Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY (US) 0416/13

Paper 1 October/November 2014
2 hours
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An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of
the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the test administrator for a continuation booklet.

Answer three questions.

Section A (Core Content)
Answer any two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies)
Answer any one question.

The number of points is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 21 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert.

DC (NF/SW) 100252
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SECTION A: CORE CONTENT

Answer any two questions from this Section.

1 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

In February 1866 at a meeting of the Prussian Crown Council Bismarck declared

that war with Austria was only a matter of time. It would be fought not just to settle
the final fate of the duchies, but over the wider issue of who should control Germany.

From a book published in Britain in 2007.

(a) Describe the revolutionary events in Berlin, March 1848. [5]

(b) Why were the Prussian Liberals hostile to the appointment of Bismarck as Minister-President
in 1862? [7]

(c) ‘Austria was a greater threat to Bismarck’s plans than was France.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

2 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Ever since independence in the late eighteenth century, the northern and southern
states of the USA differed from each other in their attitude to the Federal Union which
had brought them together. The southern states wanted freedom from interference
by Federal Government; the northern states wanted a strong central government to
protect their industries.

From a book published in Britain in 1985.

(a) Describe the treatment of slaves in the southern states. [5]

(b) Why did the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 increase tensions between North and South? [7]

(c) How far was slavery the issue over which the Civil War was fought? Explain your answer. [8]

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3 Look at the painting, and then answer the questions which follow.

A Japanese painting of Japanese warships in action during the war with Russia, 1904–5.

(a) What impact did the Western powers have on Japan before 1868? [5]

(b) Why was the Shogunate overthrown in 1868? [7]

(c) How effectively had Japan modernized itself by 1914? Explain your answer. [8]

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4 Look at the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.

A German cartoon published in 1911.

(a) What preparations had Britain made for war by 1914? [5]

(b) Why were Britain and France concerned about events relating to Morocco? [7]

(c) ‘Austria was most to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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5 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

We have organized reparations where damage and injury has been inflicted. We
have disarmed, we have punished. This treaty will be a lighthouse, warning nations
against the perils on which the German Empire shattered itself.

Lloyd George speaking to the British Parliament about the Treaty of Versailles, July 1919.

(a) In what ways, other than territorial, did the Treaty of Versailles limit the power of Germany?[5]

(b) Why did Lloyd George clash with Wilson and with Clemenceau during the peace discussions
of 1919? [7]

(c) How justifiable were the terms of the peace settlement of 1919–20? Explain your answer. [8]

6 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

You may say that we should have confidence in the European statesmen and
leaders. Perhaps we should, but it was European statesmen, European ambition
that drowned the world in blood and from which we are still suffering.

The Canadian representative speaking at the first League Assembly meeting in 1920.

(a) What difficulties did Britain and France face as the main leaders of the League of Nations?
[5]

(b) Why did some major powers not join the League? [7]

(c) ‘The League failed because of the Abyssinian crisis.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [8]

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7 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The Soviet government is alarmed by the attitude of the US government. The

American attitude had cooled since it became clear that Germany was defeated. It
is as though the Americans are saying that the USSR was no longer needed.

Stalin expressing his views on the attitude of Truman, the new American President, May 1945.

(a) Describe the main problems facing the Allied leaders when they met at Potsdam in May 1945.
[5]

(b) Why did the USSR want to dominate Eastern Europe? [7]

(c) How successful was the reaction of the West to Soviet expansion by 1949? Explain your
answer. [8]

8 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The time is ripe for abandoning views on foreign policy which are influenced by an
imperial standpoint. Neither the Soviet Union nor the USA is able to force its will on
others. It is possible to suppress, compel or bribe, but only for a certain period. We
must respect one another and everybody.

Gorbachev speaking in 1987.

(a) What impact did the construction of the Berlin Wall have on the citizens of Berlin? [5]

(b) Why was the Solidarity Movement a problem for the Polish government? [7]

(c) How far was the low standard of living in Eastern European countries responsible for the end
of Communist control? Explain your answer. [8]

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SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES

Answer any one question from this Section.

DEPTH STUDY A: GERMANY, 1918–45

9 Look at the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.

A British cartoon published on 8 March 1933. It shows Hindenburg speaking to Hitler.

(a) Describe the activities of the SA. [5]

(b) Why was Hitler appointed Chancellor in January 1933? [7]

(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was the main reason Hitler was able to consolidate his hold on power.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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10 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Attention! The Führer is speaking on the radio. On Wednesday 21 March, the Führer
is speaking on all German radio stations from 11 a.m. All factory owners, department
stores, offices and shops are ordered to put up loudspeakers an hour before the
broadcast so that the whole workforce can participate fully.

An announcement in a German newspaper, 16 March 1934.

