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Introduction
it is a soul of computer and without operating system. computer
is a dead machine only.
An operating system (OS In short) is a master control program
that runs the computer and acts as a scheduler. It controls the
flow of signals from the CPU to various parts of the computer.
It is the first program loaded (copied) Into the computer’s
memory after the computer is switched on.

Operating system is one of the essential software required to

work with a computer. It forms an interface between user and the
hardware. The operating system along with some other essential
softwares can be grouped as system software. The essential
system software’s such as editors, compilers utilities, operating
system and application software all form various layers well
integrated within themselves. Thus operating system is a
collection of complicated programs designed to manage the
system resources and to ensure that the system performs at its
optimum level. An operating system keeps track of the status

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of each resource, decides which process is to get the resource for

how long and when and then it allocates and reclaims it.
The prominent contribution of operating system is allocation and
assignment of computer resources, scheduling operations and
monitoring system activities.
Role of Operating System Interface
An operating system acts as a factory supervisor, The primary role
of a supervisor is to see that all the resources of production such
as labour, machines and raw material ¡s being put to the optimum
possible use. Operating system ¡s a set of programs that lies
between user and the computer hardware.
The computer cari not do anything until the operating system ¡S
loaded in the main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory).
When computer is turned off, the operating system is not ¡n the
mais mP.mory and Central Processing unit does not do anything
Functions of OperatIng System
An operating system has to carry out a variety of functions.
Fundamentally an Operating system needs to perform the
following functions:
1. To schethe and to control irpiit, output operations and jobs.
2. To transfer input from the keyboard to he memory
3.To manage and to allocate the peripheral devices to programs
according to their availabilities. It communicates with the
peripheral devices like printers, hard drive, monitor and other
devices for their utilization and services.
4.To manage memory allocation and deallocation in the
processing and execution. It also manages dynamic address
translation between virtual memory and the main memory.
5. To store data or programs in external memory.

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6. To locate and access data and files.

7.To control the flow of jobs by loading and unloading of
programs and packages from storage devices to the main
memory.
8.To execute user programs and commands.
9.To protect working memory and to ensure its Optimum
utilization.
10.To CO-ordinate concurrent processing of multiple jobs by
allocating the resources among processes.
11.To monitor and to control resources to handle interrupts and
to provide for security of data.
12.To supervise the overall operations of computer and thus
minimize the interventions
Thus operating system is an integrated system of programs that
supervises and monitors the overall operations of computer it
controls I/O functions and monitors the storage capability of the
system it performs housekeeping operations such as file location
allocating storage space etc to speed up data processing and to
use the process electively

Types of Operating Systems

There are different types of operating systems in tise and they
have been evolved In different phases parallel to computer
generations and models. Different Operating Systems enbIe
different types of computer operations. Operating systems can be
classified into following heads:
1. Batch Processing.
2. Multitasking
3. Time Sharing

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4. Real Time and online

5. Interactive processing
-6. Distributed data processing and networking
7. Multiuser systems.
8. Multiprocessing and parallel processing
9. Mobile Operating System

1.Batch Processing Operating System: This kind of operating

systems were used for a long time with early computers, known
as mainframes. On this kind of computers routine jobs like data
processing were carried out in a batch, one after the other. Data
was punched in a punched card. Along with punched cards job
control cards were also used that carried out instructions. This
operating system was one of the earliest forms of operating
system in which CPU and other peripherals remained idle most of
the time, While the cards were read, the printer could not be used
in the operating system the rough put and and the utill sation the
system was very slow.

