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145 views

Assignment #4

Uploaded by

Lin Sueur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PERSON AND THEIR THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE

CAUSES OF CRIME

A. CLIFFORD R. SHAW AND HENRY D. MCKAY

Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay were criminologists associated with the Chicago
School of Sociology. Together, they developed the theory of social disorganization,
which sought to explain the causes of crime by examining the influence of neighborhood
characteristics and social structures on criminal behavior.
The theory developed by Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay is commonly referred to
as the "Social Disorganization Theory." This theory focuses on the impact of
social and environmental factors, particularly the breakdown of social institutions within
neighborhoods, on the occurrence of crime. It suggests that high crime rates are
associated with areas experiencing social disorganization, where traditional social
controls are weakened or absent.

B. CESARE BONESANA DI BECCARIA


Cesare Bonesana Di Beccaria, an Italian criminologist, jurist, and philosopher, is best
known for his pioneering work in the field of criminology, particularly for his influential
treatise "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764).
Cesare Beccaria's theory is often associated with classical criminology, and the specific
theory he developed is commonly referred to as the "Classical School of
Criminology." The Classical School emerged during the 18th century and was
characterized by its emphasis on the rationality of human behavior, the idea of free will,
and the principles of deterrence through punishment. Beccaria's influential work, "On
Crimes and Punishments" (1764), is a key text within the Classical School tradition.

C. JEREMY BENTHAM

Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, legal theorist, and social reformer, is


associated with the development of utilitarianism and the theory of utilitarian ethics.
However, in the context of criminology, Bentham is particularly known for his
contributions to the "Utilitarian" or "Utilitarianism" theory of punishment.
The specific theory associated with Jeremy Bentham in criminology is often referred to
as the "Utilitarian Theory of Punishment" or simply "Utilitarianism."

Jeremy Bentham is primarily known for his utilitarian approach to punishment rather
than a specific theory on the causes of crime. Bentham's contributions in criminology
revolve around his utilitarian philosophy, especially as applied to the legal system and
the principles of punishment.
D. CESARE LOMBROSO

Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist, is known for his theory of "Biological


Positivism" or "Lombrosian Theory," which he developed in the late 19th
century. Lombroso's theory departs from classical theories that emphasized free will
and rational choices, proposing instead that criminal behavior is determined by
biological and physical traits. His key work on this theory is "L'Uomo Delinquente"
("Criminal Man"), first published in 1876.

E. RAFFAELE GAROFALO

Raffaele Garofalo, an Italian criminologist, contributed to the field of criminology in


the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his development of the
concept of "Criminal Anthropology" and his work on the "Natural School
of Criminology." Garofalo's ideas were influenced by positivist thinking and a
focus on biological and psychological factors in explaining criminal behavior.
F. GABRIEL TARDE

Gabriel Tarde, a French sociologist, and criminologist made significant contributions


to the field with his theory of "Penal Sociology" and his work on the role of
imitation and social influence in explaining criminal behavior. Tarde's ideas were
influential during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and offered a sociological
perspective on crime.

G. ÉMILE DURKHEIM

Émile Durkheim, a French sociologist, is known for his pioneering work in sociology,
including his influential theory on crime and deviance. Durkheim's theory is often
referred to as "Anomie Theory" or "Strain Theory," and it is presented in
his seminal work "Suicide: A Study in Sociology" (1897) and later in "The Division of
Labor in Society" (1893) and "The Rules of Sociological Method" (1895).
H. EDWIN SUTHERLAND

Edwin Hardin Sutherland was an American sociologist. He is considered one of the


most influential criminologists of the 20th century.

Edwin H. Sutherland is best known for developing the theory of "Differential


Association," which explains the causes of crime from a sociological perspective.
Sutherland introduced this theory in the 1930s, and it has had a profound impact on
criminology.

I. ROBERT BURGESS AND RONALD AKERS

Robert Burgess and Ronald L. Akers are associated with the development of the
“Differential Reinforcement Theory" or "Social Learning Theory of
Crime." While both scholars have made individual contributions, the synthesis of their
ideas has often been referred to as the Integrated Differential Reinforcement Theory.
J. TRAVIS HIRSCHI

Travis Hirschi is a prominent American sociologist who is well-known for his work in
criminology. Hirschi developed the "Social Bond Theory," also known as the
"Social Control Theory." His major work on this theory is presented in the book
"Causes of Delinquency," published in 1969.
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory focuses on the idea that strong social bonds and
connections to conventional society act as a form of social control, reducing the
likelihood of deviant behavior. This theory has been influential in criminology and has
been widely discussed and tested in research on the causes of crime.

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