SPACE INVADERS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Computer Science and Engineering
By
PENMETSA YASASWI SATYA PAVAN VARMA
(Reg. No. 37110562)
NIMMAKAYALAA PARDHA VENKATA SAI
(Reg. No. 37110511)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,
CHENNAI – 600119, TAMILNADU
MARCH 2021
_________________________________________________________________

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Professional Training Report is the bonafide work of
PENMETSA YASASWI SATYA PAVAN VARMA(Reg.No.37110562) and
NIMMAKAYALAA PARDHA VENKATA SAI(Reg.No.37110511) who carried out
the project entitled as “SPACE INVADERS” under our supervision from JULY 2020
to AUGUST 2021.

Internal Guide
DR.G.MATHIVANAN ,M.TECH.,PHD.,

Head of the Department

Dr. S. VIGNESHWARI, M.E., PHD.,

Submitted for Viva voice Examination held on_____________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

We, PENMETSA YASASWI SATYA PAVAN VARMA(Reg.No.37110562) and

NIMMAKAYALAA PARDHA VENKATA SAI(Reg.No.37110511) here by declare
that the Professional Training Report on “SPACE INVADERS” done by us under
the guidance of DR.G.MATHIVANAN,M.TECH.,PHD., at Sathyabama institute of
science and technology is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering.

DATE:
PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE
CANDIDATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
➢ We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of Management
of SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY for their
kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing it successfully.
we are grateful to them.

➢ We convey our thanks to Dr.T.SASIKALA PhD., Dean, School of

Computing and Dr.S. VIGNESHWARI, M.E., PhD.,,Head of the Department,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering for providing necessary
support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

➢ We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our
Project Guide DR.G.MATHIVANAN,M.TECH.,PHD for his amazing and
valuable guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement paved way for
the successful completion of our project work.

➢ We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff

members of the Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
who were helpful in many ways for the completion of the project.

i
ii
iii
 ABSTRACT
Computer gaming is a key component of the rapidly growing
entertainment industry. While building computer games has
typically been a commercial endeavor, we believe that designing
and constructing a computer game is also a useful activity for
educating students about geometric modeling and computer
graphics. In particular, students are exposed to the practical issues
surrounding topics such as geometric modeling, rendering, collision
detection, character animation and graphical design. Moreover,
building an advanced game provides students exposure to the
real-world side of software engineering that they are typically
shielded from in the standard computer class. In this paper, we
describe our experiences with teaching a computer science class
that focuses on designing and building the best game possible in
the course of a semester. The paper breaks down a typical game
into various components that are suited for individual student
projects and discusses the use of modern graphical design tools
such as Maya in building art for the game. We conclude with a
rough timeline for developing a game during the course of a
semester and review some of the lessons learned during the three
years we have taught the class.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE

ABSTRACT i i
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES v
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PYTHON PROGRAMMING 1
1.1.1 OVER VIEW OF PROJECT 1
1. 1. 2 FEATURES 1
1.1.3 APPLICATIONS 2
1.1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
1.1.5 ENVIRONMENT SETUP 4
1.1.6 DISADVANTAGES 6

2. ALGORITHMS AND DESIGNS

2.1 GENERAL 7
2.2 OVERVIEW 7
2.2.1 RUNNING PYTHON 8
2.3 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT 9
2.4 PYTHON IDENTIFIERS 9
2.5 RESERVED WORDS 10
2.6 LINES AND INDENTATION 10
2.7 MULTI-LINE STATEMENT 11
2.8 QUOTATION IN PYTHON 11
2.9 COMMENTS INPYTHON 11

v
3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 REQUIREMENTS 13
3.2 SOFT WARE PLATFORM 13
3.3 GUI PROGRAMMING 14
3.4 GETTING STARTED WITH TKINTER 14
3.4.1 TKINTER WIDGETS 16
3.4.2 STANDARD ATTRIBUTES 18
3.4.3 GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT 18
3.5 SNAPSHOTS AND EXPLANATIONS 19

4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 SUMMARY 22
4.2 CONCLUSION 22
4.3 FUTURE WORKS 2 2
APPENDIX
SOURCE CODE 23
OUTPUT 37
REFERENCES 38

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No TITLE PAGE No.

