Prepared by: Engr. Vincent T.

Vasquez, RMP
• ENERGY
- It is the ability to do work.
- It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or
other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the
process of transfer from one body to another.
- Can be transferred but could not be destroy nor be created.
- Energy can be conserved.
• WORK
- For work, in the scientific sense, to be done, a force must be exerted and there
must be displacement in the direction of the force.
- The work done on a system by a constant force is defined to be the product of the
component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through
which the force acts.

For one-way motion in one dimension,

this is expressed in equation form as

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 ∙ cos(𝜃)

where: W=work done

d= displacement
θ=angle between F and d
• Illustrative Example

1. A box is pulled with a force of 25 N to produce a displacement of 15 m. If the angle

between the force and displacement is 30o, find the work done by the force.

2. An object of mass 2 kg falls from a height of 5 m to the ground. What is the work
done by the gravitational force on the object? (Neglect air resistance; Take g =
10 m s-2).
• POTENTIAL ENERGY
- Potential energy is the stored energy in an object due to its position, properties,
and forces acting on it. Common types of potential energy include gravitational,
elastic, magnetic, and electric.

The potential energy is given by:

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

where: m=mass
g= gravity
g=9.81m/s²
h=height
• Illustrative Example

1. A mass of 2Kg is taken from the ground to the height of 10m. Find the potential
energy of the object.

2. A shopper in a supermarket takes a box of sugar from a shelf that is 1.5 m high
because he is going to bake some muffins. He also needs to get some blueberries.
The sugar has a weight of 5N. What Potential Energy did the sugar have before it was
taken from the shelf?

3. A Cessna 172 plane that is used to transport up to four VIP's is 2 km in the air. If
the Potential Energy of the VIP plane with three VIP's onboard is 860 J, what is the
combined mass of the Cessna and passengers ?
• KINETIC ENERGY
- Kinetic energy is a form of energy associated with the motion of a particle, single
body, or system of objects moving together.

The kinetic energy is given by:

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

where: m=mass
v= velocity
• Illustrative Example

1. Suppose a 30.0-kg package on the roller belt conveyor system in Figure 7.4 is
moving at 0.500 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?

2. A ball has a mass of 2Kg, suppose it travels at 10m/s. Find the kinetic energy
possessed by it.

3. Suppose a 1000Kg was traveling at a speed of 10m/s. Now, this mass transfers all
its energy to a mass of 10Kg. What will be the velocity of the 10Kg mass after being
hit by it?
• LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy, as we have noted, is conserved, making it one of the most important physical
quantities in nature. The law of conservation of energy can be stated as follows:

Total energy is constant in any process. It may change in form or be transferred

from one system to another, but the total remains the same.

Efficiency - Even though energy is conserved in an energy conversion process, the

output of useful energy or work will be less than the energy input.

The efficiency Eff of an energy conversion process is defined as

• POWER
- Power is the rate at which work is done.

- Power—the word conjures up many images: a professional football player muscling

aside his opponent, a dragster roaring away from the starting line, a volcano
blowing its lava into the atmosphere, or a rocket blasting off,

The Power is given by:

𝑊
𝑃=
𝑡

The SI unit for power is the watt (W), where 1 watt equals 1 joule/second (1 W=1 J/s).
• Illustrative Example

1. What is the power output for a 60.0-kg woman who runs up a 3.00 m high flight of
stairs in 3.50 s, starting from rest but having a final speed of 2.00 m/s?

2. What is the power output of the stickman that pushes the box 5 meters in 3
seconds with a constant force of 12 N?
3. What is the power output if 12N of force was applied on an object at an angle of
25° above the horizon to move an object 5 meters horizontally in 3 seconds.
• Illustrative Example

1. A crane moved a 200 kg hot tub from the ground to the top of the hotel, 53m
above the ground. If the crane used 200,000J of energy, how efficient was the crane?

2. What is the output when the efficiency is 62% and the input is 39J?
1. While training for breeding season, a 380-gram male squirrel does 32 push-ups in a minute, displacing its center of mass by a
distance of 8.5 cm for each push-up. Determine the total work done on the squirrel while moving upward (32 times).
a. 0.317 J
b. 1.034 J
c. 10.140 J
d. 32.3 J

2. Hans Full is pulling on a rope to drag his backpack to school across the ice. He pulls upwards and rightwards with a force of
22.9 Newtons at an angle of 35 degrees above the horizontal to drag his backpack a horizontal distance of 129 meters to the
right. Determine the work (in Joules) done upon the backpack.
a. 2419.857 Joules
b. 1694.402 Joules
c. 2954.1 Joules
d. 1985.64 Joules

3. A tow rope is being used to tow 11 skiers up a ski hill at a constant speed. The average mass of the skiers is 73.8 kg. The hill is
inclined at 8.6 degrees. The power output of the motor is 4.64 kW. With what maximum speed can the skiers be towed? Assume
that there is negligible friction.
a. -42.802 m/s
b. 42.802 m/s
c. -6.473 m/s
d. 6.473 m/s
1. A 1500kg rocket has a net propulsion force of 500N. Over a short period of time,
the rocket speeds up uniformly from an initial velocity of 40 m/s to a final
velocity of 50 m/s. Assume that the mass of the rocket remains constant even
though it is burning fuel and that the net force is along the direction of
travel. Solve for the following:
A. The initial work done by the rocket (in kJ). (5pts)
B. The final work done by the rocket (in kJ). (5pts)
C. The net work done by the rocket (in kJ). (5pts)