MECH 2342 Mechanics of Material

Chapter 1 Stress

ADA SEM 2, 2020/21

 When external forces acts on a body, the body will develop internal forces and internal moments.
Consider a section on a member as below:
The moment acting along
the axes parallel to the
The forces lies on the cross section are the
surface (parallel) of the bending moment M.
cross section are the 𝒛
shear forces V.
𝑴𝒛
𝑽𝒛
The force pointing outward from
(perpendicular) the cross
section is the normal force N.

𝑽𝒙 𝑵𝒚

𝒚
𝑻𝒚
Please remember and 𝒙 𝑴𝒙 (Only for circular beam)
memorize all forces and The moment acting along the
moments acting at all longitudinal axis of the beam is the
axes torsion (twisting moment) T
 Procedure of analysis:
The following are the steps commonly use to solve
for the internal loadings in a member.

We may find the internal forces and internal Solve for the internal loadings
moments by using the Method of Sections. i. Solve all support reactions (if
necessary)
ii. Employ the Method of sections:
i. ‘Cut’ the region where we need to
In this chapter, you need to master Method of
find internal loading
Sections to solve for internal loadings. You will
be using it in the entire course. ii. Choose a section and introduce
the internal loading on the ‘cut’
region
iii. Apply EOE to solve for the
unknown

Remember! Never attempt on any

question without FBD.
For co planar (2D) problems
Question 1

Determine the internal normal

force, shear force and moment
at point C in the simply
supported beam. Point C is
located just to the right of the
2.5 kN ∙ m couple moment.
Follow this procedure to solve for the internal 2. Introduce imaginary section (‘cut’ at point C)
loadings: and consider FBD at segment

10 2 𝑘𝑁
1. Consider Full FBD and solve for the support FBD:
reactions at either point or B
𝑀𝑐 𝑉𝑐
10 4 𝑘𝑁
𝑁𝑐
FBD:

𝐴𝑥

𝐹𝐵 = 23.816 𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑦 𝐹𝐵 3. Apply EOE and solve for internal loadings

+
෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ; −𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 sin 𝟑𝟎° − 𝑵𝑪 = 𝟎
→
Taking summation of moment about point A: ∴ 𝑵𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵 (→)
+↑ ෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ; 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 cos 𝟑𝟎° − 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 + 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎
↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝐹𝐵 cos 30° (4) − 10 4 2 − 2.5 = 0
∴ 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (+↓)
𝐹𝐵 = 23.816 𝑘𝑁
↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 cos 𝟑𝟎° (𝟐) − 10 2 1 − 𝑴𝑪 = 0

∴ 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
Question 2
Now, lets put your critical thinking skill to
use so we may solve this easy question
together. (Understand the question before
The A992 steel rod is solving it)
subjected to the loading
1. Again, this is a 2D problem. The rod is
shown. Determine the fixed at point D. Is the problem statically
internal normal force at determinate or indeterminate?
segment BC, CD, and AB. 2. Each of the forces acting on the rod has
two components. Is this an axially
loaded member?? Why?
3. Is the internal loading constant
throughout the length of the rod? What
is(are) the reaction force(s) at point D?
Needed:
Internal normal force at segment AB, BC, and CD
𝑵𝑨𝑩 , 𝑵𝑩𝑪 , & 𝑵𝑪𝑫 2. Apply EOE and solve for internal loadings
Use method of sections to solve for 𝑵𝑨𝑩 , 𝑵𝑩𝑪 , & 𝑵𝑪𝑫 Taking the summation of all forces in the y-direction,
Segment BC 𝟑 𝟑
+↑ ෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ; −𝟐 −𝟐 − 𝟖 + 𝑵𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎
1. Introduce imaginary section (‘cut’ at segment BC) 𝟓 𝟓
and consider FBD at the lower section. By choosing the
∴ 𝑵𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 (Tension)
lower section, we do not have to solve for the reaction
force at point D.
𝑵𝑩𝑪 From the FBD, the left and right
FBD:
hand side is symmetrical about the
length of the rod. Then the
summation about x-axis is zero.

Your turn, determine the internal loading at

segments AB and CD using method of sections.

Note: Never solve a problem without FBD!!!

