Lesson 1

Task 1

Speaker 1: Pinder’s Animal Park. Hello?

Speaker 2: Oh, hello, I’m ringing to ask whether you have any jobs available?

Speaker 1: Ah, what sort of work are you looking for? Is that permanent, or part-time, or ...?

Speaker 2: Actually, I’m just looking for temporary work. I’m a student.

Speaker 1: Oh right. I’ll just get a form and ask you a few questions. Then I’ll pass your applica tion on to
our recruitment section. Is that OK?

Speaker 2: Fine, thank you.

Speaker 1: So, starting with your name.

Speaker 2: It’s Jane Lamerton.

Speaker 1: Is that L-A-double M-E-R-T-O-N?

Speaker 2: There’s only one N in it.

Speaker 1: Oh, right. And your address?

Speaker 2: It’s forty-two, West Lane.

Speaker 1: Right ... And is that in Exeter?

Speaker 2: Yes.

Speaker 1: OK. And can you give me your mobile phone number?

Speaker 2: Oh, seven seven nine two four three oh nine two one.

Speaker 1: Right. Now, the next thing is, when are you available to start work?

Speaker 2: I finish college on the eighth of June. That’s in three weeks’ time, but I can’t start work till the
eleventh because I’ve got a hospital appointment on the tenth of June.

Speaker 1: Ah! No problem. Now I need to ask you a few questions about the type of job that might be
suitable. Do you have any particular kind of work in mind? It doesn’t necessarily mean that you will get
work in the field that you want, but I can record your preferences.

Speaker 2: Well, I'd do anything, and I have worked as an assistant animal keeper before when I was still
at school. But I’m studying at a catering college now, and I’d really like to get some experience as an
assistant cook if possible.

Speaker 1: Right. So that’s your first choice. Have you done that kind of job before?

Speaker 2: No. But I’ve helped my aunt sometimes - she runs a cafe in Exeter.

Speaker 1: Mmm. Would you say you’ve got any relevant skills then?
Speaker 2: Well, I’m used to using the kind of equipment you usually find in a kitchen.

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Speaker 1: OK. And I know you’re still studying, but do you already have any qualifications related to that
kind of work? A hygiene qualification, for example?

Speaker 2: I haven't, no, but I've got a certificate in food handling. I did it before I decided to become a
full-time student.

Speaker 1: Fine. OK. That means you wouldn’t need any specific training if you did get the kind of work
you wanted. But you’d have to do a short course on First Aid. All our new employees do that. It just takes
half a day, and most people find it generally useful.

Speaker 2: Oh yes, I’m sure it is.

Speaker 1: Well, that’s about it, really. Just one last thing - can you give me the name of someone who
would give you a reference? Like a previous employer or ...

Speaker 2: Oh yes, you can put Dr. Ruth Price.

Speaker 1: OK ... Is that one of your college lecturers?

Speaker 2: She’s my college tutor. She’s known me for over two years, and I’m sure she wouldn’t mind.
In fact, she’s given me a reference before.

Speaker 1: Fine. We’d probably contact her by phone - do you know her number?

Speaker 2: That’s a landline.

Speaker 1: Good. Well. As I say, I can’t promise anything, but I’ll pass your application on and you should
hear back in a few days. Is there anything else?

Speaker 2: Just one thing - I suffer from a particular type of color blindness, and sometimes employers
have to make special arrangements for that.

Speaker 1: OK. I’ll make a note of that.

Task 2

Man: Hello, Brian Parks speaking.

Woman: Oh hello, I’m calling about the advert in the paper ...

Man: For the car?

Woman: Er, yes, the Mini you’ve got advertised for sale.

Man: Oh yes.

Woman: I just wanted to find out a bit more information.

Man: Of course, what would you like to know?

Woman: It’s my brother who’s actually interested ... but he’s not in today so he asked me to call you.

Man: Fine ...

Woman: Great, thanks. So, it’s a Mini ...

Man: Yep.

Woman: ... and how old is it?

Man: Just coming up to thirteen years old.

Woman: And I seem to remember from the ad that it’s grey?

Man: That’s it ... doesn’t show the dirt!

Woman: (Laugh) Absolutely ... anyway the color shouldn’t be a problem for Jeff, you know, the important
thing is the quality ...

Man: Yes, of course.

Woman: And what about mileage ... with it being pretty old. It’s probably over a hundred thousand?

Man: Actually, it’s forty thousand less than that ... sixty-two thousand on the clock!

Woman: Great! I remember now ... I’m confusing it with another ad I was looking at.

Man: Right ... pleasant surprise then.

Woman: Yeah. Have you been the only owner ... or was there a previous one ...?

Man: I’m the second one. Before it was owned by a teacher ... who was a very careful driver - didn’t have
any accidents.

Woman: Very good. And what about you ... what do you tend to use it for?
Man: I haven’t used it all that much ... mostly for shopping ... you know, that sort of thing.

Woman: So not much wear and tear. I’ll make a note of that. I know Jeff wanted me to check that.

Man: Right.

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Woman: Now, about the price, I see you’ve got it down as one thousand, two hundred and fifty
pounds. I’m not sure Jeff’ll be able to come up with that amount.
Man: In the ad, I did say one thousand, two hundred and fifty or nearest offer ...

Woman: So, would you be prepared to go down to one thousand?

Man: That’s really too low, I’m afraid.
Woman: One thousand, one hundred.

Man: I might be able to go to that.

Woman: OK, I’ll make a note of that. What about tax? Is it due soon?

Man: Got another five months before it’s due ...

Woman: Oh, that’s a real plus, yes. I’ll make a note of that ...
Man: OK.
Woman: Now, you say it’s in good condition.
Man: For its age, I’d say yes, definitely. It’s just been serviced and there were no major problems.

Woman: Major...?
Man: I’d be able to show you the service report. The only thing is you’d have to get a new tire in the near
future ... though it’s still OK, you know, it’s certainly absolutely safe, at the moment.
Woman: OK, fair enough. Yes, I understand.
Man: And the garage also mentioned that one headlight could probably do with replacing - they think
there’s a fault there, you know, intermittent ...
Woman: Well, we’d obviously look at all the documents ... but that sounds very straightforward.
Man: Of course. I’ve got all the service documents up-to-date and you can look at those.
Woman: Well, it all sounds pretty good, and I know my brother will be interested. So, would it be possible
for him to see the car ... he’s back from his trip tomorrow ... and away tonight, so how about tomorrow?
Man: ... tomorrow ... Wednesday? I’m afraid that’s not possible. I’m out pretty much all day.
Woman: Well, Thursday then?
Man: That’d be fine, yeah.
Woman: In the morning?
Man: Yes, that’d suit me perfectly.
Woman: Great.
Man: Now, you’ll need my address.
Woman: Oh yes, of course! What is it?
Man: It’s number two hundred thirty-eight.
Woman: Two three eight
Man: London road
Woman: Oh! That’s easy enough
Man: Yes, very straightforward
Woman: So, I’ll pass on this note to Jeff, and he’ll see

Task 3

Things to do before we go

Woman: Our plane tickets arrived this morning ... It reminded me how much there is to do before we go.
Man: Let’s write everything down shall we, so we don’t forget anything.
Woman: Yes. Last time we went away we almost forgot to collect our currency from the
bank. So, let’s start with that.

Man: Good thinking. And wasn’t there an appointment you said you’d got to cancel?
Woman: Yes, the hairdresser ... Thanks for reminding me. Can you write that down too? The shop will be
closed now, but I’ll do it first thing on Monday.
Man: OK ... Then, starting on Tuesday, we’ve got to take the tablets we got from the pharmacy. We
really mustn’t forget to do that because we're not protected against malaria till we’ve been taking them
for at least seven days.
Woman: No, so that’s really important.
Man: And what about shopping? There’re still a few things we’ve got to buy the next time we’re in town.
We need some more sunblock, don’t we? We’ve only got that factor ten stuff - it won’t be strong enough.
Woman: I've already bought that. But what we still need to get is sunglasses. The ones I've got
aren't good enough, and I don't think yours are either.
Man: OK ... I’ve noted that down. And I think I’m going to get another bag too. Just a small one. We
always seem to come back with more things than we take!
Woman: Shall we get an extra lock for our suitcase as well? Just in case the one we’ve got breaks. They
don’t seem to last long.
Man: Yes, they are a bit flimsy. OK ... Right ... Oh yes, and we need an adaptor/adapter for our
electrical things. Your hairdryer and my shaver ... The plugs on them are bound to be the wrong type.
Woman: We could get one at the airport. They always have them there.
Man: Well, I'd rather get it beforehand, so I'm writing it down. And then I think that's it, isn't it?
Woman: I think so. As far as shopping’s concerned. But we also need to order a taxi to take us to the
airport. We should do that well in advance. My sister left it too late, and she had to take the train - with
that huge suitcase of hers!
Man: I know, she really struggled with it ...
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Man: Now let’s see ... Your mother said she’d come in regularly while we’re away, so what do we want
her to do? I’ll write some instructions and we can give them to her tomorrow.
Woman: Good idea. Well ... the cat’s the main thing.
Man: OK! Feed ... the cat ...
Woman: We ought to leave her the vet’s details as well, just in case there’s a problem.
Man: Yes. Have you got them handy?
Woman: Hang on, I’m just looking ... Yes. His name’s Colin Jefferey.

Man: Is that spelled with a G?

Woman: Actually, it’s J-E-double F-E-R-E-Y. Quite an unusual spelling, isn’t it?
Man: Mmm. And his number?
Woman: Oh, treble seven, five nine four ... one two eight. It’s a mobile phone.
Man: OK.
Woman: And you should write down where it is - it’s Fore Street, not sure what number, but it’s next to
the bus stop isn’t it?
Man: That’s not a very good landmark, but it’s on the other side of the road to the church, so I’ll tell
her that. Let’s hope she won’t need a vet anyway!
Woman: Yes. Right, apart from that there are the plants to water. Ask her to make sure they don’t dry out.
Man: Oh yes, and I’ve already mentioned the problem with the boiler, and your mum said she’d come
round to meet the heating engineer and let him in.
Woman: Yes. It’s a lot for her to do, but we really need to get the problem sorted out, and the
earliest date I could get an appointment was April the thirtieth.
Man: Isn’t it the day after we go?
Woman: Yes - we leave on the twenty-ninth. And she’ll have to hang around till the job is finished.
Man: Oh well, she won’t mind I’m sure. She likes helping people out.
Woman: Yes, she does.
Man: OK ... That’s it then I think. Unless you can think of anything else?

Woman: Not at the moment. Leave the list there and I’ll.
...
Task 4

Narrator: You will hear a woman, who has just moved into the area, talking to a neighbor about problems
she is having in her house. First, you have some time to look at Questions 1–2. You will see that there is an
example which has been done for you. On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be
played first.

Man: Oh, hi Ruth. How are you?

Woman: I'm sorry to bother you, Alastair, but I've been having some problems.
Man: Oh. Come on in ... What's happened?
Woman: Basically, I had a leak from one of the pipes in the bathroom and water started coming through
the downstairs, and the kitchen ceiling's badly stained. I've got the leak fixed temporarily but I wasn't happy
with the plumber and I wanted to ask your advice.
Man: Of course...Well, the first thing I'd say is to make sure you choose a local company ... that way if
things go wrong you're close by and it just makes things easier.

Narrator: Alistair says that Ruth should choose a local company, so ‘local' has been written in the space.
Now we shall begin. You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording
a second time. Listen carefully and answer Questions 1–2.

Man: Oh, hi Ruth. How are you?

