2−𝑥 2
𝑦−𝑘 =
𝑦′ 1
(𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = −1 [ 𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′′ = 0] (2)
2
2 − 𝑥 ′′
( ) 𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = −1 𝑦 ′ + 2(𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′′ = 0
𝑦′
2 − 𝑥 ′′
[( ) 𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = −1] (𝑦′)
𝑦′
(2 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 = −𝑦′
(2 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 + 𝑦 ′ = 0
5. Obtain the DE of the families of parabolas
whose vertex is on the y-axis and axis
parallel to the y-axis.
Given:
vertex : 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: (0, 𝑘)
axis : ∥ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Formula: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
2 Arbitrary constants: 𝑘, 𝑎
Simplify the formula:

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑘
2𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑦 ′
2𝑥
= 4𝑎
𝑦′
Derive again
2 = 4𝑎𝑦′′
Substitute 4𝑎
2𝑥 ′′
2=( )𝑦
𝑦′
2𝑥 ′′ 𝑦 ′
[2 = ( )𝑦 ]( )
𝑦′ 2

𝑦′ = 𝑥𝑦′′
𝑥𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 0