Rectilinear Motion Physics Allen

Introduction of Kinematics
Part - 01
Introduction of Kinematics
Rest
If position does not change with time, then it is at rest.
Motion
If position of particle changes with time, then it is called in motion.
Illustration 1.
Identify examples of rest and motion : Walking, Sleeping, dancing, playing, standing, statue, ball throwing,
cycling.
Solution.
Example of motion : - Walking, dancing, playing, ball throwing and cycling.
Example of rest : - sleeping, standing, statue
Frame of Reference
1. It is the reference with respect to which position or motion of particle is defined.
2. Motion and Rest are relative terms which depends on Frame of reference.
3. If not specified, we consider ground as reference frame.
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Motion in a Straight Line Part-01
Conclusion (With Respect to a Reference point)

1. If position of particle changes with time, then it is in Motion.
2. If position of particle does not change with time, then it is in Rest.
Illustration 2.
Give an example where object is at rest and also in motion at the same time
Solution.
Whether a object is in rest or motion depends upon the reference frame by which you are observing, Different
reference frame may give different answers. Example: If you are travelling in a train and a woman is sitting near
you. you will see the woman near you as stationary but if someone is observing the woman from outside the
train he will see as if the woman is moving with the speed of train. Hence the two different reference point has
given two results.
Types of Motion
1-D Motion:
If position changes with time with respect to frame of reference along a straight line, motion is one dimensional
(1-D) or straight-line motion or rectilinear motion.
Examples:
Motion of Train Along Straight Track.
A Ball Projected Upward.
2-D Motion:
If position changes in a plane with time with respect to frame of reference then motion is 2-D.
Examples: Projectile Motion
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Examples: Circular Motion
3-D Motion:
If position changes in space with time with respect to frame of reference, motion is 3-D or motion in space.
Examples:
Motions of Kite
Illustration 3.
Short following examples according to type of motion.
(1) Motion of an aeroplane
(2) Earth revolving around the sun
(3) Motion of the wheels of moving train
(4) Train running on a straight track.
(5) Lizard moving on the wall
(6) A sprinter running a 100 m race on straight track.
(7) A ball dropped from a building
(8) An out swinging delivery in cricket
Solution.
1D: - Train running on a straight track, A sprinter running a 100 m race on straight track, A ball dropped from a
building,
2D: - Earth revolving around the sun, Motion of the wheels of moving train, Lizard moving on the wall,
3D: - Motion of an aeroplane, An out swinging delivery in cricket

Distance, Displacement and Position Vector
Part - 02
Distance, Displacement and Position Vector
Position Vector
It is used to specify the position of a certain particle.
A vector that symbolizes the position of any given point with respect to any reference point like the origin.
Direction: Always points from the Reference point (origin) of that vector towards a given point.
Distance
Actual length of the path traversed by the particle between initial and final position is called distance.
Distance travelled by man through path ABCA = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12m

Key Point:
Distance always depends on path which is followed by the particle. Does not depend on initial and final position
of the particle.
(Distance)1 (Distance)2
Infinite distances are possible between two fixed points because infinite paths are possible between two fixed
points.
It is a Scalar Quantity.
Unit
S.I. Metre (m)
C.G.S. Centimetre (cm)
Dimension: [M L T ]
0 1 0
Distance cannot be negative.
Displacement
Shortest distance between initial & final position of the particle is called displacement.
Displacement of man when moving from A to B and B to C = 5m

Key Point:
Displacement is a vector quantity, and its direction is always from initial position to final position.
Displacement does not depend on path followed by particle. It depends only on initial & final position of the
particle.
(Displacement)1 = (Displacement)2
Only single value of displacement is possible between two fixed points.
Displacement may be positive, negative or zero.
If motion is in straight line without change in direction then
distance = |displacement| = magnitude of displacement.
Magnitude of displacement may be equal or less than distance but never greater than distance.
i.e., distance |displacement|
Displacement in Vector Form

Initial position vector
Final position vector
Displacement vector
Illustration 1.
A particle starts from point A (1, –1, 0) m and reaches at point B (5, 3, –2) m, reference point is origin. Find:
(i) Initial position vector
(ii) Final position vector
(iii) Displacement vector

(iv) Length of shortest path
Solution.
(i) Initial position vector
(ii) Final position vector
(iii) Displacement vector
(iv) Length of shortest path
Illustration 2.
A particle starts from the origin, goes along the X-axis upto the point (20m, 0) and then returns along the same
line to the point (–20m, 0). Find the distance and displacement of the particle during the trip.
Solution.
Distance = |OA| + |AC|
= 20 + 40 = 60m
Displacement = OA + AC

Illustration 3.
A car moves from O to D along the path OABCD shown in fig. What is distance travelled and its net displacement?
Solution.
Distance
= 8 + 4 + 4 +1 = 17 km
Displacement
So, Displacement = 5km, 37° S of E
Distance and Displacement in circular path

A car starts moving from point A and reaches at point B along a circular path then find out distance and
displacement in following cases.
(1) One-fourth of the complete circle
Distance =
Displacement =

(2) Half of the complete circle
Distance =
Displacement = 2r
(3) At any arbitrary arc

Distance = Displacement = 2x
Displacement =
Illustration 4.
A cyclist moving on a circular track, completes one revolution in 10 sec. Then find out its displacement after 1
minute 5 s (radius = 1m)
Solution.
In 1 minute, 5s number of revolutions = 6.5
Displacement = 2r = 2m
Useful Direction Conventions

Sense of Direction in terms of base vectors.
East : i
West : –i
North : j
South : –j
Up : k
Down : –k
Sense of Direction in terms of base vectors.
For example: -
(i) Draw vector 30° north of east.

Illustration 5.
A person moves 30 m due west, then 20 m due south then 20 m due east. Find out displacement.
Solution.
or (w to s)
Illustration 6.
A Body moves 6 m north 8 m east and 10m vertically upwards, what is its resultant displacement from initial
position.
Solution.
Illustration 7.
on an open ground a motorist follows a track that turns to his left by an angle of 60° after every 500 m. Starting
from a given turn, specify the displacement of the motorist at the sixth and eighth turn. Compare the magnitude
of displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist in each case.
Solution.
At VI turn
initial and final positions are same so |displacement| = 0 and distance = 500 × 6 = 3000 m

At VIII turn
Distance = 500 × 8 = 4000 m

Speed
Part - 03
Speed
The Rate at which distance is covered with respect to time is called speed.
Scalar Quantity
Unit : S.I. Metre per second (m/s)
C.G.S. Centimetre per second (cm/s)
Conversion : km/hr m/s
Dimension : [M0L1T–1]
For a moving particle speed can never be zero or negative, it is always positive.
Types of Speed
(1) Uniform Speed
Particle covers equal distances in equal interval of time. It is said to be moving with uniform speed.
(2) Non-uniform Speed (Variable Speed)

Particle covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.

(3) Average Speed

For a given time interval is defined as the ratio of total distance travelled to total time taken.
Average speed = i.e. Vavg =
(4) Instantaneous speed

It is the speed of a particle at a particular instant of time.
Average speed
Cases of average speed to Remember
Case I : Particle moves with different uniform speeds v 1, v2, v3,………vn in different time intervals its average
speed over the total time of journey is given as –
If t1 = t2 = t3 = ……..= tn then
For 2 equal intervals of times
Case II : Particle describes equal distances with different speeds then the average speed of particle over the
total distance will be given as –
If a person moves a certain distance in n equal parts with different speeds.
For 2 equal distances.

Illustration 1.
A particle moves for 20 sec such that first 10 sec it moves with 36 km/hr and for next 10 sec moves with 54
km/hr. Find average speed.
Solution.
Illustration 2.
A train travels from city A to city B with a constant speed of 10 m/s and return back to city A with a constant
speed of 20 m/s. Find its average speed during its entire journey.
Solution.
Let the distance between the two cities A and B = x m.
Time taken by the train to travel from A to B =
Time taken to come back from B to A =
Average speed =
Illustration 3.
A car travels first half distance between two places with uniform speed of 60 km/hr. What should be its uniform
speed in (m/s) for the second half of the distance so that it average speed over the entire journey become 90
km/hr.
Solution.
Let total distance be 2x and uniform speed of next half be y
Time for first half =

Time for second half =
Average speed =
3xy+180x=4xy
xy=180x
y=180 km/hr
Therefore, Uniform speed for next half is 180 km/hr.
Illustration 4.
The displacement of a point moving along a straight line is given by
s = 4t2 + 5t – 6
Here s is in cm and t is in seconds calculate
(i) Initial speed of particle
(ii) Speed at t = 4s
(iii) Average speed in time interval t = 0 to t = 10 sec

Solution.
(i) Speed, v = = 8t + 5
Initial speed (at t = 0), v = 5 cm/s

(ii) At t = 4s, v = 8(4) + 5 = 37 cm/s
(iii) S(t=0) = 0 + 0 – 6 = -6
S(t=10) = 400+50-6 = 444
Average speed =
Illustration 5.
A particle covers first one third distance with speed 10m/s and remaining distance with speed 20m/s. Find
average speed.
Solution.

