Sentence Types and Functions

Choosing what types of sentences to use in an essay can be challenging for several reasons. The
writer must consider the following questions: Are my ideas simple or complex? Do my ideas
require shorter statements or longer explanations? How do I express my ideas clearly? This
handout discusses the basic components of a sentence, the different types of sentences, and the
various functions of each type of sentence.

What Is a Sentence?
A sentence is a complete set of words that conveys meaning. A sentence can communicate
o a statement (I am studying.)
o a command (Go away.)
o an exclamation (I’m so excited!)
o a question (What time is it?)
A sentence is composed of one or more clauses. A clause contains a subject and verb.

Independent and Dependent Clauses

There are two types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. A sentence
contains at least one independent clause and may contain one or more dependent clauses.
An independent clause (or main clause)
o is a complete thought.
o can stand by itself.
A dependent clause (or subordinate clause)
o is an incomplete thought.
o cannot stand by itself.

You can spot a dependent clause by identifying the subordinating conjunction. A subordinating
conjunction creates a dependent clause that relies on the rest of the sentence for meaning. The
following list provides some examples of subordinating conjunctions.
Table 1
after since
although though
as when
because while
before until
even though unless
if whereas

Independent and Dependent Clauses

Independent clause: When I go to the movies, I usually buy popcorn.

Dependent clause: When I go to the movies, I usually buy popcorn.

Independent clause: I don’t like the ocean because sharks scare me.
Dependent clause: I don’t like the ocean because sharks scare me.

What Are the Different Types of Sentences?

Sentences are divided into four categories: simple sentences, compound sentences,
complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.

Simple Sentences
Definition A simple sentence contains one independent clause.

Examples Johnny rode his bike to school.

Who is your best friend?
She ate her lunch, took a walk, and went back to work.
 Compound
Sentences
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. A
Definition coordinating
conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) often links the two
independent clauses and is preceded by a comma.

Examples She wanted to go on vacation, so she saved up her money.

I like apples, but my sister loves bananas.
Tim loves to read, and he also loves to hike.

Complex
Sentences
Definition A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses. A complex sentence will include at least one
subordinating conjunction.

Examples She went to class even though she was sick.

As John was arriving to work, he realized he forgot his lunch.
While I enjoy classical music, I prefer rock and roll because I play
the drums.

Compound-Complex Sentence
Definition A compound-complex sentence combines complex sentence and
compound sentence forms. A compound-complex sentence contains
one or more independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.

Examples Although she felt guilty for missing her friend’s birthday, she took
her out to dinner the next day, and they had a great time.
I try to eat healthy food, but because fast food is so convenient, I
cannot maintain a healthy diet.
If he got the job, he would have to commute 50 miles to work, so
he
decided the job was not worth it.

What Are the Functional Purposes of each Type of Sentence?

Because each type of sentence can serve various functions, the writer should use the type
of sentence that best communicates the purpose of his or her idea.

Choose the sentence type that will most clearly and accurately convey the logic of your idea.
Consider the amount of information your readers need, and consider the links the
readers need to process the information.
Vary sentence structures to pace your readers through your argument.

Functions of Simple Sentences

Use simple sentences when presenting a limited amount of information. Although simple
sentences may be shorter, they are not any less academic than other sentence types.
To declare a direct First, I will give background information about my project.
statement This conclusion is supported by extensive evidence.
The researchers created their hypothesis, conducted some tests, and drew
To display a simple their conclusions
list
My evidence comes from journal articles, periodicals, and books.
 To give concise Please consider my application for the internship.
directions Turn to Table 1 in the appendix.
To ask a question What is the true meaning of the poem?
What will this study mean to medical research in a decade?

Functions of Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences

Compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences can serve similar purposes. The writer
can tailor the amount of information he or she provides by adding independent and dependent
clauses to simple sentences.

Compound: Recycling is an effective way of helping

To combine similar the
ideas environment, and everyone should recycle at home.
Complex: Since recycling is an effective way of helping the
environment, everyone should recycle at home.
Compound-Complex: Since recycling is an effective way of helping
the environment, everyone should recycle at home; we can all work
together to protect our planet.
To compare or Compound: Van Gogh was a talented and successful artist, but he
contrast ideas had intense personal issues.
Complex: Although he was a talented and successful artist, Van
Gogh had intense personal issues.
Compound-Complex: Although he was a talented and successful
artist, Van Gogh had intense personal issues; indeed, many say his
inner turmoil contributed to his beautiful art.
To convey cause and Compound: The researchers did not come to the correct conclusion,
effect or chain of so they restructured their hypothesis.
events
Complex: Since the researchers did not come to the correct
conclusion, they restructured their hypothesis.
Compound-Complex: Since the researchers did not come to the
correct conclusion, they restructured their hypothesis, and they will
attempt the experiment again.

To elaborate on a Compound: Cell phones should not be permitted in class, for they
claim or extend distract students and teachers.
reasoning Complex: Since cell phones distract students and teachers, they
should not be used in class.
Compound-Complex: Since cell phones distract students and
teachers, they should not be used in class, and I encourage faculty to
forbid their use.

Activity 1
Directions: Identify the sentence type. Circle any coordinating or subordinating
conjunctions. Underline independent clauses once and dependent clauses twice. Then,
explain what function the sentence is performing.

1. Harry Potter was rejected by many publishers before J.K. Rowling found success. Sentence
type: _________________________________________________________________
Function: _____________________________________________________________________
 2. Even though the patients showed various symptoms, the clinical study found that lack of
sleep contributes to the inability to focus, irritability, and poorer health.

Sentence type: _________________________________________________________________

Function: _____________________________________________________________________

3. More and more students are relying on online databases to find sources.

Sentence type: _________________________________________________________________

Function: _____________________________________________________________________

4. The business analysts proposed higher numbers for next quarter, and they expect to
exceed those numbers the following quarter.

Sentence type: _________________________________________________________________

Function: _____________________________________________________________________

5. Homeless teens face intense obstacles, but when it comes to schooling, they do have the
chance to receive an education if they enroll in a special program.

Sentence type: _________________________________________________________________

Function: _____________________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Directions: Practice composing your own sentences given the information provided. Consider
what sentence type will be best to express the information.

1. You are telling the reader about three important qualities of a character in a book.
Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. You are showing both sides of an argument.

Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. You are wondering about the types of resources available to students at SJSU.
Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

4. You are describing a sequence of events.

Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. You are providing extensive detail about a particular event.
Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________