D”P gva¨wgK Md.

Abdullah Al-Mamun
BSc (Hons) 1st Class
c`v_©weÁvb- cÖ_g cÎ MSc (Physics) 1st Class
Associate Professor
Dept. of Physics, DRMC
Aa¨vq-2: †f±i
Cell- 01819102499

1| ‡f±i ivwki R¨vwgwZK †hvRb-we‡qvRb wbqg|

†¯‹jvi ivwki †hvRb-we‡qvRb mvaviY exRMwYZxq m~Î †g‡b P‡j wKš‘, †f±i ivwki †hvRb-we‡qvRb exRMwYZxq m~Î
†g‡b P‡j bv| `ywU †f±i ivwki †hvRb-we‡qvRb †f±i؇qi gvb I w`K Df‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB †f±i ivwki †hvRb-
we‡qvRb R¨vwgwZK Dcv‡q Ki‡Z nq| R¨vwgwZK Dcvq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU n‡jv-
(K) wÎfzR m~Î: GKwU wÎfy‡Ri `ywU evû hw` GKB µ‡g GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj `ywU mgRvZxq †f±i‡K wb‡`©k K‡i
Zvn‡j wÎfzRwUi Z…Zxq evû wecixZµ‡g D³ †f±i؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
(L) eûfzR m~Î: N evû wewkó †Kvb eûfz‡Ri N − 1 msL¨K evû hw` GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj N − 1
msL¨K †f±i‡K GKB µ‡g wb‡`©k K‡i Zvn‡j N -Zg evûwU wecixZµ‡g D³ †f±i¸‡jvi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k
K‡i|
(M) mvgvšÍwiK m~Î: hw` GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †Kvb †KŠwYK we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv †Kvb KYvi Ici
GKKvjxb wµqvkxj GKB RvZxq `ywU †f±‡ii gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j H we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©wU
†f±i `ywUi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|

• mvgvšÍwiK m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `ywU †f±i ivwki jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q:
→ →
aivhvK, †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q P Ges Q `ywU †f±i  ‡Kv‡Y wµqv K‡i|
→ → → →
OA I OB †iLv `ywU h_vµ‡g P Ges Q †f±i `ywUi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q Ges BOA =  |
→ →
GLb OACB mvgvšÍwiKwU m¤ú~Y© Ki‡j OC KY© P Ges Q †f±i؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡e| Gevi aivhvK,
→ →
jwä OC = R | GLb, C we›`y †_‡K OA Gi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci CD j¤^ Uvbv n‡jv| aivhvK, †mwU OA Gi ewa©Zvsk‡K
D we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| AZGe CAD =  | AZGe, OCD mg‡Kvbx wÎfzR n‡Z cvB, OC 2 = OD 2 + CD 2
 OC 2 = (OA + AD) 2 + CD 2 ..............(1)
CD
wKš‘, ADC †_‡K cvB, sin  = ev, CD = AC sin   CD = Q sin  ( AC = OB = Q)
AC
AD
Ges cos  = ev, AD = AC cos   AD = Q cos
AC
GLb (1) mgxKi‡Y D³ gvbmg~n ewm‡q cvB, OC 2 = ( P + Q cos  )2 + (Q sin  )2 ( OA = P)
= P + 2PQ cos  + Q cos  + Q 2 sin 2 
2 2 2

= P 2 + 2PQ cos  + Q 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  )

 R 2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos ( cos2 + sin 2  = 1)
myZivs `ywU ‡f±i ivwki jwäi gvb, R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos .................(1)
→
we‡kl †ÿÎ-1: (1) bs mgxKiY n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, cos  Gi gvb me©vwaK n‡j R Gi gvb me©vwaK nq| cos  Gi
me©vwaK gvb n‡”Q + 1 | hLb  = 00 nq ZLb cos  Gi gvb +1 nq| AZGe  = 00 ewm‡q cvB,
Rmax = P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos 00 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ = ( P + Q) 2  Rmax = P + Q
AZGe, `ywU †f±‡ii jwäi me©vwaK gvb †f±i؇qi gv‡bi †hvMd‡ji mgvb|
→
we‡kl †ÿÎ-2: (1) bs mgxKiY n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, cos  Gi gvb me©wb¤œ n‡j R Gi gvb me©wb¤œ nq| cos  Gi me©wb¤œ
gvb n‡”Q − 1 | hLb  = 1800 nq ZLb cos  Gi gvb − 1 nq| AZGe,  = 1800 ewm‡q cvB,
Rmin = P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos1800 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ = ( P 2 − Q)2  Rmin = P  Q
AZGe, `ywU †f±‡ii jwäi me©wb¤œ gvb †f±i؇qi gv‡bi we‡qvMd‡ji mgvb|
 → →
‡f±i؇qi jwäi w`K wbY©q: jwä R hw` P Gi mv‡_  †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i, Z‡e ADC mg‡Kvbx wÎfzR †_‡K cvB,
CD CD Q sin   Q sin  
tan  = = ev, tan = | myZivs jwäi w`K,  = tan −1   |
OD OA + AD P + Q cos   P + Q cos  

2| mvgvšÍwiK m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `ywU mgRvZxq †f±i ivwki we‡qvRb|

`ywU mgRvZxq †f±i ivwki we‡qvRb ej‡Z GKwU †f±‡ii mv‡_ AciwUi wecixZ †f±‡ii †hvMdj ‡evSvq|
→ → → → → →
aiv hvK, A I B `ywU mgRvZxq †f±i| G‡`i we‡qvRb, A− B = A+ (− B) |
→ → → →
A Ges B Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY  n‡j, A Ges (− B) Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY n‡e (1800 −  ) |
→ →
myZivs †f±i †hv‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK m~Îvbymv‡i, A Ges (− B) Gi jwäi gvb,
→ →
A− B = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos(1800 −  )

→ → →
B sin(1800 −  ) B sin 
Avevi, A Ges A− B Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY  n‡j, tan = = |
A + B cos(180 −  ) A − B cos 
0

3| wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vq ‡Kv‡bv we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i I Gi gvb|

Ae¯’vb †f±i: cÖm½ KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`y mv‡c‡ÿ Ab¨ †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †h †f±i e¨envi Kiv nq
Zv‡K Ae¯’vb †f±i e‡j|
aiv hvK, ci¯úi j¤^ wZbwU mij †iLv OX , OY Ges OZ h_vµ‡g X , Y Ges Z Aÿ wb‡`©k K‡i | D³
→ →   
¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vi P( x, y, z ) GKwU we›`y hvi Ae¯’vb †f±i, OP = r | i , j , k h_vµ‡g X , Y Ges Z A‡ÿi w`‡K GKK
†f±i wb‡`©k K‡i| P we›`y n‡Z Z A‡ÿi Dci PQ Ges XY Z‡j PN j¤^ Uvbv nj| AZci ON †hvM Kiv n‡jv|
Gevi N we›`y n‡Z OX Ges OY Gi Dci h_vµ‡g NL Ges NM j¤^ Uvbv nj|
→ → →
wPÎvbymv‡i, OL = x , OM = y Ges NP = z | AZGe, OL = xiˆ , OM = yˆj Ges NP = zkˆ |
→ → →
Gevi †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa Abymv‡i, OP = ON + NP
→ → → → → → →
ev, OP = OL + LN + NP [ ON = OL + LN ]
→ → → → → → → →
ev, OP = OL + OM + OQ [ LN = OM , NP = OQ ]
 wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vi P( x, y, z ) GKwU we›`y hvi Ae¯’vb †f±i, r = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ |
Avevi, wc_v‡Mviv‡mi m~Îvbyhvqx ONP wÎfzR n‡Z, OP 2 = ON 2 + NP 2 = OL2 + LN 2 + NP 2 = OL2 + OM 2 + OQ 2
 wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vq Ae¯’vb †f±‡ii gvb, r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ev, r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 |