Illustration 6.
If the body covers one-third distance at speed v1, next one third at speed v2 and last one third at speed v3, then
average speed will be
Solution.
Average speed = total distance covered / total time taken
let the total distance = 3x
time taken to cover first one third (x) =
time taken to cover second one third (x) =
time taken to cover third one third (x) =
average speed =
average speed =

Velocity
Part - 04
Velocity
The rate of change of position with time is called velocity.
It is a Vector Quantity.
Dimension : [M0L1T−1]
Unit: S.I. m/s
C.G.S. cm/s
Velocity can be positive, Negative or Zero.
Types of Velocity
(1) Uniform velocity (Constant velocity)
If magnitude as well as direction of its velocity remains same.
This is possible only when it moves in a straight line without reversing its direction.
(2) Non-uniform velocity (variable)

If either magnitude or direction or both varies then velocity changes.
(3) Average velocity

It is defined as the ratio of displacement to time taken by body.
Its direction is along the displacement.
Average velocity and Average Speed
Illustration 1.
A particle moves 20 m in 2 sec due east, then it moves 40 m in 3 sec due south. Then find out.
(i) Distance travelled
(ii) Displacement
(iii) Average speed
(iv) Average velocity

Solution.
(i) Distance = 20 + 40 = 60 m
(ii) Displacement =
(iii) Average speed =
(iv) Average velocity =
m/s, E tan–1(2) S (E to S)
Illustration 2.
A bird flies due north at velocity 20 ms–1 for 15 s it rests for 5 s and then flies due south at velocity 24ms–1 for
10 s. For the whole trip find the average speed and magnitude of average velocity.
Solution.
Average speed =
Average velocity =
Magnitude of average velocity = = 2 m/s
Illustration 3.
A car moves with a velocity 2.24 km/h in first minute, with 3.60 km/h in the second minute and with 5.18 km/h
in the third minute. Calculate the average velocity in these three minutes.
Solution.
Distance travelled in first minute
Distance travelled in second minute
Distance travelled in third minute
Total distance travelled
Total time taken, t = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 min = h
average velocity = km/h
Note:-
(i) Time average velocity
If v = f (t)

(ii) Space average velocity
If v = f (x)
Illustration 4.
If velocity of particle is given by v = (2t2+3t+1), where 't' is time. Find average velocity for interval ≤ ≤ sec.
Solution.
Illustration 5.
If v = sinx, find average velocity for interval .
Solution.
Instantaneous Velocity
It is the velocity of a particle at a particular instant of time.
The direction of instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path followed by the particle.
Important Points
Average speed |Average velocity |
When particle moves with constant velocity then magnitude of displacement and distance covered by particle
is same.
A particle may have constant speed but variable velocity.

A particle may have constant speed but variable velocity. Example: When a particle is performing uniform circular
motion then for every instant of its circular motion its speed remains constant but velocity changes at every
instant.
When a particle is moving on any path, the magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous
speed.
When particle moves with uniform velocity then its instantaneous speed, magnitude of instantaneous velocity,
average speed and magnitude of average velocity are all equal.
When a particle is moving on any path, the magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous
speed.
Illustration 6.
Position of particle as function of time is given by

Find velocity as function of time.
Solution.
(a) velocity
Illustration 7.
A particle is moving along a straight line OX. At a time t (in seconds) the distance x (in metres) of particle from
point O is given by x = 10 + 6t – 3t2. How long would the particle travel before coming to rest ?
Solution.
Initial value of x, at t = 0, x1 = 10m
Velocity v = = 6 – 6t When v = 0, t = 1s
Final value of x, at t = 1s, x2 = 10 + 6 × 1 – 3(12) = 13 m

Distance travelled = x2 – x1 = 13 – 10 = 3m
Illustration 8.
Position of particle travelling on x-axis is given by x = t3(m) where t = time. Find
(a) position of a particle at t = 2 sec.
(b) average velocity from t = 2sec. to t = 3 sec.
(c) velocity at t = 2 sec.
Solution.
(a) position of a particle at t = 2 sec.
x2 = (2)3 = 8m
(b) average velocity from t = 2sec. to t = 3 sec.
Average velocity
(c) velocity at t = 2 sec.
v = 3t2
v2 = 3(2)2
= 12 m/s

Change in velocity
If , then
where is the angle between initial and final velocity
Illustration 9.
A car is moving with speed 10 m/s along north, then it takes 60° left turn and moves with same speed. Find out
change in velocity.
Solution.

Acceleration
Part -05
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
It is a vector quantity.
Its direction is same as that of change in velocity (not in the direction of the velocity).
Dimension: [M0L1T –2]
Unit : (S.I.) m/s2
(C.G.S.) cm/s2
There are 3 ways to change a velocity (vector)
Only magnitude change
Only direction change
Both direction+ magnitude change
Types of Acceleration
(1) Uniform Acceleration
(2) Non-Uniform Acceleration
(3) Average Acceleration
(4) Instantaneous acceleration
(1) Uniform Acceleration

A body is said to have uniform acceleration if magnitude and direction of the acceleration remains constant
during motion of particle .
(2) Non-Uniform Acceleration

A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration, if either magnitude or direction or both change during motion.
(3) Average Acceleration

It is the ratio of total change in velocity to the total time taken by the particle
Direction of average acceleration is along the change in velocity

(4) Instantaneous Acceleration

It is the acceleration of a particle at a particular instant of time.
When in function of time (t).
i.e. first derivative of velocity is called instantaneous acceleration
i.e. second derivative of position vector is called instantaneous acceleration
When in function of position (s).
Application of Calculus
For v-t relation
For v-x relation
Illustration 1.
The velocity of a particle is given by v = (2t2 – 4t + 3) m/s where t is time in seconds. Find its acceleration at
t = 2 second.
Solution.
Acceleration (a) = = 4t – 4
Therefore acceleration at t = 2s is equal to, a = (4 × 2) – 4 = 4 m/s2
Illustration 2.
A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 8m with uniform speed 4m/s. Find out magnitude of average
acceleration when particle completes ¼ half revolution.

Solution.
Average acceleration = =
Illustration 3.
Position of particle is given as
Find : (a) position at t = 2 sec.

(b) velocity at t = 2 sec.
(c) acceleration at t = 2 sec.
(d) acceleration when velocity = 0
(e) velocity when acceleration = 0
(f) avg. acceleration from t = 2 sec. to t = 3 sec.
Solution.
(a)
(b) velocity =
velocity = t2 – 3t + 2
v2 = 4 – 6 + 2 = 0 m/s
(c) acceleration =
a = 2t – 3
a2 = 2 × 2 – 3
a2 = 1 m/s2
(d)
0 = t2 – 3t + 2
t2 – 2t – t + 2 = 0
(t – 2)(t – 1) = 0
t = 2, t = 1
acc. = 2t – 3 acc. = 2t + 3
=2×2–3 =2×1–3
=1 = –1

(e) acc. = 2t – 3
0 = 2t – 3
2t = 3
v = t2 – 3t + 2
(f)
Illustration 4.
The velocity of a body depends on time according to the equation v 20 0.1t 2 . The body is undergoing
Solution.
Acceleration
Which is time dependent i.e. non-uniform acceleration.
Illustration 5.
One particle have velocity then find acceleration of particle?

Solution.
Illustration 6.
Position of a particle is given by x = (6t2 – t3)m, then find out its position when velocity becomes maximum.
Solution.
x = 6t2 – t3
For maximum velocity :
t = 2 sec
Position at t = 2 sec.
x = 6(2)2 – (2)3 = 16 m

Illustration 7.
The relation between time and distance is , where and are constants. The retardation is
Solution.
Illustration 8.
The acceleration of a particle moving in a straight line varies with its displacement as, a = 2s+1 velocity of the
particle is zero at zero displacement. Find the corresponding velocity - displacement equation.
Solution.
a = 2s +1
Illustration 9.
A body starts from the origin and moves along the X-axis such that the velocity at any instant is given by ,
where t is in sec and velocity in m/s. What is the acceleration of the particle, when it is 2 m from the origin
Solution.
(given)
and
When particle is at 2m from the origin
Acceleration at given by,

When particle moves with constant velocity then its acceleration will be zero.
If particle moves with constant velocity then
Acceleration which opposes the motion of body is called retardation.

Increment or decrement in speed depends on direction of and .
Case- I
If and are in same direction then speed increases
(i) (ii)
Case- II
If and are in opposite direction then speed decreases.
(i) (ii)
Velocity and Acceleration

Case-I
Angle between & is zero or they are parallel, speed increases
Case-II
Angle between & is 90° or they are orthogonal, speed remains constant
Case-III
Angle between & is 180° or they are anti-parallel, speed increases
Illustration 10.
For a moving body at any instant of time. Find given statements are true or false?
(i) If the body is not moving, the acceleration is necessarily zero
(ii) If the body is slowing, the retardation is negative
(iii) If the body is slowing, the distance is negative
(iv) If displacement, velocity and acceleration at that are known, we can find the displacement at any given
time in future

Solution.
(i) False
(ii) False
(iii) False
(iv) True
Path of Motion Based on Acceleration (To Remember)
Illustration 11.
The path of a particle moving under the influence of a force fixed in magnitude and direction is (force and
velocity at angle = 0° or = 180°)
Solution.
collinear with
i.e. straight line

Equations of Motion
Part - 06
Equations of Motion
S.No. Scalar Form Vector Form

first equation v = u + at
second
s = ut + at2
equation
third equation v2 = u2 + 2as
Here :
v = final velocity s = displacement
u = initial velocity t = time
a = acceleration = constant
These are valid only when acceleration is constant.
(i) a=
v – u = at
v = u + at
(ii) v=
s = ut + at2
(iii) a=v
v2 = u2 + 2as

Some other useful equations

(i) Displacement in the nth second
(ii)
(iii)
Vector form of following equations
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
Steps to follow for solving numerical :

(1) Select origin. Generally we take starting point as origin if not given.
(2) Select any one direction as positive.
(3) As per direction selected in step 2, write all known variable with sign.
(4) Apply the suitable equations and put variables values with sign.
Key points
When particle starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration then ratio of distance travelled by it in
successive equal intervals of time is
1 : 3 : 5 : 7…….. (2n – 1)
Known as Galileo’s law of odd numbers.
Illustration 1.
The velocity of a body moving with a uniform acceleration of is 10 m/sec. Its velocity after an interval
of 4 sec is
Solution.
Illustration 2.
The initial velocity of the particle is 10 m/sec and its retardation is 2m/sec2. The distance moved by the particle
in 5th second of its motion is
Solution.

