Biology CBSE 10

20 Competency based question -

How do organisms reproduce ?
By Khushboo Ma’am
 Biology CBSE 10
20 Competency based question -
How do organisms reproduce ?
By Khushboo Ma’am
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 Question 1

Q1. What is pollination ? State its significance.

 Answer
Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grains from the
anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or a different
flower. Pollination is a significant process as it helps in
fertilisation by bringing the male gamete (male pronucleus)
closer to the female (egg) and allowing their fusion. It,
therefore, helps in the production of seeds and fruits and
thereby help in reproduction as the seeds formed helps in
generation of new offsprings. Cross-pollination (in which
the pollen grains of one flower are transferred to the stigma
of a different flower) helps in the introduction of new
variations in plants.
 Question 2
Q2. Explain budding in hydra with the help of
labelled diagrams.
 Answer
Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in
the process of budding. In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth
due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop
into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent
body and become new independent individuals.
 Question 3
Q3. Explain process of sexual reproduction in plants.
Answer
Once pollen gets transferred to
the stigma the male gametes
from pollen grains release and
fuse with the egg in the ovule to
form a zygote. This process of
fusion of gametes is called
fertilization. The zygote thus
formed, divides and develops
into an embryo, and later into a
seed. The ovary develops into a
fruit.
 Question 4
Q4. What is vegetative propagation ? List with
brief explanation three advantages of
practising this process for growing some types
of plants.

Select two plants from the following which are

grown by this process. Banana, Wheat,
Mustard, Jasmine, Gram
 Answer
Vegetative reproduction is any form of asexual reproduction
occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of
a parent plant or a specialised reproductive structure.

Advantages of practising this process-

The plants which cannot be produced from seeds can be produced
through vegetative propagation.
It is helpful in preserving genes from the parent body and can
produce genetically similar plants.
It is cost-effective and easily produced.

Banana and Jasmine are grown by this process.

 Question 5
Q5. (a) In the female reproductive system of
human beings, state the functions of :
(i) Ovary
(ii) Oviduct
 Answer
Answer: (a)
(i) Functions of the ovary:
Ovaries play a critical role in both menstruation and conception.
During ovulation, one of the ovaries releases an egg. If a sperm
fertilizes this egg, it leads to pregnancy.
Ovaries continue to release an egg each menstrual cycle until you
reach menopause. During menopause, ovaries stop releasing eggs.

(ii) Functions of oviduct:

The main function of the oviduct or fallopian tube is to collect an
ovum from the ovaries and transfer it to the uterus.
The eggs can be fertilized by sperm to become zygotes in the oviduct.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants in the
uterine lining.
 Question 6
Q6. What happens when
(a) accidently, Planaria gets cut into many
pieces-
(b) Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil
(c) on maturation sporangia of Rhizopus
bursts?
 Answer
(a) When Planaria accidently gets cut into many pieces then
its each piece grows into a complete organism. This is
known as regeneration.
(b) When the Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil, the buds
present in the notches along the leaf margin develop into
new plants. This is known as vegetative propagation.
(c) The sporangia of Rhizopus contain cells or spores that
can eventually develop into new Rhizopus individuals when
it bursts on maturation.
 Question 7
Q7. What is multiple fission? How does it occur
in an organism? Explain briefly. Name one
organism which exhibits this type of
reproduction.
 Answer
Multiple fission refers to the process of asexual reproduction in
which many individuals are formed from a single parent. This
method of reproduction occurs in unfavourable conditions. The
unicellular organism develops a protective covering called cyst,
over the cell. The nucleus of the cell divides repeatedly producing
many nuclei. Later on, each nucleus is surrounded by small
amount of cytoplasm and many daughter cells are produced
within the cyst.

When conditions are favourable the cyst breaks and small

offspring are liberated. This type of reproduction is seen in some
protozoans, e.g., malarial parasite (Plasmodium).
 Question 8
Q8. (a) Mention the changes which the uterus
undergoes, when it has to receive a zygote.
(b) State the functions of placenta
 Answer
(a) To receive the zygote the uterus undergoes many changes to
create a friendly environment for the initiation of pregnancy. The
lining of a uterus gets thickened and enriched with blood supply to
promotes healthy growth. The uterus also increases its secretion
to allow easy movement of the zygote for implantation.

(b) The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during

pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to a
growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby's
blood.
 Question 9
Q9. There are many plants in which parts like the root, stem
and leaves develop into new plants under appropriate
conditions. Unlike in most animals, plants can indeed use such a
mode for reproduction. This property of vegetative propagation
is used in methods such as layering or grafting to grow many
plants like sugarcane, roses, or grapes for agricultural
purposes.

i) What are the advantages of vegetative propagation?

ii)Give a example of vegetative propagation through buds?
iii) What is tissue culture?
iv) What is grafting?
 Answer
i) All plants that are produced by such method are genetically
similar to their parent and have all its characteristics. easy, less
expensive and a fast method.
ii) Bryophyllum
iii) New plants are grown first in suitable artificial medium and
then placing it in the soil to grow into mature plants.
iv) New plants are grown by joining a scion(upper portion of
plant) to a stock of other plants in such a manner that they get
united to each other.
 Question 10
Q10. The sexual act always has the potential to lead to
pregnancy. Pregnancy will make major demands on the
body and the mind of the woman, and if she is not ready for
it, her health will be adversely affected. Therefore, many
ways have been devised to avoid pregnancy.