4| †f±i wefvRb I GKwU †f±‡ii †h †Kvb `yB w`‡K Dcvsk wbY©q|

GKwU †f±i‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±‡i wef³ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †f±i wefvRb e‡j| wefvwRZ †f±i¸‡jv‡K g~j
†f±‡ii Dcvsk e‡j| G Dcvskmg~‡ni jwä Aek¨B g~j †f±i n‡e|
→ → →
aiv hvK, R GKwU ‡f±i Ges OB = R | OB ‡K KY© a‡i GKwU mvgvwšÍwiK OABC A¼b Kiv nj| OA Ges
→ → → → →
OC evûØq †h †f±iØq‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZvivB ‡f±i R Gi Dcvsk n‡e| g‡b Kwi, OA = P Ges OC = Q | Gevi
†f±i
→ → → → → → → →
†hv‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡i, R = P + Q | myZivs P I Q n‡”Q R Gi `ywU Dcvsk| GLb, P I Q Gi gvb wbY©q
OA AB OB
Ki‡Z n‡e| awi, AOB =  , BOC = OBA =  | Gevi w·KvYwgwZi wbqgvbymv‡i, = =
sin  sin  sin OAB
 P Q R P Q R
ev, = = ev, = =
sin  sin  sin[180 − ( +  )]
0
sin  sin  sin( +  )]
Rsin R sin 
 P= Ges Q =
sin( +  ) sin( +  )
→ → →
D³ mgxKiY `ywU R Gi `ywU Dcvsk wb‡`©k K‡i| hw`  +  =  2 nq Zvn‡j P I Q ci¯úi j¤^ n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î
P = Rsin Ges Q = R sin  Gevi,  =  2 −  emv‡j, P = Rsin  2 −  ( ) ev, P = R cos  Ges Q = R sin  |

5| j¤^ Dcvs‡ki mvnv‡h¨ jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q|

→ → →
wP‡Î O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj F1 , F2 , F3 .... BZ¨vw` ejmg~‡ni jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
aivhvK, X Aÿ Ges ejmg~‡ni ga¨eZ©x †KvY h_vµ‡g 1 ,  2 ,  3 .... BZ¨vw`| myZivs,
X Aÿ eivei ejmg~‡ni Dcvsk¸‡jv h_vµ‡g F1 cos 1 , F2 cos 2 , F3 cos  3 ....BZ¨vw`|
Ges Y Aÿ eivei ejmg~‡ni Dcvsk¸‡jv h_vµ‡g F1 sin 1 , F2 sin  2 , F3 sin3 ....BZ¨vw`|
→
Gevi aivhvK, ej mg~‡ni jwä R hv X A‡ÿi mv‡_  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Zvn‡j X Ges Y Aÿ eivei jwäi Dcvsk
h_vµ‡g F cos Ges F sin  | AZGe ‡jLv hvq,
F cos = F1 cos1 + F2 cos 2 + F3 cos3 + ...... Ges F sin = F1 sin1 + F2 sin2 + F3 sin3 + ......
 F 2 cos 2  + F 2 sin 2  = ( F1 cos1 + F2 cos 2 + F3 cos3 + ......)2 + ( F1 sin 1 + F2 sin  2 + F3 sin 3 + ......)2
ev, F 2 = ( F1 cos1 + F2 cos 2 + F3 cos3 + ......)2 + ( F1 sin 1 + F2 sin  2 + F3 sin 3 + ......)2
ev, F = ( F1 cos1 + F2 cos 2 + F3 cos3 + ......)2 + ( F1 sin 1 + F2 sin  2 + F3 sin 3 + ......)2
F1 sin 1 + F2 sin  2 + F3 sin  3 + ......  F sin 1 + F2 sin  2 + F3 sin 3 + ...... 
Avevi, tan  = ev,  = tan −1  1  |
F1 cos 1 + F2 cos  2 + F3 cos 3 + ......  1
F cos 1 + F2 cos  2 + F3 cos  3 + ...... 

6| `ywU †f±‡ii ‡¯‹jvi ¸Yb ev WU ¸Yb Ges †f±i ¸Yb ev µm ¸Yb wPÎmn e¨vL¨v|
WU ¸Yb: `ywU †f±‡ii †h ¸Y‡b GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f±i؇qi †¯‹jvi ¸Yb ev WU ¸Yb e‡j|
†f±i؇qi gvb Ges Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Yi cosine Gi ¸Ydj Øviv †¯‹jvi ¸Ydj wbY©q Kiv nq|
→ →
e¨vL¨v : aiv hvK A I B `ywU †f±i| G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY  | AZGe WU¸Y‡bi msÁvbymv‡i,
→ →
A B = ABCos .........................(1) (hLb 0     ) |
→ →
Gevi wKš‘, BCos n‡”Q A Gi w`‡K B †f±‡ii Dcvsk ev j¤^ Awf‡ÿc|
→ → → →
Avevi, A B = B( ACos ) | wKš‘, ACos n‡”Q B Gi w`‡K A †f±‡ii Dcvsk ev j¤^ Awf‡ÿc |
myZivs †h †Kvb `ywU †f±‡ii †¯‹jvi ¸Ydj ej‡Z †h †Kvb GKwU †f±‡ii gvb Ges †mB †f±‡ii w`‡K Aci †f±‡ii
→ →
Dcvs‡ki ¸Ydj‡K eySvq| Ab¨w`‡K, B A = BACos = ABCos ..................(2)
→ → → →
myZivs mgxKiY (1) Ges (2) n‡Z wjLv hvq, B . A = B . A | AZGe, `ywU †f±‡ii WU¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j|

