Subject: BIG DATA (KCS 061)

Faculty Name: Miss Farheen Siddiqui

UNIT 5: Hadoop Eco System Framework, Hive, HBase

Application on Big Data using Pig, Hive and HBase:

Applications of Apache Pig:

 For exploring large datasets Pig Scripting is used.
 Provides the supports across large data-sets for Ad-hoc queries.
 In the prototyping of large data-sets processing algorithms.
 Required to process the time sensitive data loads.
 For collecting large amounts of datasets in form of search logs and web crawls.
 Used where the analytical insights are needed using the sampling.

Applications of Hive:
 It enables users to execute ad-hoc searches and analyses on big datasets without learning
languages like MapReduce or Pig.
 Hive allows users to create SQL-like queries that are subsequently converted into
MapReduce jobs, making it a powerful and user-friendly data analysis tool.

Application of HBase:

 HBase is used for both write heavy applications, as well as applications that need to
provide fast, random access to vast amounts of available data. Some examples include:
 Storing clickstream data for downstream analysis
 Storing application logs for diagnostic and trend analysis
 Storing document fingerprints used to identify potential plagiarism
 Storing genome sequences and the disease history of people in a particular demographic
 Storing head-to-head competition histories in sports for better analytics and outcome
predictions

Pig: Introduction to Pig

Pig Represents Big Data as data flows. Pig is a high-level platform or tool which is used to
process the large datasets. It provides a high-level of abstraction for processing over the
MapReduce.
It provides a high-level scripting language, known as Pig Latin which is used to develop the
data analysis codes. First, to process the data which is stored in the HDFS, the programmers
will write the scripts using the Pig Latin Language.
Internally Pig Engine (a component of Apache Pig) converted all these scripts into a specific
map and reduce task. But these are not visible to the programmers in order to provide a high-
level of abstraction.
 Pig Latin and Pig Engine are the two main components of the Apache Pig tool. The result of
Pig always stored in the HDFS.

Note: Pig Engine has two type of execution environment i.e. a local execution environment in a
single JVM (used when dataset is small in size) and distributed execution environment in a
Hadoop Cluster.

Need of Pig:
One limitation of MapReduce is that the development cycle is very long. Writing the reducer and
mapper, compiling packaging the code, submitting the job and retrieving the output is a time-
consuming task. Apache Pig reduces the time of development using the multi-query approach.
Also, Pig is beneficial for programmers who are not from Java background. 200 lines of Java
code can be written in only 10 lines using the Pig Latin language. Programmers who have SQL
knowledge needed less effort to learn Pig Latin.

 It uses query approach which results in reducing the length of the code.
 Pig Latin is SQL like language.
 It provides many builtIn operators.
 It provides nested data types (tuples, bags, map).

Evolution of Pig: Earlier in 2006, Apache Pig was developed by Yahoo’s researchers. At that
time, the main idea to develop Pig was to execute the MapReduce jobs on extremely large
datasets. In the year 2007, it moved to Apache Software Foundation(ASF) which makes it an
open source project. The first version(0.1) of Pig came in the year 2008. The latest version of
Apache Pig is 0.18 which came in the year 2017.

Execution Modes of Pig:

Apache Pig executes in two modes: Local Mode and MapReduce Mode.

Local Mode:
  It executes in a single JVM and is used for development experimenting and
prototyping.
 Here, files are installed and run using localhost.
 The local mode works on a local file system. The input and output data stored in the
local file system.
 The command for local mode grunt shell: $ pig-x local

Map Reduce Mode:

 The MapReduce mode is also known as Hadoop Mode.

 It is the default mode.
 In this Pig renders Pig Latin into MapReduce jobs and executes them on the cluster.
 It can be executed against semi-distributed or fully distributed Hadoop installation.
 Here, the input and output data are present on HDFS.
 The command for Map reduce mode: $ pig or $ pig -x mapreduce

Comparison of Pig with Databases:

Differences between Pig and SQL:

Pig SQL
Pig Latin is a procedural language. SQL is a declarative language.
In Apache Pig, schema is optional. We
can store data without designing a schema Schema is mandatory in SQL.
(values are stored as $01, $02 etc.)
The data model in Apache Pig is nested The data model used in SQL is flat
relational. relational.
Apache Pig provides limited opportunity There is more opportunity for query
for Query optimization. optimization in SQL.