3.1 TKINTER WINDOW 1 6

3.2 CREATING THE ITEMS 1 9
3.3 CODE FOR CREATING WIDGETS 1 9
3.4 CODE FOR TRAVELLING TICKETING SYSTEM 2 0
3.5 OUTPUT FOR WIDGETS 2 0
3.6 TOTAL OUTPUT SCREEN FOR WIDGETS 2 1

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

2.1 PYTHON ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES 8

2.2 PYTHON COMMAND LINE OPTIONS 9
2.3 PYTHON KEYWORDS 11

viii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and
object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses
English keywords frequently whereas the other languages use punctuations. It has
fewer syntactical constructions than other languages. Python is Interpreted- Python
is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to compile your program
before executing it. This is as same as PERL and PHP.Python is interactive- You
can set at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write your
programs. Python is Object-Oriented- Python supports Object-Oriented style or
technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects. Python is a
Beginner’s Language- Python is a great language for the beginner-level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from
simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

1.1.1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

➢ This project is about creating train ticket management systems in python
programming. In this thesis, a front end page is created using Graphic User
Interface in Python Programming and the back end which is used to store the
data is done by Sqlite3. The front end page shows the details of the train
ticket such as the source and destination, type of the ticket an price of ticket.
1.1.2 FEATURES

Python’s features include-

Easy to learn – Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
syntax. This allows a student to pick up language quickly.
Easy to read – Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
Easy to maintain – Python’s source code is easy to maintain.
A broad standard library – Python’s bulk of the library is very portable and
cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
Interactive Mode – Python has support for an interactive mode which allows
interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.

1
Portable – Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the
same interface on the platforms.
Extendable – You can add low level modules to the Python interpreter. These
modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
Databases – Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
GUI Programming – Python supports GUI applications that can be created and
ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as windows MFC,
Macintosh, and the X window system of Unix.
Scalable – Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than
shell scripting.

Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features a
few are listed below –
• It supports functional and structed programming methods as well as OOP.
• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for
building large applications.
• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for
building large applications.
• It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.
• It supports automatic garbage collection.
• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

1.1.3 APPLICATIONS

Web and Internet Development:

Python offers many choices for web development:
- Frameworks such as Django and Pyramid.
- Micro-frameworks such as Flask and Bottle.
- Advanced content management systems such as Plone and django CMS.
Python's standard library supports many Internet protocols:
- HTML and XML
- JSON
- E-mail processing.
2
 - Support for FTP, IMAP, and other Internet protocols.
- Easy-to-use socket interface.
Scientific and Numeric:
Python is widely used in scientific and numeric computing:
- SciPy is a collection of packages for mathematics, science, and engineering
- Pandas is a data analysis and modeling library.
- The Software Carpentry Course teaches basic skills for scientific computing,
running boot camps and providing open-access teaching materials.
Education:
Python is a superb language for teaching programming, both at the introductory level
and in more advanced courses.
Desktop GUIs:
The Tk GUI library is included with most binary distributions of Python.
Some toolkits that are usable on several platforms are available separately:
- wxWidgets
- Kivy, for writing multitouch applications.
- Qt via pyqt or pyside
Platform-specific toolkits are also available:
- GTK+
- Microsoft Foundation Classes through the win32 extensions.
Software development:
Python is often used as a support language for software developers, for build
ol and management, testing, and in many other ways.
- SCons for build control.
- Buildbot and Apache Gump for automated continuous compilation and
testing.
- Roundup or Trac for bug tracking and project management.

Business Applications
Python is also used to build ERP and e-commerce systems:

3
 • Odoo is an all-in-one management software that offers a range of business
applications that form a complete suite of enterprise management
applications.
• Tryton is a three-tier high-level general-purpose application platform.

1.1.4 Literature Review

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early
nineties at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science
in the Netherlands.Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC,
Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, Small Talk, and Unix shell and other scripting
languages.Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available
under the GNU General Public License(GPL).Python is now maintained by a core
development team at the institute, although Guido van Rossum still holds a vital role
in directing its progress.Python 1.0 was released in November 1994.Python 2.0 was
released in 2008. Meanwhile, Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Python 3 is not
backward compatible with Python 2. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules. Python 3.5.1 is the
latest version of Python 3.

