Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory

Module #22 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: ENHANCING INFORMATICS SKILL Materials:

Electronic gadget, pen, & notebook
Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to: References:
1. Understand the use of spreadsheets and Excel;
2. Identify MS Excel window components; Calano, Roel B. & Del Rio, Fernando. (2017).
3. Learn MS Excel basic functions; Health informatics: An illustrative approach
4. Scroll through a worksheet and navigate between (1st ed.)
worksheets; and,
5. Create and save a workbook file. Saba, Virginia & McCormick, Kathleen.
(2006). Essential of nursing informatics (4th
ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Answer this question: How would you describe the significance of data processing in a clinical setting?

B. MAIN LESSON

SPREADSHEET
● Electronic sheet of paper organized by columns & rows
● Advantage of an electronic spreadsheet is it allows you to easily change data and have all “related”
calculations automatically update.

Advantages of Electronic Spreadsheet

● The calculated results are accurate and reliable.
● All kinds of complicated calculations can be performed very easily.
● The worksheet can be quite big in size and any part of it can be viewed or edited.
● It provides a graphics facility.
● The entire worksheet or any part of it can be printed in the desired format.
● The worksheet can be saved in an electronic file and can be modified later.
● An existing worksheet or any part of it can be merged with a new worksheet.
● Electronic spreadsheet programs have several mathematical, financial and statistical functions which are built-in
and are very user-friendly.

MS EXCEL
● is the most widely used spreadsheet program and is part of Microsoft Office suite. It can handle various types of
data and is very good for the purpose of calculations. Excel has been rightly called a word processor for numbers.
● is a spreadsheet program that is used to record and analyze numerical data

An excel document is referred to as a workbook. A workbook holds one or more worksheets (Spreadsheets). In other
words, a workbook is a collection of worksheets stored in a single file. A workbook is useful for grouping the worksheets of
a project together.

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A worksheet is a table-like document containing rows and columns that holds data and formulas.
● is a collection of rows and columns? When a row and a column meet, they form a cell. Cells are used to record
data.
● There are 16,384 columns and 10,48,576 rows in each worksheet.
● The columns are named A, B, C.....up to Z, then AA, AB, AC.....up to ZZ, and then AAA, AAB, AAC....up to XFD.
● Rows are numbered from 1 to 10,48,576.
● A box (column-row intersection) in a worksheet is called a cell.
● There are 17,179,869,184 cells in each worksheet.
● Each cell has a cell address or cell reference. A cell address is formed by column letter and row number. Ex: B12
is the cell address for the cell located in column B and row 12

Microsoft Excel Basic Functions

1. SUM: It returns the sum of numeric values in a cell. You can refer to the cells where you have values or simply
insert the values into the function
2. COUNT: It returns the count of numeric values in a cell. You can refer to the cells where you have values or
simply insert the values into the function
3. AVERAGE: It returns the average of numeric values in a cell. You can refer to the cells where you have values or
simply insert the values into the function
4. TIME: It returns a valid time serial number as per Excel's time format. You need to specify hours, minutes and
seconds
5. DATE: It returns a valid date serial number as per Excel's time format. You need to specify day, month and year
6. LEFT: This function extracts specific characters from a cell/string starting from the left (start). You need to specify
the text and number of characters to extract
7. RIGHT: This function extracts specific characters from a cell/string starting from the right (last). You need to
specify the text and number of characters to extract
8. VLOOKUP: It looks up for a value in a column and can return that value or a value from the correspondent
columns using same row number
9. IF: This function returns a value when the specific condition is TRUE and returns another values it condition is
FALSE
10. NOW: It returns the current date and time in the cell where you insert it using your system's settings

