Unit 5:

Give the explanation following.

1. Introduction to Eucalyptus

The open-source cloud refers to software or applications publicly available for the users in the
cloud to set up for their own purpose or for their organization.
Eucalyptus is a Linux-based open-source software architecture for cloud computing and also a
storage platform that implements Infrastructure a Service (IaaS). It provides quick and efficient
computing services. Eucalyptus was designed to provide services compatible with Amazon’s
EC2 cloud and Simple Storage Service (S3).

Eucalyptus Architecture

Eucalyptus CLIs can handle Amazon Web Services and their own private instances. Clients have
the independence to transfer cases from Eucalyptus to Amazon Elastic Cloud. The virtualization
layer oversees the Network, storage, and Computing. Occurrences are isolated by hardware
virtualization.
Important Features are:-
1. Images: A good example is the Eucalyptus Machine Image which is a module software
bundled and uploaded to the Cloud.
2. Instances: When we run the picture and utilize it, it turns into an instance.
3. Networking: It can be further subdivided into three modes: Static mode(allocates IP address
to instances), System mode (assigns a MAC address and imputes the instance’s network
interface to the physical network via NC), and Managed mode (achieves local network of
instances).
4. Access Control: It is utilized to give limitations to clients.
5. Elastic Block Storage: It gives block-level storage volumes to connect to an instance.
6. Auto-scaling and Load Adjusting: It is utilized to make or obliterate cases or
administrations dependent on necessities.

Components of Architecture

 Node Controller is the lifecycle of instances running on each node. Interacts with the
operating system, hypervisor, and Cluster Controller. It controls the working of VM instances
on the host machine.
 Cluster Controller manages one or more Node Controller and Cloud Controller
simultaneously. It gathers information and schedules VM execution.
 Storage Controller (Walrus) Allows the creation of snapshots of volumes. Persistent block
storage over VM instances. Walrus Storage Controller is a simple file storage system. It
stores images and snapshots. Stores and serves files using S3(Simple Storage Service) APIs.
 Cloud Controller Front-end for the entire architecture. It acts as a Complaint Web Services
to client tools on one side and interacts with the rest of the components on the other side.

Operation Modes Of Eucalyptus

 Managed Mode: Numerous security groups to users as the network is large. Each security
group is assigned a set or a subset of IP addresses. Ingress rules are applied through the
security groups specified by the user. The network is isolated by VLAN between Cluster
Controller and Node Controller. Assigns two IP addresses on each virtual machine.
 Managed (No VLAN) Node: The root user on the virtual machine can snoop into other
virtual machines running on the same network layer. It does not provide VM network
isolation.
 System Mode: Simplest of all modes, least number of features. A MAC address is assigned
to a virtual machine instance and attached to Node Controller’s bridge Ethernet device.
 Static Mode: Similar to system mode but has more control over the assignment of IP address.
MAC address/IP address pair is mapped to static entry within the DHCP server. The next set
of MAC/IP addresses is mapped.
Advantages Of The Eucalyptus Cloud
1. Eucalyptus can be utilized to benefit both the eucalyptus private cloud and the eucalyptus
public cloud.
2. Examples of Amazon or Eucalyptus machine pictures can be run on both clouds.
3. Its API is completely similar to all the Amazon Web Services.
4. Eucalyptus can be utilized with DevOps apparatuses like Chef and Puppet.
5. Although it isn’t as popular yet but has the potential to be an alternative to OpenStack and
Cloud Stack.
6. It is used to gather hybrid, public and private clouds.
7. It allows users to deliver their own data centers into a private cloud and hence, extend the
services to other organizations.
 2. Introduction to Open-Stack


It is a free open standard cloud computing platform that first came into existence on July 21′
2010. It was a joint project of Rack space Hosting and NASA to make cloud computing more
ubiquitous in nature. It is deployed as Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) in both public and
private clouds where virtual resources are made available to the users. The software platform
contains interrelated components that control multi-vendor hardware pools of processing,
storage, networking resources through a data center. In Open Stack, the tools which are used to
build this platform are referred to as “projects”. These projects handle a large number of services
including computing, networking, and storage services. Unlike virtualization, in which resources
such as RAM, CPU, etc are abstracted from the hardware using hypervisors, OpenStack uses a
number of APIs to abstract those resources so that users and the administrators are able to
directly interact with the cloud services.