1.1.5 Environment Setup

➢ Python 3 s available for Windows, Mac OS and most of the flavors of Linux
operating system. Even though Python 2 is available for many other OSs,
Python3 support either has not been made available for them or has been
dropped.

➢ Windows platform-Binaries of latest version of Python3 are available on the

download page.
The following different installation options are available.
• Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file
• Windows x86-64 executable installer
• Windows x86-64 web-based installer
• Windows x86 embeddable zip file
• Windows x86 executable installer
4
 • Windows x86 web-based installer
Linux platform- Different flavors of Linux use different package managers for
installation of new packages.
389039On Ubuntu Linux, Python3 is installed using the following command
from the terminal:
$sudo apt-get install python3-minimal

Mac OS- Download Mac OS installers from this

URL – https://www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/
• Mac OSX 64-bit/32-bit installer -python-3.5.1-macosx10.6.pkg
• Mac OSX 32-bit i386/PPC installer-python-3.5.1-macosx10.5.pkg
Double click this package file and follow the wizard instructions
to install.
The most up to date and current source code, binaries, documentation,
news, etc., is available on the official website of Python.
Official website of Python – https://www.python.org/
Setting up path- programs and other executable files can be in many directories.
Hence, the operating systems provide a search path that lists the directories that it
searches for executables.
The important features are-
• The path is stored in an environment variable, which is a named string
maintained by the operating system. This variable contains information
available to the command shell and other programs.
• The path variable is named as PATH in Unix or Path in Windows
• In Mac OS, the installer handles the path details. To invoke the Python
interpreter from any particular directory, you must add the Python directory,
you must add the Python directory to your path.
Setting Path at Unix/Linux-To add the Python directory to the path for a
particular session in Unix-
In the csh shell – type setenv PATH “$PATH:/usr/local/bin/ppython3” and press
Enter.
In the bash shell(Linux) – type export PYTHONPATH=/usr/local/bin/python3.4 and
press Enter.
In the sh or ksh shell – type PATH=”$PATH:/usr/local/bin/python3” and press Enter.
5
 Setting Path at Windows-To add the Python directory to the path for a
particular session in Windows-
At the command prompt – type path %path%C:\Python and press Enter.
1.1.6 DISADVANTAGES

Python has varied advantageous features, and programmers prefer this

language to other programming languages because it is easy to learn and code too.
However, this language has still not made its place in some computing arenas that
includes Enterprise Development Shops. Therefore, this language may not solve
some of the enterprise solutions, and limitations include-
Difficulty in Using Other Languages: The Python lovers become so accustomed to
its features and its extensive libraries, so they face problem in learning or working on
other programming languages. Python experts may see the declaring of cat “values”
or variable “types”, syntactic requirements of adding curly braces or semi colons as
an onerous task.
• Weak in Mobile Computing: Python has made its presence on many desktop
and server platforms, but it is seen as a weak language for mobile computing.
This is the reason very few mobile applications are built in it Carbonnelle.
• Gets Slow in Speed: Python executes with the help of an interpreter instead
of the compiler, which causes it to slow down because compilation and
execution help it to work normally. On the other hand, it can be seen that it is
fast foe many web applications too.
• Run-time Errors: The Python language is dynamically typed so it has many
design restrictions that are reported by some Python developers. It is even
seen that it requires more testing time, and the errors how up when the
applications are finally run.
• Underdeveloped Database Access Layers: As compared to the popular
technologies like JDBC and ODBC, the Python’s database access layer is
found to be bit underdeveloped and primitive. However, it cannot be applied
in the enterprises that need smooth interaction of complex legacy data.
CHAPTER 2
ALGORITHMS AND DESIGNS
2.1 GENERAL