Microsoft Excel Window Components

✔ The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task. Commands are
organized in logical groups, which are collected together under Tabs. Each Tab relates to a type of activity, such
as formatting or laying out a page. To reduce clutter, some Tabs are shown only when needed. For example, the
Picture Tools tab is shown only when a picture is selected.
✔ File Menu: Here you will find the basic commands such as open, save, print, etc.
✔ Quick Access Toolbar: The place to keep the items that you not only need to access quickly, but want to be
immediately available regardless of which of the Ribbon's tabs you're working on. If you put so many items on the
Quick Access Toolbar that it becomes too big to fit on the title bar, you can move it onto its own line.
✔ Tell Me: This is a text field where you can enter words and phrases about what you want to do next and quickly
get to features you want to use or actions you want to perform. You can also use Tell Me to find help about what
you're looking for, or to use Smart Lookup to research or define the term you entered.
✔ Formula Bar: A place where you can enter or view formulas or text.
✔ Expand Formula Bar Button: This button allows you to expand the formula bar. This is helpful when you have
either a long formula or large piece of text in a cell.
✔ Worksheet Navigation Tabs: By default, every workbook starts with 1 sheet.
✔ Insert Worksheet Button: Click the Insert New Worksheet button to insert a new worksheet in your workbook.
✔ Horizontal/Vertical Scroll: Allows you to scroll vertically/horizontally in the worksheet.
✔ Normal View: This is the “normal view” for working on a spreadsheet in Excel.

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✔ Page Layout View: View the document as it will appear on the printed page.
✔ Page Break Preview: View a preview of where pages will break when the document is printed.
✔ Zoom Level: Allows you to quickly zoom in or zoom out of the worksheet.

Navigating in the Excel Environment

Below is a table that will assist you with navigating/moving around in the Excel environment.

Key Description

Move one cell up, down, left, or right in a worksheet. SHIFT+ARROW KEY extend the
ARROW KEYS
selection of cells by one cell.
Deletes one character to the left in the Formula Bar. Also clears the content of the active
BACKSPACE cell.
In cell editing mode, it deletes the character to the left of the insertion point.
Removes the cell contents (data and formulas) from selected cells without affecting cell
DELETE formats or comments.
In cell editing mode, it deletes the character to the right of the insertion point.
Moves to the cell in the lower-right corner of the window when SCROLL LOCK is turned on.
Also selects the last command on the menu when a menu or submenu is visible.
CTRL+END moves to the last cell on a worksheet, in the lowest used row of the rightmost
used column. If the cursor is in the formula bar, CTRL+END moves the cursor to the end of
END
the text. CTRL+SHIFT+END extend the selection of cells to the last used cell on the
worksheet (lower-right corner). If the cursor is in the formula bar, CTRL+SHIFT+END select
all text in the formula bar from the cursor position to the end—this does not affect the height
of the formula bar.
Completes a cell entry from the cell or the Formula Bar, and selects the cell below (by
ENTER
default).
Cancels an entry in the cell or Formula Bar. Closes an open menu or submenu, dialog box,
ESC
or message window.
Moves to the beginning of a row in a worksheet. CTRL+HOME moves to the beginning of a
HOME
worksheet.

PAGE DOWN Moves one screen down in a worksheet.

PAGE UP Moves one screen up in a worksheet.

In a dialog box, performs the action for the selected button, or selects or clears a check box.
CTRL+SPACEBAR selects an entire column in a worksheet. SHIFT+SPACEBAR select an
SPACEBAR
entire row in a worksheet.
CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR selects the entire worksheet.

TAB Moves one cell to the right in a worksheet.

To Select a Column: Click on the column letter

To Select a Row: Click on the row number
To Select the Entire Worksheet: Click above row 1 and to the left of column A or hit CTRL A on the keyboard

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Entering Text
Any items that are not to be used in calculations are considered, in Excel’s terminology, labels. This includes numerical
information, such as phone numbers and zip codes. Labels usually include the title, column and row headings.

To Enter Text/Labels:
1. Click in a cell
2. Type text
3. Press Enter

NOTE: By default, pressing the Enter key will move you to the cell below the active cell.

The label actually “lives” in the cell you typed it into. If you type long text it might appear to be in multiple columns. It
is important to understand this concept when trying to apply formatting to a cell. Using the formula bar will confirm
where the label actually “lives.”

Autofill
Frequently, it is necessary to enter lists of information. For example, column headings are often the months of the year or
the days of the week. To simplify entering repetitive or sequential lists of information, Excel has a tool called Autofill. This
tool allows preprogrammed lists, as well as custom lists, to be easily added to a spreadsheet.

Entering Values
Numerical pieces of information that will be used for calculations are called values. They are entered the same way as
labels. It is important NOT to type values with characters such as “,” or “$”.

