Introduction to Valves

Presented by: Aarif M

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INTRODUCTION

What is a valve?
A device for controlling the passage of a fluid (liquid or gaseous) through a pipe.

A valve is a device that regulates, controls, or directs the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing fluid flow. A sound bit complicated? Ok, let me further simplify this. A valve is
a mechanical device that controls the flow and pressure of fluid within a system or process. So
basically, it controls flow & pressure.

What are Valves are used for?

• For starting or stopping flow
• Regulating or throttling flow
• Preventing back flow
• Relieving and regulating pressure in fluid or gaseous handling
applications.

These result in:

• Optimize production by controlling pressure and flow
• Assure a safe system to operate
• Divert and converge flow to right place
• Shutdown and diversion operations in pipelines
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Types of Valves

There are a large variety of valves and valve configurations to suit all services and conditions, such as:
• different uses (on/off, control)
• different fluids (liquid, gas etc; combustible, toxic, corrosive etc)
• different materials (both in terms od construction, as well as flow medium)
• different pressure and temperature conditions.
Common valve types include:

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Types of Valves

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Types of Valves

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Types of Valves

Types of Valve Connections:

• Flanged Connection
• Threaded Connection
• Welded Connection

Different types of Flanged Connections

• Normal Flanged
• Wafer
• Lugged

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Types of Valves

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Types of Valves

Ball Valves
A ball valve is a flow control device which uses a hollow, perforated and
pivoting ball to control fluid flowing through it.

Because of their easy construction & excellent operating characteristics, ball

valves are used for the broadest spectrum of isolation applications and are
available in a wide range of sizes and materials and are available in full flow
and full through conduit.

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Types of Valves

Different Ball Valves

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Types of Valves

Parts of Ball Valves

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Types of Valves

Parts of Ball Valves

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Types of Valves

Parts of Ball Valves

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Types of Valves

Parts of Ball Valves (Trunnion Mounted)

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Types of Valves

Parts of Ball Valves (Floating Ball)

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Valves Components- V-Notch Ball Valves

Special Ball Valves:- Segmented Ball

Full Ball style
or V-Notch Ball valve Part Ball style

For control applications when we use ball valves, a v shaped notch introduced
in the ball in order to control the flow.

Depending on the style of flow (flow characteristic) that is required the notch
is engineered and built as per the application

The v notch can also be modified to prevent cavitation and flashing.

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Candidates for AM

Parts of Ball valves that can be Additively

Manufactured
• Ball
• Stem
• Seat
• Seat Holder/Retainer
• Bushings
Types of Valves

Butterfly Valves
The butterfly valve derives its name from the wing-like action of the disc
which operates at right angles to the flow.

Its main advantage is a seating surface which is not critical. It is designed for
flow isolation. Compact and with a simple construction, butterfly valves
facilitate easy pipe arrangement. Due to disc, they have slightly reduced flow
characteristics.

For Control purposes , we have double eccentric and triple eccentric

butterfly valves.

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Types of Valves

Butterfly Valves – Different Eccentric types

The butterfly valve is mainly used for On- Off applications. But when we require the
butterfly valves to be used for control applications, we opt for the eccentric type
butterfly valve.

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Types of Valves

Butterfly Valves – Triple Eccentric valve

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Types of Valves

Butterfly Valves – Parts that can be

manufactured by AM
• Disc
• Stem
• Seat
• Bushings

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Types of Valves

Check Valves
Sometimes referred to as a non-return valve, the check valve prevents back-
flow in the piping by constantly keeping fluid flowing in one direction. Check
valves operate automatically.

Swing Check Valves: - Swing & Wafer checks cease reverse flow with a flap
that swings onto a seat.

Piston Check Valves: - Piston & Spring checks cease reverse flow with a
spring-loaded plunger.

Ball Check Valves:- Ball checks have a ball that slides into a hole as forward
flow slows. Consider a ball check for semi-solids such as pulp or effluent.

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Types of Valves

Safety Valve- pressure relief valve

It’s a long-standing debate, if check valves are safety valves or
are safety valves a check valves.

Check valves are self acting; however, Safety valves are

regulator valves that act a certain way until specific conditions
are met.

Standard safety valve - A valve which, following opening,

reaches the degree of lift necessary for the mass flowrate to
be discharged within a pressure rise of not more than 10%.