Differences between Pig and Hive:

Pig Hive
Operates on the client side of a cluster. Operates on the server side of a cluster.
Procedural Data Flow Language. Declarative SQLish Language.
Pig is used for programming. Hive is used for creating reports.
Majorly used by Researchers and
Used by Data Analysts.
Programmers.
Used for handling structured and semi-
It is used in handling structured data.
structured data.
Scripts end with .pig extension. Hive supports all extensions.
Supports Avro file format. Does not support Avro file format.
Uses an exact variation of dedicated SQL-
Does not have a dedicated metadata
DDL language by defining tables
database.
beforehand.

Pig Grunt, Pig Latin:

The Pig Latin is a data flow language used by Apache Pig to analyze the data in Hadoop. It is a
textual language that abstracts the programming from the Java MapReduce idiom into a notation.

The Pig Latin statements are used to process the data. It is an operator that accepts a relation as
an input and generates another relation as an output.

 It can span multiple lines.

 Each statement must end with a semi-colon.
 It may include expression and schemas.
 By default, these statements are processed using multi-query execution

Apache Pig Grunt is an interactive shell that enables users to enter Pig Latin interactively and
provides a shell to interact with HDFS and local file system commands.

You can enter Pig Latin commands directly into the Grunt shell for execution. Apache Pig starts
executing the Pig Latin language when it receives the STORE or DUMP command. Before
executing the command Pig Grunt shell do check the syntax and semantics to void any error.

To start Pig Grunt type:

$pig -x local

It will start Pig Grunt shell:

grunt>

Now using Grunt shell you can interact with your local filesystem.

We can use the Pig Grunt shell to run HDFS commands as well. Starting from Pig version 0.5
all Hadoop fs shell commands are available to use. They are accessed using the keyword FS
followed by the command.
User Defined Functions in Pig:
In addition to the built-in functions, Apache Pig provides extensive support
for User Defined Functions (UDF’s). Using these UDF’s, we can define our own functions and
use them. The UDF support is provided in six programming languages, namely, Java, Jython,
Python, JavaScript, Ruby and Groovy.

For writing UDF’s, complete support is provided in Java and limited support is provided in all
the remaining languages. Using Java, you can write UDF’s involving all parts of the processing
like data load/store, column transformation, and aggregation. Since Apache Pig has been written
in Java, the UDF’s written using Java language work efficiently compared to other languages.

In Apache Pig, we also have a Java repository for UDF’s named Piggybank. Using Piggybank,
we can access Java UDF’s written by other users, and contribute our own UDF’s.

Types of UDF’s in Java

While writing UDF’s using Java, we can create and use the following three types of functions −

 Filter Functions − The filter functions are used as conditions in filter statements. These
functions accept a Pig value as input and return a Boolean value.
 Eval Functions − The Eval functions are used in FOREACH-GENERATE statements.
These functions accept a Pig value as input and return a Pig result.
 Algebraic Functions − The Algebraic functions act on inner bags in a
FOREACHGENERATE statement. These functions are used to perform full MapReduce
operations on an inner bag.

Data Processing Operators:

1. The Apache Pig LOAD operator is used to load the data from the file system.

LOAD 'info' [USING FUNCTION] [AS SCHEMA];

 LOAD is a relational operator.

 'info' is a file that is required to load. It contains any type of data.
 USING is a keyword.
 FUNCTION is a load function.
 AS is a keyword.
 SCHEMA is a schema of passing file, enclosed in parentheses.
2. The Apache Pig CROSS operator facilitates to compute the cross product of two or more
relations. Using CROSS operator is an expensive operation and should be used sparingly.
3. The Apache Pig DISTINCT operator is used to remove duplicate tuples in a relation.
Initially, Pig sorts the given data and then eliminates duplicates.
4. The Apache Pig FILTER operator is used to remove duplicate tuples in a relation.
Initially, Pig sorts the given data and then eliminates duplicates.
 5. The Apache Pig FOREACH operator generates data transformations based on columns
of data. It is recommended to use FILTER operation to work with tuples of data.
6. The Apache Pig GROUP operator is used to group the data in one or more relations. It
groups the tuples that contain a similar group key. If the group key has more than one
field, it treats as tuple otherwise it will be the same type as that of the group key. In a
result, it provides a relation that contains one tuple per group.
7. The Apache Pig LIMIT operator is used to limit the number of output tuples. However,
if you specify the limit of output tuples equal to or more than the number of tuples exists,
all the tuples in the relation are returned.
8. The Apache Pig ORDER BY operator sorts a relation based on one or more fields. It
maintains the order of tuples.
9. The Apache Pig SPLIT operator breaks the relation into two or more relations according
to the provided expression. Here, a tuple may or may not be assigned to one or more than
one relation.
10. The Apache Pig UNION operator is used to compute the union of two or more relations.
It doesn't maintain the order of tuples. It also doesn't eliminate the duplicate tuples.