Illustration 3.
If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of 144 km/h in 20 s. Then it covers a distance of
Solution.
Here
v=144 km/h = 40 m/s
Illustration 4.
A body starts from rest. What is the ratio of the distance travelled by the body during the 4th and 3rd second
Solution.
because u = 0
Hence
Illustration 5.
A particle starting from rest travels a distance x in first 2 seconds and a distance y in next two seconds, then
Solution.
If particle starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration then in successive equal interval of time the
ratio of distance covered by it will be
1:3:5:7 ……..(2n-1)
i.e. ratio of x and y will be a : 3 i.e.
Illustration 6.
Two cars start off a race with velocities 2m/s and 4m/s travel in straight line with uniform accelerations 2m/s 2
and 1 m/s2 respectively. What is the length of the path if they reach the final point at the same time ?
Solution.
Let both particles reach at same position in same time t then from s = ut + at2
For 1st particle :
For 2nd particle :
Equating above equation we get
Subsituting value of t in above equation s = 4(4)+ (1) (4)2 = 16 + 8 = 24 m

Illustration 7.
x = 8t – t2
Find displacement and distance travelled from 0 to 5 sec. ?
Solution.
0 – 5 sec.
s = xf – xi = 8 (5) – 52 – (0 – 0)
displacement s = 15 m
v = 2(4 – t)
0 = 2(4 – t)
t = 4 sec. turning point
distance = |x4 – x0| + |x5 – x4|

= |16 – 0| + |15 – 16|
= 16 + 1 = 17 m

Problems based on Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Part -07
Illustration 1.
A particle having initial velocity 10 m/s, moves with uniform acceleration. After 2 seconds its velocity
becomes 32 m/s. Find distance covered in this duration.
Solution.
u = 10 m/s
a = constant
t = 2s
v = 32 m/s
AVERAGE VELOCITY FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
Illustration 2.
A particle moves in a straight line with a uniform acceleration a. Initial velocity of the particle is zero. Find the
average velocity of the particle in first 's' distance.
Solution.
Average velocity =
Illustration 3.
A car is moving along a straight road with a uniform acceleration. It passes through two points P and Q separated
by a distance with velocity 30 km/h and 40 km/h respectively. The velocity of the car midway between P and Q
is?
Solution.
Here, u = 30 km/hr, v = 40 km/hr

Between points A and B Between points B and C

….(i) ….(ii)
From eq. (1) and (2)
km/hr
Illustration 4.
A particle travels 10m in first 5 sec and 10m in next 3 sec. Assuming constant acceleration what is the distance
travelled in next 2 sec
Solution.
Let initial (t=0) velocity of particle = u
For first 5 sec motion s5 = 10 m
2u+5a=4 …(i)
For first 8 sec of motion s8 = 20 m
…(ii)
By solving
Now distance travelled by particle in Total 10 sec.
By substituting the value of u and a we will get s10 = 28.3 m

so the distance in last 2 sec = s10 – s8
= 28.3 – 20 = 8.3m
Stopping Distance
For Vehicles,
When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the distance it travels before stopping is called stopping distance.
a = –a0 u = u0
v=0 s =?
v = u + 2as
2 2
0=
[since a is constant]
So we can say that if u becomes n times then s becomes n2 times that of previous value.

Stopping Time
a = –a0 u = u0
v=0 t=?
v = u + at
0 = u0 – a0t
a0t = u0
t= [since a is constant]
So we can say that if u becomes n times then t becomes n times that of previous value.
Reaction Time
When a situation demands our immediate action, it takes some time before we really respond. Reaction time is
the time a person takes to observe, think and act.
Illustration 5.
A motor car moving with a uniform speed of 20m/sec comes to stop on the application of brakes after travelling
a distance of 10m Its acceleration is
Solution.
From
Illustration 6.
A train, travelling at 20 km/hr is approaching a platform. A bird is sitting on a pole on the platform. When the
train is at a distance of 2 km from pole, brakes are applied which produce a uniform deceleration in it. At that
instant the bird flies towards the train at 60 km/hr and after touching the nearest point on the train flies back to
the pole and then flies towards the train and continues repeating itself. Calculate how much distance the bird
covers before the train stops ?
Solution.
For retardation of train
Time required to stop the train v = u + at 0 = 20 – 100t
For Bird, speed =
Illustration 7.
A driver of car which is going with 20 m/s and was at x = 0 at t = 0 applies brake on seeing a red signal. Signal
is at x = 100 m. Find the distance of car after 6 sec. if brakes produced retardation of 4 m/s2 ?

Solution.
0 to 6 sec
u = 20 m/s
a = –4 m/s2
v = u + at
0 = 20 + (-4t)
4t = 20
t = 5 sec
s = 100 – 50
s = 50 m
Illustration 8.
A car moving with a velocity of 10 m/s can be stopped by the application of a constant force F in a distance of
20 m. If the velocity of the car is 30 m/s, it can be stopped by this force in
Solution.
If u becomes 3 times then S will become 9 times
i.e. 9×20 = 180 m
Illustration 9.
Two trains travelling on the same track are approaching each other with equal speeds of 40 m/s. The drivers of
the trains begin to decelerate simultaneously when they are just 2.0 km apart. Assuming the decelerations to be
uniform and equal, the value of the deceleration to barely avoid collision should be
Solution.
Both trains will travel a distance of 1 km before to come in rest. In this case by using

Basic Graphs and their Conversions
Part -08
Mathematical + Graphical approach
Position-time graph
Case-I
Slope = instantaneous velocity
velocity = 0
i.e. body is at rest.

Case-II

= constant
tan = constant
velocity = constant
i.e. the body is in uniform motion
Case-III

> 90
tan = –ve
velocity = –ve but constant
i.e. uniform motion
Case-IV
When particle starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration
is decreasing with time

velocity is decreasing with time
i.e. non uniform motion

is increasing with time

velocity is increasing with time
i.e. non uniform motion
Area of x-t graph = = No physical significance
Velocity-time graph
Slope of this graph represents acceleration.
Area under the v-t curve gives

|displacement| = A1–A2
Distance = A1 + A2
Case-I
= 0°
tan = tan0° = 0
acceleration = 0
i.e. v = constant or uniform motion

Case-II
= constant
tan = constant
acceleration = constant
i.e. uniformly accelerated motion
Case-III
= –ve
acceleration = –ve but constant
i.e. constant or uniform retardation
is acting on the body
Case-IV

acceleration is decreasing with time
i.e. acceleration goes on decreasing with time but it is not retardation


acceleration is increasing with time
i.e. acceleration goes on increasing with time
Area of v-t graph = = displacement = change in position
Acceleration-time graph
Slope of a-t graph defines nothing

But Area of a-t graph gives change in velocity
Area of a–t graph = = change in velocity
Area final velocity
Case-I
a t0
i.e. uniform or constant acceleration
Case-II
i.e. uniformly increasing acceleration.

Key Points
Following graphs do not exist in practice :
Case-I
Explanation : In practice, at any instant body can not have two velocities or displacements or accelerations
simultaneously.
Case-II
Explanation : Speed or distance can never be negative.
Case-III
Explanation : It is not possible to change any quantity without consuming time i.e. time can't be constant.
Illustration 1.
The displacement of a particle as a function of time is shown in the figure. The figure shows that

Solution.
The slope of displacement-time graph goes on decreasing, it means the velocity is decreasing i.e. It's motion is
retarded and finally slope becomes zero i.e. particle stops.
Illustration 2.
Figures (i) and (ii) below show the displacement-time graphs of two particles moving along the x-axis. We can
say that
Solution.
Particle (i) is having a uniformly accelerated motion while particle (ii) is having a uniformly retarded motion.
Illustration 3.
The graph between the displacement x and time t for a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure.
During the interval OA, AB, BC and CD, the acceleration of the particle is
Solution.
Region OA shows that graph bending toward time axis i.e. acceleration is negative.
Region AB shows that graph is parallel to time axis i.e. velocity is zero. Hence acceleration is zero.
Region BC shows that graph is bending towards displacement axis i.e. acceleration is positive.
Region CD shows that graph having constant slope i.e. velocity is constant. Hence acceleration is zero.
Illustration 4.
The displacement-time graph of moving particle is shown below
The instantaneous velocity of the particle is negative at the point

Solution.
Slope of displacement time graph is negative only at point C.
Illustration 5.
From the following displacement-time graph find out the velocity of a moving body
Solution.
Slope of the x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity but here t-x graph,
m/s.
But it is wrong because formula is valid when angle is measured with time axis.
Here angle is taken from displacement axis. So angle from time axis = 90° - 30° = 60°
Now

Graphical Problems in Horizontal Motion
Part -09
Shortcut to Remember
If a car, starts from rest moves with constant acceleration for some time retards uniformly at rate and finally
comes at rest total time of motion is T
Then:
Illustration 1.
A particle is moving along x-axis. Its position is given by x = –2t + 3t2. Draw its :-
(i) v-t graph (ii) a-t graph
Solution.
x = –2t + 3t2
v = –2 + 6t
a=6
Illustration 2.
A particle have initial velocity 10 m/s. Its acceleration time graph is shown. Find out its velocity at t = 2 sec.
Solution.