Woman: I'm sorry to bother you, Alastair, but I've been having some problems.
Man: Oh. Come on in ... What's happened?
Woman: Basically, I had a leak from one of the pipes in the bathroom and water started coming through
the downstairs, and the kitchen ceiling's badly stained. I've got the leak fixed temporarily but I wasn't happy
with the plumber and I wanted to ask your advice.
Man: Of course ... Well, the first thing I'd say is to make sure you choose a local company ... that way if
things go wrong you're close by and it just makes things easier.
Woman: Let me write this down ... Right. Yes. The plumber who fixed things yesterday was from quite far
away but I chose him because his advert said he did emergency repairs.
Man: Well, fair enough ... you needed something in a hurry. But another piece of advice I'd give is to try to
avoid calling anybody on weekends. That'll really bump up the prices. Leave it till Monday, if you can.
Woman: Well, yes ... I think I can do that because the temporary fix should hold. And obviously, I'll need
the ceiling plastered and eventually re-decorated.
Man: Yes, sure.
Woman: So who would you recommend? Is there a directory?
Man: Well, there's quite a good website covering this sort of work. It's www.plasdeco.com.
Woman: Is that with a K?
Man: a C, P-L-A-S-D-E-C-O dot com.
Woman: Got it. Well, I'll try and have a look at that.
Man: Yes, it gives price and quality comparisons.
Woman: Oh, that'll be useful, but I find personal recommendations really helpful as well ... you know, you
can find out whether you can rely on the company.
Man: Well, I know a couple of reasonable plumbers and also some plasterers.
Woman: Great.
Narrator: Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at Questions 3–
10. Now listen and answer Questions 3–10.

Man: There's a company called Peake's Plumbing ... now they're a father and son team. They're really
friendly and they tell you the information you need in a clear way ... you know, so they really understand
what the problem is.
Woman: Right, well that's good to know. Are they reliable?
Man: Well, that's a downside – every single time I've used them they arrive late. And friends have said the
same thing.
Woman: But is the work good quality?
Man: Absolutely ... Another one is John Demerol Plumbing Services – he's very good. Woman: How do
you spell the surname?
Man: D-A-M-E-R-O-L.
Woman: Right ... got that. And does he do high-quality work?
Man: Well, it's fine, you know, but I wouldn't say that was his main point. Basically, he comes out
cheaper ... you know ... than other people.
Woman: I sense there's a 'buť ... is he unreliable?
Man: Oh ... he comes when he says he's coming BUT he's not very courteous and he has the tendency to
be messy ... you know so you have quite a bit of clearing up to do.
Woman: Hmmm ... OK.
Man: So it's up to you ... they're both good workers and they won't cheat you.
Woman: Right. And you said you knew some plasterers?
Man: Yes a company called Simonson Plasterers did our living room last year ... we chose them because
we wanted some fancy work on the ceiling – around the lights.
Woman: So they can do a variety of designs?
Man: You've got it. But it comes at a premium because they are more expensive ... you know ...
Woman: ... than the others ...
Man: Yes ... Or you could go for a one-man firm called H.L. Plastering ... Harry Lester – he's fine – very
reliable, if all you want is a simple job ...
Woman: Do either of them do the painting for you if you want ...? After the plastering dried out of
course.
Man: That's what I was going to say. But I should explain that Harry's quite old now and so he avoids
doing jobs which involve tall ladders ... you know.
Woman: But my kitchen isn't too bad for that ... I'd have to ask him if he's prepared to do it.
Man: Yeah sure.
Woman: So I'll start by looking at the website.
Man: All those companies are on there ... with their phone numbers, etc ….
Woman: Thanks ever so much ….

Task 5

Narrator: You will hear a man called Ken talking on the phone to a friend called Liz about holiday
accommodation. First, you have some time to look at Questions 1–6. You will see that there is an example
which has been done for you. On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.

Liz: Hello?
Ken: Hi Liz, it's Ken here.
Liz: Hi Ken! Nice to hear from you! Are you ….
Ken: This is just a quick call, but Mary and I have just been talking about our summer holiday – we haven't
booked a place yet and we've left it a bit late. We were just wondering if you know of any holiday rentals in
your area – it's so nice there.
Liz: Well yes, I can think of two or three places that are very nice – what dates have you got in mind?
Ken: The 10th of July to the 22nd of July.

Narrator: Ken says that they need accommodation from the 10th to the 22nd of July, so '10th-22nd
July'has been written in the space. Now we shall begin. You answer the questions as you listen because you
will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer Questions 1–6.

Liz: Hello?
Ken: Hi Liz, it's Ken here.
Liz: Hi Ken! Nice to hear from you! Are you ….
Ken: This is just a quick call, but Mary and I have just been talking about our summer holiday – we haven't
booked a place yet and we've left it a bit late. We were just wondering if you know of any holiday rentals in
your area – it's so nice there.
Liz: Well yes, I can think of two or three places that are very nice – what dates have you got in mind?
Ken: The 10th of July to the 22 of July.
Liz: Oh yes, that is quite soon, isn't it? Well, there's a place near here called Moonfleet...
Ken: Is that M-double O-N-F-L-double E-T?
Liz: That's right. It's quite a rural location, and it's next to the owner's house, but it's got fields all around it,
so it's very pretty.
Ken: Mm. Sounds OK. Can you tell me a bit more about it?
Liz: Well, it's an annex to the owner's house, and it's an apartment with two bedrooms and an open-plan
living area.
Ken: Well, I like the sound of it. Is there anything we might not like about it?
Liz: Well, it's quite a distance from the nearest shops, that's all...
Ken: OK. And ... well, I'll tell Mary, but I don't think she'd mind that. Do you know how you book it?
Liz: You have to book on the internet. There's a web address – it's www. summerhouses...
Ken: One word?
Liz: Yes ... Then dot com. You'll be able to look at a photograph on that.
Ken: OK ... And what about the others? Where are they?
Liz: The second one I'm thinking of is called Kingfisher, and that's even more rural. It's a really beautiful
location, in fact, it's by the river, and it's got nice views – it overlooks woodland on the other side.
Ken: Is that an apartment?
Liz: No, it's a three-bedroomed house. And that's got a dining room as well as a separate living room and a
kitchen. But I expect it's more expensive. You'll have to check the prices.
Ken: Mm. It's probably a bit bigger than we need, but our nephew might be joining us, we're not sure yet.
How do you book Kingfisher?
Liz: You have to phone the owner directly. Shall I give you the number? I've got it here in my phone book
... It's oh one seven five two, double six nine, two one eight.
Ken: Right ...

Narrator: Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at Questions 7– 10.
Now listen and answer Questions 7–10.

Ken: And you mentioned a third place?

Liz: Yes, there's a house that my sister stayed in last year – it's called Sunnybank.
Ken: Nice name.
Liz: And the location of that one is rather different ... It's in the center of a village, but it's a very small and
quaint place.
Ken: Did your sister like it?
Liz: Oh yes, it's by the sea so her children really loved it...
Ken: What's the accommodation like?
Liz: I'm not sure about the number of rooms because I haven't been in it myself, but I think she said it's
quite spacious .... And I know it's got its own garden. It's not very big, but it's not shared with anyone else,
and it's supposed to be very pretty.
Ken: Any snags? Problems?
Liz: The only other thing I can think of is that there's nowhere for parking. The streets are too narrow. So
you have to leave your car somewhere else and then walk to the house – it's only about ten minutes away,
but ….
Ken: OK. Well ... I don't think it matters personally. How do you book it?
Liz: There's an agent you have to contact. I don't know his details, but I can ask my sister and let you know
tomorrow.
Ken: Thanks Liz, that'd be great. I'll talk to Mary and see what she says. Thanks for your help.
Liz: That's OK Ken, I'll speak to you again tomorrow. I hope you find what you're looking for...

Task 6

Example

V1: Hello, White Water Sports Centre.

Janet: Hello, er, I wanted to enquire about a job at the center.
V1: Right, I'll just put you through to the manager.
Steve: Hello, Steve Thompson speaking.

Questions 1-5.

V1: Hello, White Water Sports Centre.

Janet: Hello, er, I wanted to enquire about a job at the center.
V1: Right, I'll just put you through to the manager.
Steve: Hello, Steve Thompson speaking.
Janet: Hello, er, my name's Janet Willis. Er, I'm looking for a part-time job and I saw an ad saying that you
have some vacancies. I was wondering what sort of people you were looking for.
Steve: Well at present we're looking for a part-time pool attendant, I don't know if you're interested in
that?
Janet: Oh, yes, definitely.
Steve: OK, well, have you done this sort of job before?
Janet: Oh, yes, I've spent the last three summers working for a children's summer camp, so I did a lot of
pool supervision, and I'm actually a sports student - water sports are my special area.
Steve: OK, well no need to ask if you can swim then...
Janet: No, I'm certainly not afraid of the water. So what does the job at the pool involve?
Steve: You'd mainly be responsible for supervising the swimmers – we have to watch them all the time,
obviously, in case of accidents, so you'd have regular shifts there.
Janet: OK.
Steve: Then as well as that, you'd have to look after the equipment that's used by the beginners' classes.
Janet: Right - and would I be involved in teaching them at all? I'd be quite interested in that.
Steve: Well, they have their own instructor, so that's not really part of the job. The attendant's job does
involve taking regular water quality tests ... but you wouldn't be involved in cleaning the pool or anything
like that.
Janet: OK. And the ad said you wanted someone just twice a week.
Steve: Yes, that's right.
Janet: Can I choose which days?
Steve: Erm, well if you'd rung up earlier you could have done but I'm afraid it's got to be Mondays and
Wednesdays - we've got someone for Tuesdays and Thursdays, and the weekends are already fully staffed.
Is that going to be a problem for you?
Janet: No, that should be alright. And the ad said it was evening work, right?
Steve: Yes, you start at 6, and the pool closes at 9.30, but you wouldn't get away until 10 by the time
you've checked the lockers and changing rooms.
Janet: Fine.
Questions 6-10.

Janet: And how much do you pay?

Steve: The basic hourly rate is $15, but we'd go up to $19 for someone with the right qualifications.
Janet: Well, I've got life-saving certificates and first aid qualifications.
Steve: Oh, with that and your experience you'd probably get the maximum rate then, Obviously, you'd have
to come along for an interview, if you're interested?
Janet: Oh, it sounds just the job I'm looking for. Shall we fix a time for the interview now?
Steve: OK ... er, it's Janet, isn't it?
Janet: Yeah, Janet Willis.
Steve: How about Friday morning, Janet? Around 11.00.
Janet: Oh sorry - I have lectures, but I could make the afternoon.
Steve: 2 p.m.?
Janet: Fine. And can I just check on where you are ... is it Findon Avenue?
Steve: No, it's 23-27 Farndon Avenue, that's FARNDON. It's off East Gate.
Janet: East Gate ... Fine. I'll look forward to meeting you, then.
Steve: Ok, so if you need to phone me before then, you can get through to me directly on 053210.
Janet: Is there anything I need to bring along to the interview?
Steve: Well, you do need to fill in an application form -- I'll put one in the post for you, so can you fill that
in and bring it along.
Janet: You don't want me to post it back to you?
Steve: No, just remember to bring it along with you.
Janet: What about references? Should I bring any?
Steve: No, but do have your certificates with you when you come, we need to see those.
Janet: Great. Thanks very much then, I'll see you on Friday. Bye.
Steve: Bye.
 Lesson 2
Describing a place

Task 1

1.

Woman: Excuse me, can you tell me where the gift shop is?

Man: Yes, you need to go into the shopping center. The entrance is over there on your left.

Woman: Yes, I see it.

Man: Well, you go in then go straight ahead. The shop you will see is opposite the toilets, next to the lifts.

Woman: Thanks very much.

2.

Welcome to the resort. I'll just tell you about some of our facilities. We've got a lovely little pond where
guests are welcome to sit and have a picnic. You'll see it as you come in the entrance. In the middle of the
resort, you'll see a circular courtyard. It has some lovely cool places to sit as well. You can see our famous
big tree from there. It's enormous. To the right of the courtyard, you'll find a small shop where you can pick
up things like postcards and stamps. It's just behind the tree.

