CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

PURE MATHEMATICS

APPLIED MATHEMATICS
(Including Statistical Analysis)

INTEGRATED MATHEMATICS

Statistical Tables

and

List of Formulae

Revised April 2022

DO NOT REMOVE FROM THE EXAMINATION ROOM

Table 1: The Normal Distribution Function

 If Z is a random variable, normally distributed with zero mean and unit variance, then 𝜙𝜙 (z) is the
probability that Z ≤ 𝑧𝑧. That is, 𝜙𝜙(z) = P(Z ≤ z).

The function tabulated below is 𝜙𝜙(z), and is shown diagrammatically as

Standard Normal Distribution (area to the left of 𝜶𝜶)

+1
The Distribution Function, 𝝓𝝓(z)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ADD
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32

0.5 0.6915 0.6590 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 0 7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9046 0.9148 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 1 2 4 8 10 11
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 1 2 3 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 1 1 2 5 6 6
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9760 0.9767 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 5 5

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 4 4
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 3 4
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 3 3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 2
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9924 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9958 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Table 2: t-Distribution

If T has a t-distribution with v degrees of freedom then, for each pair of values of p and v, the table
gives the value of t such that P(T ≤ t) = P

Critical Values for the t-distribution

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

V= 1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6

2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610

5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869

6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781

10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587

11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.317 5.208 5.959
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.029 4.785 5.408
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.833 4.501 5.041
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.690 4.297 4.781

15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073

16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883

20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850

21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745

25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725

26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659

30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646

40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

2
 Table 3: Percentage Points of the 𝒙𝒙² Distribution

If X is a random variable, distributed as X² with 𝑣𝑣 degrees of freedom then p is the probability that
𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝜒𝜒𝑣𝑣2 (p), where the values of the percentage points 𝜒𝜒𝑣𝑣2 (p), are tabulated in the table below. p is
shown diagrammatically (when 𝑣𝑣 ≥ 3) as

Critical Values for the 𝑋𝑋 2- distribution

P .01 .025 .050 .900 .950 .975 . 990 .995 .999

v= 1 0.0001571 0.0009821 0.003932 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.83

2 0.02010 0.05064 0.1026 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.60 13.82
3 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 7 779 9.488 11.14 13.28 14 86 18.47

5 0.5543 0.8312 1.145 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.52

6 0.8721 1.237 1.635 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.646 2.180 2.733 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88

10 2.558 3.247 3.940 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59

11 3.053 3.816 4.575 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.72 26.76 31.26
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12

15 5.229 6.262 7.261 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70

16 5.812 6.908 7.962 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 7.633 8.907 10.12 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82

20 8.260 9.591 10.85 28 41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31

21 8.897 10.28 11.59 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 9.542 10.98 12.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 10.20 11.69 13.09 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 10.86 12.40 13.85 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18

25 11.52 13.12 14.61 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62

30 14.95 16.79 18.49 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 22.16 24.43 26.51 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 29.71 32.36 34.76 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 37.48 40.48 43.19 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61

70 45.44 48.76 51.74 85.53 90.53 95.02 104.4 104.2 112.3

80 53.54 57.15 60.39 96.58 101.9 106.6 112.3 116.3 124.8
90 61.76 65.65 69.13 107.6 113.1 118.1 124.1 128.3 137.2
100 70.06 74.22 77.93 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 149.4

3
 Table 4: Random Sampling Numbers

18 11 36 26 88 81 11 33 64 08 23 32 00 73 04

57 33 88 37 26 10 79 91 36 03 07 52 55 84 61

72 02 11 44 25 45 92 12 82 94 35 35 91 65 78

89 83 98 71 74 22 05 29 17 37 45 65 35 54 44

44 88 03 81 30 61 00 63 42 46 22 89 41 54 47

68 60 92 99 60 97 53 55 34 01 43 40 77 90 19

87 63 49 22 47 21 76 13 39 25 89 91 38 25 19

44 33 11 36 72 21 40 90 76 95 10 14 86 03 17

60 30 10 46 44 34 19 56 00 83 20 53 53 65 29

03 47 55 23 26 90 02 12 02 62 51 52 70 68 13

09 24 34 42 00 68 72 10 71 37 30 72 97 57 56

09 29 82 76 50 97 95 53 50 18 40 89 40 83 29

52 23 08 25 21 22 53 26 15 87 93 73 25 95 70

43 78 19 88 85 56 67 56 67 16 68 26 95 99 64

45 69 72 62 11 12 18 25 00 92 26 82 64 3
0

21 72 97 04 52 62 09 54 35 17 22 73 35 72 53

65 95 48 55 12 46 89 95 61 31 77 14 24 14 41

51 69 76 00 20 92 58 21 24 33 74 08 66 90 61

89 56 83 39 58 22 09 01 14 04 14 97 56 92 97

72 63 40 03 07 02 62 20 11 50 11 98 23 80 99

4
FORMULAE

PURE MATHEMATICS

For the quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0

2
−b ± b − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:

n
un = a + ( n − 1) d , Sn = {2a + ( n − 1) d }
2
For a geometric series:

un = a r n − 1

a (r n − 1) a (1 − r n ) a
Sn = , r > 1, Sn = , r < 1, S∞ = , | r | <1
r −1 1− r 1− r
Binomial expansion:

n n
(a + b)n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2 b 2 +, ... + b n , where n is a positive integer.
1  2

n n n!
  = Cr =
r  r! ( r − 1) !