Illustration 3.
For a given velocity time graph, find out :
(i) In which duration acceleration is Positive, Negative and Zero.
Solution.
AB Negative
BC Negative
CD Positive
Illustration 4.
Velocity-time graph for a particle moving in a straight line is given
Calculate the displacement of the particle and distance travelled in first two sec.
Solution.
(i) Displacement = area
(ii) Distance
Illustration 5.
The v-t plot of a moving object is shown in the figure. The average velocity of the object during the first 10
seconds is
Solution.
Since total displacement is zero, hence average velocity is also zero.

Illustration 6.
Find (i) average velocity from t = 0 to t = 30
(ii) average speed from t = 10 to t = 40
Solution.
Average velocity from t = 0 to t = 30
Average speed from t = 10 to t = 40
because there is no turning point.
Illustration 7.
Find (i) Velocity at t = 2 sec, If at t = 0, velocity = 5 m/s

(ii) Maximum velocity from t = 0 to t = 8 sec
Solution.
(i) v at t = 2 sec.
(Area)0 to 2 = v2 – v0
10 = v2 – 5
v2 = 15 m/s
(ii) from graph we can say maximum velocity at t = 6 sec
(Area)4 to 6 = v6 – v4
10 = v6 – 35
v6 = 45 m/s

Motion under Gravity-Vertical Projection from Ground
Part - 10
Motion Under Gravity

Acceleration produced in the body by the force of gravity, is called acceleration due to gravity. It is represented
by the symbol g.
Value of g=9.8 m/s2
or g=980 cm/s2
or g=32 ft/s2
In the absence of air, it is found that all bodies (irrespective of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same
acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body falling towards the earth from a small altitude
(h << earth's radius) is called motion under gravity. Free fall means acceleration of body is equal to acceleration
due to gravity.
Sign Conventions
Negative and positive sign are matter of our choice, so we can select any direction as positive and opposite side
as negative.
Vertical Projection from ground (Body is Projected Vertically Upward)
Equations of motion : Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e. vertically up) as positive and
(vertical downward) as negative.
u (initial velocity) = +u
a (acceleration) = -g
at time t,
Final velocity = v

height above ground = h

v = u – gt …(i)
h = ut – gt2 …(ii)
…(iii)
Maximum height (H)

Final velocity (v) = 0 so,
From above equation (iii)
0 = u2 – 2gH
H=
Total time of flight(T)

at maximum height v = 0
So from above equation (i) u = g t
it is called time of ascent (t1) = u/g
In case of motion under gravity, time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to fall down through the same
distance. Time of descent (t 2) = time of ascent (t1) = u/g
Total time of flight T = t1 + t2
T=
Illustration 1.
A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of 50 m/s.
Find
(a) the maximum height,
(b) the time to reach the maximum height,
(c) the speed at half the maximum height.

(d) time of flight
(e) velocity after t = 1 and t = 6 s

(f) height from ground at t = 1 and t = 5 sec
Take g = 10m/s2

Solution.
(a) Initial velocity of ball (u)=50m/s, acceleration of ball =−g,
final velocity at the highest point (v)=0
So applying the 3rd equation of motion we get:
v2=u2−2ghmax
(b) Let the time required to reach max height be t. Then applying 1st equation of motion we get:
v=u−gt
0=50−10t
t=5s
(c) Let speed at half of max height be V then:
(d)
(e) velocity after one second

v = u – gt
v = 50-10×1 = 40 m/s
velocity after 6 sec
v= 50-10×6 = –10m/s or 10 m/s downward
(f) Height after one second from ground
height after 6 sec from ground
Illustration 2.
A ball is projected upwards from the foot of a tower. The ball crosses the top of the tower twice after an interval
of 6s and the ball reaches the ground after 12s. The height of the tower is (g=10m/s2):
Solution.

2u = 120
u = 60 m/s
h = 60×3– ×10×9
=180-45=135 m
Illustration 3.
A body A is projected upwards with a velocity of 98m/s. The second body B is projected upwards with the same
initial velocity but after 4 sec. Both the bodies will meet after
Solution.
Let t be the time of flight of the first body after meeting, then (t-4)sec will be the time of flight of the second
body. Since h1 = h2
On solving, we get t = 12seconds
Illustration 4.
When a ball is thrown up vertically with velocity V0, it reaches a maximum height of 'h'. If one wishes to triple
the maximum height then the ball should be thrown with velocity
Solution.
i.e. to triple the maximum height, ball should be thrown with velocity
Illustration 5.
With what velocity a ball be projected vertically so that the distance covered by it in 5 th second is twice the
distance it covers in its 6th second (g=10m/s2)
Solution.
Given . By solving we get u = 65 m/s

Motion under Gravity-Dropping from height
Part - 11
Body dropped from some height (initial velocity zero)
Equations of Motion
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction) as a positive, here we have
u=0 [As body starts from rest]
a = +g [As acceleration is in the direction of motion]
at time t,
final velocity = v
height below dropping point = h
v = gt …(i)
…(ii)
…(iii)
Results
from equations (i) (ii) and (iii)
Time to reach bottom(T)
Maximum speed(at bottom )

Illustration 1.
A ball is released from a height and it reaches the ground in 3 s. If g=9.8 ms−2, find
(a) the height from where the ball was released
(b) the velocity with which the ball will strike the ground.
(c) at t = 2s, velocity and height from the surface
Solution.
(a) s = ut+ at2
(b) v = u +at
v = 0+(9.8) (3) = 29.4 m/s
(c) v = gt = 9.8×2 = 19.6m/s
Key Points
As h = (1/2)gt2, i.e., h t2, distance covered in time t, 2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12 : 22 : 32, i.e., square of
consecutive integers. (in case of free fall, from rest)
A particle at rest, is dropped vertically from a height. The time taken by it to fall through successive distance of
1m each will then be in the ratio of the difference in the square roots of the integers i.e.
The motion is independent of the mass of body, as mass is not involved in any equation of motion. It is due to
this reason that a heavy and light body when released from the same height, reach the ground simultaneously
and with same velocity i.e., and .
The distance covered in the nth second,
So distance covered in 1st, 2nd, 3rd second, etc., will be in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5, i.e., odd integers only.

Illustration 2.
A particle is dropped from height 100 m and another particle is projected vertically up with velocity 50 m/s from
the ground along the same line. Find out the height where two particle will meet? (take g = 10 m/s2)
Solution.
….(i)
…..(ii) S1 + S2 = 100 m
from eq. (i) and (ii) (distance from top)
We get S1 + S2 = ut Height (s1) = 100-19.62=80.38m

ut = 100
50t = 100
t = 2s
Illustration 3.
A body falls freely from rest. It covers as much distance in the last second of its motion as covered in the first
three seconds. The body has fallen for a time of

Solution.
Illustration 4.
A body is released from the top of a tower of height h. It takes t sec to reach the ground. Where will be the ball
after time t/2 sec
Solution.
Let the body after time t/2 be at x from the top, then
…..(i)
…..(ii)

Eliminate t from (i) and (ii), we get
Height of the body from the ground
Illustration 5.
A particle is dropped under gravity from rest from a height and it travels a distance 9h/25 in
the last second, the height h is

Solution.
Let h distance is covered in n sec
…(i)
Distance covered in nth sec =
…(ii)
From (i) and (ii), h=122.5 m
Illustration 6.
A body is released from a great height and falls freely towards the earth. Another body is released from the
same height exactly one second later. The separation between the two bodies, two seconds after the release of
the second body is

Solution.
The separation between the two bodies, two seconds after the release of second body
Illustration 7.
A body falls from a height h = 200m. The ratio of distance travelled in each 2 sec during t = 0 to t = 6 second
of the journey is
Solution.
In equal time interval of 2 seconds
Ratio of distance = 1 : 3 : 5

Motion under Gravity-Vertical Projection from Height
Part - 12
Vertical Projection from Height

CASE 1 : Downward Projection
Equations of motion :
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction) as a positive, we have
v = u + gt …(i)
…(ii)
…(iii)
CASE 2: Upward Projection

Equations of motion :
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., upward direction) as negative, here we have
v = –u + gt …(i)
…(ii)
v2 = u2 + 2gh …(iii)
Maximum height attained by the body
Distance travelled by the body
=H+
Time taken by the body to reach the ground
gt2 – 2ut – 2H = 0
After solving this equation we get the result.
Illustration 1.
A ball is thrown upwards from the top of a tower 40m high with a velocity of 10 m/s, find the time when it strikes
the ground (g = 10 m/s2)
Solution.
In the problem u = + 10 m/s, a = – 10 m/s2 and s = –40m
Substituting in s = ut +
– 40 = 10t – 5t2 or 5t2 – 10t – 40 = 0 or t2 – 2t – 8 = 0
Solving this we have t = 4 s and – 2s. Taking the positive value t = 4s