3.

Student: Hello professor Jones, would you be able to help me with my assignments?

Professor: Of course, are you having problems with choosing a good location for the new bridge?

Student: Yes, I was thinking of putting it right in the middle as the river is at its narrowest.

Professor: Well, that wouldn’t save costs.

Student: Exactly, but I realized that it would create costs in other areas as it would mean some important
buildings being knocked down. So, I think it would be better if it's at the eastern end of the motorway.

Professor: That's a good idea, it would be a lot more useful than if it was at the western end.

4.

The Traviston frog is different from many other species of frog. It is very small and so unlike other species,
it is unable to live in the area of a pond, though it does need to live in fairly close proximity to water so that
it can feed. Rather than choosing the safety of a tree which would be too tall and may actually increase the
threat from predators, it elects to live in a tiny borrow surrounded by bushes.
Task 2

Morning everyone. Thanks for coming. Now, starting next week, there will be more routes for all of you to
help out at the information stand. Here it's Brookside market. So, I just wanted to give you a briefing about
what you can find where. The information booth is to the left of the entrance, and I've given you all a plan
to mark important places on. One of the most common inquiries is where can I pay for my parking? People
are amazed when we tell them that it's free now. We used to charge for it. There was a ticket booth to the
left of the entrance, but now that it has been turned into a small stage, we hold cookery demonstrations
there. Local chefs come in and show people how to prepare dishes. It's really popular and you get a nice
view of the fountain. We have 50 stalls at the markets selling everything from fresh fruit and vegetables to
locally made crafts which unfortunately means people won't find things like books or anything second-
hand. We have a famous Baker at the market and many people get here really early just to buy his produce.
His stall is located at the back of the markets next to the barbecue. We sell burgers and sausages there, but a
lot of people like to bring their own lunch to eat and they're welcome to go to the special area near the tree
in the middle of the markets where they can do just that. It's handy for the toilets too. The markets are
located next to a circus school that holds classes for children at the weekend, so we often get a lot of family
groups in. There’s a playground on the right-hand side that's popular with them and just in front of that is
where the farmers bring along chickens, rabbits, and lambs for the children to pet. That's always a very
popular feature, so you'll definitely be asked about that. Just let people know that there is a small fee if the
children want to feed them. Well, that's everything for now.

Further practice

Task 1

Look carefully at the street plan below. One of the sets of directions and then also the questions at the end
of each set of directions.

1. You just come out to the bus station. Turn right and walk to the junction of Elm Avenue and
Hanover Road. Turn left and walk up Hanover road. Cross Woodlawn Lane and continue up
Hanover road. You will see a big building on your right. What is the building on your left?

2. You just come out of the bus station. Turn right and walk to the junction of Elm Avenue and
Hanover Road. Turn left and walk up Hanover Road. Past the Bank of Asia on your left and a small
park just opposite. Cross Woodlawn Lane, keep straight until you see the zebra crossing, turn right,
walk along the street lane to the end of this road. What is the building on your right?

3. You just come out to the bus station, turn left, walk straight on, take the first turn on the right. Go
along Street Lane and take the second turn on the left. What is the building on your right?

Task 2

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Now, before I tell you a little bit about the history of the museum.
Let's make sure you can find your way around. There are 3 floors to the museum, and we have a lot of very
interesting things for you to see. You are now standing in the hall after entering through the main entrance.
I know you are particularly interested in Australian arts, and you'll find examples of this if you go up the
steps in front of you and go through the door immediately on your left. There are also other displays of
Australian and native American objects on the second floor; you'll find them in the corner of the room off
the Australian art gallery. You may find it useful to go into the book shop before you begin the tour of the
museum. It's here as you can see, straight ahead of you, up the main steps. The cloakroom and toilets are
both in the basement, you can take the stairs next to the main entrance or use the lift. If you'd like to
become a member of the museum, you can apply at the museum office. Membership is 30 pounds a year,
and this entitles you to free entry. The museum office is on this floor, up the steps, and to your right. And
opposite the museum office, also on your right is the Egyptian room. There you'll find a selection of
mummies and wall paintings some over 3000 years old. At present, I'm sorry to tell you there are 2
galleries which are closed. The first one, to your right between the main steps and the steps to the
basement, is our Greek sculpture gallery. The other one, the African paintings gallery is on the first floor
and is undergoing decoration. Both will be reopening in March. Now if you would like to follow me up the
mainstay.

Task 3

We've talked about eating healthily, and there's a very useful store nearby that sells a large range of organic
products and health-food supplements. This is also in front of the main building, but this time you need to
go beyond the turning for Tye Road and you'll see it on the right-hand corner, directly opposite another
building. Finally, if you want a healthy meal and you have very little time to get it. Of course, there's
always the canteen inside the main building, but I would recommend a place called Jenny's Restaurant.
Leave the front of the main building and head for the roundabout. When you're there, take the second turn
on the left ... it's just along that road before the trees. You can get a number of excellent dishes here at a
reasonable price.

Task 4

At the center of the Treloar Estuary area is the historic riverside village of Calton. The main road comes
into the village from the south, and for those of you who are arriving by bus, it turns left just before the
bridge and stops in the lay-by on the left-hand side. From there it’s just a short walk to Calton’s various
attractions. If you’re arriving by car, you have to leave it in the main car park. Go over the bridge and
take the first turn on the right. Then go on until you come to the end of that road. It’s the only place to
park in Calton but there’s no charge. If you’re interested in local history, there's a museum in Calton with
farming, fishing, and household implements from the late nineteenth century. As you come in from the
south, cross the river and go straight on the same road until you reach the end. Also, on the subject of
history, you can go and see the old mill which has recently been renovated and put back into use. Turn
left before you come to the bridge. Then go straight on and then take the first turn on the right. This leads
straight there. If you’re interested in arts and crafts, there’s a potter’s studio where you can watch the
artist at work. After crossing the bridge turn left and it’s the second building on the left. Finally, when
you feel in need of refreshments, there’s a cafe opposite the old boathouse and a picnic area near the mill.

Task 5

OK, now, we've got some students here from Bardwell College who have joined us for today's events.
Hello to you all, and welcome.

Now, before our day begins, you'll need to get a guest badge which you'll have to wear while you're on the
college premises. You can get these from the administration office. To get there from the main hall, leave
the hall by the door opposite reception, turn left, and just follow the corridor to the end. The administration
office is on your right. Don't go any further, or you'll be in the sports hall. If you show your guest badge in
the café, by the way, you'll get a 20% discount on drinks and sandwiches. To get there from the main hall,
walk along the corridor between the main hall and reception and turn right. The café is through the first
door on your left. Directly opposite the café, on the same corridor, is the student common room, where you
can go to relax and perhaps meet some of our own students.

If you have any valuables that you don't want to carry around with you, I suggest you put these in a locker.
These are next to the sports hall, opposite the administration office. You can get a key for a locker when
you get your guest badge from the administration office. And if you want to use our library, leave the main
hall by the door opposite the one you came in - that's the door by the bicycle parking area - and walk to the
end of the corridor. The library is through the door straight ahead of you.

Task 6

Now, before I finish today, I wanted to help you find your way around the museum. When you start next
Monday, the first thing you’ll need to do is sign in. Come through the main entrance and you’ll see the
main staircase straight ahead. To the right of this is the statue of the horse and just behind that is a door -
go through that and that’s the sign-in office. Now, on the first day, you'll be working in Gallery 1. You
find this as follows ... in the central courtyard area, close to the entrance, there’s a large chest where
visitors put donations for the museum. The door just behind that leads to Gallery 1. The workshop you’ll
be taking part in starts at eleven o’clock but if you want to go in earlier you can get the key and let
yourself in. The key box is quite hard to find. Walk-behind Reception and it's between the large gallery
and the bookshop. I haven't mentioned breaks, lunch, etc. Unfortunately, our cafe is closed at the moment
so your best bet is to bring a packed lunch. We tend to have our sandwiches in the kitchen area ... go
round the reception desk and you’ll see a small circular cabinet - the door to the kitchen area is just
behind that.

Now every day, we put up notices about what's happening in the museum. Your supervisor will brief you
but if you want to check up on details, look on our staff noticeboard. This is in the corner of the play area
- at the back, on the wall of Gallery 3. If you have any questions, I’d be happy to ...

Task 7

Welcome to Bestley Castle. It's nice to see so many of you here today. Before we go in, I'd like to tell you
some information about the castle, the things to see and do and the facilities available to you on the
grounds. We'll do our best to make this a truly memorable visit. Now, the castle grounds are quite big, and
we don't want you to get lost. So, I'm going to give you an idea of the layout. At the moment, we are at the
entrance and immediately to our left is the tourist information office. Go here if you need any questions
answered. They'll be happy to help. And of course, behind the tourist office is the car park where the coach
dropped you off and he'll also pick you up from the same spot at 5:00 p.m. today. In front of us are the
water gardens. If you stroll through you get to the Northbridge, which is the entrance to Bestley Castle.
Take your time and enjoy looking around the castle. There is a lot of history steeped in those walls. As you
leave the castle via the Southbridge you'll be greeted with the site of roaming deer. During the day, there
will be scheduled feeding opportunities where visitors can get Involved. However, we do request that you
do not feed the deer outside these times. To the right of Deer Park is the castle museum and behind that is
our award-winning restaurant. It's a relatively new addition to the castle grounds but is fast gaining a
reputation for its food. Alternatively, you can choose to dine in the picnic area on the other side of Deer
Park. It's perfect for the family as it's next to the kid's play area and homemade ice cream hut. We hope that
on your way out, you pop into the gift shop by the exit for something to remember us by.

Task 8

Now if I can just show on this wall map here where they all are, you might like to go and have a look
around. If you come into the main university entrance, at the first junction you'll find that Brown Hall is on
the corner opposite the theatre. So, you're nice and near the station here – though I think it can get a bit
noisy with traffic. The same applies to Blake Residence, which is directly facing the junction to the
university entrance. These Halls are often used by medical students and such like, as they're out all day so
don't notice the noise. Anyway, if you then walk along Campus Road towards the main Circle, you'll see
the library on the corner, and Queens Building is just past that as you head north. You will find that it is
quieter here and you may get fewer visitors! By the way, the Circle is quite a feature of the campus as it's
set into the hills and has a brand-new sports center in the middle – it's worth going to look around it.
Now, the Parkway Flats is on the opposite corner to the library, facing the Circle, as you head towards the
main buildings. The main buildings are only about a five-minute walk from here and places in these Halls
go quickly so my advice is to reserve your place as soon as possible. Temple Rise is inside the Circle, next
to the sports center, but further from the main University buildings. Now, if you'd like to go off and …

Task 9

Hi. Can I help you?

Erm - yes - I wanted to join the library.
Ok. First of all, let me show you around the library and explain a few things for you. (pause)
OK, now we're here at the main entrance. You can see the reception, which is where you bring back and
take out books, and also we can order books and answer your questions there. Next to the reception,
where you can see those old desks, is where we keep the magazines because you can sit down and read
there. They're divided into sections for Sciences, Geography, Arts, etcetera. Then, at the back of the library,
you can see the section for old books. Next to that is where the books properly start. That used to be the
Science section but now on those shelves, you'll find the Arts section. We had a big re-organization in
the summer, which I think has made it clearer. The numbering is standard so you should be able to find
what you want quite easily. However, if you can't find something, it probably means it's been borrowed.
OK, then in the corner, next to the reference section, is where we thought it was quietest, and away
from the phones and printers and things, so we've put the study desks there. They all have computer
access if you need it for your laptop. We do ask that you don't just read magazines there, though. OK, then
there's the reference section where you can look up the files. Then, as we come back to the main entrance,
is the next section, where we used to have the languages. It got very busy and noisy, so when we moved
everything around we decided to put the law books here. Also, because it's a smaller section it fits quite
well here. OK, then we're back at the main entrance. Over there, by reception, there's a door that goes to the
extension and we have further sections, such as Languages, and study desks through there so you could
have a look round when we've finished. Then just between reception and the door here is where we
decided to put the computers but the computer magazines are in the magazine section as we found too
many went missing here! OK, is that everything ...