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)...(n − r + 1) r

(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ... + x + ... where n is a real number and | x |<|
1× 2 1 × 2 × ... r

Summations:

n
1 n
1 n
1 2
∑r =
r =1 2
n ( n + 1). ∑r 2 =
r =1 6
n( n + 1) (2n + 1). ∑r 3
r =1
=
4
n ( n + 1) 2

Complex numbers:

zn = (cos x + i sin x) n = cos nx + i sin nx, where n is an integer and x is real

eix = cos x + i sin x where x is real

[r (cos x + i sin x)]n = rn(cos nx + i sin nx)

5
Maclaurin’s series:

x2 xr
ex = 1 + x + + ... + + ... for all real x
2! r!

x2 x3 xr
In (1 + x ) = x − + − ... + ( −1) r +1 + . ( −1 < x ≤ 1)
2 3 r!

x2 x3 xr
ln (1 − x) = − x − − − ... − − ... ( − 1 ≤ x < 1)
2 3 r!

x3 x5 x7 x 2r + 1
sin x = x − + − ... + ( −1) r + ... for all real x
3! 5! 7! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x6 r x
2r
cos x = 1 − + − ... + (−1) +. for all real x
2! 4! 6! (2r )!

x x2 xr r
f ( x) = f (0) + f ' (0) + f "(0) + ... + f (0) + ...
1! 2! r!

Taylor’s series:

( x − a) ( x − a) ( x − a)
3 r
( x − a)2
f (x) = f (a) + f ' (a) + f " (a) + f ′′′ ( a ) + + f r (a) + ...
1! 2! 3! r!

b 1
The trapezium rule ∫ a ydx = 2 h{( y0 + yn ) + 2( y1 + y2 + .. + yn − 1)},
b−a
h = , where n is the number of intervals (strips)
n
f(xn )
The Newton-Raphson iteration xn + 1 = xn −
f ' (xn )

TRIGONOMETRY

a b c
Sine Rule: = =
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A

Arc length of a circle: s = rθ, (θ measured in radians)

6
 1 1 1
Area of a sector of a circle: Area = ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B
2 2 2

a 2t 1 − t2
If tan = t , then sin α = and cos α =
2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Trigonometric Identities:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝛼𝛼 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝛼𝛼 ≡ 1, 1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑎𝑎, 1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑎𝑎

sin (α ± β ) ≡ sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

cos (α ± β ) ≡ cos α cos β m sin α sin β

tan α ± tan β 1
tan (α ± β ) ≡ α ± β ≠ ( k + )π
1 m tan α tan β 2

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝛼𝛼 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝛼𝛼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝛼𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝛼𝛼 − 1 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝛼𝛼

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝛼𝛼 = 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼

α +β α −β
sin α + sin β ≡ 2 sin cos
2 2

α + β α − β
sin α − sin β ≡ 2 cos sin
2 2

α + β α − β
cos α + cos β ≡ 2 cos cos
2 2

α + β β −α α+ β α − β
cos α − cos β ≡ 2 sin sin or − 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

STATISTICS

Frequency distributions
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 )2 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̄ )2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜎𝜎 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
− �∑ � = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1
𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛

𝑛𝑛+1 𝑡𝑡ℎ
Median Q2 = � � 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
2

7
Grouped data
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Mean (𝑥𝑥̅ ) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
where 𝑥𝑥 =midpoint of each class, f is the frequency of each class.
𝑁𝑁
−𝑓𝑓0
Median = 𝑙𝑙 + � 2 � 𝑤𝑤 where,
𝑓𝑓1

𝑙𝑙= lower limit of the median class

N = total frequency

f0 = frequency of class preceding the median class

f1 = frequency of median class

w = width of median class

𝑓𝑓1− 𝑓𝑓2
Mode = 𝑙𝑙 + ( )𝑤𝑤
2𝑓𝑓1 − 𝑓𝑓0 – 𝑓𝑓2

Where ,

l = lower limit of the modal class

f1 = frequency of the modal class

f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class

f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class

w = width of the modal class

Measures of spread or dispersion

Standard deviation for the population

2
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
s.d = � 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛

where x = midpoint of each class

f = the frequency of each class

n = population size.

𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̄ )2
unbiased estimator of the variance of 𝑋𝑋 is 𝜎𝜎� 2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛

8
Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, r

𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 −∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑟𝑟 = 2 2
��𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −�∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 � ��𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 −�∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 � �

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
Covariance Formula = 𝑆𝑆 where 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 is the co-variance of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦,
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 is the product of the standard deviation of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 respectively

Regression line y on x

y = a + bx passing through (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) where

∑x ∑y
x = and y =
n n
𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − ∑ 𝑥𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑦
𝑏𝑏 =
𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥𝑥)2

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑏𝑏 = ,where𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 is the variance of 𝑥𝑥.
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑦𝑦� − 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥̅
MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

1 1
v = u + at, s= (u + v)t, s = ut + at 2 , v 2 = u 2 + 2as
2 2
Motion of a projectile

Equation of trajectory is:

gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

gx 2
= x tan θ − (1 + tan2 θ)
2V 2

2V sin θ
Time of flight =
g

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 V 2 sin 2 θ
Greatest height =
2g

V 2 sin 2θ V2 π
Horizontal range = , maximum
= range = for θ
g g 4

Lami's Theorem

F1 F2 F3
= = , where F1 , F2 , F3 are forces acting on a particle
sin α sin β sin γ
and α , β , γ are the angles vertically opposite F1 , F2 , F3 , respectively

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