CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
11 Energy Methods

Dr. Atta ur Rehman Shah

([email protected])
Website: https://sites.google.com/view/atta85

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Energy Methods
Strain Energy
Strain Energy Density
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses
Sample Problem 11.2
Strain Energy for a General State of Stress

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Energy
• A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly increasing load

• The elementary work done by the load P as the rod

elongates by a small dx is
dU  P dx  elementary work
which is equal to the area of width dx under the load-
deformation diagram.

• The total work done by the load for a deformation x1,

x1
U   P dx  total work  strain energy
0
which results in an increase of strain energy in the rod.

• In the case of a linear elastic deformation,

x1
U   kx dx  12 kx12  12 P1x1
0
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Energy Density

• To eliminate the effects of size, evaluate the strain-
energy per unit volume,
x1
U P dx
V
 A L
0
1
u    x d  strain energy density
0

• The total strain energy density resulting from the

deformation is equal to the area under the curve to 1.

• As the material is unloaded, the stress returns to zero

but there is a permanent deformation. Only the strain
energy represented by the triangular area is recovered.

• Remainder of the energy spent in deforming the material

is dissipated as heat.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain-Energy Density
• The strain energy density resulting from
setting 1  R is the modulus of toughness.

• The energy per unit volume required to cause

the material to rupture is related to its ductility
as well as its ultimate strength.

• If the stress remains within the proportional

limit,
1
E 12  12
u   E x d x  
0
2 2E

• The strain energy density resulting from

setting 1  Y is the modulus of resilience.
 Y2
uY   modulus of resilience
2E

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Axial Loading • In an element with a nonuniform stress distribution,
U dU
u  lim  U   u dV  total strain energy
V 0 V dV

• For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional

limit,
 x2
U  dV  elastic strain energy
2E

• Under axial loading,  x  P A dV  A dx

L
P2
U  dx
2 AE
0

• For a rod of uniform cross-section,

P2 L
U
2 AE

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Bending Loading • For a beam subjected to a bending load,
 x2 M 2 y2
U  dV   2
dV
2E 2 EI

• Setting dV = dx ʃdA,

M 2  2 
L L
M 2 y2
My U   dA dx   2
y dA dx
x  2 EI 2
2 EI  A 
I 0 A 0 
L
M2
 dx
2 EI
0

• For an end-loaded cantilever beam,

M   Px
L
P2 x2 P 2 L3
U  dx 
2 EI 6 EI
0

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses

• For a material subjected to plane shearing
stresses,
 xy
u  xy d xy
0

• For values of xy within the proportional limit,

 2
xy
u  12 G xy  12  xy  xy 
2
2G

• The total strain energy is found from

U   u dV

 xy
2
 dV
2G

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses

• For a shaft subjected to a torsional load,
 xy
2
T 2 2
U  dV   2
dV
2G 2GJ

• Setting dV = dx ʃdA,
T 2  2 
L L
T 2 2
U   dA dx   2
 dA dx
2GJ 2
2GJ  A 
0A 0 
T
 xy  L
T2
J  dx
2GJ
0

• In the case of a uniform shaft,

T 2L
U
2GJ

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.2

SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at A and B
from a free-body diagram of the
complete beam.

• Develop a diagram of the bending

moment distribution.

a) Taking into account only the normal • Integrate over the volume of the
stresses due to bending, determine the beam to find the strain energy.
strain energy of the beam for the
loading shown. • Apply the particular given
conditions to evaluate the strain
b) Evaluate the strain energy knowing energy.
that the beam is a W10x45, P = 40
kips, L = 12 ft, a = 3 ft, b = 9 ft, and E
= 29x106 psi.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.2

SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at A and B
from a free-body diagram of the
complete beam.
Pb Pa
RA  RB 
L L

• Develop a diagram of the bending

moment distribution.
Pb Pa
M1  x M2  v
L L

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.2

• Integrate over the volume of the beam to find
the strain energy.
a b
M12 M 22
U  dx   dv
2 EI 2 EI
0 0
a 2 b 2
1  Pb  1  Pa 
2 EI   L    L x  dx
Over the portion AD,   x  dx 
2 EI
0 0
Pb
M1  x
1 P 2  b 2a3 a 2b3  P 2a 2b 2
L
   a  b 
Over the portion BD, 2 EI L2  3 3  6 EIL2
Pa
M2  v P 2a 2b 2
L U
6 EIL

P  45 kips L  144 in. 40 kips 2 36 in 2 108 in 2

629  103 ksi 248 in 4 144 in 
U
a  36 in. b  108 in.
E  29  103 ksi I  248 in 4 U  3.89 in  kips

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Energy for a General State of Stress

• Previously found strain energy due to uniaxial stress and plane
shearing stress. For a general state of stress,

u  12  x x   y y   z z   xy xy   yz yz   zx zx 
• With respect to the principal axes for an elastic, isotropic body,
u
1 2
2E

 a   b2   c2  2  a b   b c   c a 
 uv  ud
1  2v
uv   a   b   c 2  due to volume change
6E

ud 
1
12G
 
 a   b 2   b   c 2   c   a 2  due to distortion

• Basis for the maximum distortion energy failure criteria,

 Y2
ud  ud Y  for a tensile test specimen
6G

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 11.2

Determine the modulus of resilience for each of the following

aluminum alloys:

(a) 1100-H14: E = 70 GPa: σY = 55 MPa

(b) 2014-T6: E = 72 GPa: σY = 220 MPa
(c) 6061-T6: E = 69 GPa: σY = 150 MPa

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 11.9

Using E = 29 x 106 psi, determine (a) the

strain energy of the steel rod ABC when P
= 8 kips, (b) the corresponding strain
energy density in portions AB and BC of
the rod.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 11.11
A 30-in. length of aluminum pipe of cross-sectional area 1.85 in2
is welded to a fixed support A and to a rigid cap B. The steel rod
EF, of 0.75-in. diameter, is welded to cap B. Knowing that the
modulus of elasticity is 29 x 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 x 106
psi for the aluminum, determine (a) the total strain energy of the
system when P = 8 kips, (b) the corresponding strain-energy
density of the pipe CD and in the rod EF.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 11.12
A single 6-mm-diameter steel pin B is used to connect the steel
strip DE to two aluminum strips, each of 20-mm width and 5-mm
thickness. The modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for the steel and
70 GPa for the aluminum. Knowing that for the pin at B the
allowable shearing stress is τall = 85 MPa, determine, for the
loading shown, the maximum strain energy that can be acquired
by the assembled strips.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 11.33
In the assembly shown, torques TA and TB are exerted on disks A
and B, respectively. Knowing that both shafts are solid and made
of aluminum (G = 73 GPa), determine the total strain energy
acquired by the assembly.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 11.36
The state of stress shown occurs in a machine component made of
a brass for which σY = 160 MPa. Using the maximum-distortion
energy criterion, determine the range of values of σz for which
yield does not occur.

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