Computer Programming (2)

Chapter 3
Inheritance & Polymorphism
 1. Super classes and Subclasses
2. protected Members
3. Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses

Contents
Recommended Reading
1. Chapter 8 - (Java The Complete Reference, Eleventh Edition)
2. Java Inheritance:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_inheritance.htm
• Super classes and Subclasses
Super classes and Subclasses

• Inheritance
• It is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of a parent object.
• Using this technique, further classes can be created from existing ones; those
classes are said to inherit the methods and instance variables of the class they
inherited
• Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-
child relationship.

• Features:
• Software reusability
• Create new class from existing class
• Absorb existing class’s data and behaviors
• Enhance with new capabilities
Super classes and Subclasses

Animal

Cat Dog Fox

• Data and behavior associated with super-classes are accessible

to those subclasses

7
Super classes and Subclasses

Land Vehicle

Bus Car Truck

Toyota

Yaris Corolla Camry

8
Super classes and Subclasses

• Terms used in Inheritance

• Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a
template or blueprint from which objects are created.
• Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is
also called a derived class, extended class, or child class.
Ø The derived class inherits:
Ø all the public methods.

Ø all the public and private instance variables.

Ø all the public and private static variables from the base class.

Ø The derived class can add more instance variables, static variables, and/or methods.

Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
Super classes and Subclasses

• Terms used in Inheritance

• Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass

inherits the features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
• Reusability: is a mechanism which facilitates you to reuse the fields and
methods of the existing class when you create a new class. You can use the
same fields and methods already defined in the previous class.

Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
Super classes and Subclasses

• The extends clause in a class declaration establishes an inheritance

relationship between two classes. It has the following syntax:

class DerivedClass extends BaseClass

{ Base Class

// body of the class

} Derived Class
Super classes and Subclasses

• Class hierarchy
• Direct superclass
• Inherited explicitly (one level up hierarchy)
• Indirect superclass
• Inherited two or more levels up hierarchy
• Single inheritance
• Inherits from one superclass
• Multiple inheritance
• Inherits from multiple superclasses
• Java does not support multiple inheritance
Super classes and Subclasses

• Types of inheritance in java

Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
Super classes and Subclasses

• Examples:
Super classes and Subclasses

• Inheritance hierarchy
• Inheritance relationships: tree-like hierarchy structure
• Each class becomes
• superclass
• Supply data/behaviors to other classes
OR
• subclass
• Inherit data/behaviors from other classes
Super classes and Subclasses

• University Community Member Hierarchy

• protected Members
protected Members

• protected access offers:

• An intermediate level of access between public and private.

• A superclass’s protected members can be accessed:

• by members of that superclass
• by members of its subclasses
• by members of other classes in the same package

• Subclass access superclass member

• Keyword super and a dot (.)
protected Members

Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/access-modifiers-java/
• Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses
 Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses

• Example:
class Employee{
float salary=40000;
}

class Programmer extends Employee{ Output

int bonus=10000;
Programmer salary is:40000.0
public static void main(String args[]){ Bonus of programmer is:10000
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}
}

Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
 Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses

• Single Inheritance Example

class Animal{
void eat(){
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal{ Output
void bark(){
System.out.println("barking..."); barking...
} eating...
}
class TestInheritance{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}
}
Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
 Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses
• Multilevel Inheritance Example
class Animal{
void eat(){ System.out.println("eating..."); }
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){ System.out.println("barking..."); }
} Output
class BabyDog extends Dog{
void weep(){ System.out.println("weeping..."); } weeping...
} barking...
class TestInheritance2{ eating...
public static void main(String args[]){
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
d.weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}
}
Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
 Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses
• Hierarchical Inheritance Example
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
} Output
class Cat extends Animal{
void meow(){System.out.println("meowing...");} meowing...
} eating...
class TestInheritance3{
public static void main(String args[]){
Cat c=new Cat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark();//C.T.Error
}
}
Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java
Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses
• The final Keyword
• If you don't want other classes to inherit from a class, use the final keyword:

final class Vehicle {

...
} Output

class Car extends Vehicle { Main.java:9: error: cannot inherit from final Vehicle
... class Main extends Vehicle {
} ^
1 error)

Reference: https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_inheritance.asp
 Relationship Between Super classes and Subclasses
• Example for Super Keyword in Java:
class Superclass {
int i =20;
void display() {
System.out.println(“Superclass display method”);
}
}
class Subclass extends Superclass { Output
int i = 100;
void display() { Superclass display method
super.display(); Subclass display method
System.out.println(“Subclass display method”);
System.out.println(“ i value =”+i); i value =100
System.out.println(“superclass i value =”+super.i); superclass i value =20
}
}
class SuperUse {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Subclass obj = new Subclass();
obj.display();
}
}
Reference: https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/inheritance-in-java/
Thank You