Hive:
Apache Hive is a data warehouse and an ETL tool which provides an SQL-like interface between
the user and the Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) which integrates Hadoop. It is built on
top of Hadoop. It is a software project that provides data query and analysis. It facilitates reading,
writing and handling wide datasets that stored in distributed storage and queried by Structure
Query Language (SQL) syntax. It is not built for Online Transactional Processing (OLTP)
workloads. It is frequently used for data warehousing tasks like data encapsulation, Ad-hoc

Queries, and analysis of huge datasets. It is designed to enhance scalability, extensibility,

performance, fault-tolerance and loose-coupling with its input formats.

Initially Hive is developed by Facebook and Amazon, Netflix and It delivers standard SQL
functionality for analytics. Traditional SQL queries are written in the MapReduce Java API to
execute SQL Application and SQL queries over distributed data. Hive provides portability as
most data warehousing applications functions with SQL-based query languages like NoSQL.

Apache Hive is a data warehouse software project that is built on top of the Hadoop ecosystem.
It provides an SQL-like interface to query and analyze large datasets stored in Hadoop’s
distributed file system (HDFS) or other compatible storage systems.
Hive uses a language called HiveQL, which is similar to SQL, to allow users to express data
queries, transformations, and analyses in a familiar syntax. HiveQL statements are compiled into
MapReduce jobs, which are then executed on the Hadoop cluster to process the data.

Apache Hive Architecture and Installation:

The following architecture explains the flow of submission of query into Hive.

Hive allows writing applications in various languages, including Java, Python, and C++. It
supports different types of clients such as:-

 Thrift Server - It is a cross-language service provider platform that serves the request
from all those programming languages that supports Thrift.
 JDBC Driver - It is used to establish a connection between hive and Java applications.
The JDBC Driver is present in the class org.apache.hadoop.hive.jdbc.HiveDriver.
 ODBC Driver - It allows the applications that support the ODBC protocol to connect
to Hive.
Apache Hive Installation:

Step 1: Verifying JAVA Installation

Step 2: Verifying Hadoop Installation
Step 4: Installing Hive
Step 5: Configuring Hive
Step 6: Downloading and Installing Apache Derby
Step 7: Configuring Metastore of Hive
Step 8: Verifying Hive Installation.

Hive Shell:

Hive is a data warehouse system that is used to query and analyze large datasets stored in the
HDFS. Hive uses a query language called HiveQL, which is similar to SQL.
Hive Shell provides Hiveon OS remote access to your workers using the Hiveon OS network
infrastructure. It also offers some unique features, such as access via an SSH client and console
sharing.
In the context of big data, a Hive shell refers to the command-line interface provided by Apache
Hive, a data warehouse infrastructure built on top of Hadoop. Hive provides a SQL-like language
called HiveQL, which allows users to query and manage large datasets stored in Hadoop's
distributed file system (HDFS) or other compatible file systems like Amazon S3.

The Hive shell allows users to interact with Hive and perform various tasks such as:

 Querying data: Users can write SQL-like queries in HiveQL to retrieve, filter, and
analyze data stored in Hadoop.
 Managing metadata: Hive maintains metadata about the structure of the data stored in
Hadoop, such as table schemas, partitioning information, and storage formats. The Hive
shell provides commands to create, alter, and drop tables, as well as to manage partitions
and other metadata.
 Running administrative tasks: Administrators can use the Hive shell to perform
administrative tasks such as setting configuration parameters, managing user
permissions, and monitoring Hive jobs.
Overall, the Hive shell is a powerful tool for working with big data stored in Hadoop, providing
a familiar SQL interface for data analysts and engineers to interact with large-scale datasets.