Task 10

OK, thanks. How can I get from here to Hackney, then?

Right, well you can choose. We're here at the information office, OK? Now, next to us, on the corner of
the high street and Sweet Street is the bus stop, opposite the bank. The bus goes all the way to Hackney
but it is a very indirect route so it could take ages. If you want to take the train, walk down the high street
towards the city, go past the bank, and on your left is the station, just before you get to the post office.
There's a mainline service to Hackney Wick so, if you need to get into the center of Hackney, you may
need to pick up a bus when you get there. Opposite the post office, on the corner of Hart Lane is the
tube entrance - you'll see the big signs. That's probably the best way to get there, though you may have to
change. It's probably best if you go and get a travel card first. To get to the ticket office, you go out of here
onto the high street. Then turn into South Street and the ticket office is on your right opposite the
cinema. Of course, you may decide it's quicker to take a taxi. But, it's a long way, so I think it'll be very
expensive. If you do want to get a cab, then the rank is outside here just opposite the office.
 Lesson 3
Task 1
Well, here we are at the top of the tower, and we're gonna look at the view from each
direction. Out to the east, the large buildings, about a kilometer away, are the Olympic site.
There's an indoor arena for gymnastics, a stadium, the track and field and a swimming pool
full of races and synchronized swimming and also diving. If you look carefully down there,
you can see the train lines. The Olympic site has its own station to encourage the use of
public transport. There is also a car park, but it only holds a limited number of cars. The
‘name’ park has some specially created water features. If you look out here to the south,
you can see a circular ornamental pond. And around to the west, you can relax and sit on
the bench to smell the flowers in the rose garden. And finally up to the north, if you look
in front of you now, there's a lake with a small island in the center, you can hire or row a
boat. If you look through the trees, you can see the cafe which has lovely views across the
water. Okay, let's climb down now.

Task 2

Welcome to GreenVale Agricultural Park. As you know, we only open for a week, so you
are amongst our first visitors. We have lots of fascinating indoor and outdoor exhibits on
our huge complex, spread over hundreds of hectares. Our aim is to give educational
opportunities to the wider public as well as to offer research sites for a wide variety of
agriculturists and other scientists.

Let's start by seeing what there is to do. As you can see here, on our giant wall plan, we are
now situated in the Reception block. As you walk out of the main door into the park, there
is a path you can follow. If you follow this route, you will immediately come into the Rare
Breeds section, where we keep a wide variety of animals which I shall be telling you a little
more about later. Next to this, moving east is the large grazing area for the rare breeds.
Then further east…in the largest section of our Park is the Forest Area. South of the grazing
area and in fact just next to the Reception block is our Experimental Crop Area. In the
middle of the Park…this circular area is our lake. These two small rectangular shapes here
are the Fish Farms where we rear fish for sale. To the east of the marsh is our Market
Garden area, growing vegetables, and flowers.

All these areas can be visited by the general public for almost all the year. Please take note
of the large signs at the entrance to each area which tell you when certain areas are being
used for particular controlled experiments and are therefore temporarily out of bounds to
the public.
You can see for yourself what a huge area the park covers, and a key question is always,
how can we move around? Well, you have a choice of means, all environmentally friendly.
Cars are banned in the park. We have bicycles which you can hire behind the Reception
block. The healthy ones of you can go on foot and finally there’s our electric tram, powered
from solar cells. You find more information about this at the front entrance.

A good place to start on your tour is the Rare Breeds section. We keep goats, sheep and
hens, and other kinds of poultry. We are also thinking of bringing in cows and horses, but
we do not, as yet, have facilities for these bigger animals. The animals are fed in public
twice a day, and a short lecture was given on their feeding habits and nutritional needs.
These are very popular with the public; but of course, we mustn't lose sight of the main
purpose of having this section, not as such to preserve rare animals but to maintain the
delivery of breeds to broaden the gene pool for agricultural development. Green Vale
changes with the seasons with different events happening at different times of the year.
May will be perhaps our most spectacular month with the arrival of the Canada geese and
when our fruit trees will be in full blossom, but there are interesting events all year round;
for example, John Havers, our expert fly fisherman, is currently giving displays on the lake.
Each of the sections has its own seasonal calendar. Please consult the summary board at
the main entrance. And the final section, as we return to the Reception blocks, is the
orchard.

Do take time to browse around our shop. There is a wide selection of books on wildlife,
some of them written by local authors, and the history of farming, including organic
farming, something which the park will be diversifying into in the coming months.

Task 3

Now, I'm going to give you a plan of the site, and I'd just like to point out where everything
is, and then you can take a look at everything for yourself. I've already pointed out the
river, which is on the left, and of course, running along the bottom is Woodside Road, got
it? Okay, now we're standing at the entrance, see it at the bottom, and immediately to our
right is the ticket office. You won't need that because you've got your group booking but
just pass it to the toilets, always good to know where they are. In front of us is the car park,
as you can see and to the left, by the entry gate is a gift shop. That's where you can get
copies of the guide like this one here. Now, beyond the car park, all the buildings are
arranged in a half-circle with a yard in the middle. The big stone building at the top is the
main workshop. That's where the furnaces and where all the metal was melted, and the
tools were cast as you'll be able to see. Now, in the top right-hand corner, that building
with big windows is the showroom where samples of all the tools that were made through
the ages are on display. In the top left corner is the grinding shop where the tools were
sharpened and finished and on one side of that you can see the engine room and on the
other is the cafe which isn't an antique, you'll be pleased to note though they do serve very
nice old-fashioned tea. The row of buildings you can see on the left are the cottages. These
were built for the workers towards the end of the eighteenth century and they're still
furnished from that period so you can get a good idea of ordinary people's living conditions.
Across the yard, from them, you can see the stables where the horses were kept for
transporting the products. And the separate building in front of them is the works office
and that still has some of the old accounts on display. Right, if anyone wants a guided tour
then I'm starting at the engine room. If you'd like to come along this way, please ladies and
gentlemen.

Task 4

Good evening and welcome aboard the pride of the pool. This recorded announcement will
give you details of some of the facilities available onboard this ship. You’re currently
standing in the reception area in the center of the B deck. If you're feeling hungry after a
long day traveling, go up the stairs to A deck where you'll find the restaurant. The restaurant
caters to all appetites with anything from a light snack to a full 3-course meal. The
restaurant will open from the moment the ship leaves port to half an hour before
arrival. Next to the restaurant on A deck in the lounge, there are reclining seats with music
headphones if you want to relax. The headphones are free but people using this area are
encouraged to keep noise to a minimum so the other passengers can enjoy themselves and
sleep or read if they wish. For those of you who like some entertainment, just next door to
us on this deck is a 40-seat cinema showing the latest full-length feature films. The cinema
program is available here at reception, but you'll have to buy the tickets themselves at the
cinema entrance, just before you go in. Just next to the cinema is the staircase leading down
to the cabins on the C deck. To access your cabin, just show your boarding pass to a steward
who will give you the key. On this deck, that's this B deck you'll also find an area where
you can either play games in our special electronic games arcade or do your shopping. Just
beyond that on the same level, people who want a bit of fresh air or just want to see the sea
can go out onto the viewing deck which is in the open at. Make sure you wear a jacket or
coat as it can be quite cold and windy.

Task 5

Hello everyone and welcome on board the Sunshine express on a journey from London to
Naples. I'm a chain shop train manager and I hope you'll all enjoy the trip. Before we
depart, I'd like to tell you a bit about the train and its facilities. Now, we’re here on the
observation deck which is where you'll probably spend most of your trip as it offers the
best views, and directly below us is a, well, we call it our leisure center. There are some
games machines, a television, a small library and so on. If you've brought a laptop or
computer with you, you can also get onto the internet here as it has full Wifi capability.
There's also a small bar where you can get tea or coffee and light meals. For lunch and
dinner, you'll use the restaurant card which is at the front of the train. You'll have breakfast
in your cabins, by the way, which will be brought to you by your steward. The two cars
behind the restaurant, away you'll find the second-class cabins, each cabin has seats which
it changed into beds at night. You'll also find a simple basin for washing and a small fold-
down table. First-class passengers, your cabins are at the back of the train. To get to them,
you'll need to pass through the lounge. This can be used by everyone during the day but is
exclusive to first-class passengers after 6:00 PM. Right at the back of the train, basically
as far as you can go, is my office. If anyone needs to see me though, please use the phone
in your cabin rather than coming to the office, just press one and you'll get me. If I'm not
there, tell your steward you need to see the manager and he or she will look for me.

Task 6

Of course, one of the things you'll want as soon as you open your account is a debit card,
so I thought I'd give you a little tour of these essential little pieces of plastic. If you look at
the slide, you'll see that on the front at the top, they tend to have either the name of the
bank or the company which issued the card. Then a bit more than halfway down on the
right, you'll see this hologram with a picture which appears to move as you move the card
around in front of you. This sort of detail makes the card very hard to forge although like
with anything else there are people out there who will try. Then on the back, there is another
of those sophisticated high-tech details and that's the magnetic strip which is this black
thing going from one side to the other which contains certain coded details. While we're
on the back you'll see another light strip with 3 numbers at the end, that's your security
number which they always ask for when you use the card for an internet purchase or the
phone, and it also has a space where you are the cardholder should put your signature so
that shop assistants can compare it when you sign a payment slip. Going back to the front,
in the bottom right-hand corner, you'll usually find the bank logo, and just to the left of it,
there is your own name in raised print. One thing you always need for telephone and
internet sales is the expiry date and on the card in front of you, that's just above the
cardholder's name. Finally, in most places, you have to insert your card into a machine and
a key in your pin. Just above the card number on the left, you can see a chip and that chip
is there to verify that the pin you have entered is correct.

Task 7

Now, the last thing is the drinks machine that we're putting in the staff room. As you will
be using this brand-new state-of-the-art machine pretty frequently, I thought I'd just run
through with you how it works. So, here on the screen, I've put up a picture of it and I'll
just tell you all how it works. Well, it's pretty big and you may be surprised to hear that it
can store as many as 495 drinks products, so there'll be plenty to choose from and it won't
need refilling too regularly. Right, well, it's got a glass front here and behind it, all the
drinks, of course, the drinks come in bottles and cans and that, of course, is
refrigerated. Now this machine has an interesting feature that I'm sure will entertain you
all. When you've chosen and paid for your drink, there's a special rapid pickup mechanism
that grabs your drink and places it into the receiver here which is illuminated, so you can
see your drink even if it's dark in here and that's not all. Through the glass front, you can
actually see the mechanism working. There's a visible moving arm that gets and delivers
the drink and you can see that happening. Now that's not just to make the machine
interesting to look at what you're buying a drink, it's got a serious advantage too. What it
does is to quickly and safely move the drink without it being shaken at all so it won’t bubble
up or spill when you open it. Now to the business of how you buy a drink. How it works is
that you choose the drink you want from the menu here and then type in the code for that
drink, you'll see the code in front of each drink then the price of the drink will be displayed
here, and you pay for it. You can do that with coins or by card and you can order up to 10
products at a time. For example, if you’re getting drinks for a group of visitors. So, as I say
it's the very latest in drinks machine technology and I hope you all will be pleased to have
it. Right next I'm going to move on to talk about.

Task 8

Simon: Thanks to all of you for coming along today to hear about how the robotic float
project is helping with ocean research. Well, first of all, we'll look at what a robotic float
does and its use. So, let's start with the device itself. It looks a bit like a cigar and it's about
one and a half meters long. More importantly, it's full of equipment that's designed to
collect data. So, it can help us in building up a profile of different factors which work
together within the world's oceans.