µm¸Yb: `ywU †f±‡ii †h ¸Y‡b GKwU †f±i ivwk cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f±i؇qi †f±i ¸Yb ev µm ¸Yb e‡j|
†f±Ø‡qi gvb Ges Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Yi sine Gi ¸Ydj †f±i ¸Yd‡ji gvb wb‡`©k K‡i| †f±i ¸Yd‡ji w`K
Dfq †f±‡ii mgZ‡j j¤^fv‡e ¯’vwcZ GKwU WvbnvwZ ¯Œz‡K cÖ_g †f±i †_‡K wØZxq †f±‡ii w`‡K ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyi‡j †h
w`‡K AMÖmi nq †m w`‡K|
 → →
e¨vL¨v: aiv hvK, A I B `ywU †f±i Ges G‡`i AšÍfz©³ †KvY  | AZGe ‡f±i¸Y‡bi msÁvbymv‡i,
→ → 
A B = AB sin  n ................................(1) (hLb 0     )
 → → → 
GLv‡b, n GKwU GKK †f±i hv A B = C (awi) Gi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| n Gi w`K WvbnvwZ ¯Œz wbqg †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
→ →
GKwU WvbnvwZ ¯Œz‡K Dfq †f±‡ii mgZ‡j j¤^fv‡e ¯’vcb K‡i A ‡_‡K B Gi w`‡K ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j ¯ŒzwU †h w`‡K
 →
AMÖmi n‡e n Z_v C Gi w`‡K n‡e †m w`‡K| Avevi ‡f±i¸Y‡bi msÁvbymv‡i,
→ →  
B A = BA sin  n = AB sin  n ................(2) (hLb 0     )
 → → 
GLv‡b, n GKwU GKK †f±i hv B  A Gi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| n Gi w`K WvbnvwZ ¯Œz wbqg †_‡K cvIqv hvq| mgxKiY
→ → → → → →
(1) Ges (2) n‡Z `Lv hvq A  B Gi gvb Ges B  A Gi gvb mgvb wKš‘, WvbnvwZ ¯Œz wbqg Abymv‡i A  B w`K Dc‡ii
→ → → → → →
w`‡K (wPÎ-K) Ges B  A Gi w`K wb‡Pi w`‡K (wPÎ-L)| AZGe gvb I w`K we‡ePbv K‡i cvB, A  B = Ñ B  A |
AZGe, `ywU †f±‡ii µm ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv| Ab¨w`‡K, ‡f±i؇qi µm ¸Y‡bi gvb
→ →
A B = AB sin 
→ →
wKš‘, B sin  n‡”Q A Ges B ‡K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i Aw¼Z OPQR mvgvšÍwi‡Ki D”PZv RS |
→ →
 AB = A  B sin  = OP  OR sin  = OP  RS = A  h = mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎdj|

myZivs `ywU †f±‡i ivwki †f±i ¸Yd‡ji gvb †f±i `ywU‡K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i KwíZ mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎd‡ji mgvb|

7| Dcvs‡k wefvwRZ †f±‡ii WU ¸Yb Ges µm ¸Yb|

aiv hvK, wÎgvwÎK ¯’vYv¼ e¨e¯’vq A Ges B `ywU we›`y | G‡`i Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g
→    →    → →
A = Ax i + Ay j + AZ k Ges B = Bx i + By j + BZ k | Zvn‡j A Ges B †f±i؇qi WU ¸Ydj,
→ →      
A . B = ( Ax i + Ay j + AZ k ) . ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )
           
= Ax i .( Bx i + By j + BZ k )+ Ay j .( Bx i + By j + BZ k )+ AZ k .( Bx i + By j + BZ k )
                 
= Ax Bx i . i + Ax B y i . j + Ax Bz i . k + Ay Bx j . i + Ay B y j . j + Ay Bz j . k + Az Bx k . i + Az B y k . j + Az Bz k . k

→ →
 A . B = Ax Bx + Ay B y + Az Bz
→ →      
Avevi, A  B = ( Ax i + Ay j + AZ k )  ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )
           
= Ax i  ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )+ Ay j  ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )+ AZ k  ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )
           
= Ax Bx ( i  i )+ Ax B y ( i  j )+ Ax Bz ( i  k )+ Ay Bx ( j  i )+ Ay B y ( j  j )+ Ay Bz ( j  k )
     
+ Az Bx ( k  i )+ Az B y ( k  j )+ Az Bz ( k  k )
     
= 0 + Ax B y ( k ) + Ax Bz (- j )+ Ay Bx (- k ) + 0 + Ay Bz ( i ) + Az Bx ( j ) + Az B y (- i ) + 0
  
=( Ay Bz - Az B y ) i +( Az Bx - Ax Bz ) j +( Ax B y - Ay Bx ) k
iˆ ĵ k̂
→ →
AB = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
MvwYwZK mgm¨vejx:
1| GKB we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q 10 N Ges 6 N gv‡bi `ywU ej 600 ‡Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j ej؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Ki|
2| mgRvZxq I mggv‡bi `ywU †f±‡ii ga¨eZx© †KvY KZ n‡j G‡`i jwäi gvb †h †Kvb GKwU †f±‡ii gv‡bi mgvb n‡e?