Hive Services:

Apache Hive is a data warehouse infrastructure built on top of Hadoop for providing data
summarization, query, and analysis. It provides SQL-like query language called HiveQL. Hive
services typically include the following components:
 Hive Metastore: The metastore is a critical component of Hive that stores metadata for
tables and partitions. This metadata includes information about the schema of the tables,
 the location of the data files in HDFS, column statistics, and more. The metastore can use
different databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Derby to store this metadata.
 HiveServer: HiveServer provides a service that allows clients to submit HiveQL queries
to Hive. It supports multiple clients accessing Hive concurrently. There are different
versions of HiveServer: HiveServer1, HiveServer2, and Hive on Tez
 Hive CLI (Command Line Interface): Hive comes with a command-line interface that
allows users to interact with Hive directly using HiveQL queries. It provides a simple
way to execute queries, manage tables, and perform other administrative tasks.
 WebHCat (Templeton): WebHCat is a REST API for HCatalog, which allows external
systems to interact with Hive using HTTP requests. It provides a bridge between the
Hadoop ecosystem and other applications, enabling them to access Hive services
programmatically.
 Hive Thrift Server: The Thrift server allows clients to connect to Hive using various
programming languages (like Java, Python, PHP, etc.) through Thrift's language-
independent interface. It enables integration with applications written in different
programming languages.
 Hive Metastore Thrift Server: This server provides a thrift interface to access the Hive
Metastore. It allows clients to interact directly with the metastore for metadata operations,
such as creating tables, altering schemas, etc.
These services work together to provide a comprehensive environment for storing, managing,
and querying large-scale data using HiveQL in the Hadoop ecosystem.

Hive metastore:
The Hive Metastore is a critical component of Apache Hive, which serves as a repository for
metadata related to Hive tables and partitions. Metadata includes information about the structure
of tables, their columns, data types, file formats, and most importantly, the location of the data
files in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) or other storage systems.
The Hive Metastore plays a crucial role in enabling Hive's functionality by managing metadata
about tables, partitions, and data file locations. It acts as a central repository for Hive's metadata,
making it possible to query and analyze large-scale datasets efficiently within the Hadoop
ecosystem.

Comparison with Traditional Databases:

Comparing Apache Hive with traditional relational databases involves considering several key
aspects, including architecture, data model, query language, performance, scalability, and use
cases. Here's a comparison in these areas:
Architecture:
 Traditional Databases: Typically follow a client-server architecture where data is stored
on a centralized server, and queries are processed on that server.
 Hive: Built on top of Hadoop and follows a distributed architecture where data is stored
across a cluster of machines, and queries are parallelized and executed in a distributed
manner.
Data Model:

 Traditional Databases: Relational databases use a structured schema with tables, rows,
and columns. They enforce ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
properties.
 Hive: Hive provides a schema-on-read approach, allowing flexibility in data storage. It
supports structured, semi-structured, and even unstructured data. However, Hive lacks
strong enforcement of ACID properties.

Query Language:

 Traditional Databases: Use SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and
manipulating data.
 Hive: Utilizes HiveQL, a SQL-like language, which is similar to SQL but optimized for
querying large-scale, distributed datasets.

Performance:

 Traditional Databases: Typically optimized for OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)

workloads, providing low-latency access to structured data.
 Hive: Primarily optimized for OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) workloads
involving ad-hoc queries and analytics over large datasets. While performance may be
slower for individual queries compared to traditional databases, Hive excels at processing
queries over petabytes of data in parallel.

Scalability:

 Traditional Databases: Scaling can be challenging and often requires vertical scaling
(upgrading hardware) or sharding (splitting data across multiple servers).
 Hive: Designed for horizontal scalability, allowing users to add more nodes to the cluster
to handle increased data volumes and query loads.

Use Cases:

 Traditional Databases: Well-suited for transactional systems, real-time applications, and

scenarios requiring ACID compliance.
 Hive: Ideal for batch processing, data warehousing, ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
operations, and analytical workloads where latency is not critical.
In summary, while traditional databases excel in transactional processing and real-time
applications, Hive is better suited for analytical workloads involving large-scale data processing
and querying. The choice between the two depends on specific use cases, performance
requirements, scalability needs, and existing infrastructure. Additionally, some organizations
may use both in tandem to leverage the strengths of each for different aspects of their data
processing pipeline.

HiveQL:

HiveQL (Hive Query Language) is a SQL-like query language used with Apache Hive, a data
warehouse infrastructure built on top of Hadoop. HiveQL allows users to query and manage data
stored in Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) or other compatible file systems using familiar
SQL syntax.

Here are some key characteristics of HiveQL:

SQL-Like Syntax: HiveQL syntax closely resembles SQL (Structured Query Language), making
it accessible to users familiar with traditional relational databases.

Data Definition Language (DDL): HiveQL includes commands for defining and manipulating
tables, such as CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and DESCRIBE TABLE.