6
 To know the Python Programming and to run the programs in Python we need
to know about Python completely. We have different types of topics in Python to
study, namely, Operators, Expressions, Control Statements, Data struce
Structures, Functions, Packages, Object Oriented Programming, Inheritance and
Polymorphism, Exception Handling, Standard Libraries, Testing.
2.2 OVERVIEW
Here are important environment variables, which are recognized by Python-
Table 2.1 Python Environment Variables
S. no: Variable & Description
1. PYTHONPATH
It has a role similar to PATH. This variable tells the Python interpreter
where to locate the module files imported into a program. It should
include the Python source library directory and the directories
containing Python source code. PYTHONPATH is sometimes present
by the Python installer.
2. PYTHONSTARTUP
It contains the path of an initialization file containing Python source
code. It is executed every time you start the interpreter. It is named as
.pythonrc.py in Unix and it contains commands that load utilities or
modify PYTHONPATH
3. PYTHONCASEOK
It is used in Windows to instruct Python to find the first case-insensitive
match in an import statement. Set this variable to any value to activate
it.
4. PYTHONHOME
It is an alternative module search path. It is a usually embedded in the
PYTHONSTARTUP or PYTHONPATH directories to make switching
module libraries easy.

2.2.1 RUNNING PYTHON

There are there different ways to start Python –
Interactive Interpreter:
You can start Python from Unix, DOS, or any other system that
provides you a command-line interpreter or shell window.
7
 Enter python the command line.
Start coding right away in the interactive interpreter.
$python #Unix/Linux
Or
Python% #Unix/Linux
Or
C:>python #Windows/DOS
Here is the list of all the available command line options –

Table 2.2 Python Command Line Options:

S. No. Option & Description

1. -d
Provide debug output
2. -O
Generate optimized bytecode(resulting in .pyo files)
3. -S
Do not run import site to look for Python paths on startup
4. -v
Verbose output (detailed trace on import statements)
5. -X
Disable class-based built-in exceptions(just use strings); obsolete
starting with version 1.6
6. -c cmd
Run Python script sent in as cmd string
7. File
run Python script from given file

Script from the Command-line:

A Python script can be executed at the command line by invoking the interpreter on
your application, as shown in the following example.
$python script.py #Unix/Linux
or

8
python% script.py #Unix/Linux
or
C:>python script.py #Windows/DOS

2.3 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

You can run Python from Graphical User Interface(GUI) environment as
well, if you have a GUI application on your system that supports Python.
• Unix – Idle is the very first Unix IDE for Python.
• Windows – PythonWin is the first Windows interface for Python and is
an IDE with GUI.
• Macintosh – The Macintosh version of Python along with the IDLE IDE
is available from the main website, downloadable as either MacBinary
or BinHex’d files.
• If you are not able to set up the environment properly, then you can take
the help of your system admin. Make sure the Python environment is
properly set up and working perfectly fine.

2.4 PYTHON IDENTIFIERS

A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module
or other object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_)
followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits(0 to 9)
Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @,$, and % within
identifiers. Python is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and
manpower are two different identifiers in Python.
Here are naming conventions for Python identifiers-
• Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a
lowercase letter.

2.5 RESERVED WORDS:

Table 2.3:Python Keywords
The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and you
cannot use them as constants or variables or any other identifier names. All the
Python keywords contain lowercase letters only.
9
Class Global Raise
Continue If Return
Def Import Try
Del In While
Elif Is With
Else Lambda Yield
Except

2.6 LINES AND INDENTATION

Python does not use braces ({}) to indicate blocks of code for class and
function definitions or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation,
which is rigidly enforced.
The number of spaces in the indentation is variable, but all statements within the
block must be indented the same amount. For example –
if True:
print(“True”)
else:
print(“False”)
However, the following block generates an error –
if True:
print(“Answer”)
print(“True”)
else:
print(“Answer”)
print(“False”)
Thus, in Python all the continuous lines indented with the same number of spaces
would form a block.

