Report on Surge Analysis of Rising Main for

A1 Zone, CWRM A1 TO A7

Government of Odisha Panchayati

Raj & Drinking Water Department
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................................3
1.1 Surge phenomena in water supply pipes........................................................................3
1.2 Background of the study.................................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives of the study...................................................................................................4
Chapter 2: Hydraulic Input for the Surge analysis...........................................................5
2.1 Rising Main profile.........................................................................................................5
2.2 Details of the Hydraulic and pumping system................................................................6
2.3 Pumping system details..................................................................................................7
Chapter 3: Surge analysis study and Results.....................................................................8
3.1 Study Methodology........................................................................................................8
3.2 Results from the study....................................................................................................8
Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations..............................................................16
4.1 Conclusions from the surge analysis study...................................................................16
4.2 Recommended surge protection devices......................................................................17
4.3 Position of Surge Protection Devices along the Critical Path.....................................18

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 List of Tables

Table 2.1: Hydraulic data for surge analysis study..................................................................6

Table 2.2: Details of pumping system for rising main..............................................................7

List of Figures

Figure 1: Schematic showing water pumping main profile – CWRM A1 to A7....................5

Figure 2: Hydraulic grade line for steady state analysis........................................................9
Figure 3: Surge analysis results for system without surge protection devices...................10
Figure 4: Pressure variations at the pump station due to surge wave without any surge
protection devices......................................................................................................................11
Figure 5: Variations in pressure at chainage of 6510 m.......................................................11
Figure 6 : Surge analysis results with surge protection devices...........................................13
Figure 7 : Pressure variation at pump station with surge protection..................................13
Figure 8 : Variation in pressure at chainage 6510 m with surge protection.......................14

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Surge Phenomenon in Water Pipes

When the water flowing in a long pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve or by
any similar cause, there will be a sudden rise in pressure due to the momentum of the moving
water being destroyed. This causes a wave of high pressure to be transmitted along the pipe.
This phenomenon of sudden rise in pressure in the pipe is known as water hammer or
hammer blow. The rise in pressure in some cases may be so large that the pipe & its
appurtenances may even burst and therefore it is essential to consider this pressure rise in the
design of the pipes. The magnitude of the pressure rise depends on the speed at which the
valve is closed, the velocity of flow, the length of the pipe, and the elastic properties of the
pipe material as well as that of the flowing fluid.

Water hammer or Surge phenomenon occurring in pipe flows is associated with rapid
changes in discharge in the pipe which is accompanied by a change in pressure which is
propagated through the pipe in the form of waves. In a rising main, scenarios like power
failure followed by closure of Non-Return Valve instantaneously cause a rapid change resulting
in pressure rise surge. Prior to that when power fails, pump discharge is reduced suddenly & a
down surge pressure wave travels along the rising main towards the delivery end. Hence, in
considering surge pressures, both the effects of upsurge or pressure rise, and down surge or
pressure drop must be analysed and checked & suitable protection system shall be proposed
accordingly. The main objective of this particular study is to carry out optimal sizing of
surge protection devices with considering pump trip which is the worst condition for surge
pressure.

1.2 Background of the study

This report presents -The transient & water hammer analysis which has been performed on
KYPipe 2016 software. The system based exclusively on the parameters and technical data
provided by the end user/customer. This model includes the suction conditions, pumps, transfer
main and discharge conditions etc. Simulations were then carried out in which total power
failure occurred at the pumping station. The calculations of changes in pressure and flowrate
throughout the simulations are based on the well-established Wave Plan Method. If some
details are unknown, certain values have been assumed to perform the analysis. Any relevant
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change in either the characteristics of the installation or the working conditions may alter
results of this analysis and thus, it may be necessary to perform the analysis again with the
new data.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The objectives of this surge analysis study are as follows-

 To model the system in the hydraulic modeling system.

 To analyze the system in the simulation software for the effects of pressure variation
due to surge wave/water hammer.
 To suggest suitable surge protection devices near Pump station & at critical locations
along the rising main profile to mitigate the effects of water hammer.
 To analyze the system performance with surge protection devices.