Data Manipulation Language (DML): HiveQL supports various DML operations for querying
and manipulating data, including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE.

Join Operations: HiveQL supports various types of join operations, including INNER JOIN,
LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, and CROSS JOIN, allowing
users to combine data from multiple tables.

Aggregation and Grouping: HiveQL provides functions for performing aggregation and
grouping operations, such as SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, and GROUP BY.

Conditional Expressions: Users can use conditional expressions like CASE WHEN, IF, and
COALESCE to perform conditional logic in queries.

Data Serialization and Deserialization (SerDe): HiveQL allows users to specify custom
serialization and deserialization formats for reading and writing data in various formats, such as
JSON, Avro, Parquet, ORC, etc.
User-Defined Functions (UDFs): Users can define custom functions in HiveQL using Java,
Python, or other programming languages and then use them in queries to perform specialized
operations.

HiveQL abstracts the complexities of distributed data processing and allows users to perform
SQL-like queries on large-scale datasets stored in Hadoop, making it a powerful tool for data
analysis, reporting, and ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) operations in big data environments.

Tables, Querying Data, User Defined Functions, Sorting & Aggregating:

 You can create tables in Hive using the CREATE TABLE statement.
 You can query data from tables in Hive using the SELECT statement.
 You can define custom functions in Hive using programming languages like Java or
Python and then use them in your queries. First, you need to register your UDF. Once
registered, you can use the UDF in your queries.
 You can sort data in Hive using the ORDER BY clause.
 HiveQL supports various aggregate functions like SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, and
COUNT.

With these capabilities, you can create tables to store your data, query the data using SQL-like
syntax, and extend Hive's functionality by defining and using custom functions tailored to your
specific needs, store data & also can aggregate it.

MapReduce scripts:

MapReduce scripts in Hive refer to custom scripts or user-defined functions (UDFs) written in
MapReduce framework that can be integrated into Hive queries to perform specialized
processing tasks.

Here's a breakdown of how MapReduce scripts work in Hive:

1. Custom MapReduce Jobs: Hive allows users to define and execute custom MapReduce
jobs within the Hive environment. These MapReduce jobs are typically written in Java
and compiled into JAR files. They can perform various tasks such as data transformation,
custom aggregation, or complex analytics that are not easily achieved with standard SQL
queries.
2. Integration with Hive Queries: Once the MapReduce job is developed and packaged into
a JAR file, it can be integrated into Hive queries using Hive's built-in support for custom
 user-defined functions (UDFs). Users can register their MapReduce UDFs with Hive and
then invoke them directly in HiveQL queries.
3. Hive UDFs: MapReduce scripts in Hive are often implemented as User-Defined
Functions (UDFs) or User-Defined Aggregation Functions (UDAFs). UDFs allow users
to define custom transformations that operate on individual rows of data, while UDAFs
enable custom aggregations that operate on groups of rows.
4. Example Use Cases: MapReduce scripts in Hive can be used for a wide range of tasks,
such as:
 Performing custom data parsing or extraction.
 Implementing complex data processing algorithms.
 Integrating with external libraries or systems.
 Handling specialized data formats or data sources.
 Implementing machine learning algorithms or statistical analysis.
5. Optimization Considerations: When developing MapReduce scripts for use in Hive, it's
important to consider performance optimization techniques such as data locality,
input/output formats, partitioning strategies, and resource utilization to ensure efficient
execution within the distributed computing environment of Hadoop.

Overall, MapReduce scripts in Hive provide a powerful mechanism for extending Hive's
functionality and performing custom processing tasks that are not easily achieved with standard
SQL queries. They enable users to leverage the scalability and fault tolerance of the Hadoop
ecosystem while still benefiting from the high-level querying capabilities of Hive.

Join operations and subqueries:

In HiveQL, you can perform join operations and subqueries to retrieve and manipulate data from
multiple tables or datasets.

Here's how you can use joins and subqueries in Hive:

1. Hive supports various types of join operations similar to SQL, including:

 INNER JOIN: Returns rows that have matching values in both tables.
 LEFT OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the
right table.
 RIGHT OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the
left table.
 FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is a match in either left or right table.
 CROSS JOIN: Returns the Cartesian product of rows from both tables
 2. Subqueries in Hive allow you to nest one query within another query. They can be used
in various parts of a SQL statement, such as the SELECT, FROM, WHERE, or HAVING
clauses.
Subqueries provide a flexible way to perform complex data manipulation and filtering in
HiveQL, enabling you to break down larger queries into smaller, more manageable parts.