Student 1: Sounds like a big project – isn’t it too big for one country to undertake?

Simon: That's quite true but this project is a really good example of international
cooperation. Over the last five years, scientists from thirteen countries have been taking
part in the project and launching floats in their area of ocean control. And next year this
number will rise to fourteen when Indonesia joins the project.

Student 1: That’s impressive.

Simon: But let's move on to how floats work. The operational cycle goes like this. Each of
the floats is dropped in the ocean from a boat at a set point and activated from a satellite.
Then the float immediately sinks about 2,000 meters… that's two whole kilometers down
in the water. It stays at this depth for about 10 days and is carried around by the currents
which operate in the ocean at this level. During this time it's possible for it to cover quite
large distances but the average is fifty kilometers.
Student 1: So, what is it actually recording?

Simon: Well at this stage nothing, but as it rises to the surface it collects all sorts of data,
most importantly variations in salinity, that's salt levels, and the changes in temperature, a
bit like underwater weather balloons. Then when it gets back to the surface all the data it's
collected is beamed up to the satellite. After about five hours on the surface, the float
automatically sinks, beginning the whole process again.

Student 1: What happens to the data?

Simon: Well, the information is transferred directly to onshore meteorological stations…

like our one in Hobart… and within four hours the findings can be on computers and they
can be mapped and analyzed.

Student 2: You say you’re building models of the world’s ocean systems but how’re they
going to be used, and more importantly, when?

Simon: Some of the data has already helped in completing projects. For example, our
understanding of the underlying causes of El Nino events is being confirmed by float data.
Another way we're using float data is to help us to understand the mechanics of climate
change, like global warming and ozone depletion. That's part of an ongoing variability
study but the results are still a long way off. However, this is not the case with our ocean
weather forecasting. Because we know from the floats what the prevailing weather
conditions will be in certain parts of the ocean, we can advise the navy on search and rescue
missions. What's happening right now, and many yachtsmen owe their lives to the success
of this project. In addition, the float data can help us to look at the biological implications
of ocean processes.

Student 2: Would that help with preserving fish stocks

Simon: Yes, and advising governments on fisheries legislation. We’re well on the way to
completing a project on this. We hope it will help to bring about more sustainable fishing
practices. We’ll be seeing the results of that quite soon.

Student 2: It sounds like the data from floats has lots of applications.

Simon: Yes, it does. It’s also a powerful agricultural tool. If we were aware of what the
weather would be like, say, next year, we could make sure that the farmers planted
appropriate grain varieties to produce the best yield from the available rainfall.

Student 2: That sounds a bit like science fiction, especially when now we can’t even tell
them when a drought will break.
Simon: I agree that this concept is still a long way in the future, but it will come eventually,
and the float data will have made a contribution.

Task 9

Hi everyone. Shall we get started? I think everyone's here now. Right, well this is the
moment you've been waiting for - the floor plan of our office space in the new building.
Now before I show you the final design, let me say that we took as many of your comments
on board as possible so that we don't have the same problems as in this building, but please
bear in mind that it's never possible to accommodate all the requests and keep everyone
100% happy.

As you already know our company will have two floors out of the four in the new building.
If we start at the main entrance - here we are on the first floor of course - reception is
facing you as you come in so that it's the first thing that our customers see as they enter the
premises. The rest of the admin staff are located directly behind reception so that they can
work in either the front or back-office depending on the number of customers at any one
time without moving too far. Mr. Davis' office is next to these two and opposite his office
to the left of the main entrance is the marketing department. That's everyone on that
floor. There are internal stairs to our other level, which customers won't have access to,
and that will give some privacy to those of you located upstairs. As you come up the stairs,
the design department will be directly in front of you. It makes sense for the guys in
production to be close by, and that's where we've put you - right next door. So no excuses
from now on about being too far away from one another! Finally, across the corridor from
Production and next to Accounts we have the research department - lots of quiet time
tucked away in the corner there.

So, there it is. Comments, questions? Yes, Max?

Task 10

Now, as I said earlier, the most important thing in your vegetable garden is probably your
compost bin. This provides you with lots of decayed organic matter to dig into the soil,
feed it and create the perfect conditions for growing vegetables.

There are many types of compost bins commercially available, but it's much cheaper to
make your own. Here's how: first, build a wall out of breeze blocks in the shape of a capital
letter 'E. This will give you two compartments and allow you to use compost from one bin
while the second is still being built up. On either side of each opening, place two upright
posts. The front of each bin is composed of removable wooden boards which can be slotted
behind the posts. This gives you easy access to the compost but stops it from falling out.
The composting process will be improved if there is adequate ventilation. So each bin has
a brick base for this purpose, on top of which is a rigid mesh screen. Whatever you want
to compost - vegetable peelings, tea bags, eggshells, grass cuttings and so on-can all be.

Task 11

So, I've told you about the difficulty in detecting neutrinos. They are tiny, virtually
weightless, have no electric charge, and hardly interact with anything at all. Yet
we can detect them, and see how, let's consider the Sudbury installation once again.

The detector there consists of a spherical container filled with heavy water. This rests
inside another vessel tilled with normal water, which helps support the weight of the inner
sphere, as well as providing further shielding from any stray radiation. At the edge of this
inner sphere are about 10,000 electronic detectors. These tires are extremely sensitive, able
to multiply a hundred million limes any electric current which occurs.
So, as the neutrinos pass through this sphere of water, there is a very very very small chance
that one of them may hit a water molecule. To increase the likelihood of this, two strategies
are used. One, the larger the sphere of water, the better, and the Sudbury lank
hold not 10 tons, not 100 tons, but 1000 tons. Two, the water is special, consisting as it’s
of heavier molecules. So, what happens is this. If the neutrino hits the water molecule, the
neutrino is absorbed, but the molecule itself splits apart, producing a tiny electric current.
It is this which is detected, and analyzed, giving key information about neutrinos.

The final question is why do we care about these elusive particles? Well, just think - they
can pass right through the core of our sun at the speed of light without being affected or
losing strength. No other form of radiation can do that, meaning that the knowledge we get
about neutrinos can help us to control them. With this ability, we can probe the center of
our Earth, the inner layers of our Sun and the outer limits of our solar system, and that
makes it all worth the effort.

Task 11 Commented [1]: lặp lại 2 lần Task 11

As we enter the museum from the south by going through the main entrance, as I said
before, you'll find the cloakroom immediately on your left, and on your right is the
museum shop. They have an outstanding range of postcards and souvenirs in there and it's
well worth a visit but perhaps best left till you're on your way out. Then you'll know exactly
what you want. The big room to the right of the entrance behind the shop is the reference
library. Straight ahead of you, yes, the huge circular room is the main reading room. If
you decide to go in there, please keep the noise to a minimum out of respect for the writers
and scholars who use it for their research. The reading room is surrounded by what is
known as the Great Court-indeed, it used to be an open courtyard--but you will see that it
is now completely covered by a magnificent glass and steel structure.
If you walk around the Great Court in a clockwise direction, on the west side, you'll see
the entrance to the long hall of Ancient Egypt which has an amazing collection of Egyptian
antiquities. The gallery behind the reading room (directly opposite the entrance) is devoted
to China and Southeast Asia. Here you'll see Chinese civilization explored chronologically
from the Neolithic period through to the twenty-first century. The restrooms for both men
and women are located in the northeast corner of this floor but don't worry; there are others
available on the floors above. Another huge gallery extends along the eastern side of the
courtyard and this is given over to Greece and Rome--the sculptures in this section are
absolutely spellbinding.
Take your time looking at all the exhibits and when you're ready to view what's on the next
floor, take the magnificent marble staircase by the entrance.
 Lesson 4
Task 1

And it’s interesting to look at the different ways that men and women use phones now, as
those docs affect how the technology will develop. Some research has been done on how Commented [1]: từ này kỳ kỳ...
people use phones and some of the results are surprising. One of the increasing usages of
mobile phones is to get all sorts of data such as phone numbers, the weather, train times,
etcetera and. While there’s been an attempt to set up connections with things that women
might be interested in accessing, it is overwhelmingly men who do this. But what about
the traditional use of a phone – to speak to people! I suppose we would predict that it is
mainly women who use phones as a method of contact for friends and family but, in fact,
the genders exploit this facility equally. I've spoken about the increased business usage that
phones will offer, and I suppose we would associate this usage with men. The survey found
that women are often working from home or catching up with work in the evenings so they
use phones in this way as much as men do. Most of us are aware we can store photos on
our phones – it's an ideal method of capturing a moment, wherever you are. Women tend
to be the group that keeps photos on their phones, but it seems that men use their phones
to actually take pictures much more than women do. And of course, all this knowledge
affects the marketing that the companies will do.

Task 2

Man: Morning Catherine, have a seat.

Woman: Thanks.

Man: Have you decided yet what aspects of social interaction to cover your assignment?

Woman: Not really, I've read so much that I find it interesting having trouble choosing.

Man: Okay, what have you read about?

Woman: Well, this interaction in families is fascinating.

Man: Mm-hm.

Woman: I think I'd like to write a whole assignment about it though because there's so
much to consider.

Man: Then, how about leaving it for now on a writing assignment purely on that next
semester.
Woman: That's a good idea, I'll do that. Then, that's how people interact in groups. I
definitely like to write about that in this assignment.

Man: Okay, it might be worth limiting in some way to interact in social groups for instance.

Woman: Right, yes, I'll put that on the list but work teams are also very interesting. I'd be
sorry not to include them.

Man: Maybe we should see what else you thought about and come back to the question of
work teams later.

Woman: Fine. Well, I read a good article about the source of interaction we have with
acquaintances, mostly about the people we recognize but don't necessarily know by name.
It really opened my eyes to everyday behavior so I'd quite like to write about that. On the
other hand, there are other things that I wouldn't want to leave out.

Man: I think you should consider how long the assignment is going to be and how these
different topics relate to each other.

Woman: That's the point. Then I will put off deciding about acquaintances for the moment
until I've managed to plan this in more detail but I think friendship networks are an
important aspect of interactions so that's something I definitely want to include.

Man: Right, now, have you considered…

Task 3

Speaker 1: Let’s talk about your presentation, and you've done a rough outline, so, let's go
over it, and then you can go away and write this all up.

Speaker 2: Sure.

Speaker 1: I'll ask you to choose a topic related to water and you've chosen desalination:
removing salt from seawater. Now, why did you choose that?

Speaker 2: Well, I come from the United Arab Emirates and we have the world's largest
desalination plants.

Speaker 1: Right, that's very relevant and I think you should include that, you know, your
personal reasons at the start.

Speaker 2: Say why I decided on this topic?

Speaker 1: Yes, just give a sentence or 2. That'll do.

Speaker 2: Okay, I mean I thought I should keep the introduction brief.

Speaker 1: Yes, but you can say why you like the topic. It's a good choice of topic, very
interesting and then I can follow the introduction easily.

Speaker 2: Okay.

Speaker 1: Now let's go on to the historical background.

Speaker 2: Mm, I want to make it clear that seawater purification isn't a new idea.

Speaker 1: No, indeed that's a good point to make.

Speaker 2: So I am going to describe some of the older methods from the past.

Speaker 1: Mm, I got a bit lost reading your notes here.

Speaker 2: Aha, is it too long?

Speaker 1: Well, I think the real problem is that the information isn't in any logical order
Speaker 2: I see, well, it is just noted.

Speaker 1: Well, you start in the eighteenth century, then move to the present day, then go
back to the twentieth century.

Speaker 2: So it needs reorganizing.

Speaker 1: Yes that would help.

Speaker 2: Okay I'll make it clearer. What about the description of the process?

Speaker 1: Yes, that looks pretty good to me but we'll go over it in more detail in a
moment.

Speaker 2: Okay I may need to cut it down.

Speaker 1: Yes, definitely it goes on for a long time and gets a bit technical.

