WOLITA

SODO
UNIVERSITY.
DEPARTIMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE.
Professional practice and Ethics.

Course Number: ARCH4121.

 NAME. EYUAB YAYKOB
ID NO. UGR 52864.

1. Define the roles and importance of the building?

Roles of building include;

 School makes learning easy and more meaningful.

 House makes people happy and healthy.
 Hospital can cure patients quickly.
 A shopping mall can increase sale and profits.

Importance of Building are essential for creating infrastructure that supports communities and
economies. It provides shelter, workspaces, and public spaces for people to live, work, and
socialize

2. Define the architecture and the architect with his or her Role?

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical
structures.

Architecture is style of design and method of construction of buildings.

Architecture is knowledge of art, science and humanities.

Roles of architect; Architects also consider factors such as aesthetics, functionality,

sustainability, and cost-effectiveness in their designs.

 Designing Buildings.

 Helping Client to Define/ Freeze Scope of Work.

 Selection of Site.

 Preparing Feasibility Reports.

 Creation of New Design Ideas.

3. Explain the Profession & Character of Architecture?

Architecture is a profession that combines creativity, technical expertise, and problem-solving

skills to design buildings and spaces that meet the needs of society.
Architects must balance artistic vision with practical considerations, such as safety,
functionality, and sustainability.

They play a key role in shaping the built environment, creating structures that reflect cultural
values and enhance the quality of life.

4. Distinguish Factors differentiating Profession and Occupations?

 Code of Ethics and Standards:

- Professions have established codes of ethics and professional standards that practitioners are
expected to adhere to.

- Occupations may have guidelines or regulations to follow, but they typically do not have the
same level of formalized codes of ethics or professional standards.

 Education and Training:

- Professions typically require specialized education, training, and certification, often at an
advanced level.

- Occupations may require varying levels of education and training, but generally do not have
the same level of specialization or professional certification.

 Autonomy and Decision-Making:

- Professionals often have a higher degree of autonomy and decision-making authority in their
work.

- Occupations may involve following set procedures, protocols, or instructions from supervisors
or managers with less autonomy.

 Scope of Practice:
- Professions have a defined scope of practice outlining the specific services or activities that
professionals are qualified to provide.

- Occupations may involve a broader range of tasks and responsibilities that may not be as
specialized or restricted in scope.

 Professional Associations and Licensing:

- Professions often have professional associations or regulatory bodies overseeing practitioners,
setting standards, and providing support.

- Occupations may not always have formal professional associations or licensing requirements,
although some may have certifications for specific roles.
5. What is owner's expectation from architects?

 Understanding- purpose and function of building to be designed Legal knowledge- Acts,

Rules, bye-laws relating to designing, constructing --buildings/permission,
 Cost- ability to advice on cost to decide on scope/specifications.
 Drawings- skill to prepare drawings, plans ,specification for execution/ approvals
 Payments- ability to certify payments- bills Modifications- skill for accommodating
changes, if any, during construction
 Design Expertise: architects to have strong design skills and the ability to create
innovative, functional, and aesthetically pleasing designs that meet the owner's needs
and vision.
 Technical Knowledge: architects to have a deep understanding of building codes,
regulations, construction materials, and construction techniques to ensure that the
project is safe, compliant, and cost-effective.
 Communication: communicate effectively and regularly with them throughout the
project, providing updates, addressing concerns, and seeking feedback to ensure that
the design meets their expectations.
 Project Management: architects to effectively manage the project timeline, coordinate
with other professionals (such as engineers and contractors), and oversee the
construction process to ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget.
 Problem-Solving: architects to be proactive in identifying and resolving potential
challenges or issues that may arise during the project, offering creative solutions and
adapting the design as needed to address changing circumstances.
 Quality Assurance: architects to uphold high standards of quality in all aspects of the
project, from design and materials selection to construction oversight, to deliver a final
product that meets or exceeds their expectations.

6. What is the comprehensive architectural service?

 Pre-design Services: Such as consultation, feasibility studies, site selection and analysis,
space planning, and more.
 Regular Design Services: Including schematic design, design development, and
preparation of construction documents.
 Specialized Architectural Services: Like landscape architecture, interior design, and
architectural conservation.
 Construction Services: Overseeing the construction process to ensure it aligns with the
design intent.
 Post-Construction Services: Including building assessments and any necessary
modifications after construction is complete.
7. Define the basic 7 stages of Architectural services.

 Stage 1—Concept Design.

 Stage 2—Preliminary Design & Drawings.
 Stage 3--Drawings for Client’s approvals Statutory Approvals.
 Stage 4— Working Drawings & Tender Documents.
 Stage 5— inviting /Analyzing Tenders, appointment of Contractors.
 Stage 6–Construction & Supervision.
 Stage 7-Completion.

8. List architecture related professions.

 Architecture.
 Structural Design.
 Urban Design.
 Landscape Architecture.
 Interior Architecture.
 Architecture Design.