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Chapter 2: Hydraulic Input for the Surge analysis

2.1 Rising mains profile

In the figure 1, graph, the ground profile of the rising main from CWRM A1 to A7 at regular
interval chainages is plotted as per the L-section of the rising main as provided by the client.

Figure 1: Schematic showing water pumping main profile – CWRM A1 to A7

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2.2 Details of the Hydraulic and pumping system

Table 2.1 contains the hydraulic input details for the surge analysis study. These details are
referred from the technical specifications and design documents provided by water resource
department.

Table 2.1: Hydraulic data for surge analysis study

Sr. No Description Unit Value Remarks

1 Total Flow LPS 92.28

2 Design Head m 77.00

3 Flow (One Pump) LPS 46.14

4 No of Pumps (Active + Standby) Nos. 2+1

5 Pump Efficiency % 80.89%

6 Pump Speed RPM 1480

7 Suction level at CWR m 79.85

8 Level at delivery chamber m 194.12

9 Check valve Size on rising main mm 350

10 Check valve Type NRV

11 Check Valve Closing Time sec 0.5 Assumed

12 Pipe Diameter And Thickness mm 350 to 150

13 Pipe Material DI K9

14 Type of Pump HSC

15 Modulus of Elasticity Kg/M2 1.7 x 1010

16 Poisson’s Ratio 0.28 Between 0.26 and 0.31

for DI pipe
17 Pump-Motor Inertia Value of Pump N.m2 52.96

18 HW Pipe Roughness 140

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2.3 Pumping system details

Pumping system as provided by Client.

No of working Pumps are 2.

Table 2.2: Details of pumping system for rising mains

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 Chapter 3: Surge analysis study and Results

3.1 Study Methodology

The surge analysis study was carried out with the following methodology-

a. The hydraulic model for the system was created in the ‘KYPipe/Transurge software
and all the hydraulic input data was entered preparing the raw model.
b. Steady state analysis was done for the system to verify the stationery working
conditions of the system like the operating conditions as provided by the end
user/customer.
c. An analysis was carried out for surge wave due to condition of power failure without
any surge protection devices.
d. From the results of surge analysis due to power failure, the surge protection devices at
required locations were suggested.
e. Again, analysis was carried out for surge wave with the surge protection devices.
f. The results of pressure variation with and without surge protection devices were
graphically presented in this report.

3.2 Results from the study

A. Steady state analysis-
In the steady state analysis, the pump operating conditions as per the normal
working are specified and the Hydraulic grade line for the system is plotted as shown
in the figure 2 below. Below the hydraulic grade line, the pipe elevation ground
profile/ is shown. The pipe invert levels are referred from the L-section of rising
mains provided by Client. The working head for the system is 7 7 . 0 0 m and total
flow rate is 93.60 lps and velocity is 0.98 m/sec as observed.
 Figure 2: Hydraulic grade line for steady state analysis

Legends:
Red line indicates Hydraulic Grade line
Blue Line indicates Elevation profile of pipe

The above figure shows a mathematical model of the system using KY-Pipe TranSurge
(internationally recognized transient simulation computer) software.
Flow (LPS) along CWRM A1 to A7

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DI Pipe Showing the diameter (in mm) and pipe roughness along CWRM A1 to A7

B. Surge analysis without surge protection devices-

In this case, model is created for the rising main with power failure condition without
any protection devices. In case of power failure as the pumps suddenly stop operating,
a surge wave created. The effects of surge that may occur at the pumping station and
along the pipeline are analyzed. The result of the analysis is presented in the graph in
figure 3. In the graph the minimum and maximum head developed due to surge waves
along the rising main is depicted with respect to the pipe elevation profile& HGL.

