Courtesy of PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) • The flexural formula (σ = My/I) is applicable only when the bending moment (M) is applied about any one of the principle axes. As any axis of symmetry of a section is always the principle axis and in most cases the moment is applied about the axis of symmetry or its perpendicular, the bending is known as symmetrical bending. • When the bending moment is applied about an axis other than the principle axes of the section, it is called unsymmetrical bending. • Consider a beam with cross section as shown, subjected to a bending moment (M) about an axis inclined at angle (θ) with principle z-axis. • Resolve M into its rectangular components (Mz and My) along principle axes. 𝑀𝑧 = 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 • The problem has become a combined stress case with bending moments about both principle axes, given by: 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦+ 𝑧=− 𝑦+ 𝑧 −−−− −(𝑎) 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) • At neutral axis, stress is zero, i.e. 𝜎𝑥 = 0 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒− 𝑦+ 𝑧=0 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑧 ⇒ = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑦 • If α is the inclination of neutral axis, then 𝑦/𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼, therefore: 𝐼𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −−− −(𝑏) 𝐼𝑦 • Thus in case of unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis rotates and do not shift. From equation (b) angle α will be equal to angle θ i.e. neutral axis will coincide with moment axis when 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑦 UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) Example 1.4: A 100 x150 beam shown in figure is used to support a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN (total) on a simple span of 3 m. The applied load acts in a plan making an angle of 30 o with the vertical as shown in figure. Calculate maximum stress at midspan and for the same section locate neutral axis. Neglect the weight of the beam. Solution: The maximum bending moment produced at the midspan of the simply supported beam is: 𝑊𝐿 4.0 𝑥3.0 𝑀= = = 1.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 1.5𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 8 8 𝑀𝑧 = +𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = +1.30𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑦 = +𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = +0.75𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
Now the geometric properties of the section are:
3 100 150 𝐼𝑧 = = 28.125 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4 12 3 150 100 𝐼𝑦 = = 12.500 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4 12 Now the stress equation is: 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 1.30𝑥106 0.75𝑥106 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦+ 𝑧=− 𝑦+ 𝑧 = −0.046𝑦 + 0.060𝑧 −− −(𝑎) 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 28.125𝑥106 12.500𝑥106 UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) Example 1.4: At neutral axis, the stress is zero. Therefore 𝑦 0.060 −0.046𝑦 + 0.060𝑧 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 1.304 𝑧 0.046 ⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.304 = 52.5𝑜 The stresses at corners A, B, C and D are calculated from equation (a) using the corresponding coordinates.
Point y Z Stress (MPa)
A -75 50 6.45 B -75 -50 0.45 C 75 -50 -6.45 D 75 50 -0.45
Therefore, the maximum tensile stress is at corner A and the maximum
compressive stress is at corner C. UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) Prob. 1336: A cantilever beam 10 ft long with a Tee section as shown carries two concentrated loads applied as shown in figure. Compute the inclination of the neutral axis at the wall, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses. Solution: Calculate the geometric properties of section. σ 𝐴𝑦 8 4 + 6 8.5 𝑦ത = = = 5.93 𝑖𝑛 σ𝐴 8+6 1 8 3 6 1 3 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐴𝑑 2 = + 8 5.93 − 4 2 + + 6 8.5 − 5.93 2 = 112.6 𝑖𝑛4 12 12
𝑦 5035 1619𝑦 − 5035𝑧 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 3.11 𝑧 1619 ⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3.11 = 72.2𝑜 UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) Prob. 1336: Stresses at all corner of the section are calculated from equation (a). Results are given in the table below. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses are: 𝜎𝑇 = +20,075 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝐶 = −12,118 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Point y z Stress, psi
1 3.07 3.0 -10,135 2 2.07 3.0 -11,754 3 2.07 0.5 834 4 -5.93 0.5 -12,118 5 -5.93 -0.5 -7,083 6 2.07 -0.5 5,869 7 2.07 -3.0 18,456 8 3.07 -3.0 20,075 UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) • If principle axes of section are not known, i.e. y and z are not the principle axes of a section, then the stresses may be calculated from the following equation: 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝜎=− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 • For neutral axis, the stress is equal to zero, i.e. 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 − 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧=0 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = = 𝑧 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 Where 𝛼 is the inclination of neutral axis. UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) Example 1.5: A simply supported beam made with angle section (unsymmetrical section) is loaded with a concentrated load of 10 kN as shown in figure. Locate NA and calculate maximum tensile and compressive stresses. Solution: The geometric properties of this angle section have already been calculated in Example 1.1. 𝐼𝑧 = 807,756 𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑦 = 387,756 𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑧𝑦 = −323,077 𝑚𝑚4
The maximum bending moment is below the concentrated load and is
produced about z axis. 10 6 3 6 𝑀𝑧 = = 18 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 18 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 10 𝑀𝑦 = 0 UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES) Example 1.5: The stress equation is given by: 18 10 6 387,756 + 0 0 + 18 10 6 −323,077 𝜎=− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧 387,756 807,756 − −323,077 387,756 807,756 − −323,077 𝜎 = −33.42y − 27.85z −−− −(a) For neutral axis stress is zero, i.e. 𝑦 −33.42y − 27.85z = 0 ⇒ = −0.833 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = −0.833 𝑧 𝑜 α = −39.8 Stress at various corner of the angle section are calculated from equation (a): Point y z Stress, MPa 1 -16.54 43.46 -657.6 2 -26.54 43.46 -323.4 3 -26.54 -16.54 1347.6 4 53.46 -16.54 -1326.0 5 53.46 -6.54 -1604.5 6 -16.54 -6.54 734.9 SUMMARY Known Principe Axes 𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 • Combined Stress: 𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 + + 𝑧 𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