3| ‡`LvI †h GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `ywU †f±‡ii gvb mgvb n‡j G‡`i jwä G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY‡K mgwØLwÐZ K‡i|
→ → → →
4| A = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ Ges B = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ | A Ges B Gi jwä †f±‡ii mgvšÍivj GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
→
5| GKwU †gŠgvwQ P(2,3,4) we›`y †_‡K Q(5,7,9) we›`y‡Z †M‡j Gi miY, PQ Gi gvb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
6| A = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ Ges B = 6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ n‡j A Ges B Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
7| A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ Ges B = miˆ + 2 ˆj + 10kˆ | m Gi gvb KZ n‡j A Ges B ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
8| A = 3iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ Ges B = iˆ − 4 ˆj + 2kˆ n‡j A eivei B Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿc wbY©q Ki|
→ →
9| A = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ Ges B = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ ‡f±i؇qi †f±i ¸Ydj Ges ga¨eZx©© †KvY wbY©q Ki|
→ →
10| P = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ Ges Q = 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 3kˆ n‡j †`LvI †h ‡f±iØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj|
→ → → →
11| A = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ Ges B = miˆ + 6 ˆj − 10kˆ | m Gi gvb KZ n‡j A Ges B ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→
12| A = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ †f±bwU X , Y , Z A‡ÿi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g  ,  Ges  †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j G‡`i gvb wbY©q Ki|
→
13| A = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ †f±bwU X , Y , Z A‡ÿi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g  ,  Ges  †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j G‡`i gvb wbY©q Ki|
→ →
14| P = 4iˆ − 4 ˆj + kˆ Ges Q = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ‡f±iØq ‡Kvb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ?
→ →
15| P = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ Ges Q = 2iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ ‡f±iØq ‡Kvb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU KY© wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ n‡e?
→ →
16| P = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ Ges Q = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ‡f±iØq ‡h Z‡j Aew¯’Z Zvi Dj¤^ w`‡K GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
17| a + b = a − b n‡j a I b Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY Ges a b = a  b n‡j a I b Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → → → → → → →
18| A = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ , B = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ Ges C = iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, A ( B C ) = ( A B)  C |
→ → → → → → → → → →
19| A = iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ , B = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ Ges C = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, ( B + C )  A = ( B A) + (C A) |
→ → →
20| GKwU Nb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wZbwU mwbœwnZ evû h_vµ‡g A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ , B = −2iˆ + 2 ˆj Ges C = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ †f±i
wZbwU Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡j Dnvi AvqZb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → →
21| wZbwU †f±i: A = 3iˆ − 4 ˆj + akˆ , B = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ Ges C = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ | a Gi gvb KZ n‡j Giv mgZjxq n‡e?
→ → →
22| GKwU Nb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wZbwU mwbœwnZ evû h_vµ‡g A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ , B = 4 ˆj Ges C = 5 ˆj + mkˆ †f±i wZbwU
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡jv| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j Dnvi AvqZb 24 GKK n‡e wbY©q Ki|
23| 100kg f‡ii GKwU †ivjvi‡K †Vjv Ges Uvbvi Rb¨ Dfq ‡ÿ‡Î Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y 196 N cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡jv| †Vjv Ges Uvbvi Rb¨ IR‡bi Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e wbY©q Ki|
24| GKwU RvnvR 40kmh−1 †e‡M †mvRv c~e© w`‡K Pj‡Q| Aci GKwU RvnvR 30kmh−1 †e‡M †mvRv DËi w`‡K Pj‡Q|
cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri bvweK wØZxq RvnvRwU‡K KZ †e‡M †Kvb w`‡K Pj‡Z †`L‡e wbY©q Ki|
25| 40kmh−1 †e‡M †mvRv c~e© w`‡K Pjgvb GKwU Mvwoi PvjK 40 3 kmh −1 †e‡M GKwU UªvK‡K DËi w`‡K Pj‡Z
†`Lj|
UªvKwU cÖK…Zc‡ÿ KZ †e‡M †Kvb w`‡K Pj‡Q wbY©q Ki|
26| †mªvZ bv _vK‡j GKRb mvZviæ 4kmh −1 ‡e‡M mvZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 2kmh −1 n‡j b`xi Gcvi
†_‡K Icv‡i wVK AvovAvwo ‡h‡Z n‡j mvZviæ‡K †Kvbw`‡K mvZvi KvU‡Z n‡e Ges KZ †e‡M b`x cvi n‡e wbY©q Ki|
27| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 3kmh −1 | GKRb gvwS †¯ªv‡Zi mv‡_ 600 †KvY K‡i 4kmh −1 †e‡M †bŠKv Pvj‡”Q| b`xwU 2km
PIov n‡j b`x cvi n‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e Ges KZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
28| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 5kmh −1 | GKRb gvwS b`xi cÖ¯’ eivei 4kmh −1 †e‡M †bŠKv Pvjv‡”Q| b`xwU 3km PIov n‡j
b`x cvi n‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e Ges KZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
29| GKRb mvuZviæ †mªv‡Zi AbyK‚‡j 18kmh −1 ‡e‡M Ges †mªv‡Zi cÖwZK‚‡j 6kmh−1 †e‡M mvZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i| H mvuZviæ
†Kvb w`‡K mvZvi KvU‡j †mvRv Aci cv‡o †cŠuQ‡e Ges KZ †e‡M †cŠuQv‡e wbY©q Ki|
30| GKRb mvZviæ †mªvZnxb Ae¯’vq 100m cÖk¯Í GKwU b`x 4 min -G †mvRvmywR mvuZwi‡q cvo n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘, †mªvZ
_vK‡j †m GKB c‡_ 5 min -G AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
31| GKwU b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 5ms −1 | 10ms −1 †e‡Mi GKwU †bŠKv‡K b`x AvovAvwofv‡e cvi n‡Z 1min 40Sec
mgq jv‡M| b`xwUi cÖ¯’ KZ n‡e Ges b`x cvi nIqvi mgq †bŠKvi †eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
32| GKRb gvwS b`x‡Z Ggbfv‡e †bŠKv Pvjbv Kij †hb †bŠKvwU b~¨bZg c‡_ Aci Zx‡i †cŠQvq| G‡Z †h mgq jv‡M,
b`x‡Z †¯ªvZ bv _vK‡j GKB c‡_ †h‡Z Zvi A‡a©K mgq jv‡M| †bŠKvi †eM 2kmh−1 n‡j †¯ªv‡Zi †eM KZ n‡e?
33| `ywU †bŠKvi cÖwZwU 5kmh−1 †e‡M 1km PIov b`x cvi n‡Z †Póv K‡i| b`x‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 3kmh−1 | GKwU †bŠKv
b~¨bZg c‡_ Ges AciwU b~¨bZg mg‡q b`x AwZµg Kij| hw` Zviv GKB mg‡q iIbv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e Zviv KZ mgq
e¨eav‡b Aci cv‡o †cŠQv‡e wbY©q Ki| Aci cv‡o †cŠuQv‡bvi ci †bŠKv `ywUi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
34| 4kmh −1 †e‡M Abyf‚wgK iv¯Ív w`‡q hvevi mgq GK e¨w³ 3kmh −1 †e‡M j¤^fv‡e cwZZ e„wói m¤§yLxb n‡jv| e„wói
†dvuUv Zvi Mv‡q KZ †e‡M AvNvZ Ki‡e Ges e„wó †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z n‡j Zv‡K Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y QvZv ai‡Z n‡e?
35| Abyf’wg‡Ki mv‡_ 80 0 ‡Kv‡Y †n‡j 3kmh −1 †e‡M e„wó n‡”Q| e„wói †dvuUv 5kmh −1 †e‡M MwZkxj †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Mv‡q
KZ †e‡M AvNvZ Ki‡e Ges H e¨w³ e„wó †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z Abyf’wg‡Ki mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y QvZv ai‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
36| GK e¨w³ Abyf‚wgK iv¯Ív w`‡q 2kmh−1 †e‡M nvuU‡Q| nvuUvi mgq Zvi g‡b n‡”Q e„wó Djø¤^fv‡e 2kmh−1 †e‡M co‡Q|
e„wói †dvuUv cªKZc‡ÿ KZ †e‡M Ges Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y co‡Q wbY©q Ki|
37| `ywU †f±‡ii jwäi m‡ev©”P gvb 28 GKK Ges me©wb¤œ gvb 4 GKK| †f±i `ywU hLb 900 †Kv‡Y †Kv‡bv GKwU KYvi
Dci wµqv K‡i ZLb G‡`i jwäi gvb KZ n‡e|
→ → → → → → → →
38| wZbwU †f±i ivwk A , B Ges C Gi gvb h_vµ‡g 12 , 5 Ges 13 GKK| hw` A + B = C nq Z‡e A Ges B
†f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
39| 2 P Ges P †f±iØq GKwU wbw`ó †Kv‡Y wµqviZ| cÖ_g †f±iwUi gvb wظY Ki‡j jwäi gvb wZb¸Y nq|
†f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|

c`v©_weÁv‡b K¨vjKzjv‡mi aviYv:

K¨vjKzjvm c`v_©weÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b cwieZb©kxj ivwk wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Bs‡iR weÁvbx wbDUb Ges
Rvg©vb weÁvbx wjewbR ci¯úi ¯^vaxbfv‡e K¨vjKzjvm Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GKwU ivwki m~ÿvwZm~² cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Ab¨ †Kvb
ivwki Kxiƒc cwieZ©b nq, wKsev mij I eµ‡iLv A_ev ïay eµ‡iLv †ewóZ †h †Kvb †ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎdj, Nbe¯‘i AvqZb
BZ¨vw` wbY©‡q mwVK gvb Kxfv‡e cvIqv hvq- Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e †`Lv‡bvi †KŠkjB n‡”Q K¨vjKzjv‡mi wfwË| K¨vjKzjvm
`yÕai‡bi| h_v-
(K) e¨eKjb Ges (L) mgvKjb
e¨eKjb: `ywU ivwki GKwUi m~ÿvwZm~² cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨wUi cwieZ©b A_©vr ivwk `ywUi GKwUi mv‡c‡ÿ Ab¨wUi
d
cwieZ©‡bi nviB e¨eKj‡bi welqe¯‘| e¨eKjb GKwU Acv‡iUi| t Gi mv‡c‡ÿ GB Acv‡iU‡ii wPý nj |
dt
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Ggb wKQz ivwk Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi gvb cwiewZ©Z nq, Giƒc ivwk‡K PjK ev variable e‡j| `ywU
ci¯úi wbf©ikxj PjK hvi GKwU cwiewZ©Z n‡j AciwUI cwiewZ©Z nq, G‡`i g‡a¨ †h PjKwU‡K B”Qvbyhvqx cwieZ©b Kiv
hvq Zv‡K ¯^vaxb PjK e‡j Ges PjKwU‡K B”Qvbyhvqx cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv, Aci Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡b cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡K
Aaxb PjK e‡j| Aaxb PjK ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki A‡cÿK| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq †Kvb GKwU avZe `‡Ûi ˆ`N¨© cwieZ©‡b Gi
f‡ii cwieZ©b nq| ˆ`N¨© B”Qvbyhvqx cwieZ©Z Kiv hvq, wKš‘ fi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j ˆ`N¨© cwieZ© Ki‡Z nq| myZivs G
†ÿ‡Î ˆ`N¨© ¯^vaxb PjK Ges fi Aaxb PjK| aivhvK, †Kvb GKwU `‡Ûi ˆ`N¨© x Ges fi y | Zvn‡j x Gi A‡cÿK nj
y | G‡K wjLv hvq- y = f (x) |
Gevi aivhvK, x Gi gvb x cwigvY e„w× Ki‡j y Gi gvb y cwigvY e„w× cvq| A_©vr y + y = f ( x + x)
 y = f ( x + x) − f ( x) |
 y f ( x + x) − f ( x)
AZGe, x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ y Gi Mo cwieZ©‡bi nvi, =
x x
x Gi ÿz`ªvwZ ÿz`ª cwieZ©‡b A_©vr hLb x → 0 ZLb x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ y Gi cwieZ©‡bi nvi-
y f ( x + x) − f ( x)
Lt x→0 = Lt x→0 |
x x
y
x Gi gvb hZB k~‡b¨i wbKUeZ©x n‡e Gi gvb ZZB GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡e| G Kvi‡Y,
x
y dy dy f ( x + x) − f ( x)
Ltx→0 = wjLv nq|  = Lt x→0 |
x dx dx x
GwUB nj e¨eKj‡bi g~j wbqg| Gevi D`vniY ¯^iƒc aivhvK, y = f ( x) = x 2 | Zvn‡j
y + y = f ( x + x) = ( x + x) 2 |
dy ( x + x) 2 − x 2
 = Lt x→0
dx x
dy x + 2 x.x + (x) 2 − x 2
2
ev, = Lt x→0
dx x
dy
ev, = Ltx →0 (2 x + x)
dx
d
 ( x 2 ) = 2 x | A_©vr x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ x 2 Gi cwieZ©‡bi nvi 2 x |
dx
Avevi aivhvK, y = f ( x) = x | Zvn‡j y + y = f ( x + x) = ( x + x) 3 |
3

dy ( x + x) 3 − x 3
 = Lt x →0
dx x
dy x + 3x 2 .x + 3x.(x) 2 + (x) 3 − x 3
3
ev, = Lt x→0
dx x
dy d
ev, = Ltx →0{3x 2 + 3x.(x) + (x) 2 }  ( x 3 ) = 3x 2 |
dx dx
d d
A_©vr x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ x 3 Gi cwieZ©‡bi nvi 3x 2 | Abyiƒcfv‡e, ( x 4 ) = 4 x 3 ; ( x 5 ) = 5 x 4 ;,,, BZ¨vw`|
dx dx
d m
AZGe, mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, ( x ) = mx m−1 |
dx

mgvKjb: mgvKjb n‡”Q e¨eKj‡bi wecixZ cÖwµqv- †h cÖwµqvq cÖviw¤¢K Ae¯’vq cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv hvq A_ev mgvKjb n‡”Q
mywbw`©ó †hvMKiY hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©bkxj ivwki ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cwieZ©‡bi †hvM Kiv nq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc aivhvK, GKwU
Mvwoi †eM mg‡qi mv‡_ e„w× cv‡”Q A_©vr wewfbœ mg‡q Gi †eM wewfbœ| G †ÿ‡Î miY wbY©q Ki‡Z s = vt mgxKiY e¨envi
Kiv hv‡e bv KviY †e‡Mi gvb wbw`©ó bq| ‡Kv‡bv we‡kl gyn~‡Z© Gi †eM v n‡j AwZÿz`ª mgq dt e¨vwcqv GB †eM‡K aªæe
aiv hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î H mg‡q Gi miY n‡e ds = vdt | myZivs vdt ‡K mgvKjb K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †gvU miY mn‡RB
wbY©q Kiv hvq| AZGe †gvU miY, s =  vdt | GLv‡b  nj mgvKjb Acv‡iUi| ‡h‡nZz mgvKjb n‡”Q e¨eKj‡bi
wecixZ cÖwµqv ZvB F (x) †K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ e¨eKjb Ki‡j hw` f (x) nq, Z‡e f (x) †K x mv‡c‡ÿ mgvKjb Kiv
n‡j F (x) n‡e| A_©vr
d
F ( x) = f ( x) n‡j  f ( x)dx = F ( x) n‡e|
dx
Avevi ‡h‡nZz, x 2 ‡K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ e¨eKjb Kiv n‡j 2 x nq, ZvB 2 x †K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ mgvKjb Kiv n‡j x 2 n‡e|
d 2 x2
(x ) = 2x  2 xdx = x  =
2
A_©vr ‡h‡nZz ‡m‡nZz n‡e| Avi †mwU m¤¢ e hLb, xdx |
dx 2
x3 x4 x5 x n+1
Abyiƒcfv‡e,  x dx = ;  x dx = ;  x dx = ..... BZ¨vw`| mvaviYfv‡e wjLv hvq,
2 3 4
 x dx = n + 1 |
n