Speaker 2: Sure, okay. After the process, I want to talk about the pros and cons of
desalination because that seems to be the big debate.

Speaker 1: I totally agree. But you need to sort this section out.

Speaker 2: Yes, it is a bit confusing.

Speaker 1: I think you should present the main points once at a time.
Speaker 2: Okay what are the advantages and the disadvantages?

Speaker 1: Yes and talk about each one individually.

Speaker 2: Okay rather than presenting them all together.

Speaker 1: Mm, it's hard for your listeners to take in like that, it's still a bit unclear at the
moment.

Speaker 2: I see.

Speaker 1: So lastly you conclude that we need to look for alternative ways to remove salt
from seawater.

Speaker 2: Well, yes do you think that's the wrong conclusion. Commented [2]: thêm dấu câu cho chuẩn

Speaker 1: No, no, not at all. However, you should tell your audience exactly why you
think this.

Speaker 2: I will, in the previous section.

Speaker 1: Mm, but you need to summarize the reasons again in the final part of your
presentation.

Speaker 2: I see right, I'll mention them briefly then.

Speaker 1: Just the list will do. That'll make the conclusion of better length as well

Okay thanks very much for talking to Tyler.

Task 4

Man: Hello Jewel, come in and take a seat. I want to talk to you about your essay on
weather control.

Woman: Right, what do you think?

Man: Well, let's start by looking at your introduction. You say that global warming is
causing extreme weather conditions around the world.

Woman: That's right, isn’t it?

Man: Well, you need to be careful here. Yes, there is a lot of evidence that this is the case,
but the issue is still controversial, you need to specify that many experts believe this is the
case rather than saying this is how it is.
Woman: Okay.

Man: Then you look at the issues surrounding extreme weather and how it has a negative
effect in some countries.

Woman: I was worried that that section was a bit disorganized.

Man: No, not at all, it's very good but I was slightly surprised when in the same paragraph
you mentioned an advantage of extreme weather.

Woman: Not the right place for it?

Man: Not really, no, in fact, I would question the need to put it there at a toll. At one point Commented [3]: hình như là at all?
you're talking about droughts, hurricanes, floods et cetera, and then suddenly you're talking
about people being able to sunbathe on the beach in January.

Woman: Ah, I see what you mean. I think I am going to elaborate on that, add more
information, but I guess I forgot to do so.

Man: Okay then there's the section on weather control programs. This made interesting
reading but your idea didn't really lead on from each other. Did you write a plan before you
did this?

Woman: Ahh, no

Man: Well, you really ought to. Here is an example: you talk about experiments to control
hurricanes, then you write about rain-making experiments, and then for no apparent reason,
you go back to talking about hurricane control.

Woman: So a bit messy?

Man: A bit, yes. Next, you're going to talk about something called cloud seeding. Great,
you gave a good clear explanation about what cloud seeding is that it's a way of using
science and chemistry to make clouds produce rain, and you give some examples of where
it's being used.

Woman: So, that section’s all right?

Man: Ah, well, listen to this. The chemical silver nitrate is introduced into clouds to
encourage them to produce rain. Silver nitrates.

Woman: Oh, that was careless. I meant silver iodide.

Man: Exactly, I would hate to think what might happen if you started firing silver nitrate
into class. Okay, finally the conclusion.

Woman: I always have problems with the conclusion I never really know what to say.

Man: Well, you summarize your main points and give a few opinions, which is great, but
you then start talking about environmental systems. This was not only in the wrong place
but I couldn't see where it fitted in with the rest of the essay generally.

Woman: Right, so there's a bit of room for improvement then.

Task 5

Man: I'm sure our listeners will want to find out what they can do to help. You mentioned
the adopted dolphins game. Can you tell us about that?

Woman: Of course, people can choose one of our dolphins to sponsor. They receive a
picture of it and news updates. I'd like to tell you about 4 which are currently being adopted
by our members: Moondancer, Echo, Kiwi, and Samson. Unfortunately, Echo is being
rather elusive this year and hasn't yet been cited by our observers, but we remain optimistic Commented [4]: sighted
that he'll be out there soon. All the others have been out in force, Samson and Moondancer
are often photographed together but it's Kiwi who's our real character and she seems to
love coming up close for the cameras and we've captured her on film hundreds of times.
They all have their own personalities. Moondancer is very elegant and cubs out and into
the water very smoothly, whereas Samson has a lot of energy, he's always leaping out of
the water with great vigor, you'd probably expect him to be the youngest, he's not quite,
that's Kiwi. But Samson is the latest of our dolphins to be chosen for the scheme. Kiwi
makes a lot of noise, so we can often pick her out straight away. Echo and Moondancer are
noisy too but Moondance is easy to find because she has a particularly large fin on her
back, which makes her easy to identify. So yes, they're all very different.

Task 6

Well, good morning ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to New York City and our study
program about the city. I know that, for some of you, this is your very first visit to the
United States, so I'd particularly like to welcome you and say I just know we are going to
have a great time. First, let me outline this week's program of activities. Tomorrow
morning Monday, we'll take the circle line cruise along the Hudson East and Harlem rivers,
so you can orientate yourself. It's a fantastic way to see Manhattan island, the heart of New
York, and to bring the map to life. The cruise lasts 3:00 hours and along the way, you'll see
some of the famous and most impressive sights of the city like the Statue of Liberty, Battery
Park and Brooklyn Bridge. Then, on Tuesday, I want to give you some insight into New
York city's fascinating history created by the millions of immigrants who have come here
by sea or by land from all corners of the world in the hope of finding a better life, but many
of them arrived only to live in poverty and terribly crowded conditions. We will visit the
Lower East Side tenement museum located in a building where 7000 people were resident
between 1863 and 1935, with large families crammed into 1 or 2 room apartments. On
Wednesday morning, we'll go to Grand Central Terminal for a tour of the very impressive
station, and a speaker will tell us how New York city's mass transit system has developed
including its subways, railroads, buses, and ferries. Over 150000 people commute to Grand
Central daily from their homes outside the city, and the subway system alone carries over
7 million passengers each day. And that takes us to Thursday. I'm sure many of you will
visit the city's major museums and art galleries like the metropolitan museum of art with
its hundreds of world-famous masterpieces, but you need to take your own time in places
like those. So, instead, I'll show you something rather different: a small but very interesting
museum dedicated to the fairgrounds of Coney Island where millions of New Yorkers used
to go for a day out to enjoy rides like the cyclone roller coaster, the wonder wheel, and the
parachute jump. Friday's outing is to somewhere you might not expect to find within the
limits of New York City: an area in and around Jamaica Bay that's been set aside as a refuge
for a wide range of birds, butterflies, reptiles, and rare flowers. Its habitats include salt
marsh fields and woods, several ponds and open expansive bays and islands. Although it's
close to JFK airport this is a good place to escape from the crowds and noise of the city.
Okay, now, the next thing we need to do is.

Task 7

So, I thought that I would first say a few words to help orientate you around the banking
system. As new arrivals, one of the first things you want to do is open a bank account. This
will allow you to receive your money transfers, pay your bills by direct debit, and do all
sorts of other things that will make your life easier. One mistake I think a lot of people
make is to just wander into the first bank. Thinking that all banks are very much the same
and asking to open an account. In actual fact, they all offer something slightly different and
some of the differences can affect you quite seriously. For example, for those of you who
were studying at the university, you may have noticed that there were 2 or 3 banks with
branches near the university: Great Western and Money Safe for example. But only one,
Findley, actually has an office inside one of the university buildings. But the others, you
have a bit more of a walk. Some banks give away free gifts: Evergreen offers a laptop to
the police to keep a balance of more than 5000 pounds for 9 months. With the International
Union, you'll get a phone when you open your first account. And one of two others like
Money Safe and Northern Star offers a mountain bike or vacuum cleaner if you put money
on deposit, that sort of thing. More seriously, you should look at the sort of interest rates
the bank will offer you, both if you need an overdraft alone or if you're hoping to get some
interest in your savings. At the moment Northern Star offers the highest rates of interest to
savers but Great Western will lend money at a lower percentage than normal to people
registered on higher education courses. So, as you can see, it really is worth looking
around. Another thing is a good idea to inquire about: A bank charge. Again they're not all
the same. Some charge the same across the board such as Evergreen, Findley, and Northern
Star but Money Safe actually says that if you’re in credit, your account won't cost a thing.
Just like the others, as soon as you go into the red, their prices become a pretty state.

Task 8

Interviewer: Gary, tell us about some of the techniques that manufacturers use to persuade
us.

Gary: Let's start with one of the most important aspects of advertising, the name given to
a product. Sometimes there's a symbol, too. Imagine a company which makes children's
clothing. It can spend a fortune on making the name well known, and giving it a particular
image so that when consumers see the name or the logo, they associate it with particular
qualities - style, value for money, fun, fashion, whatever. And they're more likely to buy
that particular make. Another very powerful, and very old, technique is to make it almost
impossible for consumers to avoid advertising. You keep seeing a TV commercial for
running shoes, perhaps several times in an evening, see adverts for them in newspapers and
magazines. You see posters in the street. That helps to fix the product in your mind, so next
time you buy some running shoes, and you see a whole row of different products, chances
are you'll buy the shoes whose name you remember. Of course, with many products
– furniture for instance - advertisers attract us with special offers or the chance of winning
a holiday. And words like bargain and sale are used very frequently to encourage shoppers
to buy.

Interviewer: But surely consumers realize that advertisements are simply trying to sell
products?

Gary: They do, of course. So agencies often produce advertisements that are
entertaining. A certain washing powder used to run an advertising campaign that appeared
to be saying to the consumer, ‘Look, you know and we know that we're trying to get you
to buy our product, but at least we'll give you a laugh. It was very effective because the
manufacturer seemed to be on the same side as the consumer.
Another technique is to use a famous person to promote a product, even if there's no real
connection, like showing an athlete eating snacks. This can work because we learn by
imitating people who are important to us, so advertisers use film stars, pop singers - even
cartoon characters, particularly if the product is targeted at children.
Language is an important aspect of advertising, and here's just one example. A TV
commercial for engine oil showed a man washing his hands in the oil. Of course, car
engines and hands are made of different materials, so he can't tell us the oil will work
equally well in an engine. Instead, he tries to get the viewer to reach that conclusion without
stating any facts. He says, 'Think how it'll work in your car'. He implied the oil is good for
car engines without saying so.

Interviewer: OK, now if we go on to another question ...

Task 9

And now, moving on to the Central Park Playground, which we’re pleased to announce has
just won the Douglas Award for safety: the news came through only last week. The unique
design is based on the concept of the Global Village, with the playground being divided
into six areas showing different parts of the world - each with a representative feature. For
example, there is a section on Asia, and this is represented by rides and equipment in the
shape of snakes, orang-utans, tigers, and so on - fauna native to the forests of the region.

Moving south to the Antarctic - we couldn’t run to an ice rink I’m afraid but opted instead
for climbing blocks in the shape of mountains - I thought they could have had slides for
the glaciers but the designers did want to avoid being too literal! Then on to South America
- and here the theme is El Dorado - games replicating the search for mines full of precious
stones. And then moving up to North America, where there was considerable debate -I
know the contribution of cinema and jazz was considered but the designers finally opted
for rockets and the International Space Station. Eastwards to Europe then, and perhaps the
most traditional choice of all the areas: medieval castles and other fortifications. Then last,
but not least, moving south to Africa and a whole set of wonderful mosaics to represent the
great rivers of this fascinating and varied continent.

Now, the opening date for our Global Playground is 10th July. And again we'd love to see
you there - so make a date and come and see this magnificent, original new amenity right
in the heart of the city.