To Enter Values:
1. Navigate to a cell
2. Type a value
3. Press Enter

Creating Formulas
Formulas perform calculations or other actions on the data in your worksheet. A formula starts with an equal sign (=). It is
possible to create formulas in Excel using the actual values, such as “4000*.4” but it is more beneficial to refer to the cell
address in the formula, for example “D1*.4”.

One of the benefits of using a spreadsheet program is the ability to create a formula in one cell and copy it to other cells.
Most spreadsheet formulas use a concept called relative referencing.

This is the explanation of relative referencing from Excel’s help file:

“A relative cell reference in a formula, such as A1, is based on the relative position of the cell that contains the formula
and the cell the reference refers to. If the position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the reference is changed.
If you copy the formula across rows or down columns, the reference automatically adjusts. By default, new formulas use
relative references. For example, if you copy a relative reference in cell B2 to cell B3, it automatically adjusts.”

It is also important to know the operators Excel uses for formulas:

Operator (Key) Function
= Begins all Excel functions and formulas
+ Addition

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- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division

To Create a Formula:
1. Click in a cell 3. Type the formula
2. Press the = key 4. Press Enter

Copying Formulas
Like many things in Excel, there is more than one way to copy formulas. Feel free to choose what works best for you.

To Copy Formulas Using Autofill:

1. Click in the cell that contains the formula
2. Position the mouse on the Autofill handle (a thin black cross will appear)
3. Click and drag to copy the for
To Copy Formulas Using Copy and Paste:
1. Click in the cell that contains a formula
2. Select Copy on the Home Ribbon in the Editing group
3. Highlight the cell where you would like to paste the formula
4. Select Paste on the Home Ribbon in the Editing group

Autosum Function
The most common formula in Excel is SUM, or the addition of multiple values. In this example, we could create a formula
that reads =C6+D6+E6+F6+G6+H6. That’s a lot of typing! Instead, we can use the SUM function and specify a range of
cells.

Functions are more complex formulas that are invoked by typing their name. In this example, we will use the SUM
function. Excel has over 200 functions that can be used. Because SUM is the most common function, it is the only one
with its own toolbar button.
When working with functions, the cells used in the formula are referred to as the range. A range is a group of cells that are
specified by naming the first cell in the group and the last cell. For example, A1:D1 is a range that includes cells A1, B1,
C1 and D1.

To Create the Total Column’s Values Using Autosum:

1. Click in the cell where you would like the Total to be located
2. Press the Autosum button on the Home Ribbon
The Autosum function automatically looks for cells that have values in them. It will read values until it finds the first blank
cell. Autosum will always look for values in the cells above it first, then to the left. This means that you need to be aware of
what cells will be in the formula. Autosum will select the range of cells to use in the formula by highlighting the range.

Saving a Worksheet
When working in Excel it is necessary to save your files. It is also very important that while working, your file is saved
frequently. When naming a file, you are restricted to 255 characters. Avoid most punctuation; spaces are acceptable.

To Save the File:

1. Click on the File tab 4. Type a file name
2. Click Save 5. Click Save
3. Choose the destination

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Editing Cells
Excel provides a major enhancement over earlier spreadsheet products in its ability to edit cells easily. There are various
methods for cell editing, including double-clicking in the cell, using the F2 key, and typing in the formula bar.

To Edit a Cell in the Worksheet:

1. Position yourself in the cell you would like to edit
2. Press the F2 key on the keyboard or double-click in the cell
3. Use the backspace or delete keys to edit the cell
4. Press Enter when you have finished editing the cell

~OR~

1. Click in the cell you would like to edit

2. Click in the formula bar and make any necessary changes
3. Press Enter when you have finished editing the cell

Undo
Excel and other Windows applications have a convenient method of correcting mistakes known as Undo. In many
applications, including Excel, you can undo an almost limitless number of commands. The Undo button has a small down-
pointing arrow next to it. When pressed, it will display a list of actions that can be undone. Redo works in the same way,
allowing you to repeat actions.

Excel will undo actions in reverse chronological order, meaning that the most recent command is reversed first, then the
one prior to that, and so on. You cannot reverse an earlier action using Undo without first undoing the actions that were
performed after it.

