CE 326 – HYDRAULICS

MODULE 2

Principles of Hydrostatics

Introduction

Due to the fundamental nature of fluids, a fluid cannot remain at rest under the presence
of a shear stress. However, fluids can exert pressure normal to any contacting surface. If a point
in the fluid is thought of as an infinitesimally small cube, then it follows from the principles of
equilibrium that the pressure on every side of this unit of fluid must be equal. If this were not the
case, the fluid would move in the direction of the resulting force. Thus, the pressure on a fluid at
rest is isotropic; it acts with equal magnitude in all directions. This characteristic allows fluids to
transmit force through the length of pipes or tubes; a force applied to a fluid in a pipe is transmitted,
via the fluid, to the other end of the pipe. This principle was first formulated, in a slightly extended
form, by Blaise Pascal, and is now called Pascal's law.

In this module, we will be dealing with pressure computation.

Objective

At the end of this chapter, students are expected to be able to:

1. To learn the different types of pressure.

2. To understand the variation of pressure with depth in a fluid.
3. To solve problems under measurement of pressure.

Discussion Proper

Unit Pressure

Unit pressure or simply called pressure is the amount of force exerted by a fluid distributed
uniformly over a unit area.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴

If the unit pressure is not uniform over the unit area, it can be expressed as the sum of differential
pressure.

𝑑𝐹
𝑝=∫
𝑑𝐴

Since fluid at rest cannot resist shearing stress, pressure is always at right angle to the
area where it is acting. It is also worthy to note that the total hydrostatic force F = pA, which can
be found by cross multiplication.
Pascal’s Law

The French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) states that the pressure is the
same in all directions at any point in a fluid at rest.

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

From the figure shown below, summation of forces in y-direction:

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑝2 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 = (𝑝1 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 ) cos 𝜃

𝑝2 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 = 𝑝1 (𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 cos 𝜃)

Since 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 cos 𝜃 , 𝑝2 = 𝑝1

Summation of forces in z-direction:

∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

𝑝3 𝐴𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐷 = (𝑝1 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 ) sin 𝜃

𝑝3 𝐴𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 𝑝1 (𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 sin 𝜃)

Since 𝐴𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 sin 𝜃 , 𝑝3 = 𝑝1

Thus,

𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝3 Which can be used to conclude Pascal’s Law

Summation of forces in x-direction:

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑝4 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 𝑝5 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐸

Since 𝑝4 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝐷 =𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐸 , 𝑝4 = 𝑝5

Atmospheric, Gauge, and Absolute Pressures

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of all gasses above the surface in which it comes
in contact. Under normal conditions, atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to 101.325 kPa
(14.696 psi), usually rounded off to 100 kPa (14.7 psi) by engineers. With increase in altitude,
atmospheric pressure decreases.

Gauge pressure, measured with the use of pressure gauges, is the pressure above or
below atmospheric pressure. Negative gauge pressure indicates a vacuum which cannot go
below –101.325 kPa. Positive gauge pressure indicates that the pressure is above atmospheric.
Gauge pressure is also called relative pressure.

Absolute pressure is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. There is no

such thing as negative absolute pressure. In the absence of all matter (complete vacuum), the
absolute pressure is zero.

𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 + 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

Pressure Gauges

Just for the purpose of completeness of this page, pressure gauges (or pressure
instruments) are listed here. For more detailed discussion about pressure gauges, refer to the
links in each type of pressure instrument. Some general types of pressures instruments are as
follows.

 Barometer - used to measure atmospheric pressure.

 Manometer - a U-tube that contains liquid of known specific gravity.
 Bourdon gauge - used to measure large pressure difference.

Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid

Consider two points 1 and 2 lie in the ends of fluid prism having a cross-sectional
area dA and length L. The difference in elevation between these two points is h as shown in
Figure 02 below. The fluid is at rest and its surface is free. The prism is therefore in equilibrium
and all forces acting on it sums up to zero.
 Forces acting on a prism of fluid at rest

Note: FFS stands for Free Fluid Surface which refers to fluid surface subject to zero gauge
pressure.

The volume of the prism is equal to the length times the base area of the fluid.

𝑉 = 𝐿 𝑑𝐴
The weight of the fluid prism shown is equal to the product of the unit weight and volume.

𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉

𝑊 = 𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

Sum up all the forces in x-direction

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + 𝑊𝑥

𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 𝑊 sin 𝜃

𝑝2 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑝1 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴 sin 𝜃

𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾𝐿 sin 𝜃

But 𝐿 sin 𝜃 = ℎ, thus

𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉
 Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest, the difference in pressure between
any two points is equal to the product of the unit weight of the fluid and the difference in
elevation of the points.

If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or

𝑝1 = 𝑝2

Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest, the pressures at all points along the
same horizontal plane are equal.

If point 1 lie on the FFS, the gauge pressure p1 = 0, making p2 - 0 = γh or simply

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ

This means that the pressure at any depth h below a continuous free fluid surface
at rest is equal to the product of the unit weight of fluid and the depth h.

Transmission of Pressure

We can write the equation 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾ℎ into the form

𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝜸𝒉

which means that any change in the pressure at point 1 would cause an equal
change of pressure at point 2. In other words, a pressure applied at any point in a liquid
at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to every other point in the liquid.

Pressure Head

The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝑝
ℎ=
𝛾

where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called the pressure head. Pressure head is
the height of column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that will produce an intensity of
pressure p.

To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent pressure head of liquid B

𝑠𝐴 𝜌𝐴 𝛾𝐴
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐴 = ℎ𝐴 = ℎ𝐴
𝑠𝐵 𝜌𝐵 𝛾𝐵

To convert pressure head of any liquid to equivalent pressure head of water

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 × ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

Manometers
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of measuring pressure and pressure
difference. It is usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of known specific gravity. The
surface of the liquid will move in proportion to changes of pressure.

Types of Manometers
Piezometer

Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which is tapped into the wall of pressure
conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. Though effective in many purposes, piezometer
is not practical to use in lighter liquids with large pressure and cannot be used to measure gas
pressure.

From the figure above, three piezometers A, B, and C are attached to a pressure conduit at
bottom, top, and side, respectively. The column of liquid at A, B, and C will rise at the same level
above M indicating a positive pressure at M. Also, the piezometer D measures the negative
pressure at N.

Open Manometer

Open manometer is a tube bent into a U-shape to contain one or more fluids of different
specific gravities. It is used to measure pressure. Example of open manometer is shown below.
 Differential Manometer
Differential manometer cannot measure pressure but can measure pressure difference.
Frequently in hydraulic problems, difference in pressure is more useful information than the
pressure itself.

Steps in Solving Manometer Problems

Ordinarily, it is easier to work in units of pressure head rather than pressure for solving any
manometer problem.

1. Draw a sketch of the manometer approximately to scale.

2. Decide on the fluid of which head are to be expressed. Water is more desirable. In most
cases, we suggest to use head in water even if there is no water in the system.
3. Starting at a point of known pressure head, number in order the levels of contact of fluids of
different specific gravities.

4. Proceed from level to level, add pressure head in going down and subtract pressure head in
going up with due regard to the specific gravity of the fluids.

Examples:

1. Determine the pressure in a vessel of mercury, specific gravity 13.6, at a point 20 cm below
the surface. Express the answer in N/m 2.

Solution:
p=0
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝 = 𝛾𝐻𝑔 ℎ 20 cm

𝛾𝐻𝑔 = 𝑠𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 p
𝑘𝑁
𝑝 = 𝑠𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 ℎ = 13.6 (9.81 3 ) (0.2 𝑚)
𝑚
𝒌𝑵
𝒑 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟑
𝒎𝟐

or 𝒑 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

or 𝒑 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟑. 𝟐 𝑷𝒂

2. What height of mercury column will cause a pressure of 680 kPa? What is the equivalent
height of water column?

Solution:

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝 𝑝 680 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℎ𝐻𝑔 = = =
𝛾𝐻𝑔 𝑠𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 13.6(9.81 𝑘𝑁 )
𝑚3
𝒉𝑯𝒈 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝒎

𝑠𝐴
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ Or 𝑠𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = 𝑠𝐵 ℎ𝐵
𝑠𝐵 𝐴
𝑠𝑤 ℎ𝑤 = 𝑠𝐻𝑔 ℎ𝐻𝑔

(1)ℎ𝑤 = (13.6)(5.097)

𝒉𝒘 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎

Or you can use the given formula in converting pressure head of any liquid into pressure head
of water:
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 × ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

3. A gage on the suction side of a pump shown vacuum of 254 mm of mercury. Compute (a)
pressure head in meters of water; (b) pressure in kiloPascal; (c) absolute pressure in kiloPascal
if barometer reads 736.6 mm of mercury.