1. What are the different methods to prevent pregnancy?

2.What are the surgical methods to prevent pregnancy?
3.Why the female sex ratio is declining day by day?
4.Which contraceptive methods have large side effects?
 Answer
1. Uses of contraceptive such as condoms, pills, copper -T and
surgical methods.
2.Tubectomy in females and vasectomy in males.
3.Due to female foeticides by doing illegal sex selective abortion of
female foetuses.
4.Oral pills and by changing the hormonal balance leads to high
side effect.
 Question 11
Q11. Draw a diagram of the longitudinal section
of a flower exhibiting germination of pollen on
stigma and label the important parts.
Answer
 Question 12
Q12. In the context of reproduction of species
state the main difference between fission and
fragmentation. Give one example of each.
 Answer
Fragmentation is the mode of asexual reproduction in
which multicellular organism splits into two or more
fragments, which survive as new individual e.g., Spirogyra.

Fission is the mode of asexual reproduction in which

unicellular organisms split into two (binary) or more
(multiple) daughter cells, which survive as individuals e.g.,
Amoeba (binary fission) and Plasmodium (multiple fission).
 Question 13
Q13. What are testes ? List two functions
performed by testes in human beings ?
 Answer
Testes are two oval-shaped male reproductive glands. They are
also known as testicles.

The Testis has following functions:

It produces spermatozoa, the male gametes and it synthesizes
testosterone, the principal male sex hormone.
it participates with the hypothalamus-pituitary unit in
regulating reproductive function.
 Question 14
Q14. Define reproduction. How does it helps in
providing stability to the population of species?
 Answer
The production of new organisms by the existing organisms of the
same species is known as reproduction. It is linked to the stability
of population of a species. DNA replication during reproduction
ensures transfer of specific characters or body design features that
is essential for an individual of a population to live and use that
particular niche. Some variations present in a few individuals of
population caused due to reproduction which also helps in their
survival at changing niches.
 Question 15
Q15. Difference between Sexual And Asexual
Reproduction
 Answer
S.No. Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

1. It is a kind of reproduction where It refers to the kind of reproduction that

there is the involvement of one or two involves only one organism.
organisms or individuals.
2. Two parents are involved. one parent is involved.

3. Gamete formation occurs It does not occur

4. Sex organs are formed No formation of sex organs

5. Zygote forms through a fusion of The zygote does not form

gametes

6. Higher invertebrates and all Lower organisms

vertebrates
 Question 16
Q16. What happens when
(a) accidently, Planaria gets cut into many
pieces-
(b) Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil
(c) on maturation sporangia of Rhizopus
bursts?
 Answer
(a) When Planaria accidently gets cut into many pieces then its
each piece grows into a complete organism. This is known as
regeneration.
(b) When the Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil, the buds
present in the notches along the leaf margin develop into new
plants. This is known as vegetative propagation.
(c) The sporangia of Rhizopus contain cells or spores that can
eventually develop into new Rhizopus individuals when it bursts
on maturation.
 Question 17
Q17. Difference between fragmentation and
regeneration ?
 Answer
S.No Fragmentation Regeneration
.
Occurs in multicellular organisms It occurs in fully differentiated multi-
with simple body organisation. cellular organisms with complex body
organization.

2. Here, an organism breaks into Here, it breaks into pieces and may or
pieces and each piece develops into may not develop into new individual.
new individual.

3. No specialised cells are involved. Specialised cells proliferate and form a

e.g. Spirogyra mass of cells. The cells from the mass
differentiate to form cell types.

e.g. Regeneration of blood cells in

mammals.
 Question 18
Q18. The chromosomal number of the sexually
producing parents and their offspring is the
same”. Justify this statement.
 Answer
In sexual reproduction, two gametes, male and female, combines
together to form a new cell ‘zygote’. The reproductive cells or
gametes contain only half the amount of DNA as compared to the
non-reproductive cells of an organism. So, when a male gamete
combines with a female gamete during sexual reproduction, then
the new cell ‘zygote’ will have the normal amount of DNA. For
example, the human sperm has 23 chromosomes and the human
egg has also 23 chromosomes. So when a sperm and an egg fuse
together during fertilisation, then the zygote formed will have 23 +
23 = 46 chromosomes, which is the normal number of
chromosomes in humans.
 Question 19
Q19. Describe the role of fallopian tubes in the
female reproductive system.
List the parts of human male reproductive
system which contribute fluid to the semen.
 Answer

Fallopian tubes are a pair of elongated, ciliated, muscular and tubular

structures extending from close to ovaries to uterus. It is the site of
fertilisation and helps in the conduction of ovum or zygote towards
uterus by ciliary action and peristalsis.

The secretion of male accessory reproductive glands, i.e., seminal

vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s glands contribute fluid to the
semen.
 Question 20
Q20. State the basic requirement for sexual
reproduction. Write the importance of such
reproductions in nature.
 Answer
The basic requirement for sexual reproduction is involvement of
both sexes, i.e., male and female, to produce an offspring. It takes
place by the combination of gametes which come from two different
parents.
The importance of sexual reproduction in nature are :
(i) Fusion of male and female gametes coming from two different
and sexually distinct individuals, exhibit diversity of characters in
offspring.
(ii) Meiosis during gametogenesis provides opportunities for new
combination of genes, which leads to variation required for
evolution and plays a prominent role in the origin of new species.
Variations lead to the appearance of such characters, which fit to the
changing environment, resulting in the survival of the species.
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8th Jan 2020-(Shift 1)