DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Name: AHMAR ARSHAD

Registration Number: FA19-BEE-106

TITLE: LAB REPORT 11

Instructor’s Name: MIAN AHMAD YASSER

FA18-BEE-046
 LAB # 11: To follow the design of Linear Phase FIR filters based on
Windows using MATLAB

Objectives:
 The main objective of this lab is to understand the FIR filters and to construct FIR filters based
on Windows.

Requirements:
Software:
 MATLAB

Methodology:
 In this lab, I first understood about the FIR filters and made my concepts clear about these types
of filters.
 After that, I learned about the linear phase method to construct a FIR filter which are based on
windows.
 In order to perform a window design, we have to choose a proper ideal frequency selective filter
and then truncate (or window) its impulse response to obtain a linear-phase and causal FIR filter.
 The main task is to select the method for which we must select the appropriate window function
and the ideal filter.
 We have an ideal frequency-selective H d (ejw), which has a unity magnitude gain and linear-phase
characteristics over its pass band, and zero response over its stop band. So, we have

where wc, is also called the cut-off frequency, and 𝛼 is called the sample delay. The impulse
response of this filter is of infinite duration and is given by

So to obtain a FIR filter from h d(n), we have to truncate(or window) hd(n) on both sides so we
can obtain a causal and linear-phase FIR filter h(n) of length M, we must have

This operation is called "windowing." In general, h(n) can be thought of as being formed by the
product of hd(n) and a window function w(n) as follows:

 Depending on how we define the window function, we can obtain different window designs
techniques some of which are:

FA18-BEE-046
 1. Rectangular Window
2. Bartlett Window
3. Hanning Window
4. Hamming Window
5. Blackman Window

 After learning about the specifications of these windows, we went through some formulas and
design equations that helped us to perform the task assigned to us.

Results and Conclusion:

After performing this lab, I was able to construct a linear phase FIR filter using a window design
technique. I have developed my knowledge for FIR filters and how to design such filters using window
techniques. I went through and learned the how this process works and now I have a clear understanding
about it.

Pre-Lab Task
Task 1:
Solution:
%Lab13 Pre Lab
clc
clear all
close all
ord = 16;%order of filter
wn = 0.6;%window function
bw1=fir1(ord,wn,'high',hamming(ord+1)); %high pass filters with different
windows
bw2=fir1(ord,wn,'high',hann(ord+1));
bw3=fir1(ord,wn,'high',bartlett(ord+1));
bw4=fir1(ord,wn,'high',blackman(ord+1));
bw5=fir1(ord,wn,'high',rectwin(ord+1));
fvtool(bw1,1,bw2,1,bw3,1,bw4,1,bw5,1);% plotting of magnitude response
legend('hamming','hann','bartlett','blaackman','rectwin')% to create
descriptive labels

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 Lab Task

Task 1:
Solution:
%AHMAR ARSHAD
%FA19-BEE-106
%Lab 13
%Lab Task 1

function hd = ideal_lp(wc,M);
% Ideal Low Pass filter computation
% --------------------------------
% [hd] = ideal_lp(wc,M)
% hd = ideal impulse response between 0 to M-1 % wc = cutoff frequency in
radians
% M = length of the ideal filter
%
alpha = (M-1)/2;
n = [0:1:(M-1)];
m = n - alpha +eps;
hd = sin(wc*m) ./ (pi*m);

clc;
clear all;
close all;
wp = 0.2*pi;
ws = 0.3*pi;
tr_width = ws - wp
%filter order=M
M = ceil(6.6*pi/tr_width) + 1
n=[0:1:M-1];
wc = (ws+wp)/2

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hd = ideal_lp(wc,M);
%By hamming window
w_ham = (hamming(M))';
h = hd .* w_ham;
delta_w = 2*pi/1000;
Rp = -(min(db(1:1:wp/delta_w+1))) % Passband Ripple
As = -round(max(db(ws/delta_w+1:1:501))) % Min Stopband attenuation

% plots
stem(n,h);title('Actual Impulse Response')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)')
figure;
freqz(h,[1]);
title('frequency response')

Task 2:
Solution:
%AHMAR ARSHAD
%FA19-BEE-106

%Lab # 13
%Lab Task # 2
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%Pass Band frequencies
fp1=4500000; %(5-0.5)MHz
fp2=5500000; %(5+0.5)MHz
%Band Stop frequencies
fs1=4300000 ; %(5-0.7)MHz
fs2=5700000; %(5-0.7)MHz

fs=10600000 ; %As my Reg No. is 106 so 106 MHz

Rp = 1 %Pass band ripple is represented by Rp

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%As = 15 for R<=15
%As = 50 for 16<=R<=25
%As = 70 for for 26<=R<=35

As = 21 % for R>35 stop band attenuation

%Normalized frequencies
ws1 =(2*fs1)/fs;
wp1 = (2*fp1)/fs;
wp2 = (2*fp2)/fs;
ws2 = (2*fs2)/fs;
tr_width = min((wp1-ws1),(ws2-wp2))
M = ceil(11*pi/tr_width) + 1 % M is window length so filter order is M-1
n=[0:1:M-1];
wc1 = (ws1+wp1)/2;
wc2 = (wp2+ws2)/2;
hd = ideal_lp(wc2,M) - ideal_lp(wc1,M);

%Using hamming window

w_ham = (hamming(M))';
h = hd .* w_ham;

% Plot
stem(h);
title('Actual Impulse Response')
axis([0 M-1 -0.11 0.11]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)')

figure;
freqz(h,[1]);
title('Magnitude Response in dB');
grid;
xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('dB')
axis([0 1 -200 10]);

Function code:
function hd = ideal_lp(wc1,M);
alpha = (M-1)/2;
n = [0:1:(M-1)];
m = n - alpha +eps;
hd = sin(wc1*m) ./ (pi*m);

function hd = ideal_lp(wc2,M);
alpha = (M-1)/2;
n = [0:1:(M-1)];
m = n - alpha +eps;
hd = sin(wc2*m) ./ (pi*m);

FA18-BEE-046
FA18-BEE-046
i) Explain with reason which filter type you would prefer based on the specification
A rectangular window type filter would be preferred based on the specification that the stop band
attenuation is 21. The minimum stop band attenuation for rectangular window is 21 while the rest of the
windows have a higher minimum stop band attenuation.

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ii) Compute the normalized passband and stopband frequencies for filter

Stopband:
f s1 =4.3 MHz
f s 2=5.7 MHz
fs=46 MHz
Normalized frequencies:
f s1
w s 1=2× =0.1869
fs
f s2
w s 2=2× =0.2478
fs
Passband:
f p1=4.5 MHz
f p2 =5.5 MHz
Normalized frequencies:
f p1
w p1 =2× =0.1956
fs
f p2
w p 2=2× =0.2391
fs

iii) Compute the order and impulse response of the desired filter.
The order of the filter is determined by:

N= M-1

N= 3976-1

N=3975

And the impulse response is given in the figures 1 and 2.

iv) Show the results that the designed filter meets the specification.
From the given specifications and the outputs, we can say that the designed filter meets the specifications.

FA18-BEE-046