3 4 5
 c`v_©weÁv‡b e¨eýZ e¨eKjb I mgvKj‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~Îvejx:
e¨eKj‡bi m~Î mgvKj‡bi m~Î
1.
d
(au) = a
du 1.  axdx = a  xdx
dx dx
2.
d
(u + v) =
du dv
+ 2.  (u + v)dx =  udx +  vdx
dx dx dx
d m
( x ) = mx m−1 x n+1
3. 3.  x n dx = ( n  −1 )
dx n +1
d 1 1
4.
dx
Inx =
x
4.  x dx = Inx
d dv du dv du
5. (uv) = u + v 5.  u dx =uv +  v dx
dx dx dx dx dx
6.
d
sin x = cos x 6.  sin xdx = − cos x
dx
7.
d
cos x = − sin x 7.  cos xdx = sin x
dx

‡¯‹jvi I †f±i ‡ÿÎ:

‡¯‹jvi ‡ÿÎ: ‡h †Kvb †ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨K we›`yi mv‡_ GKwU †fŠZ¸Y hy³ _v‡K| H †fŠZ¸‡Yi cÖK…wZ †¯‹jvi ev †f±i n‡Z
cv‡i| †ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ mswkøó †fŠZ ivwk hw` †¯‹jvi nq Z‡e †ÿÎwU‡K †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ e‡j| NbZ¡, DòZv, wefe BZ¨vw` †¯‹jvi
†ÿÎ| MvwYwZKfv‡e,  ( x, y, z) = 3x 2 yz + 4 xy 2 z + 5xyz 2 GKwU †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
†f±i ‡ÿÎ: ‡h †Kvb †ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨K we›`yi mv‡_ GKwU †fŠZ¸Y hy³ _v‡K| H †fŠZ¸‡Yi cÖK…wZ †¯‹jvi ev †f±i n‡Z
cv‡i| †ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ mswkøó †fŠZ ivwk hw` ‡f±i nq Z‡e †ÿÎwU‡K †f±i †ÿÎ e‡j| ej, †eM, Z¡iY, Zwor cÖvej¨
→
BZ¨vw` †f±i †ÿÎ| MvwYwZKfv‡e, F ( x, y, z ) = 3x 2 yziˆ + 4 xy 2 zˆj + 5 xyz 2 kˆ GKwU †f±i †ÿÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|

‡f±i Acv‡iU‡ii e¨envi: ‡MÖwW‡q›U, WvBfvi‡RÝ I Kvj©

‡f±i Acv‡iUi: Acv‡iUi n‡”Q GKwU MvwYwZK wPý ev ivwk hv GKwU dvsk‡bi Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡K Ab¨ dvsk‡b
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| bvbv ai‡bi wÎgvwÎK †fŠZ ivwki ˆewkó¨ we‡kølY I wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b m¨vi n¨vwgjUb
→
me©cÖ_g †f±i wWdv‡ibwmqvj Acv‡iUi  D™¢veb K‡ib Ges G‡K b¨vejv bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vq
→  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
G‡K wjLv nq, = i+ j+ k
x y z
GwU †Kv‡bv †f±i ivwk bq, ïay †f±i Acv‡iUi gvÎ| Z‡e GwU †f±‡ii gZ AvPiY K‡i| †f±i K¨vjKzjv‡m †f±i
Acv‡iUi Ggb GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj hv †Kv‡bv A‡cÿ‡Ki Dci wµqv K‡i Ab¨ GKwU A‡cÿ‡K iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

‡MÖwW‡q›U: aivhvK,  ( x, y, z ) GKwU wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv‡¼i GK gvb wewkó ‡¯‹jvi dvskb hvi gvb †ÿ‡Îi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ|
→ →
Zvn‡j †f±i Acv‡iUi  GB  ( x, y, z ) Gi Dci Acv‡iU Ki‡j †h ivwk (   ) cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ( x, y, z ) Ae¯’v‡b
 ( x, y, z ) Gi MÖ¨vwW‡q›U e‡j|
→   ˆ  ˆ    ˆ  ˆ 
   =  iˆ + j + k  =  iˆ + j+ k
 x y z   x y z 
→
Kv‡RB Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ  ( x, y, z ) Gi m‡ev©”P cwieZ©‡bi nviB n‡”Q H †ÿ‡Îi MÖ¨vwW‡q›U|  
→
GKwU †f±i, d‡j GwU GKwU †f±i †ÿÎ| Kv‡RB †f±i Acv‡iUi  n‡”Q wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ  ‡K
→
†f±i †ÿ‡Î (   ) iƒcvšÍ‡ii GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj|
‡MÖwW‡q›U Gi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
• GKwU ‡¯‹jvi ivwki ‡MªwW‡q›U n‡jv GKwU †f±i ivwk|
• D³ †f±i ivwki gvb H †¯‹jvi ivwki me©vwaK e„w×i nv‡ii mgvb|
• D³ †f±i ivwki w`K H †¯‹jvi ivwki me©vwaK e„w×i nv‡ii w`‡K|
• ‡¯‹jvi ivwki cwieZ©b ïay we›`yi ¯’vbv‡¼i DciB wbf©i K‡i bv, †hw`‡K cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bv nq †mw`‡Ki Dc‡iI
wbf©i K‡i|
→
WvBfvi‡RÝ: aivhvK, V ( x, y, z ) GKwU wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv‡¼i wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i dvskb ev †ÿÎ hvi gvb I w`K
→ →
†ÿ‡Îi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ| Zvn‡j †f±i Acv‡iUi  Øviv ‡f±i dvskb V ( x, y, z ) ‡K WU ¸Yb Ki‡j †h †¯‹jvi dvskb
→ → →
(  V ) cvIqv hvq Zv‡K V ( x, y, z ) dvskb Gi WvBfvi‡RÝ e‡j|
→ → 
  V =  iˆ +

 ˆ  ˆ

(
j + k   Vx iˆ + V y ˆj + Vz kˆ
z 
) → →  V V V 
ev  V =  x + y + z 
 x y  x y z 
→ → →
 V GKwU †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ| Kv‡RB †f±i Acv‡iUi  Øviv GKwU wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i †ÿ·K †¯‹jvi †ÿ‡Î
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj‡KB †f±i †ÿ‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ ejv nq|
WvBfv‡RÝ Gi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
• WvBfvi‡RÝ GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk hv Øviv GKK AvqZ‡b †Kv‡bv †f±i †ÿ‡Îi †gvU KZUzKz d¬v· †Kvb we›`y AwfgyLx
ev †Kvb we›`y †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡”Q Zv cÖKvk K‡i|
→ →
•  V Øviv †f±i †ÿ‡Îi GKK AvqZ‡b cÖevnxi Nb‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi eySvq|
• Gi gvb abvZ¥K n‡j cÖevnxi AvqZb e„„w× cvq, d‡j NbZ¡ nvm cvq|
• Gi gvb FYvZ¥K n‡j cÖevnxi AvqZb nªvm cvq, d‡j NbZ¡ e„w× cvq|
• Gi gvb k~b¨ n‡j AvMZ I wbM©Z d¬v· mgvb nq|
• ‡Kvb †f±i †ÿ‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ n‡j H †f±i †ÿ·K mwjbBWvj ev †Pv½vK…wZ e‡j|