HBase Concepts:

HBase is a distributed, scalable, NoSQL database built on top of the Hadoop Distributed File
System (HDFS). It is designed to store and manage large volumes of structured and semi-
structured data in a fault-tolerant and high-performance manner. Here are some key concepts and
features of HBase:

 Column-Oriented Storage: HBase stores data in a column-oriented manner, meaning that

data with the same column family is stored together on disk. This allows for efficient
read and write operations, especially for workloads that require access to a subset of
columns.
 Tables and Rows: Like traditional relational databases, HBase organizes data into tables.
Each table consists of rows and columns. Unlike traditional databases, however, tables
in HBase can have a variable number of columns, and rows do not need to adhere to a
fixed schema.
 Column Families: Columns in HBase are grouped into column families, which are
defined when creating a table. All columns within a column family share the same prefix
and are stored together on disk. This allows for efficient read and write operations, as
data retrieval is typically done at the column family level.
 Keys and Cell Values: Each row in an HBase table is uniquely identified by a row key.
Row keys are sorted lexicographically, enabling efficient range scans and lookups.
Within a row, data is stored as key-value pairs known as cells. Cells consist of a column
qualifier, a timestamp, and a value.
 Schema Flexibility: HBase provides schema flexibility, allowing users to dynamically
add columns to tables without having to modify the existing schema. This makes it well-
suited for applications with evolving data models or semi-structured data.
 Scalability: HBase is designed to scale horizontally across a cluster of commodity
hardware. It can handle petabytes of data spread across thousands of machines, making
it suitable for big data applications with large-scale storage requirements.
  Fault Tolerance: HBase provides built-in fault tolerance by replicating data across
multiple nodes in the cluster. In the event of node failures, HBase automatically detects
and recovers from failures, ensuring data availability and durability.
 Consistency Models: HBase supports strong consistency for read and write operations
within a single row. However, it offers eventual consistency for cross-row and cross-
region operations, allowing for high availability and scalability at the cost of slightly
relaxed consistency guarantees.
 APIs and Integration: HBase provides APIs for accessing data programmatically,
including Java, REST, and Thrift APIs. It also integrates with other components of the
Hadoop ecosystem, such as Hadoop MapReduce, Apache Spark, and Apache Phoenix.

Overall, HBase is a powerful distributed database that offers scalability, flexibility, and fault
tolerance for storing and managing large-scale data in Hadoop environments. It is commonly
used in a variety of use cases, including real-time analytics, time-series data storage, and serving
as a backend for web applications.

HBase Client:

An HBase client is any application or program that interacts with an HBase cluster to read, write,
or manage data stored in HBase tables. HBase provides various client APIs for different
programming languages, allowing developers to interact with HBase programmatically. Here are
some commonly used HBase client APIs:

 Java API: HBase provides a native Java API for interacting with HBase. This API allows
Java applications to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on HBase
tables, scan data, perform batch operations, and manage HBase resources
programmatically.
 REST API: HBase includes a RESTful web service API that enables HTTP-based
communication with HBase. This API allows clients to interact with HBase using HTTP
methods such as GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE. It provides a simple and language-
independent way to access HBase from any programming language that supports HTTP
requests.
 Thrift API: HBase also supports a Thrift API, which provides a language-neutral
interface for accessing HBase. Thrift clients can be generated for various programming
languages (e.g., Java, Python, Ruby, PHP) using the Thrift compiler. This allows
developers to write HBase clients in their preferred programming language while still
leveraging the functionality of the HBase API.
  Apache HBase Shell: The Apache HBase shell is a command-line interface that allows
users to interact with HBase clusters using HBase shell commands. While not a
traditional client API, the HBase shell provides a convenient way to perform basic
administrative tasks, run HBase commands, and execute ad-hoc queries on HBase tables.
 Third-party Libraries: Additionally, there are several third-party libraries and
frameworks that provide higher-level abstractions and wrappers around the HBase client
APIs. These libraries often simplify common tasks such as connection management, data
serialization, and error handling, making it easier to develop HBase client applications.

HBase clients are typically used in applications such as data processing pipelines, real-time
analytics systems, recommendation engines, and other distributed systems that need to store and
retrieve large volumes of data in HBase tables. The choice of client API depends on factors such
as programming language preference, performance requirements, and integration with existing
systems.