2.7 MULTI-LINE STATEMENTS

Statements in Python typically end with a new line. Python, however, allows the
use of the line continuation character (\) to denote that the line should continue. For
example –
total = item_one+\

10
 item_two+\
item_three
The statements contained within the [],{}, or () brackets do not need to use
the line continuation character. For example –
days=[‘Monday’,’Tuesday’,’Wednesday’,’Thursday’,’Friday’]

2.8 QUOTATION IN PYTHON

Python accepts single (‘), double (“) and trip (''' or """) quotes to denote string
literals, as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.
The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example,
all the following are legal –
word=’word’
sentence=” This is a sentence.”
paragraph=””” This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple lines and
sentences.”””
2.9 COMMENTS IN PYTHON
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal is the beginning of a comment. All
characters after the #, up to the end of the physical line, are part of the comment and
the Python interpreter ignores them.
# !/usr/bin/python3
# First comment
print(“ Hello, Python!”) # Second comment
This produces the following result –
Hello, Python!
Using Blank Lines
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank
line and Python totally ignores it.
In an interactive interpreter session, you must enter an empty physical line to
terminate a multiline statement.
Many programs can be run to provide you with some basic information about how
they should be run. Python enables you to do this with -h –
$python -h
usage: python [option]…[-c cmd ] -m mod |file|-] [arg]…
Options and arguments ( and corresponding environment variables):
11
-c cmd : program passed in as string(terminates option list)
-d :debug output from parser (also PYTHONDEBUG=x)
-E :ignore environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
-h :print this help message and exit

You can also program your script in such a way that it should accept various
options. Command Line Arguments is an advanced topic

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 REQUIREMENTS
Processors:

12
 • Intel core i5 processor 4300M at 2.60 GHz or 2.59 GHz (1 socket, 2 cores, 2
threads per core), 8GB of DRAM
• Intel Xeon processor E5-2698 v3 at 2.30 GHz (2 sockets, 16 cores each, 1
thread per core), 64 GB of DRAM
• Intel Xeon Phi processor 7210 at 1.30 GHz (1 socket, 64 cores, 4 threads per
core), 32 GB of DRAM, 16 GB of MCDRAM(flat mode enabled)
•

• Operating systems : Windows 10, Mac OS, and Linux

3.2 SOFTWARE PLATFORM

Installing Python software is done in minutes. All we need to install the software
is too search in Google. Type the link https://www.python.org/ in search box and
enter.
Assume we have installed Python on the Windows OS. You can start Python in
a command window by typing python at the command prompt or by using IDLE.
IDLE(Interactive Development Environment) is an integrated development
environment(IDE) for Python. You can create, open, save, edit, and run Python
programs in IDLE. Both the command-line Python interpreter and IDLE are
available after Python is installed on your machine. Note that Python (command
line) and IDLE can also be accessed directly from Windows Start button by
searching for Python (command line) or IDLE (Python GUI) on Windows 10 or Vista.
After Python starts, you will see the symbol >>>. This is the Python statement
prompt and Python statement prompt >>> it is where you can enter a Python
statement.Creating Python Source Code Files-Entering Python statements at the
statement prompt>>> is a convenient, but the statements are not saved. To save
statements for later use, you can create a text file to store the statements and use
the following command to execute the statements in the file:
Python filename.py
The text file can be created using a text editor such as Notepad. The filename , is
called a Python source file or script file, or module. By connection, Python files are
named with the extension .py.
Running a Python program from script file is known as running Python in script
mode. Typing a statement at the statement prompt>>> and executing it is called
running Python in interactive mode.
13
3.3 GUI PROGRAMMING
Python provides various options for developing graphical user interfaces
(GUIs). The most important features are listed below:
• Tkinter – Tkinter is the Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with
Python.
• WxPyhton – This is an open – source Python interface for wxWidgets GUI
toolkit.
• PyQt – This is also a Python interface for a popular cross – platform Qt GUI
library.
• JPython – Jpython is a Python port for java which gives scripts seamless
access which gives Python scripts seamless access to the Java class
libraries on the local machine http://www.jpython.org
There are many other interfaces available, which you can find them on the net.

3.4 GETTING STARTED WITH TKINTER

Tkinter enables you to develop GUI programs and is excellent pedagogical tool
for learning object-oriented programming.
There are many GUI modules available for developing GUI programs in Python.
You have used the turtle module for drawing geometric shapes. Turtle is easy to use
and is an effective pedagogical tool for introducing the fundamentals
of programming to beginners. However, you cannot use turtle to create graphical
user interfaces. Tkinter is not only a useful tool for developing GUI projects, but it is
also a valuable pedagogical tool for learning object-oriented programming.
Creating a GUI application using Tkinter is an easy task. All you need to do is
perform the following steps –
• Import the Tkinter module.
• Create the GUI application main window.
• Add one or more widgets to the GUI application.
• Enter the main event loop to take action against each event triggered by the
user.