(a) What action did Hitler take against Röhm and the SA? [5]

(b) Why was propaganda important to the Nazis? [7]

(c) How successful was the Nazi regime in dealing with opposition? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY B: RUSSIA, 1905–41

11 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Let those in power make no mistake about the mood of the people. Never have the
Russian people been so profoundly revolutionized by the actions of the government.
Day by day faith in the government is steadily waning.

A strong supporter of the Tsar speaking in the Duma in 1913.

(a) What were the main features of peasant life in early twentieth-century Russia? [5]

(b) Why did Tsar Nicholas II face huge problems in governing Russia in the years up to 1906? [7]

(c) How far did life improve for Russian people between 1906 and 1914? Explain your answer.
[8]

12 Read the poem, and then answer the questions which follow.

O great Stalin, O leader of the peoples,

You who brought man to birth.
You who makes the spring bloom,
You who makes musical chords.
You, the splendor of my spring,
You, loved by millions of hearts.

A poem printed in Pravda in 1935.

(a) Describe the main features of the Great Terror. [5]

(b) Why were the Purges important for Stalin? [7]

(c) ‘The cult of personality was more effective than the rising standard of living in Stalin gaining
the support of the Soviet people.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY C: THE USA, 1919–41

13 Look at the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.

A photograph of police attacking Bonus Marchers, 1932.

(a) Describe the social consequences of the Wall Street Crash. [5]

(b) Why, by 1929, was the US economy facing difficulties? [7]

(c) ‘Hoover’s treatment of the Bonus Marchers was the main reason he lost the Presidential
election of 1932.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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14 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The bank rescue of 1933 was probably the turning point of the Depression. Once
people had gotten over the shock of the bank closures confidence began to increase.
Their re-opening marked the revival of hope.

An adviser to Roosevelt speaking, at a later time, about the Hundred Days.

(a) What measures did Roosevelt introduce to deal with the problems facing American banks?
[5]

(b) Why was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) important to the success of the New
Deal? [7]

(c) ‘The greatest opponents of the New Deal were the Republicans.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY D: CHINA, 1945–c.1990

15 Look at the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.

A photograph of Khrushchev and Kennedy published in a Chinese magazine in 1961.

A caption with the photograph said ‘Khrushchev, the despicable renegade to the Soviet people,
is in the company of US imperialist, chieftain Kennedy.’

(a) Describe the actions of China between 1949 and 1954 which increased hostility with the
USA. [5]

(b) Why were there conflicts between China and her southern neighbors between 1959 and
1979? [7]

(c) ‘In the years 1949–90, China’s relationships with the USSR were more friendly than its
relations with the USA.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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16 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

There are some people within the Communist Party who are in important positions
yet who are not wholly Communists.

Mao speaking on Chinese radio in 1966.

(a) What was the ‘Democracy Wall’? [5]

(b) Why was the ‘Hundred Flowers’ campaign ended? [7]

(c) ‘The main reason Mao launched the Cultural Revolution was to reassert his personal power.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY E: SOUTHERN AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

17 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Blacks are in towns to attend to the needs of the white man and should depart when
this task is done.

The Stallard Commission, 1922.

(a) In what ways did the growth of the South African mining industry lead to a worsening of the
position of black Africans? [5]

(b) Why did South African governments operate a policy of segregation in the interwar period?
[7]

(c) In the period up to 1948, how effective was resistance by black South Africans to discrimination
against them? Explain your answer. [8]

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18 Look at the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.

A photograph of Nelson Mandela on his release from prison, February 1990.

(a) What changes did De Klerk introduce in 1990? [5]

(b) Why did some people in South Africa oppose the changes being made by De Klerk? [7]

(c) ‘International condemnation of apartheid was the main reason for its collapse.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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19 Look at the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.

A photograph of Namibian workers on strike in 1971.

(a) Describe how German colonial rule affected Namibians. [5]

(b) Why, after 1915, were Namibians unhappy with South African rule? [7]

(c) ‘Namibian independence was achieved by the people themselves.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY F: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS, 1945–c.1994

20 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The Irgun action has broken the nerves of the British army. Instead of imposing a
curfew on the Jews, we have imposed a curfew on them. They were afraid to leave
their barracks. It is bad for morale and creates unrest in England.

A leading member of a Jewish terrorist group speaking in 1946.

(a) What problems faced Palestine in 1946? [5]

(b) Why was it difficult for the British government to deal with the issues in Palestine? [7]

(c) ‘The main reason for Israeli success in 1948–9 was because they were fighting for the survival
of their new country.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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21 Look at the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.

A cartoon published in a Lebanese newspaper, 31 May 1967. The gun barrels represent
Arab states.