Solution:

(a) Equivalent head in water

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = −𝑠𝐻𝑔 × ℎ𝐻𝑔

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = −13.6(0.254)

𝒉𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝒎

(b) Equivalent pressure in kPa

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ = 13.6(9.81)(−0.254)

𝒑 = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Or

𝑝 = 9.81(−3.4544) = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

(c) Absolute pressure for a barometric reading of 736.6 mm of mercury

𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −33.888 + 13.6(9.81)(.7366)

𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂

4. In a condenser containing air and water, the air pressure is 22.1 kPa absolute. What is the
gage pressure in kiloNewton per square meter at a point 1.37 m below the water surface.

Solution:

Gage pressure of air

𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 22.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Pair
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

22.1 = 𝑝𝑔 + 101.325 1.37 m

𝑝𝑔 = −79.225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
p

Pressure at 1.37m below the water surface:

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝛾ℎ

𝑝 = −79.225 + 9.81(1.37)

𝑝 = −𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

5. If the pressure in the tank of oil (sp gr 0.80) is 60 psi, what is the equivalent head: (a) in feet
of oil, (b) in feet of water, and (c) in inches of mercury?

Solution:

(a) Head in feet of oil

𝑝
ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑝
ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
60(122 )
ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
0.80(62.4)

ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝒇𝒕

(b) Head in feet of water

𝑝 60(122 )
ℎ𝑤 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝛾𝑤 (62.4)
 Or ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 × ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.80(173.076) = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒕

(c) Head in inches of mercury

𝑠𝐻𝑔 ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙

(13.6)ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 0.80(173.076)

ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 10.181 𝑓𝑡 × 12 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝒊𝒏

6. In the piezometers of the figure shown, liquid stands 1.37 m above point M. What is the
pressure at M in kiloPascal if the liquid is (a) water, (b) oil (sp gr 0.90), (c) mercury, and (d)
molasses (sp gr 1.5).

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

a.) the column is 1.37 m of water

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ

𝑝 = 9.81(1.37)

𝑝 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

b.) the column is 1.37 m of oil (sg=0.90)

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ

𝑝 = 0.90(9.81)(1.37)

𝑝 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

c.) the column is 1.37 m of mercury (sg=13.6)

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ

𝑝 = 13.6(9.81)(1.37)

𝑝 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

d.) the column is 1.37 m of molasses (sg=1.5)

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ

𝑝 = 1.5(9.81)(1.37)

𝑝 = 20.16 𝒌𝑷𝒂
7. The soaking bin contains ethyl alcohol used for cleaning automobile parts. If h = 7 ft,
determine the pressure developed at point A and at the air surface B within the enclosure.
Take 𝛾 = 49.3 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 .

Solution:

The gauge pressure at points A and B are:

𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾𝑒𝑎 ℎ𝐴

= (49.3)(7 − 2)
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 2
= 246.5 2 × ( ) = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛

𝑝𝐵 = 𝑝𝐴 − 𝛾𝑒𝑎 ℎ𝐴𝐵

= 246.5 − (49.3)(6 − 2)
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 2
= 49.3 2 × ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛

𝑜𝑟

𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾𝑒𝑎 ℎ𝐵

= (49.3)(7 − 6)
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 2
= 49.3 × ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 2 12 𝑖𝑛

8. The soaking bin contains ethyl alcohol used for cleaning

automobile parts. If the pressure in the enclosure is (𝑝𝐵 )𝑔 =
0.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖, determine the pressure developed at point A and the
height h of the ethyl alcohol level in the bin . Take 𝛾 = 49.3 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 .

Solution:

The gage pressure at point A is:

𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐵 + 𝛾𝑒𝑎 ℎ𝐵𝐴
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 2
= 0.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖 + (49.3 3 ) (6𝑓𝑡 − 2𝑓𝑡) ( )
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛

= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊
The gage pressure for the atmospheric pressure is (𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 )𝑔 = 0. Thus,

𝑝𝐵 = (𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 )𝑔 + 𝛾𝑒𝑎 ℎ𝐵
𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑙𝑏
(0.5 2 ) ( ) = 0 + (49.3 3 ) (ℎ − 6𝑓𝑡)
𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

𝒉 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝒇𝒕

9. The funnel is filled with oil to a depth of h′ = 0.3 m and water to

a depth of 0.4 m. Determine the height of oil, h’, to maintain the
water at C. Take ρo = 900 kg/m3 ρw= 1000 kg/m3 , ρHg = 13 550
kg/m3 .