2.Multitasking Operating System: Multitasking is the system’s

ability to work concurrently on more than one tasks. Generally
the term multitasking refers to the Concurrent execution of
multiple jobs in a single user system. The card reader reads one
job after another and the read data were stored In the Main or
auxiliary memory, depending on the volume of input similary the
processed output of various jobs was stored in the
main or auxiliary memory and was produced one by on printer
The Cpu Switched from one task another for rending processing

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and outputting Thus, the Idle time of the peripherals is minimized

drastically. The main memory Is partitioned, and many Jobs are
handled simultaneously, Multitasking and is the capability of this
kind of 0perating system which can execute multiple programs
together. This is possible tecause many programs can reside in the
memory at a time and the CPU can switch from one portloil Of a
program to another portion of another program. Many users and
user terminals can also be connected and facilitated by these
operating systems.

3.Time sharing system: Time sharing is the mechanism that

provides simultaneous interactive use of a computer system by
different multiple users in such a way that each user is given an
impression that he/she alone is using his/her own computer. A
time sharing system has many user terminals connected to one
computer. Using these terminals multiple users can parallely work
On the same system. Multiple user programs concurrently reside
in the main memory. The time sharing system allots a very short
period 0f CPU time one after another to each user in a cyclic
manner. This short period of time dung which a user process gets
the attention Of the CPU i known as a time slice, time slot or
quantum Thus the CPU switches from one user’s job to another
user’s job at a very fast rate

4.RaaI Time/Online Operating System: In this kind of system all

the resources are online accessable for 24 hours, These operating
systems are generally single application oriented systems They
use dedicated system used for only one specific application.

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Generally it is not allowed to modify the system programs or

application in the mean time but it permits the users to input the
data make enquiries and get reports. It processes immediately
and produces the output at once. Space Navigation, Airlines
reservation, Flight control, Banking, Railway reservation are some
of the examples of Real time systems.

5.Interactive-processing operating system: With the advent of

PCs, the computer is completely at the disposal of single user. In
this case the operating systems like MS-DOS, WINDOWS etc
enables the direct interation with the computing process.
Interactive processing can also be facilitated in multiuser system
using dumb terminals. These operating systems can be used even
by the non programmers at ease.

6.Distributed Data Processing Systems: The objective of

development of distributed data Processing system was the
availability of powerful microprocessors at low cost and to
make significant advances in communication in a single user
system the peripheral resources like hard disk and printers
remain idle most of the time and thus can not be fully utilsed
when the computer is used for data entry the printer connected
to it remains idle if the users are increased and it they are made
to sit at different places then resources can be optimally utilized
linking thern in a network the only requirement for this is that the
application package being used by different users must be copied
to various PCs thus the data is made avllable for entire
organization, Network also enables communication and Internal

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mail access among many users. It appears to its users as a

centralized operating system for a single machine.

7.Multiuser Operating Systems: A muItiuser operating system

manages the computer resources in such a way that different
users can use those resources simultaneously. In fact, the
principle of multiprogramming and multitasking and the need for
interactive processing led to the development of muitluser
systems. Mainframes, super minis and mini systems were
designed to serve the needs of multiple users incorporating the
use of multiprogramming and time shanng. These systems
provide each user a terminal that consists of monitor and a
keyboard.

8.Multiprocessing and parallel processing operating system: The

term multiprocessing refers to use of multiple processors in a
single computer. Thus it s an ability of an operating system to use
more than one CPU in a single computer. In a multiprocessing
system environment two or more CPUs are linked together for the
execution of tasks. The operating system ensures that CPU may
parallely execute different Instructions from the same program or
different CPUS can execute the different programs at the same
time. In case of failure of one CPU the other CPU can
automatically take over its job multiprocessing are of two types
(i)Symmetrical Multiprocessing : It denotes the ability to assign
tasks dynamically to the next available processor
(ii)Asymmetrical Multiprocessing : in this type the program
designer while writing the program chooses the processor to be
used for specific task

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9.Mobile Operating System: Though not a functionally distinct

kind of operating system, mobile operating system is definitely an
important mention in the list of operating system types A mobile
operating system controls a mobile device and its design supports
wireless communication and mobile applications It has built-in
support for mobile multimedia formats. Tablet PCs and
smartphones run on mobile operating systems.

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