The tkinter module contains the classes for creating GUIs. The Tk class creates
a window for holding GUI widgets (i.e., visual components).
14
Consider the following program to understand Tkinter:
from tkinter import * # import all definitions from tkinter
window=Tk() #create a window
label=Label(window,text=”Welcome to Python”) #Create a label
button=Button(window,text=”Click Me”) #Create a button
label.pack() #place the
label in the window
button.pack() #place the
button in the window
window.mainloop() # create an event
loop

When u run the program, a label and a button appear in the Tkinter window,
as shown below

Fig 3.1 Tinkter Window

Whenever you create a GUI-based program in Tkinter, you need to import the tkinter
module and create a window by using the Tk class. Recall that asterisk (*) imports
all definitions for classes, functions, and constants from the tkinter module to the
program. Tk() creates an instance of a window. Label and Button are Python
Tkinter widget classes for creating labels and buttons. The first argument of a widget
class is always the parent container (i.e., the container in which the widget will be
placed). The statement
label=Label (window, text=”Welcome to Python”)
constructs a label with the text Welcome to Python that is contained in the window.
The statement
label.pack()
places label in the container using a pack manager. In this example, the pack
manager packs the widget in the window row by row.

15
Tkinter GUI programming is event driven. After the user interface is displayed, the
program waits for user interactions such as mouse clicks and key presses. This is
specified in the following statement
window.mainloop()
The statement creates an event loop. The event loop processes events
continuously until you close the main window.
3.4.1 Tkinter Widgets:
Tkinter provides various controls, such as buttons, labels and text boxes
used in a GUI application. There controls are commonly called widgets.
There are currently 15 types of widgets in Tkinter. We present these widgets as
well as a brief description in the following table –
Table 3.1 Types of widgets in Tkinter
S.No: Operator & Description
1 Button:
The Button widget is used to display buttons in your application.
2 Canvas:
The Canvas widget is used to draw shapes, such as lines, ovals,
polygons and rectangles, in your application.
3 Checkbutton:
The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options as
checkboxes. The user can select multiple options at a time.
4 Entry:
The Entry widget is used to display a single- line text field for accepting
values from a user.
5 Frame:
The Frame widget is used as a container widget to organize other
widgets.
6 Label:
The Label widget is used to provide a single- line caption for other
widgets. It can also contain images.
7 Listbox:
The Listbox widget is used to provide a list of options to a user.
8 Menubutton:

16
 The Menubutton widget is used to display menus in your application.
9 Menu:
The Menu widget is used to provide various commands to a user.
These commands are contained inside Menubutton.
10 Message:
The Message widget is used to display multiline text fields for
accepting values from a user.
11 Radiobutton:
The Radiobutton widget is used to display a number of options as radio
buttons. The user can select only one option at a time.
12 Scale:
The Scale widget is used to provide a slider widget.
13 Scrollbar:
The Scrollbar widget is used to add scrolling capability to various
widgets, such as list boxes.
14 Text:
The Text widget is used to display text in multiple lines.
15 Toplevel:
The Toplevel widget is used to provide a separate window container.
16 Spinbox:
The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry widget,
which can be used to select from a fixed number of values.
17 PanedWindow:
A PanedWindow is a container widget that may contain any number of
panes, arranged horizontally or vertically.
18 LabelFrame:
A label frame is a simple container widget. Its primary purpose is to act
as a spacer or container for complex window layouts.
19 tkMessageBox:
This module is used to display message boxes in your applications.