Illustration 2.
A pebble is thrown vertically upwards from a bridge with an initial velocity of 4.9 m/s. It strikes the water after
2s. If acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s2 (a) what is the height of the bridge? (b) with what velocity does the
pebble strike the water ?
Solution.
(a) Let height of the bridge be h then
h = –4.9 × 2 + × 9.8 × (2)2
h = 9.8 m
(b) velocity with which the ball strikes the water surface
v = u + at
v = –4.9 + 9.8 × 2 = 14.7 m/s
Illustration 3.
A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration of 10m/s 2. The fuel is finished
in 1 minute and it continues to move up.
(A) What is the maximum height reached?
(B) After the fuel is finished, calculate the time for which it continues its upwards motion.
(Take g = 10 m/s2)
Solution.
(a) The distance travelled by the rocket during burning interval (1minute= 60s) in which resultant acceleration
is vertically upwards and 10 m/s2 will be h1 = 0 × 60 + (1/2) × 10 × 60 2 = 18000 m = 18 km and velocity
acquired by it will be v = 0 + 10 × 60 = 600 m/s
Now after 1 minute the rocket moves vertically up with initial velocity of 600 m/s and acceleration due to
gravity opposes its motion. So, it will go to a height h2 from this point, till its velocity becomes zero such
that 0 = (600)2 –2gh2 or h2 = 18000 m = 18 km [g = 10 m/s2]
So the maximum height reached by the rocket from the ground, H = h 1 +h2 = 18 + 18 = 36 km
(b) As after burning of fuel the initial velocity 600m/s and gravity opposes the motion of rocket, so from 1 st
equation of motion time taken by it till its velocity v =0
0 = 600 – gt t = 60 s
Illustration 4.
A man in a balloon rising vertically with an acceleration of releases a ball 2 sec after the balloon is
let go from the ground. The greatest height above the ground reached by the ball is
Solution.
Height travelled by ball (with balloon) in 2 sec
Velocity of the balloon after 2 sec
Now if the ball is released from the balloon then it acquire same velocity in upward direction.
Let it move up to maximum height h2
Greatest height above the ground reached by the ball

Illustration 5.
Three particles A, B and C are thrown from the top of a tower with the same speed. A is thrown up, B is thrown
down and C is horizontally. They hit the ground with speeds VA, VB and VC respectively.
Solution.
So for all the cases velocity will be equal.
Effect of Air Resistance

If ‘a’ is retardation due to air resistance,
Case-1
For ascending motion(upward motion)
net acceleration aNet = g + a (downwards)
If maximum height attained by the particle is 'h' then
Time to go up,
Velocity of projection,
Case-2
For descending motion (downward motion)
net acceleration aNet = g - a (downwards)

If body is released from maximum height 'h' then
Time to go up,
Velocity on reaching ground,
Illustration 6.
A body is thrown vertically upwards. If air resistance is to be taken into account, then the time during which the
body rises then the time of fall
Solution.
For ascending motion
For descending motion
t2 >t1
time during the body rises is less than the time of fall.

Graphical Problems in Vertical Motion
Part - 13
Graphical Problems in Vertical Motion
1. A body is projected vertically upwards then

(a) Graphs of displacement with respect to time :
(b) Graph of velocity with respect to time
(c) Graph of acceleration with respect to time
2. A body dropped from some height
(a) Graphs of displacement with respect to time:

(b) Graph of velocity with respect to time
(c) Graph of acceleration with respect to time
Illustration 1.
A particle is thrown vertically upward with 30 m/s, reaches on maximum height and come on ground after some
time. Consider vertically upward direction positive and point of projection as origin. (if g=10 m/sec2)
(i) Acceleration time graph
(ii) Velocity time graph
(iii) Speed time graph
(iv) Displacement time graph
Solution.
(i) Acceleration time graph
(ii) Velocity time graph
(iii) Speed time graph

(iv) Displacement time graph
Illustration 2.
A ball is dropped vertically from a height d above the ground. It hits the ground and bounces up vertically to a
height d/2. Neglecting subsequent motion and air resistance, its velocity v varies with the height h above the
ground is
Solution.
For the given condition initial height h = d and velocity of the ball is zero. When the ball moves downward its
velocity increases and it will be maximum when the ball hits the ground & just after the collision it becomes half
and in opposite direction. As the ball moves upward its velocity again decreases and becomes zero at height
d/2.
Illustration 3.
The graph of displacement v/s time is
Its corresponding velocity-time graph will be

Solution.
We know that the velocity of body is given by the slope of displacement – time graph. So it is clear that initially
slope of the graph is positive and after some time it becomes zero (corresponding to the peak of graph) and
then it will becomes negative

Motion in a Straight Line Test (NEET Pattern)01:00 Hr
Important Instructions
45 questions 4 marks correct
4 marks incorrect one mark will be deducted
180
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Motion in a Straight Line Test (NEET Pattern)
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Answer Key
Question
Answer 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 4 1 4 1 3 3
Question
Answer 4 2 2 3 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 3 1
Question
Answer 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 4 1 3 3
SOLUTIONS
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Motion in a Straight Line NEET PYQs
AIPMT 2006 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2006 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2006 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2007 (+4 /–1)

AIPMT 2007 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2007 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2007 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2008 (+4 /–1)

AIPMT 2008 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2008 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2009 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT (Pre) 2010 (+4 /–1)

AIPMT (Pre) 2010 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT (Pre) 2010 (+4 /–1)
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AIPMT (Pre) 2011 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT (Mains) 2011 (+4 /–1)

AIPMT (Pre) 2012 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT (Pre) 2012 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT (Mains) 2012 (+4 /–1)
NEET-UG 2013 (+4 /–1)

AIPMT 2014 (+4 /–1)
AIPMT 2015 (+4 /–1)
NEET-I 2016 (+4 /–1)
NEET-II 2016 (+4 /–1)

NEET(UG) 2017 (+4 /–1)
NEET(UG) 2017 (+4 /–1)
NEET(UG) 2019 (Odisha) (+4 /–1)

NEET(UG) 2020 (+4 /–1)
NEET(UG) 2021 (+4 /–1)

Answer Key
Question
Answer 2 4 4 2 1 3 1 2 4 1 3 2 2 3 2
Question
Answer 4 3 2 4 4 3 4 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2
SOLUTIONS
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Distance, Displacement and Position Vector DPP-01
1. A particle moves on a circular path of radius 'r'. It completes one revolution in 40 s. Calculate distance and
displacement respectively in 2 min 20 s.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2. A man moves 4 m along east direction, then 3 m along north direction, after that he climbs up a pole to a
height 12 m. Find the distance covered by him and his displacement respectively.
(1) 19 m, 13 m
(2) 13 m, 19 m
(3) 17 m, 13 m
(4) 13 m, 17 m
3. A person moves on a semi-circular track of radius 40 m. If he starts at one end of the track and
reaches the other end, find the magnitude of displacement of the person.
(1) 40 m from A to B
(2) 40 m from B to A
(3) 80 m from B to A
(4) 80 m from A to B
4. A man has to go 50 m due north, 40 m due east and 20 m due south to reach a cafe from his home.
What is his displacement from his home to the cafe?
(1) 50 m, 37º N of E
(2) 50 m, 37º S of E
(3) 100 m, 37º N of E
(4) 100 m, 37º S of E
5. If the distance covered is zero, the displacement :

(1) must be zero
(2) may or may not be zero
(3) cannot be zero
(4) depends upon the particle

6. The numerical ratio of distance to the displacement covered is always :–

(1) less than one
(2) equal to one
(3) equal to or less than one
(4) equal to or greater than one
7. A hall has the dimensions 10 m × 10 m × 10 m. A fly starting at one corner ends up at diagonally opposite
corner. The magnitude of its displacement is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8. An insect starts climbing a conical birthday hat of radius 5 cm at base. It starts from point A and reaches
point B, taking spiral path on the hat. Find out its displacement if height is 12 cm :-
(1) 12 cm
(2) 8 cm
(3) 13 cm
(4) 25 cm
9. Three particles P, Q and R are initially situated at point A on the circular path of radius 10 m. All three
particles move along different paths and reach point B as shown in figure. Then the ratio of distance
traversed by particles P and R is :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

10. Distance travelled by the tip of minute hand of length 10 cm in 100 sec is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
11. A man walks 30 m towards north, then 20 m towards east and the last 30 2 m towards south - east. The
displacement from origin is :
(1) 10 m towards west
(2) 50 m towards east
(3) 60 m towards north west
(4) 60 m towards east north
12. A person walks 80 m east, then turns right through angle 143° walks further 50 m and stops. His position
relative to the starting point is
(1) 50 m, 53° east of south
(2) 50 m, 53° south of east

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Answer 2 1 4 1 1 4 2 3 2 1 2 1
SOLUTIONS
1. (2)
t = 2 min 20 sec = 120 + 20 = 140 sec
Number of rotation = i.e. 3 complete rotation and 1 half rotation.
Displacement in rotation = 2r
and displacement for 3 rotation = 0 ( After each complete rotation, displacement becomes zero)
Distance in 3 rotation = 3 × (2 r+ r) = 7 r ( After each complete rotation, distance = 2 r)
2. (1)
Distance = 4 + 3 + 12 = 19 m
Displacement = = 13 m
3. (4)
Displacement = 2r = 80m
4. (1)
Let east direction is and north direction is then
According to law of polygon

or
Now, if angle of with east towards north is , then
, so
So direction of displacement is E 37° N (37° N of E).
5. (1)
Displacement Distance
6. (4)
Equal to or greater than 1
7. (2)
Displacement = Length of diagonal of cube