NOTE: The list of commands to undo is reset after the file is saved. You cannot use Undo to fix an error after the file is
saved.

To Undo a Command:
Click Undo

Clearing Cells
As we begin to look at formatting, it is important to understand what makes up the contents of a cell. There are three
distinct items that can be in a cell:
✔ Contents
✔ Formats
✔ Comments
These allow items to be formatted properly, even if the values change. However, when trying to delete or clear a cell, it
can be a bit tricky. Excel stores formats and contents separately, simply deleting the contents does not delete the format.

To Clear a Cell Format:

1. Click in the cell that contains formatting
2. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Clear button on the Home tab in the Editing group
3. Click Clear Formats
Formatting Values
Applying formats to any cell(s) can be done either using the Font, Alignment and Number groups or using the dialog box
which will include all the formatting options.

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To Apply the Currency Format:

1. Highlight the cell(s)
2. Click on the Currency Style button on the Home tab in the Number group
3. If necessary, click on the Increase or Decrease Decimal button on the Number group

To Apply the Comma Format:

1. Highlight cells
2. Click on the Comma Style button on the Number group
3. If necessary, click on the Increase or Decrease Decimal button on the Number group

Formatting Labels
A Label or text formatting is applied virtually the same way it is done in word processing programs.

To Format the Title Labels:

1. Highlight the cell(s)
2. Select a font from the Font group
3. Select a point size from the Font group

Using the Dialog Box:

1. Highlight the cells
2. Click on the arrow in the corner of one of the formatting groups (Font, Alignment, Number) to open the Format
Cells dialog box and click on one of the tabs

Format Painter
Frequently, you will need to take a format that is applied to one cell and apply it to other cells. A quick way to do this is by
using the Format Painter.

To Apply a Format to Cells:

1. Highlight cell(s)
2. Format the cell(s) to the desired format
3. Select the formatted cell(s)
4. Click the Format Painter from the Clipboard group of the Home tab
5. Highlight the cells you wish to format

Tips and Tricks: If you would like the Format Painter to remain active, double-click the Format Painter. It will remain active
until you press the Esc key.

Centering Text Across Columns

When it comes to titles, it may be preferable to have the information centered across the document, rather than in only
one cell. Excel uses the feature Merge Cells to accomplish this.

To Center the Title Across Columns:

1. Highlight cell(s)
2. Click the Merge and Center button on the Alignment group

NOTE: Each cell must be done individually. Excel will delete the contents of all but the top most cell if multiple cells are
selected.
This option basically takes all the cells in the highlighted range and merges them into one large cell. For example, the
range A1:F1 became cell A1 after the Merge Cells button was selected. There is no cell B1, C1, etc. any longer.

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Creating a Basic Chart

1. Highlight the data to be charted 3. Click on a Chart Type in the Charts group
2. Click on the Insert tab 4. Click on a Chart Style

To Move your chart:

Click and drag the chart to a new location on the worksheet.

When the chart is selected you will notice a new tab “Chart Tools” on the Ribbon. If you do not see the Chart Tools, click
on the chart to select it. Under Chart Tools you will find 2 tabs:
✔ Design
✔ Format

Excel Functions
As we have previously seen, the power of Excel lies in its ability to perform calculations. The real strength of this is
shown in Functions. Functions are more complex formulas that are executed by using the name of a function and
stating whatever parameters the function requires.
Function Defined
=SUM(range of cells) returns the sum of the selected cells
=AVERAGE(range of cells) returns the average of the selected cells
=MAX(range of cells) returns the highest value of the selected cells
=MIN(range of cells) returns the lowest value of the selected cells
=COUNT(range of cells) returns the number of values of the selected cells

To Enter the SUM Function:

1. Click in a cell
2. Click on the AutoSum button in the Editing group
3. Highlight the range of cells that are to be added (The colon means “through”)
4. Press ENTER

To Insert the Average Function into the Worksheet:

1. Click in a cell
2. Click on the drop-down arrow next to the AutoSum button
3. Click on Average
4. Highlight the range of cells be calculated
5. Press ENTER

To Insert the MAX Function into the Worksheet:

1. Click in a cell
2. Click on the drop-down arrow next to the AutoSum button
3. Click on Max
4. Highlight the range of cells be calculated
5. Press ENTER

To Insert the MIN Function into the Worksheet:

1. Click in a cell
2. Click on the drop-down arrow next to the AutoSum button

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3. Click on Min
4. Highlight the range of cells be calculated
5. Press ENTER

To Insert the COUNT NUMBERS Function into the Worksheet:

1. Click in a cell
2. Click on the drop-down arrow next to the AutoSum button
3. Click on Count Numbers
4. Highlight the range of cells be calculated
5. Press ENTER

Printing a Worksheet
To Print, Preview and Modify Page Setup
1. Click on the File tab
2. Click on Print
The spreadsheet shows as it will be printed. You can proceed to print the document from here, or you can change
things to make the printed output look different.

Page Setup
You can change options under Settings or you can click on Page Setup.

Clicking on Page Setup will open a dialog box with four tabs:
✔ Page ✔ Header/Footer
✔ Margins ✔ Sheet

Page:
1. Change the Orientation
2. Adjust the Scaling
3. Change the Paper Size

Margins:
1. Change the margins
2. Center on the page either horizontally, vertically or select both

Header/Footer:
1. To select from one of the already created headers/footers, click on the drop-down arrow for Header and also for
Footer and choose from the list
2. To create a custom header and/or footer, click on Custom Header and Custom Footer
This area is made of three sections – left, center and right. Any information added in these sections will appear in
that area (left, center or right) in the header or footer. You will also see a row of buttons in this dialog box.
Following are their functions:

BUTTON IMAGE FUNCTION

Format Text

Page Number

Total Number of Pages

Date

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Time
File Path

Filename

Sheet Name

Picture

Format Picture

3. Click in a section to position your cursor

4. Enter text/fields
5. Click OK when finished

Sheet Tab:
1. Repeat Rows and Columns under Print Titles
2. Check off what to print under Print
3. Change the Page Order

Check for Understanding

After studying the main lesson, you may now answer the following multiple choice questions and provide the rationale for
each item.

1. Refers to an electronic sheet of paper organized by columns and rows

a. Spreadsheet c. Worksheet
b. Workbook d. Window
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. To copy cell contents, you can select the cell and then press the _____ keys.
a. CTRL+V c. CTRL+B
b. CTRL+X d. CTRL+C
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. It is the most widely used spreadsheet program and is part of Microsoft Office suite.
a. MS Word c. MS Excel
b. MS PowerPoint d. None of the above
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. It is a table-like document containing rows and columns that holds data and formula.
a. Row c. Spreadsheet
b. Columns d. Worksheet
Answer: ________

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Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. To paste copied cell contents, you can press the _____ keys.
a. CTRL+C c. CTRL+V
b. CTRL+P d. CTRL+X
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Deletes one character to the left in the Formula Bar. Also clears the content of the active cell.
a. Delete c. End
b. Backspace d. Arrow keys
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Completes a cell entry from the cell or the Formula Bar, and selects the cell below (by default).
a. Enter c. Alt
b. Escape d. Home
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Refers to the numerical pieces of information that will be used for calculations.
a. Numbers c. Letters
b. Values d. Formula
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. The place to keep the items that you not only need to access quickly, but want to be immediately available
regardless of which of the Ribbon's tabs you're working on.
a. Tell me c. Page layout
b. Formula bar d. Quick access toolbar
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Cancels an entry in the cell or Formula Bar. Closes an open menu or submenu, dialog box, or message window
a. Esc c. Enter
b. Home d. Page down
Answer: ________
Rationale:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Thinking about Learning

K-W-L

The letters KWL form an acronym for "Know, What, Learn." This is a strategy is an instructional technique used to
improve reading comprehension.

Fill up the following grids:

K – What you think you already know about this particular topic
W – You are encouraged to think about the gaps in your knowledge by filling out what you want to know
L – Once the topic is completed, return to your grids to fill in the final ‘L’ column. Here, you confirm the accuracy of the first
two columns and compare what you have learned with your initial thoughts on the topic in the ‘K’ column.

K WHAT I KNOW

W WHAT I WANT TO KNOW

L WHAT I LEARNED

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