Figure 3: Surge analysis results for system without surge protection devices

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 Legends:
Blue line indicates pipeline profile
Red line indicates hydraulic grade line.
Pink line indicates minimum allowable head
Gray line indicates max & min head during surge

 Pressure variations at Pump station - Without surge protection

Figure 4: Pressure variations at the pump station due to surge wave without any surge protection devices

 Pressure variations at chainage 6510 m - Without surge protection

Figure 5: Variations in pressure at chainage of 6510m

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In the figures above the results of surge wave’s at various critical location along the rising
mains are shown. The pressure variation at different time intervals from the start of surge can
be noted from the graphs. All the graphs shows negative surge across the profile and also
upsurge to some extent along with extreme pressure oscillations in very short period of time.

C. Surge analysis with surge protection devices-

In this final step, transient analysis is done using the surge protection devices to demonstrate
how the surge protection solution eliminates or mitigates the damage effects of water
hammer. After several trials on the modelling software, surge anticipating valve near pump
station & optimal locations for combination air valves across the pipe length are selected. The
system is modelled with surge protection devices as mentioned below.

a. Surge Anticipating Valve at the Pump Station-

The Surge Anticipating Valve activates by the pressure of the pipeline. The
valve opens instantly when the pressure in the pipeline exceeds the safe level (pre-set
level), thus relieving excessive pressure from the network. When the pressure returns
to normal, the valve closes gradually. This valve is hydraulically operated, diaphragm
actuated, and pilot controlled.

b. Non slam -3 Stage Combination Air Valve – Along the pipeline

Since negative surge is observed, it is recommended to use the 3- stage combination
air valves with anti-surge disc feature provides controlled venting to suppress surges
in pipeline & ensure that the pipelines are adequately protected from severe negative
pressures thereby minimizing the risk of failure. This valve provides excellent
protection against air accumulation, vacuum formation, and pressure surges. These air
valves could serve as dual purpose surge protection & anti slamming (during a
transient event such as a power failure condition) devices as well as air venting
devices (during initial filling of the pipeline)

 The graph in figure 6 shows the head variation in the rising main during power failure
along with installation of surge protection devices. It can be noted from the graph that
the maximum head is reduced as compared to the condition when no surge devices are

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 installed. The analysis shows a satisfactory protection against negative surge which
was achieved using 3 Stage Combination Air Valves &Surge Anticipating Valve

Figure 6: Surge analysis results with surge protection devices

Legends:
Blue line indicates pipeline profile
Red line indicates hydraulic grade line.
Pink line indicates minimum allowable head
Gray line indicates max & min head during surge

 Pressure variations at pump station - With surge protection

Figure 7: Pressure variation at pump station with surge protection

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Graph in figure 8 indicates pressure variations at pump station downstream to check valve.
The graph shows clearly the surge pressure is reduced and well within the limit. Also
Pressure oscillations are reduced drastically.

 Pressure variations at chainage 6510 m - With 3 stage air valve protection

Figure 8: Variation in pressure at chainage 6510m with surge protection

Max pressure is reduced considerably due to provision of 3 stage Air valve - which avoids
slamming of the air valves and enable huge intake of Air to eliminate negative surges.

Profile with installation of surge protection devices

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***********************************************************************
****************************
SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM HEADS:
***********************************************************************
****************************
Chainage Without Protection With Protection
Distance From Maximum Surge Minimum Maximum Surge
Minimum Pressure(m)
Origin (m) Pressure(m) Pressure(m) Pressure(m)
0 75.50 -9.5 75.40 2.00
480 71.60 -9.5 71.60 0.00
1020 72.20 -9.5 72.20 2.60
1500 65.30 -9.5 65.30 0.00
1830 62.40 -9.5 62.40 0.00
2010 59.60 -9.5 59.60 0.00
2490 55.20 -9.5 55.20 0.00
3000 55.30 -9.5 55.30 0.00
3510 51.60 -9.5 51.60 0.00
3990 54.70 -9.5 54.70 0.00
4500 59.00 -9.5 59.00 0.00
5010 64.70 -9.5 64.70 0.00
5490 66.70 -9.5 66.70 2.30
6000 65.60 -9.5 65.60 6.40
6510 66.10 -9.5 66.10 6.70
6990 64.80 -9.5 64.80 0.00
7500 65.80 -7.0 65.80 4.40
8010 68.50 -9.5 68.60 9.30
8490 58.00 -9.5 58.00 0.00
8790 53.00 -9.5 49.70 0.00
9510 56.10 -9.5 56.10 0.00
9990 56.50 -9.5 56.50 0.00
10500 59.30 -9.5 59.30 0.00
11010 61.10 -9.5 61.10 0.00
11490 63.60 -9.5 63.60 0.00
12000 67.40 -9.5 69.70 0.00
12510 81.70 -9.5 78.40 0.00
12990 93.30 -9.5 84.70 0.00
13440 93.90 -9.5 80.50 0.00
13920 104.10 -9.5 79.00 0.00
14430 76.00 -9.5 81.80 0.00
14700 78.10 -9.5 75.70 0.00