Solution:

Refer to the figure below:

ℎ𝐶𝐷 = 0.2 𝑚 + ℎ′ + 0.4 𝑚 − 0.8 𝑚 = 0.2 𝑚

𝑝𝐴 + 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝐴𝐵 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝐵𝐶 − 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐶𝐷 = 𝑝𝐷
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
0 + (900 3 ) 𝑔ℎ′ + (1000 3 ) 𝑔(0.4) − (13550 3 ) 𝑔(ℎ′ − 0.2) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
ℎ′ = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟖 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎
10. Determine the pressures at points A, B and C. The containers are filled with water.

Solution:
𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃 1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = (62.4 ) (2𝑓𝑡 + 4𝑓𝑡) = 𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟒 × ( ) = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 3 𝒇𝒕𝟐 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃 1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾𝐵 ℎ𝐵 = (62.4 ) (3𝑓𝑡) = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟐 × ( ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 3 𝒇𝒕𝟐 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃 1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑝𝐶 = 𝛾𝐶 ℎ𝐶 = (62.4 3 ) (2𝑓𝑡) = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟖 𝟐 × ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 𝒇𝒕 12 𝑖𝑛
11. Water in the reservoir is used to control the water
pressure in the pipe at A. If h = 200 mm, determine this
pressure when the mercury is at the elevation shown.
𝑘𝑔
Take 𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13 550 3 . Neglect the diameter of the
𝑚
pipe.

Solution:

ℎ = 0.2 𝑚
𝑝𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝐴𝐵 − 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐵𝐶 − 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(ℎ𝐶𝐷 + ℎ𝐷𝐸 ) = 𝑝𝐸
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑝𝐴 + (1000 3 ) (9.81 2 ) (0.25𝑚) − (13550 3 ) (9.81 2 ) (0.1𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
− (1000 3 ) (9.81 2 ) (0.55𝑚 + 0.2𝑚) = 0
𝑚 𝑠
𝑝𝐴 = 18.20 × 103 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
12. The two pipes contain hexylene glycol, which causes the level of mercury in the manometer
to be at h = 0.3 m. Determine the differential pressure in the pipes, 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵. Take 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑙 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
923 , 𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13550 . Neglect the diameter of the pipes.
𝑚3 𝑚3

Solution:

𝑝𝐴 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑙 𝑔ℎ𝐴𝐶 − 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐶𝐷 − 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑙 𝑔ℎ𝐷𝐵 = 𝑝𝐵

𝑝𝐴 + (923)(9.81)(0.1) − (13550)(9.81)(0.3) − (923)(9.81)(0.1) = 𝑝𝐵

𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 39.87765 × 103 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

13. Refer to the last problem. If the pressure in pipe A increases by 6 kPa, and the pressure in
pipe B decreases by 2 kPa, determine the new differential reading h of the manometer.

Solution:

Initially, 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 39877.65 𝑃𝑎

When the pressure at A and B changes, the mercury level will be at C’ and D’ as shown:
(𝑝𝐴 + ∆𝑝𝐴) + 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑙 𝑔ℎ𝐴𝐶′ − 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐶 ′ 𝐷′ − 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑙 𝑔ℎ𝐷′ 𝐵 = (𝑝𝐵 − ∆𝑝𝐵 )

(𝑝𝐴 + 6000) + (923)(9.81)(0.1 + ∆ℎ) − (13550)(9.81)(0.3 + 2∆ℎ) − (923)(9.81)(0.1 − ∆ℎ)

= (𝑝𝐵 − 2000)

𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 31877.65 + 247741.74 ∆ℎ 𝑃𝑎

But 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 39877.65 𝑃𝑎
39877.65 = 31877.65 + 247741.74 ∆ℎ

∆ℎ = 0.03229

Thus,

ℎ′ = 0.3𝑚 + 2∆ℎ

ℎ′ = 0.3𝑚 + 2(0.03229) = 0.36458 𝑚 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