3.4.2 STANDARD ATTRIBUTES:

17
 Let us look at how some of their common attributes, such as sizes, colors and
fonts are specified.
• Dimensions
• Colors
• Fonts
• Anchors
• Relief styles
• Bitmaps
• Cursors

3.4.3 GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT:

All Tkinter widgets have access to the specific geometry management methods,
which have the purpose of organizing widgets throughout the parent widget area.
Tkinter exposes the following geometry manager classes:
Pack, grid, and place.
• The pack() Method – This geometry manager organizes widgets in blocks
before placing them in the parent widget.
• The grid() Method – This geometry manager organizes widgets in a table –
like structure in the parent widget.
• The place() Method – This geometry manager organizes widgets by placing
them in a specific position in the parent widget.

3.5 SNAPSHOTS AND EXPLANTION:

Firstly, we should install the Python software from the web and open IDLE and
create python program and explain how it works with snapahots.

18
 Fig 3.2 INITIALIZING

Fig 3.3 CODE FOR CREATING PLAYER AND ENEMY

19
Fig 3.4 CODE FOR DEFINING FUNCTIONS

Fig 3.5 OUTPUT AS GAME STARTS

20
Fig 3.6 OUTPUT AS GAME ENDS

21
 CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 SUMMARY
Just like how Python comes with several modules like random, math, or time that
provide additional functions for your programs, the Pygame framework includes
several modules with functions for drawing graphics, playing sounds, handling
mouse input, and other things

4.2 CONCLUSION
We conclude that Python is a easy programming language that can be used to
develop Games. This project is about creating 2d game called spave invaders in
python programming.Perhaps, the most import lesson is that following good
software design and coding practices is essential to the success of the game

4.3 FUTURE WORK

Python has been an important part of Google since the beginning, and remains
so as the system grows and evolves. Today, dozens of Google engineers use
python, and we’re looking for more people with skills in this language.
This language was designed with an aim to provide platform independence and
code readability in mind. These 2 unique features make this language logical and
adaptable as well as easier to understand. The flexibility that Python runs same
source code on a wide array of platforms, which so ever it operates makes it stand
out of the crowd in programming market today, where majorly all other languages
fall short. Python has been described as most organised and standardized
language promises a well built career ahead for all the aspirants.

22
 APPENDIX
SOURCE CODE

1 import pygame
2 import random
3 import math
4 from pygame import mixer
5
6 # initializing pygame
7 pygame.init()
8
9 # creates the screen
10 screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600))
11
12 # Title and Icon
13 pygame.display.set_caption("Galactic Invaders")
14 icon = pygame.image.load('Space Ship.png')
15 pygame.display.set_icon(icon)
16
17 # Background
18 background = pygame.image.load('Background.png')
19
20
21 # running = True
22 # Background sound
23 mixer.music.load('Background.wav')
24 mixer.music.play(-1)
25
26
27 # Player
28 playerImg = pygame.image.load('Player.png')
29 playerX = 780
30 playerY = 530
31 playerX_change = 0
32
33
34 # Enemy
35 EnemyImg = []
36 EnemyX = []

23
37 EnemyY = []
38 EnemyX_change = []
39 EnemyY_change = []
40 num_of_enemies = 6
41 for i in range(num_of_enemies):
42 EnemyImg.append(pygame.image.load('Enemy.png'))
43 EnemyX.append(random.randint(0, 736))
44 EnemyY.append(random.randint(0, 10))
45 EnemyX_change.append(2)
46 EnemyY_change.append(40)
47
48
49 # Bullet
50 # Ready- You cant see the bullet on the screen
51 # Fire- the bullet is moving
52 BulletImg = pygame.image.load('Bullet.png')
53 BulletX = 0
54 BulletY = 530
55 BulletX_change = 0
56 BulletY_change = 20
57 Bullet_state = "ready"
58
59
60 # game over sound
61 GameOver_sound = mixer.Sound('Gameover.wav')
62 game_state = 'ready'
63 # GameOver_sound.play()
64
65
66 # Score
67 score_value = 0
68 font = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 32)
69 textX = 10
70 textY = 10
71
72
73 # Game Over text
74 over_font = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 64)