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Types of Valves

Check Valves- Safety Valve parts

• Disc
• Disc Holder
• Blowdown Adjustment Ring, Nozzles
• Spring Holder/Retainer
• Bushings

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Types of Valves

Gate Valves
Gate valves are general service valves that can be made in a
broad spectrum of sizes using a variety of different
materials. Depending on the shape of the gate we have
different types of gate valves:- Wedge gate Valve
• Wedge Gate Valve
• Knife gate valve
• Parallel side Gate valves
• Pipeline slab gate valves

Knife gate Valve Pipeline Slab Parallel side

Gate Valve
Gate Valve

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Types of Valves

Gate Valves

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Types of Valves

Gate Valves

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Types of Valves

Parts of Gate Valves good for AM

• Gate
• Gate Holder
• Bushings

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Types of Valves

Plug Valves
Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically-tapered
“plugs” which can be rotated inside the valve body to
control flow through the valve. The plugs in plug valves have
one or more hollow passageways going sideways through
the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the
valve is open. Plug valves are simple and often economical
as they have easy construction and good shutoff.

They cannot be used in control applications as it requires

high torque.

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Types of Valves

Plug Valves

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Types of Valves

Parts of Plug Valves good for AM

• Plug
• Seat
• Stem
• Bushings

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Types of Valves

Globe Valves
The flow path through globe valves follows a changing
course, thereby causing increased resistance to flow and
considerable pressure drop. Because of the seating
arrangements, globe valves are the most suitable for
throttling flow. The valve is named after its globular body.
Compared to gate valves, globe valves are designed to open
and close more quickly. Their flow characteristics can be
changed by re-configuring their plugs, seats and seat
retainer.

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Types of Valves

Valves For Control Applications

Linear Valves Rotary Valves

Not all Ball valves are used for Control application,

Globe Valves Ball Valves for Control we must use V notch Ball Valve
Not all Butterfly valves are used for Control
Gate Valves Butterfly Valves application, for Control we must use Double
Eccentric and triple eccentric butterfly valve.

Plug Valves Extremely Poor Or no Control

Check Valves Cannot be used for control application

Valves that are used for Control applications are the valves
that can be targeted for reverse engineering, as the valves
will have spares which are extremely engineered specific to
the project

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Globe Control Valve Working

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Globe Control Valve Construction

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Globe Control Valve Construction

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Globe Control Valve Construction

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Globe Valves Components- Plugs

Types of Flow Characteristics

Flow Characteristics are the main reason we have different
shapes of plug profiles.

This chart shows the graph

between valve opening % (x
axis) vs % of flow (y axis). The
different types of flow are:-
Q- Quick Open
L- Linear Flow
E- Equal Percentage Flow

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Globe Valves Components- Plugs

Types of Flow Characteristics

Flow Characteristics are the main reason we have different
shapes of plug profiles.

Quick Open Linear Flow Equal Percentage Flow

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Globe Valves Components- Plugs

Types of Flow Characteristics

Flow Characteristics are the main reason we have different
shapes of plug profiles.

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Globe Control Valve Construction

Parts of Globe Valves good for AM

• Plug
• Seat
• Seat Retainer/Cage
• Stem
• Bushings
• Gland Flange
• Guides

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Valves Components- Plug

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Cavitation
What is cavitation?
Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs in moving parts inside fluid medium. It
can cause severe damage to your valves, significantly shortening their lifespan.

Cavitation occurs in control valves in liquid media applications. It happens

when localized low pressure causes bubbles to form and then collapse.

• First, the liquid evaporates to vapor. In a valve, if the liquid’s pressure falls
below its fluid vapor pressure, vapor bubbles will form. These bubbles
interrupt the continuity of the flow.

• Then, the vapor bubbles collapse. As the pressure recovers, the bubbles
collapse suddenly. It’s this transformation, the collapsing of the bubbles, that
causes damage to the valve.

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 Cavitation
Ways to tackle cavitation
Tackling cavitation depends mostly on the process and the type
of valves.

Cavitation occurs during operation in both on-off or control

applications. Special trims are engineered as per the process
conditions. Different valves have different trademarked trims
to tackle the same.

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 Flashing
What is Flashing?
Flashing is a phenomenon that occurs mostly in Valves. It also causes severe damage to your
valve trims, significantly shortening their lifespan.

Flashing occurs in control valves in liquid media applications. Like cavitation, after the liquid
evaporates, but does not recover the pressure, the gaseous part skims trough the material
and destroys the trim parts.

• First, the liquid evaporates to vapor. In a valve, if the liquid’s pressure falls below its fluid
vapor pressure, vapor bubbles will form. These bubbles interrupt the continuity of the flow.

• Then, the vapor bubbles move out skimming on the surface of the material, taking away
the material with it. This is caused as the pressure does not recover.

Ways to tackle flashing

Flashing is a direct result of application conditions and fluid properties. This means there is
no way for any control valve to prevent flashing. Since flashing cannot be prevented by the
valve, the best solution is to select a valve with the proper geometry and materials to avoid
or minimize damage.

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