Task 10

Tutor: Now, let me see. Is there a lecture that I could recommend for you?
Amanda: What about the one you did at the start of term on, on the history of English?
T: Yes, you could go for that - it had a lot of information that was clearly sequenced and
presented, so you might find a nice chunk you can use. The topic's a bit dull, though.
A: Uh-huh. I guess it's good to use something enjoyable.
T: Yes, you might as well. You have a choice, so... um... the lecture on gestures and signs
certainly went down well.
A: Oh, I really liked that one, but I'm not sure that the content is related to what I'm doing.
T: Mmm. Does that matter? ... OK - there's the one on intonation patterns - I didn't take
long to put that together, though .... it might be a bit...
A: ... The topic is certainly more closely linked to the whole area of pronunciation.
T: OK, so could be good ... just watch out in case there are too many examples or models.
A: The assignment after that lecture was fun.
T: What about language and rhythm? That was one of my mini-lectures ….
A: Oh right, so I wouldn't have to spend too much time going through the content to find
something.
T: No, whereas the one on intonation patterns was a lot longer. Well, you've got a few to
choose from there...
A: So whatever I choose, I'll need to type it out and give them a copy each and then get
them to record themselves reading the paragraph aloud.
T: Yes - give them about ten minutes to prepare. You can record in next Tuesday's class if
you like.
A: Oh thanks. Do we have the equipment?

Task 11

T: Now, looking at the content of your dissertation, I felt your division into sections was
the right one, focusing on specific types of interaction in these contexts.
B: Thanks.
T: Now. Your first section is on Dealing with Complaints. This is an obvious area for
something on this subject, but I felt that this section had some really original thinking on
your part.
B: Yes, I tried to ignore the standard points that are usually made and come up with
something fresh, and my research led me in those directions.
T: The Collaborating with colleagues section made for interesting reading tao, but I didn't
feel that your conclusions there were really backed up by the research you did.
B: Oh? I felt that they were. I tried to illustrate everything with examples. Perhaps some
weren't as relevant as others...
T: Yes, I think that's right. You made some pretty strong assertions but I wasn't sure they
could be justified by the examples.
B: Oh. OK. But the evidence for my conclusions in the Interacting with Managers section
was pretty powerful, wasn't it?
T: Yes, and most of the research in this general area doesn't focus on this particular issue.
I think your conclusions there point to something that causes all sorts of trouble in
organizations and companies but that isn't given enough attention.
B: I agree. It's something that training programs should be covering, but they don't.
T: Now the Giving Instructions section was very well put together. I thought...
B: Yes, this is one where language accuracy and coherence are the main issues ...
T: ... and you came to very clear conclusions on that. This is a really effective section, with
general points illustrated by lots of examples and a conclusion that made logical sense.
 Lesson 5
Pick from a list

Task 1

Hello, good to see you all here. This afternoon, I'm going to talk about a recent survey into
men's and women's shopping habits. Before I start, I'd like you to look at the list of
statements about men and women and see which ones you would expect to be true,
right? Firstly, let's look at the idea that women spend a lot of money on expensive shoes.
Actually this isn't true; in fact, women buy a lot of cheap cheese. Men, on the other hand, Commented [1]: ủa sao trên là Shoes xuống dưới lại
thành Cheese thế @@
try to save money by buying special offers. What is surprising about women though is that
they like shopping in an expensive or exclusive boutique and it isn't true that they always
make a shopping list when they go to the supermarket. We also expected to find that men
would go to the supermarket after midnight to get their food cheaper, but this wasn't the
case either. Then the third thing we learned about women is that they like to shop in big
department stores that men don't like. They like to go shopping in specialist shops. Okay,
how many did you get right?

Task 2

Woman: Right, Joe, let's move on. Now we gave you 3 items to test for us. Let's start with
mobile phones.

Man: Okay. Well, it has its good points and its bad points. The purple and silver make it
quite eye-catching, you know, modern, exciting.

Woman: Right, anything else?

Man: Well it's very small, isn't it? I know people say small is good but in this case, I think
you might have gone too far.

Woman: In what way?

Man: It can be a bit difficult to use especially if you've got big hands like mine. You press
one key and you end up pressing another at the same time. On the other hand, thanks to the
overall design, it does fit comfortably in your hand. Mobiles are usually sort of rectangular,
aren’t they? I think this is much better.

Woman: Okay.
Man: What else? When I was sending text messages I had real problems seeing what I was
writing. It's not that the screen was too small. It was a bit dark. If you're outside, you can
hardly see anything on it.

Woman: We’ve added a few things that you don't get on other mobiles. What did you
think about those?

Man: Ah right, well, that noise it makes if you move away from it, that's really annoying.
It's basically a good idea but I think after a while it would drive me mad.

Woman: So you probably wouldn't buy it?

Man: Probably not. When I buy a mobile phone I don't want one that's going to be difficult
to operate. There's no point in having a phone that looks good if you have to spend ages
trying to make a call or send a text message. It's funny but I find the more expensive mobile
phones are, the more difficult to use than the cheaper ones. There should be the other way
round.

Woman: So, keep it simple, right?

Man: Right, and I want a phone that doesn't have problems picking up a signal or doesn't
cut you off halfway through a call and all those games and other things you get on a
mobile. Oh, I really can't see the point in those.

Woman: Fair point. Next, the digital radio, what did you think?

Man: The audio quality was crisp and clear, even if you turned up really loud. Some sound
systems can sound a bit distorted at high volumes but not on this one, so 10 out of 10 for
that.

Woman: Great!

Man: The thing is I'm not sure if it's the area I live in but the choice of radio stations seems
very limited. It didn't make any difference what I did with the aerial where I put the radio
high up on the shelf, low down on the floor, and there seemed to be a delay when you
turned up the volume.

Woman: What do you mean?

Man: Well when you press the volume control, for example, nothing seems to happen for
a few seconds and the same thing happens when you want to change radio stations.

Woman: Okay, the third item was the laptop computer, what's your opinion on that?
Man: I really liked it, it's so small, so compact, easy to use at the same time. I don't think
you could make it smaller if you tried. But 900 pounds, I'm not sure you'd get many
customers, that's a lot of money for a laptop. Bring that down to, say 400 pounds, and things
might be different.

Woman: Any other changes you make, like adding more memory for example?

Man: I think that's fine as it is, 300 gigabytes of memory is probably more than enough
for most people. Oh, and incidentally, the way the keyboard folds out so that it's like a full-
size one, that's really clever. But the computer doesn't have any way you can play CD
ROM. And I include the light in the keyboard so you can use it when it's dark. Commented [2]: check lại chỗ này xem có phải I'll
include ko?
Woman: Well, thanks Joe for your comments. I think we'll find it.

Task 3

It isn't easy for scientists to study sharks in their natural habitat. There is very little that can
limit the movement of these fish, and their streamlined bodies are designed to carry them
on wide-ranging journeys each day. Scientists, on the other hand, are able to spend only a
few hours at a time in the water and are restricted to relatively short distances. Divers, too,
are incapable of the rapid deep dives that come naturally to sharks. As a result, the
information we can gain about the behavior of sharks is usually limited to brief moments
in our daily lives. Shark activities are often closely tied to the feeding routine. Some species
spend daylight hours not far off-shore and moving closer to land after dark, presumably to
feed. Contrary to popular myths, sharks don't feed on everything that crosses that puff.
They are carnivores and different species have different diets ranging from small shrimps
and crabs to dolphins. Sharks are found in various groupings; for example, the species that
live on tropical reefs are often observed swimming together in small groups, apparently
engaged in hunting all social activities; but at other times the same species are seen as
solitary individuals in search of food. Many social interactions are observed within groups
of sharks. When they're feeding on dead whales, for example, large white sharks will often
aggressively chase away or bite smaller individuals of the same species and will eat most
of the food themselves. Dominance hierarchies between species are also common over
access to food. Reef white-tip sharks, for instance, are forced to take second place to
Silvertip sharks. Perhaps the most spectacular and well-documented social behavior by the
shark is the readiness for combat displayed by the Grey reef shock of tropical Pacific
reefs. When one of the sharks is approached rapidly by a diver or cornered against the reef,
it exhibits a threatening display which increases in intensity as it becomes more agitated.
If the shark is pressed further, it will probably attack. This display seems to be unrelated to
the defense of any specific territory so it may represent a defensive personal space or a
warning to a potential predator.

Task 4

Now, while the exhibition's been running, the organizers have carried out a study of the
favorite colors of the younger visitors. Over 2600 children have responded to this and there
were lots and lots of colors to choose from so the schools weren't hiding each individual
color even if the colors were like the blue of average popularity. Clearly, the bold colors
were the winners. Though purple, which I would have expected to be a high scorer, had
just 1.73% of the votes, unlike a deep pink which came next to the top. In the middle ground
along with purple, which was still pretty popular compared to others, was lime green, the
first shade of green to be anywhere near the top. A 1-2-year-old commented that red was
the only color she knew which is perhaps why that was more popular with children than
anything else. Needless to say, all the times and beiges came near the bottom. In fact, the Commented [3]: xem lại đoạn này nghe kỳ kỳ @@
light to the colors, the less popular they were, were even the light pink. So why did the kids Commented [4]: lighter?
go for these striking colors? As adults, it's all about clothes, what we think suits or is Commented [5]: chỗ này cũng hơi kỳ
fashionable. But these youngsters are looking outward more and they go for colors that hit Commented [6]: chỗ này nữa!!!
them that they pick out over and above the rest. It's less to do with how they feel whether
it calms them down or whatever and more about the immediate impact. And of course,
there are associations with football that led a lot of both boys and girls to go for a particular
color. In fact, more children seem to comment on this than anything else, whereas adults
would be more likely to go for something worn by someone they really like. So all in all,
it says a lot about.

Short-answer question

Task 1

Man: I had a couple more questions about the services you got here. Mm, it says there's a
photocopy here?

Woman: Yes, you need to get a card from the shop, and then it's available to all students
in the mornings. The union uses it after 1:00 PM.

Man: Okay. I also see that the union organizes lots of events, are they always held here in Commented [7]: chuyển thành dấu chấm
the union building? It looks big enough.
Woman: If you're interested in something, you should check the poster or our website. In
fact, we normally use the round theater, opposite the conference center for most events
because the sound system is better.

Man: Right, I'll do that. Also, I wanted to hire a van. Can I do that through you?

Woman: Ahh no, you need to present a case really. They’re not just available for hire to
anyone. The president said we have to limit who is allowed to hire them. The person you
need to see is the transport secretary. She's on the second floor.

Man: Okay thanks. The other thing is all the discounts we get through the union cards
listed on the back of the card. I thought there might be more?

Woman: No, that’s it I’m afraid. Mainly books, clothes, and music though we are currently
negotiating to get one on newspapers so that should be valid for next time.

Man: Okay thanks a lot for your help.

Task 2

Okay, now before you begin that. There are a few things I want you to read up on to
prepare. You need to look at the economies of the UK's main trading partners. I don't mean
all of them because that would be all over 80, but just the 29 principal ones. There were
some worries in the last 3 books on the book list I've given you so that you can practice
applying the criteria on the assessment I gave you. I would like you to focus just on one
sector across all the countries. The most common one across every country is farming, but
as much agricultural produce is for domestic consumption, I'd like you to look at
manufacturing. Then, I would like you to do a detailed investigation of one particular
aspect. I was going to give you a choice but I think as we've just started the course, it's
better if we all look at the same thing and then we can discuss it in the seminars, so the
thing I'd like you all to look at is fluctuations in import prices. Now, you need to do all that
before you start the project as it will help you assess the economies of the countries you'll
be representing in the project. Don't worry you've got plenty of time. Exam week is
December 8th. There are holidays until January 6th, so I don't need the project till February
5th. Is that okay?

Task 3

At the opposite end of the spectrum is 'flow', the name given to a very intense experience,
where you're completely absorbed in what you're doing and lose track of time. This often
comes from activities where people set themselves challenges to test and improve their
skills, as in rock climbing. Many activities that provide flow carry a considerable physical
risk, which is likely to add to the experience - paragliding is just one example. But the
same intensely emotional experience may occur in a very different activity, like chess. It
isn't the activity alone that provides the experience, but also what the participant brings to
it.