(a) Describe the crisis of May 1967 prior to the outbreak of war in June 1967. [5]

(b) Why did Egypt and Syria attack Israel in 1973? [7]

(c) ‘Israel survived the three wars from 1956 to 1973 because of its military superiority.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY G: THE CREATION OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

22 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Mr. Stephenson and Mr. Wood went down the shaft at Killingworth Colliery to try
out Mr. Stephenson’s lamp. Mr. Stephenson tested the lamp, which met with his
expectations with regard to safety, as there was no explosion.

An account of a test of George Stephenson’s safety lamp in 1815.

(a) What changes were made in the textile industry to enable production to increase? [5]

(b) Why did the demand for coal increase significantly in the first part of the nineteenth century?
[7]

(c) ‘Technological developments were more successful than government legislation in improving
working conditions in coal mines.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [8]

23 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The aim was to elevate the social position of the farm laborers of the country by
assisting them to increase their wages and reduce the number of ordinary working
hours.

From the memoirs of Joseph Arch, published in 1898. Arch was the founder of the National
Agricultural Labourers’ Union in 1872.

(a) Describe the organization of the working classes in the early part of the nineteenth century.
[5]

(b) Why was the Grand National Consolidated Trades (Labor) Union established? [7]

(c) How far did unskilled workers benefit from membership of labor unions after 1870? Explain
your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY H: THE IMPACT OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

24 Look at the poster, and then answer the questions which follow.

A nineteenth-century advertisement for tea grown in Ceylon. Ceylon is now known as Sri Lanka.

(a) What does the term ‘imperialism’ mean? [5]

(b) Why did the various imperial powers treat their colonies differently? [7]

(c) How far did European imperialism depend upon military force? Explain your answer. [8]

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25 Look at the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.

A German cartoon published at the time of the Berlin Colonial Conference. The person
standing is Bismarck.

(a) What attracted missionaries and explorers to Africa in the nineteenth century? [5]

(b) Why did Bismarck organize the Berlin Colonial Conference of 1884–85? [7]

(c) How far was Western imperialism of benefit to Africa and its peoples? Explain your answer.
[8]

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Copyright Acknowledgments:

Question 1 © Alan Farmer & Andrina Styles; The Unification of Germany 1815 – 1919; Hodder Education; 2007.
Question 2 © Philip Sauvain; European and World History 1815 – 1919; Hulton; 1985.
Question 4 © Josh Brooman; The End of Old Europe – The Causes of the First World War; Published by Longman. Reprinted by permission of Pearson
Education Ltd.; 1985.
Question 5 © Nigel Kelly & Greg Lacey; Modern World History; Heinemann; 1999.
Question 6 © Tony McAleavy; Twentieth Century History – International Relations Since 1919; Cambridge University Press; 2002.
Question 7 © David Ferriby & Jim McCabe; Modern World History; Heinemann; 2002.
Question 8 © Ben Walsh; OCR GCSE Modern World History; Hodder Education; 2009.
Question 9 © Greg Lacey & Keith Shephard; Germany 1918 – 1945; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education/Punch;
1997.
Question 10 © Greg Lacey & Keith Shephard; Germany 1918 – 1945; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education; 1997.
Question 11 © Ben Walsh; OCR GCSE Modern World History; Hodder Education; 2009.
Question 12 © Terry Fiehn; Russia & the USSR; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education; 1996.
Question 13 © Terry Fiehn et al; The USA between the Wars 1919-1941; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education./Culver
Pictures; 1998.
Question 14 © Ben Walsh; OCR GCSE Modern World History; Hodder Education; 2009.
Question 15 © Extract from China Reconstructs, in Paul Davies; China – A Modern World Study; Holmes McDougall; 1988;
Question 16 © Ben Walsh; Modern World History; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education; 1996.
Question 17 © Rosemary Mulholland; South Africa 1948 – 1994; Cambridge University Press; 1997.
Question 18 © Christopher Culpin; South Africa Since 1948; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education./Reuters; 2000.
Question 19 © Nangolo Mbumba & Norbert H. Noisser; Namibia in History; Zed Books/IDAF; 1988.
Question 20 © Walter Oppenheim; The Middle East; Blackwell Education; 1989.
Question 21 © Josh Brooman; Conflict in Palestine – Jews, Arabs and the Middle East since 1900; Published by Longman. Reprinted by permission of
Pearson Education Ltd. 1989.
Question 22 © Ben Walsh; British Social & Economic History; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education; 1997.
Question 23 © Ben Walsh; British Social & Economic History; Published by John Murray. Reprinted by permission of Hodder Education; 1997.
Question 24 © www.mysrilankaholidays.com; 7 November 2012.
Question 25 © www.cbc.ca/dispatches/episode/2012/02/16; 7 November 2012.

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