→
Kvj©: aivhvK, V ( x, y, z ) GKwU wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv‡¼i wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i dvskb ev †ÿÎ hvi gvb I w`K †ÿ‡Îi
→ → → →
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ| Zvn‡j †f±i Acv‡iUi  Øviv ‡f±i dvskb V ( x, y, z ) ‡K µm¸Yb Ki‡j †h †f±i dvskb (  V )
→
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K V ( x, y, z ) dvskb Gi Kvj© e‡j|
iˆ ˆj kˆ
→ → 
  V =  iˆ +

 ˆ  ˆ

(
j + k   Vxiˆ + Vy ˆj + Vz kˆ
z 
) →
ev,  V =

x
→ 
y

z
 x y
Vx Vy Vz
→ → →
 V GKwU †f±i †ÿÎ| Kv‡RB †f±i Acv‡iUi  Øviv GKwU wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i †ÿ·K Ab¨ GKwU †f±i
†ÿ‡Î iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj‡KB †f±i †ÿ‡Îi Kvj© ejv nq|
Kvj© Gi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
• Kvj© GKwU †f±i ‡ÿÎ hvi A_© N~Y©b| †Kv‡bv MwZ‡e‡Mi Kvj© Ak~b¨ n‡j H MwZ‡K N~Y©b MwZ e‡j|
• Kv‡j©i w`K H †f±i †ÿ‡Îi Dci Aw¼Z j¤^ eivei wµqv K‡i|
• ‡Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj© k~b¨ n‡j H †f±iwU AN~Y©bkxj ev msiÿYkxj nq|
• ‡Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj© k~b¨ bv n‡j H †f±iwU N~Y©bkxj ev AmsiÿYkxj nq|
→ → →
• ‡h †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kv‡j©i WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ nq| A_v©r,  ( V ) = 0
MvwYwZK mgm¨vejx: (‡f±i Acv‡iUi msµvšÍ)
→ →
d → → d → →
1| `ywU †f±i P = iˆt 2 − ˆjt + kˆ(2t + 1) Ges Q = iˆ5t + ˆjt − kˆt 3 n‡j ( P . Q) Ges ( P Q) KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
dt dt
→
2| hw`  (x, y, z ) = x 2 y + xy 2 + z 2 nq Z‡e (1,1,1) we›`y‡Z   wbY©q Ki|
3| hw` F = (x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz ) nq Z‡e (1,2,1) we›`y‡Z  F wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →

4| hw` V = (x 2 z )iˆ − (2 y 2 z 3 ) ˆj + (xy 2 z )kˆ nq Z‡e (1,−1,1) we›`y‡Z  V wbY©q Ki|

→ → →

5| hw` A = x 2 y 3 z 4 nq Z‡e A Gi †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui WvBfvi‡RÝ KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|

→ →
6| A = (ax + 3 y + 4 z )iˆ + (x − 2 y + 3z ) ˆj + (3x + 2 y − z )kˆ | a gvb KZ n‡j A ‡f±iwU mwjb‡qWj ev †Pv½vK…wZ n‡e?
→ →
7| V = (3x + y )iˆ + (my − z ) ˆj + (2 x − z )kˆ | m gvb KZ n‡j V ‡f±iwU mwjb‡qWj ev †Pv½vK…wZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → → → → → →
8| hw` V =  r nq Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h,  V = 0 Ges  V = 2 
9| hw` F = (x 2 + yz )iˆ − (y 2 + zx ) ˆj + (z 2 + xy )kˆ nq Z‡e (1,2,3) we›`y‡Z  F wbY©q Ki|
→ → →

10| hw` A = (xz 3 )iˆ − (2 x 2 yz ) ˆj + (2 yz 4 )kˆ nq Zvn‡j (1,−1,1) we›`y‡Z  A wbY©q Ki|
→ → →

11| hw` A = (6 xy + z 3 )iˆ + (3x 2 − z ) ˆj + (3xz 2 − y )kˆ nq Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h A ‡f±iwU msiÿYkxj ev AN~Y©bkxj|
→ →

→ → → → → → → →
12| hw` A = 2 xz 2iˆ − yzˆj + 3xz 3kˆ Ges  = x 2 yz nq Z‡e (1,1,1) we›`y‡Z  A ;  A Ges  ( A) wbY©q Ki|
→
13| cÖgvY Ki †h, F = (2 x + y − z )iˆ − (x − 2 y + 3z ) ˆj + (x − y − z )kˆ GKwU AmsiÿYkxj ej ev N~Y©bkxj ej|
→ →
14| V = (x + 2 y − az )iˆ + (bx − 3 y − z ) ˆj + (4 x + cy + 2 z )kˆ | a , b Ges c Gi gvb KZ n‡j V ‡f±iwU AN~Y©bkxj n‡e|
→ → →
15| hw` F = (xy + yz )iˆ − ( yz + zx ) ˆj + (zx + xy )kˆ nq Z‡e (− 1,2,−2) we›`y‡Z  F wbY©q Ki|
→ →
nq †hLv‡b r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 Zvn‡j, (1,1,1) we›`y‡Z   KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
1
16| hw` r = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ Ges  =
r
→ →
17| hw` A = ( y 2 cos x + z 3 )iˆ + (2 y sin x − 4) ˆj + (3xz 2 + 2)kˆ nq Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, A ‡f±iwU msiÿYkxj|
→ → → → →
18| GKwU KYvi Ae¯’vb †f±i, r = cos tiˆ + sin tˆj n‡j †`LvI †h, r Ges V ci¯úi j¤^ Ges r V GKwU aªæe
†f±i|

m„Rbkxj MvwYwZK mgm¨vejx:

1
1| GKRb mvuZviæ w¯’i cvwb‡Z 2 2kmh−1 †e‡M mvuZvi KvU‡Z cv‡ib| km cÖ¯’ Ges 2kmh −1 †e‡Mi †¯ªvZhy³ GKwU
2
b`x wZwb mvuZvi †K‡U cvi n‡”Qb|
K| me©v‡cÿv Kg `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Aci Zx‡i †cŠQv‡Z n‡j Zv‡K †Kvb w`‡K mvuZvi KvU‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| me©v‡cÿv Kg mg‡q b`x cvi n‡Z n‡j Zv‡K †Kvb w`‡K mvuZvi KvU‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
M| me©v‡cÿv Kg mg‡q b`x cvi nIqvi mgq †¯ªvZ Zv‡K KZ `~i fvwm‡q wb‡q hv‡e wbY©q Ki|

→ →
2| DÏxc‡K X Ges Y we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g P Ges Q |
→ →
K| P Ges Q Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
L| P Ges Q Gi Dci j¤^ GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
M| P + Q Ges P Q †f±iØq ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ →
N| P Ges Q †f±iØq X , Y Ges Z A‡ÿi mv‡_ KZ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
3| DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Ki|
K| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j  = 600 n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| m = 5 n‡j G‡`i jwäi gvb I w`K KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
M| †f±iØq †Kvb AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi `ywU mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`k© Ki‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
N| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j G‡`i jwä G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY‡K mgwØLwÛZ Ki‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
O| hw`  = 900 nq Zvn‡j A+ B Ges A B †f±iØq ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

