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Electrical Power System

The document discusses the structure of electrical power systems, including the stages of generation, primary transmission, secondary transmission, primary distribution, and secondary distribution. Electricity is generated at power plants and transmitted through transmission lines to substations where the voltage is reduced for distribution to consumers.

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Nanda Kishore
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42 views4 pages

Electrical Power System

The document discusses the structure of electrical power systems, including the stages of generation, primary transmission, secondary transmission, primary distribution, and secondary distribution. Electricity is generated at power plants and transmitted through transmission lines to substations where the voltage is reduced for distribution to consumers.

Uploaded by

Nanda Kishore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of Electrical Power Systems

An electric power system or electric grid is known as a large network of power generating
plants, which connected to the consumer loads. The lines network between Generating Station
(Power Station) and consumer of electric power can be divided into two parts. (i)Transmission
System (ii)Distribution System

Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations (TPS, HPS, NPS, etc.) is
transmitted to the consumers for utilization. This is due to the fact that generating stations are
usually situated away from the load centers.

The main objective of an electric power system is to obtain electrical energy and make it
reachable safely to the load point where it is being used in usable form. This is done in five
stages namely

 Generating Station
 Primary Transmission
 Secondary Transmission or Subtransmission
 Primary Distribution
 Secondary Distribution

Generation means the conversion of a form of energy into electrical energy. Transmission
implies the transport of this energy to very long distance with very high amount of voltage
magnitude. Moreover, distribution is fulfilling the demand of the consumers at certified voltage
level and it is done in terms of feeders.

Generation:

Generation is the part of power system where we convert some form of energy into electrical
energy. The ordinary power plant capacity and generating voltage may be from 2.5 kV to 30kV.
But economically, it is good to step up the produced voltage from 11kV to 132kV, 220kV or
400kV or more by using Step up transformer (power Transformer). The various generating
stations are Thermal power plant, Hydel power plant (Hydro-electric), Nuclear power plant,
Wind power plant and so on.
Primary transmission:

The electric supply (in 132kV, 220 kV, 400kV or greater) is transmitted to load center by three
phase three wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires also known as Delta connection) overhead transmission
system.

Secondary or sub transmission

Area far from the city (outskirts) which have connected with receiving stations by lines is called
secondary transmission. At receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-down
transformers up to 66 kV, and electric power is transferred by three phase three wire (3 Phase
– 3 Wires) overhead system to different sub stations.

Primary Distribution

At a substation, the level of secondary transmission voltage of 66 kV reduced to 11kV by step


down transforms.
Generally, electric supply is provided to consumers where the demands is 11 kV and they make
a separate sub station to control and utilize the power in industries and factories. These
substations deliver power to smaller units called ‘Feeders’. This is done by either ‘Overhead
lines’ or ‘Underground cables’.

Secondary distribution:

Electric power is transferred by (from primary distribution line i.e.11kV) to distribution sub
station is known as secondary distribution. This sub station is located near domestic &
consumers areas where the level of voltage reduced to 440V by step down transformers. These
transformers called Distribution transformers, three phase four wire system (3 Phase – 4 Wires
also known as Star connection). So there is 400 Volts (Three Phase Supply System) between
any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase Supply) between a neutral and phase (live) wires.
Residential load (i.e. Fans, Lights, and TV etc) may be connected between any one phase and
neutral wires, while three phase load may be connected directly to the three phase lines.

The various components in the transmission and distribution system includes Conductors,
Transformers, Insulators, towers and protective devices.

• Conductors: A conductor is a substance or material that allows electricity to flow


through it. All Aluminium Conductor (AAC), All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
(AAAC) and Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) are used as power
transmission and distribution lines.

• Transformers: Step-up transformers are used for stepping up the voltage level and
step-down transformers are used for stepping it down.

• Line insulators: Insulators are the elements of transmission system, which provide
necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and hence, prevent any
leakage current from the conductors to the earth. An insulator gives support to the
overhead line conductors. In the transmission lines, it plays an essential role in its
operation. The designing of an insulator can be done using different materials like
rubber, wood, plastic, mica, etc.

• Support towers: The transmission towers carry high-voltage transmission line to


transport power from the generating station to electrical substations. The electrical
substations transport power to the end users through distribution lines. The distribution
line uses utility poles to carry the low-voltage conductor. It helps to support the line
conductors suspending in the air overhead.

• Protective devices: to protect the transmission system and to ensure reliable operation.
These include ground wires, lightening arrestors, circuit breakers, relays etc.

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