24
 75
76
77 def show_score(X, Y):
78 score = font.render("Score : " + str(score_value), True, (255, 255, 255))
79 screen.blit(score, (X, Y))
80
81
82 def game_over_text():
83 over_text = over_font.render("GAME OVER", True, (255, 255, 255))
84 screen.blit(over_text, (200, 250))
85
86
87 # function for player
88 def player(x, y):
89 screen.blit(playerImg, (x, y))
90
91
92 # function for Enemy
93 def Enemy(x, y, i):
94 screen.blit(EnemyImg[i], (x, y))
95
96
97 def fire_bullet(X, y):
98 global Bullet_state
99 Bullet_state = 'fire'
100 screen.blit(BulletImg, (X + 16, y + 10))
101
102
103 def game_over_sound():
104 global game_state
105 game_state = 'sing'
106 mixer.music.stop()
107 GameOver_sound.play()
108
109
110 def iscollision(EnemyX, EnemyY, BulletX, BulletY):
111 distance = math.sqrt((math.pow(BulletX - EnemyX, 2)) + (math.pow(BulletY -
112 EnemyY, 2)))

25
113 if distance < 26:
114 return True
115 else:
116 return False
117
118
119 # Game Loop
120 running = True
121 while running:
122 # RGB red green blue
123 screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
124
125 # Background image
126 screen.blit(background, (0, 0))
127
128 for event in pygame.event.get():
129 if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
130 running = False
131
132 # whenever a key is pressed key down is activated
133 if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
134 if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
135 playerX_change = -5
136 if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
137 playerX_change = 5
138 if event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
139 if Bullet_state is 'ready':
140 Bullet_sound = mixer.Sound('Gunshot.wav')
141 Bullet_sound.play()
142 BulletX = playerX
143 fire_bullet(BulletX, BulletY)
144
145
146 # whenever a key is released key up is activated
147 if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
148 if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT or event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
149 playerX_change = 0
150

26
151
152 # 5 = 5 + 0.1
153 # 5 = 5 + -0.1
154 playerX += playerX_change
155 if playerX <= 0:
156 playerX = 0
157 if playerX >= 736:
158 playerX = 736
159
160
161 # Enemy movements
162 for i in range(num_of_enemies):
163 # Game Over
164 if EnemyY[i] > 450:
165 for j in range(num_of_enemies):
166 EnemyY[j] = 1000
167 game_over_text()
168 break
169
170 EnemyX[i] += EnemyX_change[i]
171 if EnemyX[i] <= 0:
172 EnemyX_change[i] = 2
173 EnemyY[i] += EnemyY_change[i]
174 elif EnemyX[i] >= 736:
175 EnemyX_change[i] = -2
176 EnemyY[i] += EnemyY_change[i]
177 # Collision
178 collision = iscollision(EnemyX[i], EnemyY[i], BulletX, BulletY)
179 if collision:
180 Explosion_sound = mixer.Sound('Explosion.wav')
181 Explosion_sound.play()
182 BulletY = 480
183 Bullet_state = 'ready'
184 score_value += 1
185 EnemyX[i] = random.randint(0, 30)
186 EnemyY[i] = random.randint(0, 0)
187
188 Enemy(EnemyX[i], EnemyY[i], i)

27
189
190 # Bullet movements
191 if BulletY <= -20:
192 BulletY = 480
193 Bullet_state = 'ready'
194
195 if Bullet_state is "fire":
196 fire_bullet(BulletX, BulletY)
197 BulletY -= BulletY_change
198
199 # Player function
200 player(playerX, playerY)
201
202 show_score(textX, textY)

OUTPUT
203

28
204

29
 REFERENCES

1. Introduction to Programming using Python by Y.Daniel Liang published

by Pearson.
2. Python for complete beginners by Dr. Martin Jones published by
Createspace Independent Pub on date 18 June 2015.
3. https://www.startertutorials.com/blog/python-programming-tutorial.html
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/python_quick_guide.html

4. EDDY, A. 2003. On with the show... again.

http://www.gamespy.com/bizbuzz/january03/bizbuzz49 (January).

5. FOLEY, J., VAN DAM, A., FEINER, S., AND HUGHES, J. 1990.
Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition. Addison Wesley.

6. FUCHS, H., KEDEM, Z., AND NAYLOR, B. 1980. On visible surface

generation by a priori tree structures. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, ACM
SIGGRAPH / Addison Wesley, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual
Conference Series, 124–133.

30