Question 3

The 25 mm-diameter rod is

subjected to the loads shown.
Determine the internal loadings at
𝑦 − 𝑧 plane .
Solve for the internal loadings by using Choosing the −𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 side of the rod, we do not need to solve
Method of Sections for the support reactions at C. We may simply use the active
forces applied at the end of the rod to solve for the internal
We may choose the section located at either
loadings.
− 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or +𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 side of the rod to solve for 𝑴𝒚
the internal loading at the section. 𝑻 𝒙 𝑵𝒙
𝑽𝒚
𝑽𝒛
𝐶𝑦
𝑀𝐶 𝑦 𝑴𝒛
𝐶𝑥
𝑴𝒚
𝑀𝐶 𝑥

𝑻𝒙 𝑽𝒛 𝐶𝑧
𝑀𝐶 𝑧
𝑵𝒙
𝑴𝒛 Note the type of internal loadings at each axis:
𝑽𝒚
𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁𝑥 , 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑥
Choosing the +𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 side of the rod will first y−𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
require us to solve for the Fixed-support reactions 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑦 , 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑦
at C. This will cost us time! z−𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑧 , 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑧
1. Solve for the internal loadings

Apply the Equations of equilibrium (EOE) to

calculate the internal loadings at the section. 𝑴𝒚
𝑵𝒙
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑵𝒙 = 350 N 𝑽𝒛 𝑽𝒚
𝑻𝒙
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑽𝒚 = 375 N

෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0; 𝑽𝒛 = −450 N 𝑴𝒛

෍ 𝑀𝑥 = 0; 𝑻𝒙 = 375 0.075 = 28.125 N

෍ 𝑀𝑦 = 0; 𝑴𝒚 = −350 0.075 + 450 0.20 = 63.75 N

෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0; 𝑴𝒛 = −375 0.2 = −75 N

Question 4
The jib crane is pinned at A and
supports a chain hoist that can travel
along the bottom flange of the beam,
where 0.3 m ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.6 m. If the hoist is
rated to support a maximum of 7000 N,
determine the maximum average
normal stress in the 18-mm-diameter
tie rod BC and the maximum average
shear stress in the 15-mm-diameter pin
at B.
 STEP 1: Try to analyse and understand the problem first

The rod BC is not carrying any load in Since there is only normal force acting on the
between, so the rod is a two-force member. cross sectional surface of the rod, then this rod is
So, if we draw the FBD of the rod, subjected to only normal stress which can be
calculated from the normal stress definition:
𝐹𝐶𝐵

𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐴
The diameter of the rod is given to us, so we may
determine the cross sectional area of the rod. The
𝐹𝐵𝐶
only unknown is the force acting along the rod
BC. Therefore, we must first determine what is
For two-force member, the forces at both ends the 𝐹 when the 7000 N load is applied.
𝐵𝐶
of this member are acting along the member.
Both forces will have the same magnitude but
different in direction.
 Now, lets consider the pin at B

The pin at point B is being pulled by rod BC Since 𝐹𝐵𝐶 is unknown to us, then 𝑉𝐵 is also
therefore, the pin is subjected shear force. The unknown. So, the shear force acting on the pin
pulling action from force 𝐹𝐵𝐶 has the ability to can only be found if the force along the road is
‘tear’ the pin on both sides of its bracket. So, first solved.
the FBD of the pin may be drawn as below:
Then, the shear stress acting on the pin can
only be found by using the shear stress
definition
𝑉𝐵
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐴
𝑉𝐵
The diameter of the pin is given to us, then the
𝑉𝐵
𝐹𝐵𝐶 cross sectional area may be determined. The
only unknown is the shear force 𝑉𝐵 .
From the FBD, it can be seen that the force in
the rod is 2 times the shear force: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶 /2
 Step 2: Solve all unknowns

Now that we know we need to determine After drawing the FBD, the EOE comes right after. Find
𝐹𝐵𝐶 and 𝑉𝐵 when the 7000 N load is applied, the summation of moment about point A and equate
all we need to do is solve these two unknown to zero.
by considering the FBD of the flange.

↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 30° 3 − 7000𝑥 = 0

𝐴𝑦 𝐹𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝑥 30°
The length 𝑥 is given in the range 0.3 m ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.6 m, in order to
have maximum shear stress along the rod, x needs to be 3.6 m.
At this length, the 7000 N will produce the largest moment about
point A. Substituting 𝑥 = 3.6 m into the above equation and
solve for 𝐹𝐵𝐶 gives:

𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 30° 3 − 7000 3.6 = 0 ∴ 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 16800 N

Notice that, in the FBD of rod BC, the force was Then, the shear force
assume as tension. So, in the FBD of the flange, 𝐹𝐵𝐶 16800
𝐹𝐵𝐶 need to be in tension as well. 𝑉𝐵 = = = 8400 N
2 2
 Step 3: Solve the problem

The last step is to solve for the maximum normal stress

acting along the rod and the maximum shear stress
Now, this question can be twisted in SOOOOO many
acting on the pin
ways. You need to be able to see this question from
different perspective.