HBase vs RDBMS:

Comparing HBase with traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS) involves
understanding their differences in terms of data model, scalability, consistency, and use cases.
Here's a comparison:

Data Model:

 RDBMS: RDBMS follows a structured, tabular data model with fixed schemas. Data is
organized into tables with rows and columns, and relationships between tables are
defined using foreign keys.
 HBase: HBase follows a column-oriented data model with a flexible schema. Data is
organized into tables with rows identified by unique keys. Each row can have a variable
number of columns, grouped into column families.

Scalability:

 RDBMS: Traditional RDBMS systems are typically scaled vertically, meaning that they
are scaled up by adding more resources (CPU, RAM, storage) to a single server.
 HBase: HBase is designed to scale horizontally across a cluster of commodity hardware.
It can handle large volumes of data by distributing data and workload across multiple
nodes in the cluster.

Consistency Model:
  RDBMS: RDBMS systems typically provide strong consistency guarantees, ensuring
that transactions are ACID-compliant (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability).
 HBase: HBase offers strong consistency guarantees within a single row but provides
eventual consistency for cross-row and cross-region operations. This allows for high
availability and scalability at the cost of slightly relaxed consistency.

Use Cases:

 RDBMS: RDBMS systems are well-suited for applications with structured data and
transactional workloads, such as e-commerce platforms, financial systems, and enterprise
resource planning (ERP) systems.
 HBase: HBase is suitable for applications with semi-structured or unstructured data, real-
time analytics, time-series data storage, and applications requiring high scalability and
low-latency access, such as social media analytics, sensor data processing, and
recommendation systems.

Access Patterns:

 RDBMS: RDBMS systems are optimized for OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)
workloads involving frequent, short-lived transactions with read and write operations on
individual records.
 HBase: HBase is optimized for OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) workloads
involving ad-hoc queries, range scans, and batch processing on large datasets. It excels
at sequential read and write operations over large volumes of data.

Flexibility:

 RDBMS: RDBMS systems have a fixed schema, requiring upfront schema design and
schema modification operations (e.g., ALTER TABLE) for schema changes.
 HBase: HBase provides schema flexibility, allowing dynamic addition and removal of
columns without modifying the underlying table structure. This makes it well-suited for
applications with evolving data models.

In summary, while RDBMS systems are ideal for structured data and transactional workloads,
HBase is suitable for applications with semi-structured or unstructured data, real-time analytics,
and high scalability requirements. The choice between RDBMS and HBase depends on factors
such as data structure, access patterns, scalability needs, and consistency requirements. In some
cases, organizations may use both technologies in tandem to leverage their respective strengths
for different aspects of their data processing pipeline.

Advanced usage, schema design & advance indexing:

Advanced usage, schema design, and indexing in HBase involve implementing strategies to
optimize performance, scalability, and data access patterns in distributed environments. Here are
some advanced techniques and best practices:

Advanced Usage:

Bulk Loading: Utilize bulk loading techniques for ingesting large volumes of data into HBase
efficiently. Use tools like HBase's built-in bulk loading or MapReduce-based bulk import for
high-throughput data ingestion.

Incremental Loading: Implement incremental loading strategies to handle continuous data

ingestion. Techniques such as Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) and optimized HFile writes can
improve write throughput and reduce latency for real-time data ingestion.

Compaction Strategies: Configure compaction settings to manage storage space and optimize
read and write performance. Adjust compaction thresholds, schedule compaction jobs, and use
strategies like minor and major compactions based on data access patterns and retention policies.

Schema Design:

Denormalization: Denormalize data to minimize joins and improve query performance. Embed
related entities within a single table to reduce disk seeks and network overhead.

Column Family Design: Design column families based on access patterns and usage
requirements. Group frequently accessed columns together to minimize I/O operations during
read operations.

Row Key Design: Choose row keys carefully to optimize data distribution and access patterns.
Use sequential, hierarchical, or hashed row keys to support efficient range scans, point queries,
and data distribution across region servers.

Advanced Indexing:
Inverted Indexing: Emulate secondary indexing using inverted indexing techniques. Maintain
separate tables or data structures to index attributes for efficient lookup based on non-primary
key attributes.

Composite Keys: Use composite row keys consisting of multiple components to encode
hierarchical or multi-dimensional data structures. Implement prefix filtering to efficiently scan
rows with keys that share a common prefix.

Bloom Filters: Enable Bloom filters to reduce disk I/O and improve query performance by
filtering out unnecessary disk seeks during read operations. Bloom filters can help determine
whether a row may contain relevant data based on a specified key or pattern.