9. What should be Client obligations connected with project engagement of the Architect?

 Provide detailed requirements of the project.

 Provide property lease/ ownership documents.
 To furnish reports on—soil conditions/ test as required by Architect or-- pay for the
preparation of the same.
 Statutory stipulations/ Codes of Practice/Schedule of rates, etc., to be followed.
 Pay fees, levies, security deposits and expenses for statutory sanction.
 Follow professional advice of Architect - make no changes in drawings and documents
without consent of Architect.
 Honor Architect's bills within one month of submission.

10. What is architect's role and responsibilities regarding from client architect relation?

Architect to keep Client informed about progress of work.

Architect to appoint specialized consultants in consultation with Client, when necessary.

Architect responsible for direction/ integration of consultant’s work.

Consultants responsible for calculations/ detailed design / periodic inspection/ evaluation of

work entrusted.
Architect to advise Client on Time Schedule (Bar Chart/PERT/ CPM Network) prepared by
contractors for completion of work.

Architect to supply to Client, free of cost, up to six sets of drawings at different stages

Architect not to make

Deviations/alterations/ omissions

From approved drawings

Involving financial implications without prior consent of the Client.

11. Explain the Purpose of architectural competition Guidelines.

Architectural competition guidelines play a crucial role in facilitating a structured and

organized competition process that fosters creativity, fairness, transparency, and
professionalism among participants. By adhering to these guidelines, organizers can ensure a
successful and rewarding competition experience for all involved parties.

 Detail Out Architectural Competitions System,

 Help The Client To Make Up His Mind Whether Competition Right Answer To His
Architectural Problem,
 What Kind of Competition to Be Suitable.
 How Competitions To Be Organized And
 To Make Promoter Understand Responsibilities And Liabilities.
12. Elaborate the different types of architectural competition in detail

 1, project competition; to find best solution for actual building project and to appoint
winner to carry out commission.
 2. Ideal competition; to get about certain aspect of architectural/town planning issues
and winners may not be commissioned to Carrey out project.in addition students of
architecture may participate when permitted by promoter.

13. Define the contractual obligation while conducting architectural competition.

 Publication of competition constitutes an offer of a contract by the promoter,

 submission of design for competition,
 The competitor accepts this contract. The competition conditions /reply to competitor's
questions
 constitute legal basis for contract
 Legally binding on promoter and competitors.
14. What are the Duties and general Responsibilities of a Building Contractor?
  hard work
 Thorough knowledge thorough understanding of expertise of process which form a part
of construction/building structure.
 Planning
 Carrying activities relating to construction of a building/ structure.
 Contractor required to do certain duties to ensure that project is completed on time/
correct manner;

15. What are the hallmarks of Good building contractors?

 Have experience
 Have good leadership quality
 Capacity to resolve issues
 Know to how to trouble sheet
 Effective communication is crucial.
 Years of experience in the industry often translate to refined processes and a track
record of successful projects
 Proper licensure ensures that the contractor is legally authorized to perform
construction work and adheres to industry standards.

16. Define working (construction and design) contract?

Working (construction and design) contract, often referred to as a design-build contract, is a

project delivery system commonly used in the construction industry. This type of contract
combines the design and construction services under one agreement with a single entity.
Instead of the traditional method where an owner would contract separately with a designer
and a contractor, a design-build contract allows for a unified workflow where both services are
provided by the same firm or team

17. What are the pre-requisite of valid contract?

 There must be two parties one making offer and other accepting offer
 Agreement between contacting parties to terms& conditions of contract
 Genuine intention of parties to accept/fulfill their rights and duties
 Legal capacity of parties to make contract
 Consideration of some value exchanged
 Agreement enforceable by law Agreement not enforceable is a void contract
 Agreement enforceable at option of one or more parties but not enforceable at the
options of other- void

18. Define the 10 types of contracts with their unique characters?

 1) Measurement Contracts (Item rate & %age contracts)
2) Lump Sum Contracts owners knows total cost of work in beginning, no change in scope
can be made, if made additional payment made
3) Cost plus Fee Contracts contractor risk minimum-owner cost uncertain- adopted in
government/private sector work
4) Turnkey Contracts suitable for projects where all functional parameters are defined
5) BOOT Contracts – suitable for highways, airports, power plant, waters supply, bridges
etc.
6) Labor Contracts suitable for all types of work new/addition/alteration/repair etc.
7) Demolition Contracts involves demolition of existing building/removal of debris
8) Other Works splitting large repetitive works into smaller parts, allotted through
tendering, canals/metros railway/road work/electrical/water supply etc.
9) Day Works decorative/craft/artwork etc.
10) Consultancy Contracts Hiring of consultants for specialized projects.