𝐹𝐵𝐶 16800 ➢ What if the maximum shear stress of the pin and
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =𝜋 = 66.02 MPa the maximum normal stress in the rod are given
𝐴 (0.018)2 and you need to determine the maximum load??
4 ➢ What if the load is changed? Instead of a
concentrated load, you are given a distributed
load? And what if this load is made unknown?
𝑉𝐵 8400 ➢ Or, you may need to find the diameter of the pin
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =𝜋 = 47.53 MPa
𝐴 (0.015)2
and the diameter of the rod instead.
4

NO MATTER what the unknown is, the process of analysis,

the steps and procedure you need to consider, and all the
FBDs remain the SAME! The only difference is, you may
need to work your way backwards. That’s all.
YOUR TURN, try to solve the following:

The jib crane is pinned at A and

supports a distributed load. If the
flange is rated to support a
maximum distributed load as
shown, determine the maximum
1.7 m 5.6 kN/m average normal stress in the 18-
mm-diameter tie rod BC and the
maximum average shear stress in
the 15-mm-diameter pin at B.

Please use the same procedure of analysis as

discussed before to solve for this problem.
Don’t forget FBD!!!!
Challenge yourself. Solve the following.
The jib crane is pinned at A and
supports a chain hoist that can
travel along the bottom flange of
the beam, 0.3 m ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.6 m
Determine the largest load P and
the diameter of pin B if the
maximum average normal stress in
the 18-mm-diameter tie rod BC and
the maximum average shear stress
in pin at B cannot exceed 𝜎 =
66 MPa and 𝜏 = 48 MPa .

𝑃
This time, the stresses are given but the
maximum load and the pin diameter are
unknowns. WORK YOUR WAY BACKWARD.
Question 5

The 50-kg flowerpot is suspended from

wires AB and BC which have diameters of
1.5 mm and 2 mm, respectively. If the
wires have a normal failure stress of
𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 350 MPa, determine the factor of
safety of each wire.
 1. Apply the definition of stresses to determine 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 for both
steel and concrete.
The factor of safety is given by:
𝑇𝐴𝐵
𝝈𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐹. 𝑆 =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐵
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
𝑇𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝐶
𝝈𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍 is found from experiments and
testing on the behaviour of the material Both of the steel and concrete are both subjected to an
in real case. In this question, 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 for axial load of 𝑃 = 500 𝑘𝑁
both steel and concrete are given.

Try to solve for the problem by following the steps:

𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 is the stress found by assuming
that the material has a linear behaviour. Procedure of Analysis:
Therefore, we can estimate the allowable 1. Compute the cross sectional area of both steel and concrete.
stresses by using the definition of stress. 2. Determine the 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 for steel and concrete.
3. Calculate the factor of safety of both material
 Procedure of Analysis:
1. Solve for tensional force in both wires. Solving equation (1) and (2) simultaneously gives:
2. Determine the 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 for both wires.
3. Calculate the factor of safety of both material 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 359.07 N 𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 439.77 N

1. Tensional force in both wires 2. Determine the 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞
𝑦
FBD: 𝑇𝐴𝐵 359.07
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 203.19 MPa
𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐵 1.767 × 10−6
𝑇𝐴𝐵
𝐹𝐵𝐶 439.77
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 139.98 MPa
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝐶 3.142 × 10−6
30° 45°
𝑥
3. Calculate the factor of safety of both material
𝝈𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 350
𝐴𝐵
(𝐹. 𝑆)𝐴𝐵 = = = = 1.72
𝑊 = 50 9.81 N 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 203.19
𝝈𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 350
+ 𝐵𝐶
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐹𝐵𝐶 cos 45° − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 30° = 0 (1) (𝐹. 𝑆)𝐵𝐶 = = = = 2.5
→ 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 139.98

+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 45° + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 sin 30° − 50(9.81) = 0 (2)

END OF TUTORIAL 1