Zookeeper – how it helps in monitoring a cluster, how to build applications

with Zookeeper

ZooKeeper is a distributed coordination service that plays a crucial role in monitoring, managing,
and coordinating distributed systems such as Hadoop, HBase, Kafka, and many others. Here's
how ZooKeeper helps in monitoring a cluster and how to build applications with ZooKeeper:

Cluster Monitoring:

 Node and Cluster Health: ZooKeeper monitors the health of nodes in a cluster by tracking
their status and availability. It detects node failures and network partitions, ensuring that
the cluster remains operational even in the presence of failures.
 Leader Election: In distributed systems that rely on leader election (e.g., Apache Kafka),
ZooKeeper facilitates leader election by coordinating the selection of a leader node
among multiple candidates. This ensures that there is always a leader node responsible
for coordinating cluster operations.
 Configuration Management: ZooKeeper can be used to store and manage configuration
data for distributed applications. It provides a centralized repository for storing
configuration parameters, which can be dynamically updated and synchronized across all
nodes in the cluster.
 Locking and Synchronization: ZooKeeper provides primitives such as locks, barriers, and
semaphores for coordinating access to shared resources and enforcing synchronization
between distributed components. This helps prevent race conditions and ensures
consistency in distributed systems.
Building Applications with ZooKeeper:

 APIs and Libraries: ZooKeeper provides client libraries and APIs for various
programming languages, including Java, Python, C, and others. These libraries allow
developers to interact with ZooKeeper clusters programmatically and build distributed
applications that leverage ZooKeeper's coordination services.
 Data Model: ZooKeeper presents a hierarchical namespace similar to a file system, where
nodes are organized in a tree-like structure called a znode hierarchy. Each znode can store
a small amount of data (typically up to 1MB) and is identified by a unique path within
the hierarchy.
 Watch Mechanism: ZooKeeper supports the concept of watches, which are notifications
triggered by changes to znodes. Clients can set watches on znodes to receive notifications
when their data changes or when znodes are created or deleted. This enables event-driven
programming and allows applications to react to changes in the cluster dynamically.
 Best Practices: When building applications with ZooKeeper, it's important to follow best
practices such as designing a clear namespace hierarchy, limiting the size of znode data,
handling connection timeouts and session expirations gracefully, and implementing retry
mechanisms for handling transient errors.

By leveraging ZooKeeper's coordination services and following best practices, developers can
build robust and scalable distributed applications that effectively monitor, manage, and
coordinate resources in distributed environments. ZooKeeper's rich set of features and APIs
make it a powerful tool for building highly available, fault-tolerant, and scalable distributed
systems.

IBM Big Data strategy:

IBM, a US-based computer hardware and software manufacturer, had implemented a Big Data
strategy, where the company offered solutions to store, manage, and analyze the huge amounts
of data generated daily and equipped large and small companies to make informed business
decisions. The company believed that its Big Data and analytics products and service would help
its clients become more competitive and drive growth.

Introduction to Infosphere:

IBM InfoSphere is a suite of data integration and management software products offered by IBM.
It provides tools and capabilities for managing, integrating, and governing enterprise data across
diverse sources and platforms.
BigInsights and Big Sheets:

IBM BigInsights and BigSheets are components of IBM's big data platform that provide
capabilities for data processing, analytics, and visualization. Here's an overview of each:

IBM BigInsights is an enterprise-grade Hadoop distribution offered by IBM. It provides a

comprehensive set of tools and services for managing and analyzing big data at scale.

IBM BigSheets is a data exploration and visualization tool that enables users to interactively
analyze large datasets using a spreadsheet-like interface. It allows users to perform ad-hoc data
exploration, query, and visualization tasks without the need for programming or complex SQL
queries.

Introduction to Big SQL:

Big SQL enables users to query Hive and HBase data using ANSI compliant SQL.

Big SQL enables users to query Hive and HBase data using ANSI compliant SQL. While Hadoop
is highly scalable, Big SQL’s advanced cost-based optimizer and Massively Parallel Processing
(MPP) architecture as shown in Figure 1, can run queries smarter, not harder, supporting more
concurrent users and more complex SQL with less hardware compared to other SQL solutions for
Hadoop.

Big SQL is also the ultimate platform for data warehouse offload and consolidation, a key use
case for many Hadoop users. This is because Big SQL is the first and only SQL-on-Hadoop
solution to understand commonly used SQL syntax from other vendors and products such as
Oracle.