OpenStack components

Apart from various projects which constitute the OpenStack platform, there are nine major
services namely Nova, Neutron, Swift, Cinder, Keystone, Horizon, Ceilometer, and Heat. Here is
the basic definition of all the components which will give us a basic idea about these
components.
1. Nova (compute service): It manages the compute resources like creating, deleting, and
handling the scheduling. It can be seen as a program dedicated to the automation of resources
that are responsible for the virtualization of services and high-performance computing.
2. Neutron (networking service): It is responsible for connecting all the networks across
OpenStack. It is an API driven service that manages all networks and IP addresses.
3. Swift (object storage): It is an object storage service with high fault tolerance capabilities
and it used to retrieve unstructured data objects with the help of Restful API. Being a
distributed platform, it is also used to provide redundant storage within servers that are
clustered together. It is able to successfully manage petabytes of data.
4. Cinder (block storage): It is responsible for providing persistent block storage that is made
accessible using an API (self- service). Consequently, it allows users to define and manage
the amount of cloud storage required.
5. Keystone (identity service provider): It is responsible for all types of authentications and
authorizations in the OpenStack services. It is a directory-based service that uses a central
repository to map the correct services with the correct user.
6. Glance (image service provider): It is responsible for registering, storing, and retrieving
virtual disk images from the complete network. These images are stored in a wide range of
back-end systems.
7. Horizon (dashboard): It is responsible for providing a web-based interface for OpenStack
services. It is used to manage, provision, and monitor cloud resources.
8. Ceilometer (telemetry): It is responsible for metering and billing of services used. Also, it is
used to generate alarms when a certain threshold is exceeded.
9. Heat (orchestration): It is used for on-demand service provisioning with auto-scaling of
cloud resources. It works in coordination with the ceilometer.
These are the services around which this platform revolves around. These services individually
handle storage, compute, networking, identity, etc. These services are the base on which the rest
of the projects rely on and are able to orchestrate services, allow bare-metal provisioning, handle
dashboards, etc.

Features of OpenStack

 Modular architecture: OpenStack is designed with a modular architecture that enables users
to deploy only the components they need. This makes it easier to customize and scale the
platform to meet specific business requirements.
 Multi-tenancy support: OpenStack provides multi-tenancy support, which enables multiple
users to access the same cloud infrastructure while maintaining security and isolation
between them. This is particularly important for cloud service providers who need to offer
services to multiple customers.
 Open-source software: OpenStack is an open-source software platform that is free to use
and modify. This enables users to customize the platform to meet their specific requirements,
without the need for expensive proprietary software licenses.
 Distributed architecture: OpenStack is designed with a distributed architecture that enables
users to scale their cloud infrastructure horizontally across multiple physical servers. This
makes it easier to handle large workloads and improve system performance.
 API-driven: OpenStack is API-driven, which means that all components can be accessed and
controlled through a set of APIs. This makes it easier to automate and integrate with other
tools and services.
 Comprehensive dashboard: OpenStack provides a comprehensive dashboard that enables
users to manage their cloud infrastructure and resources through a user-friendly web
interface. This makes it easier to monitor and manage cloud resources without the need for
specialized technical skills.
 Resource pooling: OpenStack enables users to pool computing, storage, and networking
resources, which can be dynamically allocated and de-allocated based on demand. This
enables users to optimize resource utilization and reduce waste.

Advantages of using OpenStack

 It boosts rapid provisioning of resources due to which orchestration and scaling up and down
of resources becomes easy.
 Deployment of applications using OpenStack does not consume a large amount of time.
 Since resources are scalable therefore they are used more wisely and efficiently.
 The regulatory compliances associated with its usage are manageable.

Disadvantages of using OpenStack

 OpenStack is not very robust when orchestration is considered.
 Even today, the APIs provided and supported by OpenStack are not compatible with many of
the hybrid cloud providers, thus integrating solutions becomes difficult.
 Like all cloud service providers OpenStack services also come with the risk of security
breaches.

3. OpenNebula:

It is a cloud computing platform for managing heterogeneous distributed data center

infrastructures. It can use the resources of its interoperability, leveraging existing information
technology assets, protecting the deals, and adding the application programming interface
(API).
While OpenStack is controlled by a Foundation driven by vendors, OpenNebula follows a
centralized, “Benevolent Dictator” approach. OpenNebula is managed by a single organization
that focuses on the interest of the project and strategically leads it to ensure that meets users'
needs.

Roadmap Definition- OpenNebula roadmap is completely driven by users’ needs with features
that meet real demands, and not features that result from an agreement among the different
vendors participating in the management board of the project.

OpenNebula is a powerful, but easy-to-use, open source platform to build and manage
Enterprise Clouds. OpenNebula provides unified management of IT infrastructure and
applications, avoiding vendor lock-in and reducing complexity, resource consumption and
operational costs.