→ →
4| DÏxc‡K A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ Ges B = 4iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ |
→ →
K| A Ges B Gi Dci j¤^ GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
L| 1 Ges  2 Gi gvb mgvb n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ → →
M| 1 Gi gvb KZ n‡j A Gi Dci B Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿ‡ci gvb A Gi gv‡bi A‡a©K n‡e wbY©q Ki|

→ →
5| DÏxc‡K A Ges B †f±i؇qi gvb h_vµ‡g 10 GKK Ges 5 GKK|
→ → → →
K| A+ B Ges A− B Gi gvb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
L| A Ges B †Kvb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû n‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
M| A+ B Ges A B †f±iØq ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

6| GKRb gvwS A we›`y †_‡K †bŠKv w`‡q b`xi Aci cÖv‡šÍ B we›`y‡Z †cŠQvi Rb¨
hvÎv ïiæ Kij| GKRb †jvK B we›`y‡Z †bŠKv Pjvi ïiæ n‡Z 20 wgwbU A‡cÿv K‡i
P‡j †Mj| DÏxc‡K u n‡jv †¯ªv‡Zi †eM Ges v n‡jv †bŠKvi †eM|
K| †bŠKvwU‡K †Kvb w`‡K Pvjbv Ki‡j B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z cv‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| A‡ÿgvb †jvKwUi mv‡_ gvwSi mvÿvr n‡qwQj wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
M| †bŠKvwU AB eivei Pvjbv Ki‡j Aci Zx‡i †cŠQ‡Z KZ c_ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

7| DÏxc‡K †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 4kmh−1 Ges mvuZviæi †eM 2kmh−1 | Kwig A we›`y †_‡K
AC eivei mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij| GKB mg‡q iwng AC Gi mv‡_ 900 †KvY K‡i
AD eivei mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij|
K| Kwig‡K Aci Zx‡i †cŠQv‡Z n‡j KZ c_ I KZÿY mvuZiv‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| iwng AD eivei mvuZvi ‡K‡U Av‡`Š B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z cvi‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
M| iwng AD eivei mvuZvi ‡K‡U B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z n‡j KZ †e‡M mvuZvi KvU‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|

8| DÏxc‡K †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 5kmh−1 | Avjvj A we›`y †_‡K 10kmh −1 †i‡M AC eivei
mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij| GKB mg‡q Rvjvj A we›`y †_‡K 10kmh −1 †i‡M AD eivei
mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij|
K| Aci Zx‡i †cŠQvi ci Avjvj Ges Rvjv‡ji g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| Avjvj Ges Rvjvj GKB mg‡q Aci Zx‡i †cŠQv‡Z cvi‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

9| F = (6 x 2 y − z 3 )iˆ + 2 x3 ˆj − 3xz 2 kˆ GKwU ej †ÿÎ|

→

→ →
K| (1,2,3) we›`y‡Z  F Gi gvb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| ej ‡ÿÎwUi cÖK…wZ Kxiƒc n‡e- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
 → → → →
10| A = miˆ + ˆj − kˆ , B = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ , C = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ Ges V = (x + 3 y )iˆ + (ay − 2 z ) ˆj + (x + 4 z )kˆ |
→
K| a Gi gvb KZ n‡j V †f±iwU †Pv½vK…wZ ev mwjb‡qWvj n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → →
L| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j A , B Ges C ‡f±i wZbwU mgZjxq n‡e- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ → →
M| hw` A , B , C †f±i wZbwU GKwU Nb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wZbwU mwbœwnZ evû nq Z‡e m Gi gvb KZ n‡j
Gi AvqZb 25 GKK n‡e wbY©q Ki|

→ →
12| DÏxc‡K A Ges B `ywU mgRvZxq †f±i GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj|
K| †f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY  Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
L| †f±iØq †h mvgvšÍwi‡Ki mwbœwnZ evû Zvi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki|
M| †f±iØq †h mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z Zvi Djø¤^ w`‡K GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
N| †f±i؇qi jwä G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY‡K mgwØLwÛZ Ki‡e wK? MvwYwZfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

13| DÏxc‡K wZbwU ej O we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ 2 Kg f‡ii GKwU w¯’i e¯‘i Dci 5 sec a‡i wµqv K‡i|
AZtci 2 N e‡ji wµqv eÜ nIqvi ci Aci ejØq GKB e¯‘i Dci 5 sec a‡i wµqv K‡i|
K| cÖ_g 5 sec wµqvkxj ejmg~‡ni jwäi gvb wbY©q Ki|
L| Dfq †ÿ‡Î jwä e‡ji w`K GKB n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

14| gvwbK gvwS O we›`y n‡Z b`xi Aci cv‡o Zvi evwo B -‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ weKvj 5 : 00 Uvq OA eivei 6kmh−1 †e‡M
hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jv| wKš‘, Zvi †bŠKv evwo‡Z bv †cŠ‡Q evRvi C -‡Z ‡cŠQvj| ZvB †m mv‡_ mv‡_ ‡¯ªv‡Zi cÖwZK‚‡j †bŠKv
Pvwj‡q 19 wgwbU ci evwo‡Z †cŠQvj| H w`‡bi m~h©v¯Í wQj mܨv 6 : 00 Uvq Ges †¯ªv‡Zi †eM wQj 4kmh−1 |
K| gvwbK gvwS KZ †e‡M b`x cvi n‡jv wbY©q Ki|
L| evRvi †_‡K gvwbK gvwSi evwo KZ `~‡i wbY©q Ki|
M| m~h©v‡¯Íi c~‡e© gvwbK gvwS evwo wdi‡Z cvi‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|

15| Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y AvbZ GKwU cvnv‡oi Xvj †e‡q 36kmh−1 †e‡M GKwU evm Dc‡i DV‡Q| Ggb mgq
nVvr e„wó 3ms −1 ‡e‡M Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡Z ïiæ Kij| e„wó ïiæi wKQzÿY ci Abyf‚wgKfv‡e evqy cÖevn ïiæ n‡jv|
K| evqy cÖev‡ni c~‡e© Mvwoi PvjK Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y Ges KZ †e‡M e„wó co‡Z †`L‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| evqy cÖev‡ni d‡j Mvwoi PvjK Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K GKB †e‡M e„wó co‡Z †`L‡j evqy cªev‡ni cÖK…Z †eM KZ n‡e
wbY©q Ki|

16|

2ms −1 †e‡M e‡q hvIqv evZv‡mi w`‡K GKwU Mvwo 12ms −1 †e‡M Pj‡Q| Ggb mgq nVvr e„wó Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡Z ïiæ
Kij Ges Mvwoi PvjK mvg‡bi Møv‡m j¤^fv‡e co‡Z †`Lj| mvg‡bi I †cQ‡bi Møv‡mi †KvY h_vµ‡g A = 350 Ges
B = 600 |
K| e„wói †dvuUvi cÖK…Z †eM KZ wbY©q Ki|
L| e„wói †dvuUv †cQ‡bi Møvm‡K wfRv‡e wK? we‡kølY Ki|