19. Express the whole Contractor selection process by owner after negotiations.

The contractor selection process by an owner after negotiations typically involves several key
steps to ensure that the most suitable contractor is chosen for a project. Here’s a high-level
overview of the process:

 Establish Selection Criteria: The owner starts by defining a comprehensive set of criteria
that contractors must meet. This serves as a blueprint for the selection process.
 Request for Proposals (RFP): The owner issues an RFP, inviting contractors to submit
their proposals for the project.
 Review Proposals: The received proposals are reviewed against the established criteria.
This may include evaluating the contractors’ past performance, financial stability, and
relevant experience.
 Shortlist Candidates: Based on the review, a shortlist of potential contractors is created
for further consideration.
 Conduct Interviews: The owner may conduct interviews with the shortlisted candidates
to discuss their proposals in more detail.
 Negotiations: The owner enters into negotiations with one or more contractors to
discuss terms, scope, and pricing.
 Final Selection: After negotiations, the owner makes a final decision and selects the
contractor that offers the best value and meets the project requirements.
 Contract Award: The selected contractor is awarded the contract, and the project moves
forward.

20. What is Enlistment procedure and how long the validation period of Enlistment?
The enlistment procedure in construction typically involves contractors applying to be officially
recognized by a government department or agency, such as the Public Works Department
(PWD), to be eligible for bidding on and executing projects. The process is designed to have a
ready list of experienced, suitable, and competent contractors, minimizing the need for
verification of credentials at the time of individual tenders.

The validation period of enlistment in construction can vary depending on the specific job or
project. In many cases, construction projects are temporary in nature, with a defined start and
end date. As such, the validation period of enlistment in construction may be tied to the
duration of the project or contract.

21. Define different modes of disputes resolving mechanism and the objectives & procedure for
Arbitration.

o Capitulation- weaker party give in -to retain goodwill/ long term business relationship
with stronger party
o Negotiation--Both parties sink differences and try to reach amicable settlement
o Arbitration-Disinterested/impartial third party appointed to adjudicate
o Litigation- Disputes taken to court resulting in abnormal delay and heavy expenditure
o Dispute Resolution Board- Board constituted on award of contract to resolve disputes as
and when they arise
 Settlement of a dispute (whether of fact, law, or procedure) between parties to a
contract by a neutral third party (the arbitrator) without resorting to court action.
 Arbitration is usually voluntary but sometimes it is required by law. If both sides agree
to be bound by arbitrator's decision ‘award ‘becomes a binding arbitration.
 Exact procedure to be followed (if not included in the contract under dispute) governed
usually by a country's arbitration laws, or by arbitration rules prescribed by International
Chamber Of Commerce (ICC).

22. Define Valuation and list method of valuation.

Valuation Is A Guess Based On Certain Objective Factors.

Valuation is the process of determining the worth or value of an asset, business, or investment.
It involves analyzing various factors such as financial performance, market trends, and
comparable transactions to arrive at an estimate of the asset's fair market value.

 Land Acquisition Act.

 for levying property tax by municipalities based on ratable value of property
 for buying/selling property
 Valuation necessity till property lives as a concept
 Valuation is a process by which value of an asset is estimated
  It is an expert opinion – supported by relevant fact and information impacting value of
asset
 Duty of the value to avoid undervaluing/ over-valuing property
 Method of valuation
 Land and Building Method
 Composite Rate Method
 Development Potential Method
 Rent Capitalization Method
 Profit Capitalization Method
 Cost Approach Method

23. Imagine you as an architect has to open the office to produce optimum work and deliver
efficient service and now state Methods of starting the practice.

Starting an architectural practice requires careful planning and strategic execution to ensure
success. Understanding the fundamentals of running an architecture firm, developing a
comprehensive business plan, deciding on the company structure, establishing a strong
professional network, and adhering to legal and ethical guidelines are essential steps in this
process. Financial planning, marketing strategies, risk management practices, team building
efforts, and continuous learning initiatives are also crucial for the firm's sustainability and
growth.

Building a talented and cohesive team, staying updated with industry trends and regulations,
and maintaining high standards of professionalism are key factors in running a successful
architectural practice. By focusing on these aspects and implementing effective strategies in
each area, architects can position themselves for success in a competitive industry. With
dedication, hard work, and a clear vision for the future, starting an architectural practice can be
a rewarding and fulfilling endeavor.

Key aspects to consider are Understand the Basics, Business Plan, Company Structure which is
Decide on the structure of your firm. Professional Network, Legal and Ethical Guidelines,
Financial Planning, Marketing and Client Acquisition,

24. To practice the profession as a professional, what should be the office structure regarding
from creating a better working environment?
Creating a conducive office structure is essential for professionals to practice their profession
effectively. Here are some key elements to consider when designing an office structure to foster
a better working environment:

By incorporating these elements into the office structure, professionals can work in a supportive
and conducive environment that enhances their performance, creativity, and job satisfaction.

The office should be:

 Open Plan vs. Private Spaces.

 Natural Light and Ventilation.
 Flexible Workspaces.
 Technology Integration.
 Sustainability.
 Inspiring Aesthetics.
 Comfort.
 Community Areas.
 Accessibility.

25. Who are the expected professionals in architectural office?