8. (3)
Displacement = Length of curved part of the cone.
9. (2)
Ratio =
10. (1)
Distance =
11. (2)
towards east
12. (1)
Position from starting point
= 53° east of south

Speed DPP-02
1. A train covers the first half of the distance between two stations with a speed of 30 km/h and the other
half with 70 km/h. Then its average speed is :-
(1) 50 km/h
(2) 48 km/h
(3) 42 km/h
(4) 100 km/h
2. A man walks for some time 't' with velocity (v) due east. Then he walks for same time 't' with velocity (v)
due north. The average speed of the man is :-
(1) 2v
(2)
(3) v
(4)
3. An object travels 10 km at a speed of 100 m/s and another 10 km at 50 m/s. The average speed over the
whole distance is :-
(1) 75 m/s
(2) 55 m/s
(3) 66.7 m/s

(4) 33.3 m/s
4. A body has speed v, 2v and 3v in first 1/3 part of total travelled distance S, second 1/3 part of S and third
1/3 part of S respectively. Its average speed will be :-
(1) v
(2) 2v
(3)
(4)

5. If a car covers 2/5th of total distance with v1 speed and 3/5th distance with v2 speed then the average
speed is :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
6. A particle moves on a straight line in such way that it covers 1st half distance with speed 3 m/s and next
half distance in 2 equal time intervals with speeds 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s respectively. Find average speed of
the particle.
(1) 3 m/s
(2) 4 m/s
(3) 5 m/s
(4) 6 m/s
7. A car travels from A to B at a speed of 20 km/hr and returns at a speed of 30 km/hr. The average speed of
the car for the whole journey is
(1) 25 km/hr
(2) 24 km/hr
(3) 50 km/hr
(4) 5 km/hr
8. A boy walks to his school at a distance of 6 km with constant speed of 2.5 km/hour and walks back with a
constant speed of 4 km/hr. His average speed for round trip expressed in km/hour, is
(1) 24/13
(2) 40/13
(3) 3
(4) 1/2

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Answer 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 2
SOLUTIONS
1. (3)
2. (3)
3. (3)
= 100 sec.
= 200 sec.
Avg. speed =
= 66.66 66.7 m/s
4. (3)
Average speed
5. (4)
Average speed
6. (2)
Average speed from B to C

Average speed from A to C
7. (2)
2v1v 2
Average speed
v1 v 2
2 20 30
20 30
120
24 km / hr
5
8. (2)
2v1v 2
Average speed
v1 v 2
2 2.5 4
2.5 4
200 40
km / hr
65 13

c Velocity DPP-03
1. Length of a minute hand of a clock is 4.5 cm. Find the average velocity of the tip of minute's hand between
6 A.M. to 6:30 A.M.
(1) 5 × 10–3 cm/s
(2) 5 × 10–4 cm/s
(3) 5 × 10–5 cm/s
(4) 5 × 10–6 cm/s
2. A particle of mass 2 kg moves on a circular path with constant speed 10 m/s. Find change in speed and
magnitude of change in velocity when particle completes half revolution.
(1) 0 m/s, 20 m/s
(2) 10 m/s, 20 m/s
(3) 20 m/s, 0 m/s
(4) 20 m/s, 10 m/s
3. A particle goes from point A to point B, moving in a semicircle of radius 1m in 1 second. Find the magnitude
of its average velocity.
(1) 1 m/s
(2) 2 m/s
(3) 3 m/s
(4) 4 m/s
4. A particle moves in the east direction with 15 m/sec for 2 sec then northwards with 5 m/s for 8 sec. Average
velocity of the particle is :–
(1) 1 m/s
(2) 5 m/s
(3) 7 m/s
(4) 10 m/s
5. A man walks on an equilateral triangle (of side length a) along path ABC with constant speed then the
ratio of average speed and magnitude of average velocity for A to C :-
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3)
(4) None

6. A car runs at constant speed on a circular track of radius 10 m taking 6.28s on each lap (i.e. round). The
average speed and average velocity for half lap is :
(1) Velocity 20/ m/s, speed 10 m/s
(2) Velocity zero, speed 10 m/s
(3) Velocity zero, speed zero
(4) Velocity 10 m/s, speed zero
7. A body covers one-third of the time with a velocity v1 the second one-third of the time with a velocity v 2,
and the last one-third of the time with a velocity v3. The average velocity is :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8. A scooter going due east at 10 ms–1 turns to right side through an angle of 90°. If the speed of the scooter
remains unchanged in taking this turn, the change in the velocity of the scooter is :-
(1) 20.0 ms–1 in south-west direction
(2) Zero
(3) 10.0 ms–1 in south-east direction
(4) 14.14 ms–1 in south-west direction
9. A person is moving in a circle of radius r with constant speed v. The change in velocity in moving from A
to B is :-
(1) 2v cos 40°

(2) 2v sin 40°
(3) 2v cos 20°
(4) 2v sin 20°
10. An insect crawls a distance of 4 m along north in 10 s and then a distance of 3 m along east in 5 s. The
average velocity of the insect is :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
11. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts moving along the positive x–direction with a velocity 'v'
which varies as v x , then velocity of particle varies with time as : ( is a constant)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) v = constant

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Answer 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 3 1
SOLUTIONS
1. (1)
Between 6:00 A.M. to 6:30 A.M., the tip of minute hand moves from (12) mark to (6) mark.
Displacement (S) = 2 × (length of minute hand)
= 2 × 4.5 cm = 9 cm
and time taken (t) = 30 min = 30 × 60 = 1800s
Average velocity
Direction of average velocity is from 12 mark to 6 mark on the clock panel.
2. (1)
Change in speed
v = 10 – 10 = 0
Change in velocity
Magnitude
3. (2)
Average velocity
= 2 m/s
4. (2)
Average velocity =
= 5 m/s

5. (2)
Let the constant speed is v, then
Average speed = v
Average velocity =
Ratio=
6. (1)
Average speed
Average velocity
7. (1)
8. (4)
, in south-west direction
9. (4)
v = 2v sin20°
10. (3)

11. (1)
Integrating,
Put this value of in the original given eqn.

Acceleration DPP-04
1. A particle moves on a circular path of radius 5 m with constant speed 5 m/s. Find the magnitude of its
average acceleration when it completes half revolution.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2. If x denotes displacement in time t and x = a sin t, then acceleration is :

(1) a cos t
(2) –a cos t
(3) a sin t
(4) –a sin t
3. The motion of a particle is described by the equation x = a + bt 2 where a = 15 cm and b = 3 cm/sec 2. Its
acceleration at time 3 sec will be :-
(1) 36 cm/sec2
(2) 18 cm/sec2
(3) 6 cm/sec2
(4) 32 cm/sec2
4. Equation of displacement for a particle is s = 3t3 + 7t2 + 14t + 8 m. Its acceleration at time t = 2 sec is :-
(1) 10 m/s2
(2) 16 m/s2
(3) 25 m/s2
(4) 50 m/s2
5. The relation t x 3 describes the position of a particle where x is in meters and t is in seconds. The
acceleration of particle is :–
(1) 2 m/s2
(2) 4 m/s2
(3) 5 m/s2
(4) zero

6. Equation of a particle moving along the x axis is x = u(t – 2) + a(t – 2)2

(1) the initial velocity of the particle is u
(2) the acceleration of the particle is a
(3) the acceleration of the particle is 2a
(4) at t = 2 particle is not at origin
7. If for a particle position x t then :–

(1) velocity is constant
(2) acceleration is non zero
(3) acceleration is variable
(4) none of these
8. The velocity of a body depends on time according to the equation v = 20 + 0.1t. The body has :
(1) uniform acceleration
(2) uniform retardation
(3) non-uniform acceleration
(4) zero acceleration
9. Which of the following relations representing velocity of a particle describes motion with constant
acceleration ?
(1) v = 6 – 7t
(2) v = 3t2 + 5t3 + 7
(3) v = 9t2 + 8
(4) v = 4t–2 + 3t–1
10. The displacement of a particle starting from rest (at t = 0) is given by s = 6t2 – t3
The time when the particle will attain zero acceleration is :
(1) 2s
(2) 8s
(3) 12s
(4) 16s
11. A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement at any time t is given by
s = t3 – 6t2 + 3t + 4 metres. The displacement when the acceleration is zero is :-
(1) 3 m
(2) –12
(3) 42 m
(4) –6 m

12. Displacement x of a particle is related to time t as x = at + bt2 – ct3 where a, b and c are constants. The
velocity of the particle when its acceleration is zero is given by :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
13. A particle is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s towards east. After 20 s its velocity changes to 10m/s towards
north. Its average acceleration is :-
(1) zero
(2) m/s2 towards N-W
(3) m/s2 towards N-E
(4) m/s2 towards N-W
14. If the velocity of a particle is given by v = (180 – 16x) 1/2 m/s, then its acceleration will be:-
(1) Zero
(2) 8 m/s2
(3) –8 m/s2
(4) 4 m/s2