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 Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations
4.1 Conclusions from the surge analysis study-

A mathematical modelling study was conducted to design effective surge protection devices for
the proposed rising main for A1 Zone, CWRM A1 TO A7.

The proposed protection devices (Surge Anticipating Valve and Air valves) appear to provide
adequate protection to the proposed pumping main pipeline System. The maximum and
minimum pressures are within the allowable limits for many transient generating events. Surge
Anticipating Valve near the pump station appear to provide sufficient cushioning against high
and low transient pressures (act as shock absorbers). The air valves along the pipeline ensure
that the pipeline is adequately protected from severe negative pressures and distributes the risk
of failure uniformly throughout the pipeline.

In summary, the proposed design ensures that the pipeline is protected from all possible
transient events normally expected in large pipeline systems. The approach (Surge Anticipating
Valve and Air valves) of protecting the pipeline ensures that the pipeline would be safe even
under unforeseen transient events.

Maximum and minimum surge pressure with proposed surge protection devices is within safe
limit.

4.2 Recommended surge protection devices-

Table 4.1 presents the recommended surge protection devices as per the surge analysis study
results. The surge protection devices along with their sizes, pressure rating and location
where they need to be installed are mentioned.

Table 4.1: Recommended surge protection devices and locations.

Sr. Surge Protection Valve Air valve Pressure Quantity Location

no. Devices Size Riser Pipe Rating
(mm) Dia. (mm)

1 Surge Anticipating 75 - PN 16 1 Near Pump station -

Valve After NRV
(@ Ch 0 - on
rising main-
Manifold)

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 2 3 Stage Non-Slam 100 - PN 16 25 On Rising main of
Combination Air valve 350mm and 300mm
dia.
3 Combination Air valve 50 - PN 16 6 On Rising main of
150mm dia.

4.3 Position of Surge Protection Devices along the Critical Path

Table 4.2: Recommended position of surge protection devices along the critical path.

AV surge
Kinetic
Location @ AV size inch supression
Sr. No. Type Qty Orifice
Chainage (mm) orifice
(mm)
(m) (mm)
1 480 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
2 1020 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
3 1500 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
4 1830 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
5 2010 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
6 2490 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
7 3000 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
8 3510 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
9 3990 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
10 4500 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
11 5010 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
12 5490 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
13 6000 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
14 6510 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
15 6990 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)

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16 7500 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
17 8010 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
18 8490 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
19 8790 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
20 9510 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
21 9990 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
22 10500 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
23 11010 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
24 11490 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
25 12000 3” ( 80 Non-Slam Surge supression (triple 1 80 20
mm) acting)
26 12510 2" ( 50 Combination Air Valve (doble acting) 1 50 -
mm)
27 12990 2" ( 50 Combination Air Valve (doble acting) 1 50 -
mm)
28 13440 2" ( 50 Combination Air Valve (doble acting) 1 50 -
mm)
29 13920 2" ( 50 Combination Air Valve (doble acting) 1 50 -
mm)
30 14430 2" ( 50 Combination Air Valve (doble acting) 1 50 -
mm)
31 14700 2" ( 50 Combination Air Valve (doble acting) 1 50 -
mm)

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