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Rectangular Coordinate System

This document discusses key concepts related to coordinate geometry including plotting points, finding distances between points, graphing linear equations, determining slopes of lines, writing equations of lines, and identifying parallel and perpendicular lines. Formulas for distance, slope, linear equations, and finding equations of lines are provided.

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19 views25 pages

Rectangular Coordinate System

This document discusses key concepts related to coordinate geometry including plotting points, finding distances between points, graphing linear equations, determining slopes of lines, writing equations of lines, and identifying parallel and perpendicular lines. Formulas for distance, slope, linear equations, and finding equations of lines are provided.

Uploaded by

ae859562
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FEMA: Lesson 1.

7
 The rectangular coordinate system consists of two real
number lines that intersect at a right angle. The
horizontal number line is called the x-axis, and the
vertical number line is called the y -axis. These two
number lines define a flat surface called a plane, and
each point on this plane is associated with an ordered
pair of real numbers (x,y).
 The first number is called the x -coordinate, and the
second number is called the y-coordinate.
 The intersection of the two axes is known as the
origin, which corresponds to the point (0,0).
 Plot the ordered pair (−3,5) and
determine the quadrant in which it
lies.
Plot this set of ordered pairs:
{(4,0),(−6,0),(0,3),(−2,6),(−4,−6)}.
 Given endpoints and , the distance
between two points is given by

 Derived from the Pythagorean Theorem, the distance


formula is used to find the distance between two points
in the plane.
 The Pythagorean Theorem, , is based on a
right triangle where a and b are the lengths of the legs
adjacent to the right angle, and c is the length of the
hypotenuse.
 Find the distance between (−1,2) and (3,5) .
 When the endpoints of a line segment are known, we can find
the point midway between them. This point is known as the
midpoint and the formula is known as the midpoint formula.
 Given the endpoints of a line segment, (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) and (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) ,
the midpoint formula states how to find the coordinates of the
midpoint M.

𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
𝑀= ,
2 2
 We can plot a set of points to represent an equation. When such an equation
contains both an x variable and a y variable, it is called an equation in two variables.
Its graph is called a graph in two variables. Any graph on a two-dimensional plane is
a graph in two variables.

 Suppose we want to graph the equation . We can begin by substituting a


value for x into the equation and determining the resulting value of y. Each pair
of x and y-values is an ordered pair that can be plotted. The table below lists values
of x from –3 to 3 and the resulting values for y.
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 2
𝑚= = =
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑟𝑢𝑛 1
 The equation of a straight line is an linear equation in two variables (usually x and y)
and is satisfied by every point on the line. i.e. it is a mathematical equation that gives
the relation between the coordinate points lying on that straight line.
 Perhaps the most familiar form of a linear equation is slope-intercept form written as

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
where 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 and 𝑏 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.

 The slope of a line refers to the ratio of the vertical change in y over the horizontal change
in x between any two points on a line. It indicates the direction in which a line slants as well
as its steepness. Slope is sometimes described as rise over run.
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑚= =
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑟𝑢𝑛
 Find the equation of a straight line
that passes through the points (1, 3) 3𝑦 + 𝑥 10
and (-2, 4). Write the equation in =
standard form. 3 3
𝑦 −𝑦 4−3 1 1
𝑚= = = =−
𝑥 −𝑥 −2 − 1 −3 3 3𝑦 + 𝑥 = 10

𝑦−𝑦 =𝑚 𝑥−𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10

1
𝑦 − 3 = − (𝑥 − 1)
3

1 1
𝑦−3=− 𝑥+
3 3

1𝑥 1
𝑦+ = +3
3 3
 Write the equation of the line with slope 𝑚 = −3 and passing through the point (4, 8). Write
the final equation in slope-intercept form.
𝑦−𝑦 =𝑚 𝑥−𝑥

𝑦 − 8 = −3 𝑥 − 4

𝑦 − 8 = −3𝑥 + 12

𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 12 + 8

𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 20
 The equations of vertical and horizontal lines do not require any of the preceding formulas.
 The equation of a vertical line is given as
𝑥 = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 .

 The equation of a horizontal line is given as


y = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.
 Parallel lines have the same slope and different y-
intercepts. Lines that are parallel to each other will
never intersect.
 For example, the figure below shows the graphs of
various lines with the same slope, m=2.
 Lines that are perpendicular intersect to
form a 90 angle. The slope of one line is
the negative reciprocal of the other. We
can show that two lines are perpendicular
if the product of the two slopes is −1:
𝑚 𝑚 = −1.
 For example, the figure below shows the
graph of two perpendicular lines. One
line has a slope of 3; the other line has a
slope of − .
 Graph the equations of the given lines and state whether they are parallel, perpendicular, or
neither: 3𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 8.

3𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 8; 3𝑥 − 8 = 4𝑦

4 3
𝑦 =− 𝑥+1 𝑦= 𝑥−2
3 4

Perpendicular lines
 Find a line parallel to the graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 6 that passes through the point 3, 0 .
𝑚=3

𝑦−𝑦 =𝑚 𝑥−𝑥

𝑦−0=3 𝑥−3
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 9

0, 6 −2,0
0, −9 (3, 0)
 Find the equation of a line perpendicular to 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3 that passes through the point (3, 0).
1
𝑚 = 3, 𝑚 = −
3

𝑦−𝑦 =𝑚 𝑥−𝑥

1
𝑦−0=− 𝑥−3
3

1
𝑦 =− 𝑥+1
3

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