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Answer 2 4 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 3
SOLUTIONS
1. (2)
2. (4)
x = a sin t
v= = a cost
a= = –a sin t
3. (3)
x = a + bt2,
= 2 × 3 cm/s2 = 6 cm/s2
4. (4)
s = 3t3 + 7t2 + 14t + 8
v= = 9t2 + 14t + 14
a= = 18t + 14
At t = 2, a = 50 m/s2
5. (1)
x = (t – 3)2 = t2 – 6t + 9
v= = 2t – 6

a= = 2 m/s2
6. (3)
x = u(t – 2) + a(t – 2)2
v= = u + 2a (t – 2)
acceleration = = 2a
Initial velocity, v at t = 0
= u – 4a
At t = 2, x = 0
Hence, particle is at origin at t = 2
7. (1)
x = kt
v= =k
a= =0
8. (1)
v = 20 + 0.1 t
Acceleration is uniform.
9. (1)
Acceleration =
For constant acceleration, expression of v should contain terms with coefficient t only.
Hence, correct answer is v = 6 – 7t
10. (1)
s = 6t2 – t3
v = 12t – 3t2
a = 12 – 6t
a = 0 at t = 2 sec.
11. (4)
s = t3 – 6t2 + 3t + 4

a= = 6t – 12
a = 0 at t = 2
s = 23 –6(2)2 + 3(2) + 4
s = 8 –24 + 6 + 4 = –6m
12. (3)
x = at + bt2 – ct3
v= = a + 2bt – 3ct2
acceleration a' = 2b – 6ct
if a' = 0 then
So at
v = a + 2b × – 3c ×
13. (4)
Acceleration
(west-north)
(north-west)
14. (3)
v = (180 – 16x)1/2
a = –8 m/s2

Problems based on Uniformly Accelerated Motion DPP-05
1. A particle starts from rest, moves with constant acceleration for 15 s. If it covers S1 distance in first 5 s then
distance S2 in next 10 s, then find the relation between S1 & S2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2. A car moving along a straight highway with speed 126 kmh–1 is brought to a halt within a distance of
200m. What is the retardation of the car (assume uniform) and how long does it take for the car to stop?
(1) 3.06 ms–2 ; 11.4 s
(2) 3.06 ms–2 ; 1.14 s
(3) 30.6 ms–2 ; 11.4 s
(4) 30.6 ms–2 ; 1.14 s
3. A car is moving with speed u. Driver of the car sees red traffic light. His reaction time is t, then find out
the distance travelled by the car after the instant when the driver decided to apply brakes. Assume uniform
retardation ‘a’ after applying brakes.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4. If a body starts from rest and travels 120cm in the 6 th second then what is the acceleration ?
(1) 0.218 m/s2
(2) 0.318 m/s2
(3) 0.418 m/s2
(4) 0.518 m/s2
5. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly and attains a speed of 54 km/h in 10s, then it covers a distance of
(1) 75 m
(2) 100 m
(3) 200 m
(4) 400 m

6. Initially a body is at rest. If its acceleration is 5 ms–2 then the distance travelled in the 5th second is :–
(1) 86.6 m
(2) 87.5 m
(3) 88 m
(4) 22.5 m
7. A car moving with a velocity of 10 m/s can be stopped by the application of a constant force F in a distance
of 20m. If the velocity of the car is 40 m/s. It can be stopped by this force in :
(1)
(2) 320 m
(3) 60 m
(4) 180 m
8. A body starts from rest and with a uniform acceleration of 5 ms–2 for 5 seconds. During the next 10 seconds
it moves with uniform velocity, the total distance travelled by the body is :–
(1) 100 m
(2) 312.5 m
(3) 500 m
(4) 625 m
9. Three different objects of masses m1, m2 and m3 are allowed to fall from rest and from the same point 'O'
along three different frictionless paths. The speeds of the three objects on reaching the ground, will be in
the ratio of :–
(1)
(2)
(3) 1 : 1 : 1
(4)
10. A body is released from the top of a tower of height H m. After 2 sec it is stopped and then instantaneously
released. What will be its height from ground after next 2 sec :-
(1) (H–5) m
(2) (H–10) m
(3) (H–20) m
(4) (H-40) m
11. Four marbles are dropped from the top of a tower one after the other with an interval of one second. The
first one reaches the ground after 4 seconds. When the first one reaches the ground, the distances between
the first and second, the second and third and the third and fourth will be respectively :-
(1) 35 m, 25 m and 15 m
(2) 30 m, 20 m and 10 m
(3) 20 m, 10 m and 5 m
(4) 40 m, 30 m and 20 m

12. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u, the distance covered during the last ‘t’ seconds of its
ascent is :–
(1) ut
(2)
(3)
(4) (u + gt)t
13. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. The ball was observed at a height h twice with a time interval t . The
initial velocity of the ball is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
14. A stone is thrown straight upward with a speed of 20 m/sec from a tower 200 m high. The speed with
which it strikes the ground is approximately (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(1) 60 m/sec
(2) 65 m/sec
(3) 70 m/sec
(4) 75 m/sec
15. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at a uniform rate of 10 ms –1. The displacement of the stone
from the point of release after 10 seconds is : (g = 10 m/s2)
(1) 490 m
(2) 510 m
(3) 600 m
(4) 725 m

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 3 4
Question 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 1 2 2 2 3
SOLUTIONS
1. (4)
Let a = a0
u = 0 (given)
So
& S1 + S2 (distance covered in 15 sec)
So
2. (1)
Initial velocity u = 126 × = 35 m/s,
s = 200 m
From equation of motion
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = (35)2 + 2a × 200
a = –3.06 m/s2
retardation is 3.06 m/s2
v = u + at
0 = 35 – 3.06 t
t = 11.4 sec.
3. (2)
During the reaction time, the car will move with constant speed.
So, S1 = ut
The distance covered by the car after brakes are applied,
So Total distance travelled =

4. (1)
a = 0.218 m/s2
5. (1)
6. (4)
7. (2)
8. (2)
v = 0 + 5(5) = 25 m/s
s2 = 25 × 10 = 250 m
Total distance travelled = s1 + s2 = 312.5 m
9. (3)
v2 = 2as
[does not depend upon mass]
10. (4)
In first 2 sec the distance travelled is
h1 = 0 + (10) (2)2 = 20 m
After stopped & released the distance travelled in next 2 sec
h2 = 0 + 10 (2)2 = 20 m
So height from ground = (H – 40)

11. (1)
S1 – S2 = 80 – 45 = 35 m
S2 – S3 = 45 – 20 = 25 m
S3 – S4 = 20 – 5 = 15 m
12. (2)
Distance covered in last t second of ascent = Distance covered in first t second of descent
13. (2)
For distance 'S', time should be
For total height
14. (2)
v2 = u2 + 2g(H)
v2 = (20)2 + 2(9.8) (200)
15. (3)
Initial velocity of stone u = 10 m/sec downwards
Displacement
= 10 × 10 + × 10 × (10)2
= 100 + 500 = 600 m

Graphical Problems in Horizontal Motion DPP-06
1. A person walks along an east-west street and a graph of his displacement from home is shown in figure.
His average speed for the whole time interval is
(1) 0
(2) 23 m/s
(3) 8 m/s
(4) None of above
2. A particle is moving in a straight line. Its velocity time graph is shown in figure. Its speed is minimum at
t =.............
(1) 2s
(2) 4s
(3) 6s
(4) 8s
3. Which of the following displacement–time graphs shows a realistic situation for a body in motion ?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

4. A particle moves according to given velocity–time graph. Then the ratio of distance travelled in last 4
seconds and 9 seconds is :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
5. The variation of velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is illustrated in the figure. The distance
traversed by the particle in 3 seconds is
(1) 60 m
(2) 45 m
(3) 55 m
(4) 30 m
6. The velocity versus time curve of a moving particle is as shown in the following figure. The maximum
acceleration is
(1) 1 m sec–2
(2) 2 m sec–2
(3) 3 m sec–2
(4) 4 m sec–2
7. Find the average acceleration of the block from time t=2 sec to t=4 sec.
(1) 5 m/s2
(2) 10 m/s2
(3) –5 m/s2
(4) –10 m/s2

8. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration at time t = 0 is 5 m/s 2 which varies with time as shown in the
figure. The maximum speed of the particle will be :
(1) 7.5 m/s

(2) 15 m/s
(3) 20 m/s
(4) 37.5 m/s
9. A particle starts from rest, its acceleration-time graph is shown in figure. Find out velocity at t = 4 sec
(1) 20 m/s
(2) 30 m/s
(3) 40 m/s
(4) None of these
10. Which of the following options is correct for the object having a straight line motion represented by the
following graph :-
(1) The object moves with constantly increasing velocity from O to A and then it moves with constant velocity
(2) Velocity of the object increases uniformly
(3) Average velocity is zero
(4) The graph shown is impossible

11. A particle starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration. Its velocity-displacement curve is :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Answer 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 3 2
SOLUTIONS
1. (3)
Avg. speed =
2. (2)
Speed at t = 4 s is zero and it is the minimum value.
3. (2)
Particle cannot have different displacements at same time.
4. (2)
5. (2)
Distance travelled in 3 sec
= area under the curve for 3 sec
6. (4)
Acceleration will be maximum when slope will be maximum and that is between the duration 30s to 40s.
7. (3)
8. (3)
Area under a-t graph gives the change in velocity during given time interval.
× 5 × 8 = 20 m/s
Since initial velocity = 0

Maximum speed of the particle = 20 m/s

9. (2)
Area under the acceleration-time graph = change in velocity
(4 + 2) × 10 = v – 0
v = 30 m/s
10. (3)
Because the displacement is zero, hence the average velocity is also zero.
11. (2)
For constant accelerated motion, we have v2 = 2as
Hence, velocity - displacement graph will be parabola with decreasing slope.
so correct option is (2).

Motion In a Straight Line Part-10
Motion under Gravity-Vertical Projection from Ground DPP-07
1. A body is thrown vertically upwards. If air resistance is to be taken into account, then the time during
which the body rises is
(1) Equal to the time of fall
(2) Less than the time of fall
(3) Greater than the time of fall
(4) Twice the time of fall
2. A player throws a ball upwards that reaches in his hands in 4 s. If the height of player is 1.5 m, the maximum
height attained by the ball from the ground level is :
(1) 19.6 m
(2) 21.1 m
(3) 23.6 m
(4) 25.1 m
3. A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration of 10 m/s2. The fuel is
finished in 1 minute and it continues to move up. What is the maximum height reached?
(1) 18 km
(2) 36 km
(3) 54 km
(4) 72 km
4. A body is projected vertically up with a velocity v and after some time it returns to the point from which
it was projected. The average velocity and average speed of the body for the total time of flight are -
(1) /2 and v/2
(2) 0 and v/2
(3) 0 and 0
(4) /2 and 0
5. A particle is projected upwards. The times corresponding to height h while ascending and while descending
are t1 and t2 respectively. The velocity of projection will be :
(1) gt1
(2) gt2
(3) g(t1 + t2)
(4)

6. An object is projected upwards with a velocity of 100 m/s. It will strike the ground after (approximately)
(1) 10 sec
(2) 20 sec
(3) 15 sec
(4) 5 sec
7. A rocket is fired upward from the earth's surface such that it creates an acceleration of 19.6 m/sec 2. If
after 5 sec its engine is switched off, then the maximum height achieved by the rocket from earth's
surface would be
(1) 245 m
(2) 490 m
(3) 980 m
(4) 735 m

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Answer 2 2 2 2 4 2 4
1. (2)
Let the initial velocity of ball be u
u u2
Time of rise t1 and height reached
g a 2(g a)
Time of fall t2 is given by
1 u2
(g a)t 22
2 2(g a)
u u g a
t2
(g a)(g a) (g a) g a
1 1
t2 t1 because
g a g a
2. (2)
u = 2g
Height of the ball from ground = 19.6 + 1.5 = 21.1 m
3. (2)
The distance travelled by the rocket during burning interval i.e. 1 minute (= 60 sec) in which resultant acceleration
is vertically upwards and 10 m/s2 h1 = 0× 60+(1/2)×10×602 = 18000 m=18 km
and velocity acquired by it v = 0 + 10 × 60 = 600 m/s
Now after 1 minute the rocket moves vertically up with initial velocity of 600 m/s and acceleration due to gravity
opposes its motion. So, it will go to a height h2 from this point, till its velocity becomes zero.
Hence, 0 = (600)2 –2gh2
h2 = 18000 m = 18 km [g = 10 m/s2]
So the maximum height reached by the rocket from the ground, H = h 1 +h2 = 18 + 18 = 36 km
4. (2)
Here, displacement = 0
Distance =

Time taken =
So, average velocity = =0
Average speed =
5. (4)
Time of flight = (t1 + t2) = (v = velocity of projection)
6. (2)
It will strike the ground after time of flight and
2u 2 100
Time of flight T 20 sec
g 10
7. (4)
Given a = 19.6 m/s2 = 2g
Resultant velocity of the rocket after 5 sec
v = 2g×5 = 10g m/s
1
Height achieved after 5 sec, h1 2g 25 245m
2
On switching off the engine it goes up to height h2 where its velocity becomes zero.
0 (10g) 2 2gh 2
h2 490m
Total height achieved by rocket = h1 + h2 = 735m

Motion under Gravity-Vertical Projection from Height DPP-08
9
1. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower. During its motion, it covers part of height of tower in
25
the last 1 second. Find the height of tower.
(1) 120m
(2) 125m
(3) 130m
(4) 135m
2. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower. It covers 40 m in last 2s. Find the height of the tower.
(1) 42m
(2) 44m
(3) 45m
(4) 47m
3. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower. The distance covered by it in the last one second is equal to
that covered by it in the first three seconds. Find the height of the tower.
(1) 115 m
(2) 125 m
(3) 135 m
(4) 145 m
4. Water drops are falling in regular intervals of time from top of a tower of height 9 m. If 4th drop begins to
fall when 1st drop reaches the ground, find the positions of 3 rd drops from the top of the tower.
(1) 1m
(2) 2m
(3) 3m
(4) 4m
5. An elevator is accelerating upward at a rate of 6 ft/sec2 when a bolt from its ceiling falls to the floor
of the lift (Distance = 19 feet). The time (in seconds) taken by the falling bolt to hit the floor is (take g =
32 ft/ sec2)
(1)
(2) 1
(3)
(4)

6. A body is released from the top of a tower of height h. It takes t sec to reach the ground. Where will be
the ball after time t/2 sec
(1) At h/2from the ground
(2) At h/4 from the ground
(3) Depends upon mass and volume of the body
(4) At 3h/4 from the ground
7. A stone thrown upward with a speed u from the top of the tower reaches the ground with a velocity 3u.
The height of the tower is
(1) 3u2/g
(2) 4u2/g
(3) 6u2/g
(4) 9u2/g
8. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower at 4.9 ms-1. It strikes the pond near the base
of the tower after 3 seconds. The height of the tower is
(1) 73.5 m
(2) 44.1 m
(3) 29.4 m
(4) None of these

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Answer 2 3 2 1 2 4 2 3
SOLUTIONS
1. (2)
Let it takes n seconds to fall from the tower.
Height of tower H =
Distance travelled in nth second
2. (3)
Let the particle covers its total journey in n seconds then
Height of tower
3. (2)
Let time of fall be ‘n’
Height of tower

4. (1)
Position of 3rd drop
5. (2)
Effective acceleration in ascending lift = (g + a)
6. (4)
Let the body after time t/2 be at x from the top, then
…(i)
…(ii)
Eliminate t from (i) and (ii), we get
Height of the body from the ground
7. (2)
8. (3)
(Given )

Graphical Problems in Vertical Motion DPP-09
1. A body is projected vertically upward from the surface of the earth, its displacement-time graph is :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2. A rocket is launched upward from the earth's surface whose velocity time graphs shown in figure. Then
maximum height attained by the rocket is :
(1) 1 km
(2) 10 km
(3) 100 km
(4) 60 km
3. Graph between the square of the velocity (v) of a particle and the distance (s) moved is shown in figure.
The acceleration of the particle in kilometers per hour square is :
(1) 2250
(2) 3084
(3) –2250
(4) –3084

4. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of the following graph represents velocity-time graph of the
ball during its flight (air resistance is neglected).
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
5. Velocity-time curve for a body projected vertically upwards is

(1) Parabola
(2) Ellipse
(3) Hyperbola
(4) Straight line
6. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which of the following plots represents the speed-time graph of the
ball during its height if the air resistance is not ignored
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

7. A ball is thrown straight up with velocity at t = 0 and returns to earth at t = t 1. Which graph shows the
correct motion?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Answer key
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Answer 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
SOLUTIONS
1. (4)
The slope of S-t curve gives velocity.
2. (4)
Area of v–t curve = displacement (here height)
3. (4)
v2 = u2 + 2as
= –3084 km/hr2
4. (4)
During free fall, acceleration of the ball will remain constant i.e. slope of velocity-time curve will be constant.
Hence, option (4) is correct answer.
5. (4)
During free fall, acceleration of the ball will remain constant and slope of velocity-time curve gives acceleration.
Hence, curve will be a straight line.
6. (3)
For ascending and descending motion, acceleration of the ball is constant but acceleration for descending
motion is greater than acceleration for ascending motion. Hence magnitude of slope for descending motion
will be greater.
7. (4)
Acceleration during the motion of the ball is constant.
Hence, v-t curve is a straight line with negative slope (-g) and positive intercept.

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Introduction of Kinematics

 Digital Pvt. Ltd. [1]

Conclusion (With Respect to a Reference point)

A Ball Projected Upward.

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [2]

Examples: Circular Motion

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [3]

Distance, Displacement and Position Vector

Distance travelled by man through path ABCA = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12m

 Digital Pvt. Ltd. [1]

Distance cannot be negative.

Displacement of man when moving from A to B and B to C = 5m

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [2]

Displacement in Vector Form

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [3]

Initial position vector

Final position vector

(ii) Final position vector

(iii) Displacement vector

(i) Initial position vector

(ii) Final position vector

(iii) Displacement vector

(iv) Length of shortest path

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [4]

So, Displacement = 5km, 37° S of E

Distance and Displacement in circular path

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [5]

(2) Half of the complete circle

(3) At any arbitrary arc

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [6]

Useful Direction Conventions

Sense of Direction in terms of base vectors.

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [7]

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [8]

Distance = 500 × 8 = 4000 m

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [9]

Conversion : km/hr m/s

(2) Non-uniform Speed (Variable Speed)

 Digital Pvt. Ltd. [1]

(3) Average Speed

Average speed = i.e. Vavg =

(4) Instantaneous speed

For 2 equal intervals of times

If a person moves a certain distance in n equal parts with different speeds.

For 2 equal distances.

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [2]

Time taken by the train to travel from A to B =

Time taken to come back from B to A =

Time for first half =

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [3]

Time for second half =

(i) Initial speed of particle

(iii) Average speed in time interval t = 0 to t = 10 sec

Initial speed (at t = 0), v = 5 cm/s

   Digital Pvt. Ltd. [4]

let the total distance = 3x

time taken to cover first one third (x) =

time taken to cover second one third (x) =

time taken to cover third one third (x) =