Another feature of many leisure activities is the introduction to a whole new social
network, providing companionship with other like-minded people. New friends can be
made by joining a music club, for instance. And social relationships can be
strengthened through a shared interest in football. The media open up this experience
to everyone who wants to participate, even if they don't play.

Then there's the pleasure that some people get from being in communion with nature, either
alone or with companions. Surfing, for example, is likely to focus your entire attention
on the sea, while one of the more relaxing ways of relating to the natural world is bird-
watching.

Leisure activities can also provide an opportunity to express creativity. Again, these can
be solitary or companionable. Painting is often done alone, although many people join a
club that can give them encouragement and tips for improvement, while drama is normally
a combined effort, with a performance as its goal.

************
Questions 10-14

An essential aspect of leisure is that we can pick hobbies to suit our personality, our needs,
and our wallet, and we can drop them at any time. This control is crucial, as people benefit
from feeling that they're making their own decisions. That's one reason why children need
to choose their own hobbies, instead of having them imposed by their parents.

With large numbers of people wishing to spend time on leisure activities, there's a
growing demand for the organizer – whether it's a cinema or a dance class – to ensure
that participants have a full experience. It isn't enough just to show a film: customers
want to be able to find out in advance what's on, travel to the cinema easily, feel welcome
when they arrive and have the chance to buy popcorn to eat during the film.
People may enjoy an activity - a dance class, for instance – but drop it because these other
parts of the experience have been overlooked. They're likely to enjoy themselves much
more if they're made to feel welcome and there's an opportunity to socialize when the
dancing ends.

Like cinemas, the retail sector is making efforts to package a variety of experiences. Many
people go shopping for pleasure and spend far longer comparing and discussing products
than they do actually buying. This has even gained a name in recent years – ‘retail
therapy' – reflecting the view that it makes people feel better.
Shopping used to be purely practical: we bought what we needed. But that's no longer
enough. Many shopping centers now ensure shoppers are provided with
entertainment as well. This is good for business, as it attracts more customers, who stay
longer and spend more.

And is leisure good for us, or simply a waste of time? According to

psychologists, participating in leisure activities makes us healthier, both physically and
mentally, and increases the pleasure we gain from life. So we've got good reason to carry
on with our hobbies!

Task 4

If you're a night worker, there are several steps you can take to help you fall asleep and
stay asleep. First of all, wear dark glasses. If you put these on just before leaving work, it
can help enormously. They'll get the eyes gradually used to the dark and make it easier to
fall asleep when you get into bed. In addition, take a bath just before getting into bed. This
will soothe and relax you, preparing your body for sleep. Last but not least, unplug the
telephone - there's nothing worse than having your much-needed sleep interrupted by a
casual caller.

*****************
Questions 6-8

Night Shift workers face special problems in trying to maintain family relationships and
social and community ties because they have to work anti-social hours. It becomes difficult
to balance work, sleep, and personal time. The need to sleep during the day could mean
night shift workers have to miss out on family activities. But this doesn't have to be the
case - with a bit of effort, it should be possible to reschedule some of them.
But night shift workers must try to have a regular sleep schedule, even on weekends.
However, if they can't get enough sleep or feel drowsy, naps can also be helpful. Twenty
minutes is about right. Naps shorter than that - perhaps five minutes - are not really long
enough. Some people feel groggy or sleepier after a nap. These feelings usually go away
within ten minutes, while the benefits of the nap may last for many hours. Night Shift
workers should try to have someone to work with – someone they can chat to while they're
working. This work buddy can help to keep them alert. Whatever they do, they mustn't
operate machinery when feeling sleepy. To help guard against this, they should exercise
during breaks and eat three normal meals. Finally, most nightshift workers find that the
worst time is the period around 4 a.m. This is a natural low for all humans, and workers
especially should be aware of it. If you want to know more about how to handle working
on the night shift, then take a...
Example

Hello. On behalf of myself and my colleagues at the building's administration department,

I'd like to welcome you all to the new company headquarters. Now, here in this brand-new
complex, we have a wealth of flexible facilities and space available for use. So, if you need
a small meeting room for two people or a presentation suite for up to 50 we at the building's
admin can help. However, we would ask that you don't just go into an empty room and
start using it. We ask everybody to follow this simple room booking procedure using the
company Intranet. First, choose the sort of room you require and most importantly don't
forget to tell us the time and date you'll be needing it. And you might also like to let us
know if you have any special requirements for conference calling facilities for example.
Coffee and other refreshments are always available. But if you need something which is a
buffet or a sit-down lunch you need to contact the catering department. Next, fill in the
booking form with your contact details. This is an internal billing requirement so please
don't forget. Finally, you'll get confirmation of your room booking via email and that's it.

Task 1

But how can you get involved? How can you begin to write articles which will be published
on sites like these? Well, first you must have something interesting to say, something you
want to communicate with readers. Assuming you have this, it's important in an article to
attract people's attention and gain their interest so put the main facts first by answering
these questions: Who? Why? When? How? and when? Get those basic facts down to start Commented [1]: có 2 lần when?
with and get people interested. Then, fill in the details and the rest of the article. The best
model is really shaped like a pyramid. You put the most important facts at the top of the
article and lots of smaller details down below. Remember, you want people to keep reading,
so you need to hold your reader's interest. A really good technique for doing that is to put
in quotations from people who are part of the story. What do they really say? You know
the sort of thing. Tonya, the mother of two, said it all happened so quickly that we didn't
have time to react. Quotations bring the article alive. Once you've written your article, go
over it again to make sure that any figures you quote are correct, make sure that Tonya
really has two children and not one or three. Then, once you get your ideas down, rewrite
your article making sure that your paragraphs don't contain more than three sentences.
People like them to be brief and to the point and this will help to hold their attention.
Another thing to bear in mind if they're reading online, people will soon stop reading your
piece and start reading something else. So, keep the whole article brief. Don't put in a
conclusion just let your article end without it. Another good piece of advice is to remember Commented [2]: thêm dấu phẩy
that old cliché which we've all heard that a picture is worth a thousand words. It's true so
if you can, include a picture. It will attract more attention and illustrate what you've been
saying. Finally, you need to write a headline. Something eye-catching which will get
people to just skim the article to start with and then if it's well written, they'll read it more
carefully afterward.
Task 2

Okay, now let's move on to how to run a blog, and what I'm going to do now is to tell you
what I think is the best approach to workflow with the blog. First of all, you need to decide
on the frequency of your blog posts. Some people do several a day which is great if you
can keep it up. Others, one a day. Once a week might be enough, but the key question is
what the readers of your blog expect. They need to know when they can expect to see a
new post on the blog so whatever schedule you decide on it's important to stick to it. When
you're going to do a post, start by reading material to find out what's being discussed in
friends’ blogs or in other blogs related to your topic. That way, you can take these things
into account to ensure that your blog is bang up to date. Then start composing your blog
post. If you're doing one that involves research and links, open a file for storing the sources
of your information and the links you're going to put in the post. Also, consider using
pictures. These can make your blog much more attractive than one that's just texted. If you
use photos from the web, make sure you cite the source in your blog. When you've
completed the post, add some tags. If you don't have the kind of software that enables you
to build them into the post, put them at the bottom. Tags are really important for
searchability, they can get you new readers who find your blog via tags. If you think this
is a particularly good posting, you're really proud of it and now it's set by sending links to
it on social networking sites together with a very brief summary of what it's about. Then,
check your blog statistics to see how many people are reading and responding to your blog.
Find out whose blog your post and reply to them and give them a proper reply rather than
just saying thanks. After you've done all that, get off your own blog and comment
elsewhere. Remember that you're not the only person blogging and putting out new
material. There are lots of others doing the same and you should show them some respect
by giving them comments and feedback on their posts where you feel it's appropriate. Well,
that's just some advice on being a good blogger. Blogging is obviously a major thing now
in the world of electronic media and it's anybody's guess how it will develop in the future.

Task 3

Okay. Can you quieten down, please? And now, today I'm going to talk to you about your Commented [3]: quiet?
assignment. We've been studying the effects of the exchange rate, so I'm going to give you
a project to do on this. Right, can you make some notes while I'm talking? The first thing
that I'd like you to do in order to prepare for this is to select where you're interested. I mean
which country? And therefore, which currency you'll go to be operating in. Okay now, the
purpose of the project is to make money, and I'm hoping some of you will make a
significant amount. So, I want you to suppose that you have one hundred pounds that you
will have to invest purely in the rises and falls of the exchange system. In other words,
you'll be trying to predict rates. This is a project that you'll be doing together but before we
work together, you'll have to go off and research what you need to know about the economy
of that country and how well it's doing or is expected to do in the near future. You could
all make up a little information sheet with the notes clearly legible because then I want you
to get together, we can do that next week and to go around and read about each other's
countries. When you see how well or badly each country is doing, I want you to decide
what your exchange rate is going to be against all the other currencies. After that is all
sorted what you gotta do is to go around the other students and attempt to sell your more
money to the others. Remember, this will depend on the success of your country's economy
and the right to fixed currency. Now, you're not allowed to just swap currencies with each
other, but you may wish to buy from the other countries, but you must do a proper
transaction. All the way through this, you must keep your accounts properly for each
transaction. I'll give you one week to do this and then we will set a time for the deals to
finish a bit like the stock exchange. And at that point, I will ask you to calculate how much
you have made. Is that clear?

Task 4

Speaker 1: Hi, Kirsten. Have you heard about that architecture conference in Oxford at
the end of the year?

Speaker 2: Yeah, I saw the leaflet on the notice board as it's my final year. I ought to try
giving a paper, but I've got no idea how to go about it.

Speaker 1: I think you should go for it. I did one last year, it's quite straightforward. First
of all, you need to see what the conference themes are, you know, what topics they're
covering. You can do that by looking it up on the website. You need to submit a paper that
falls into one of the categories they give you.

Speaker 2: That may give me some ideas.

Speaker 1: Then, while you're doing that you should also have a look at the information
on how to submit your paper. The rules if you like such as the length, it's important to
follow those.

Speaker 2: I see and then I suppose the next stage is to start writing it up. I'd like to use it Commented [4]: thêm dấu câu
as an opportunity to propose some future work but I understand it must be based on current
work. There's plenty to choose from. It makes sense to do something that I'm more familiar
with.

Speaker 1: Yes, and the other thing is when you've written it up then go back and look at
your data carefully and make certain that you've presented it in a format that is standard
for your subject. Remember, people have to absorb information very quickly while they
are listening, so don't make it too complicated.
Speaker 2: Okay, well I reckon that'll take me about a month to get that sorted, then the
next thing I have to do, I guess before I send it off to the conference organizer, is given the
whole thing to the events officer so that he can look through it and see if it all makes sense
and is okay.

Speaker 1: Yeah. Remember to warn him of its own rules so he can fit into his schedule.
Then you're done. All you have to do after that is to go through it and sort out any changes
you need to make and then finally you can submit it. You can do that online.

Speaker 2: Good! Then, I just wait to hear, I suppose. How long does that take?

Speaker 1: It depends but usually about six weeks. But when you are here, if your paper
has been accepted, then at that stage it's worth giving them a list of any technical things
you need when you actually give the talk of a screen or video play, that sort of thing.

Speaker 2: Okay but that's a long way off. And I know that if my papers accept that at that
stage, I have to give them a short text about myself and my academic background so they
can put it in the brochure.

Task 5

Speaker 1: Anyway, shall we have a look at the procedure for the experiment? We will
need to get going with it quite soon.

Speaker 2: Right, so the first thing we have to do is find out seeds. I think vegetable seeds
would be best and obviously, they must and will be the same size. So how many sorts do
we need? about four different ones. Commented [5]: viết hoa và thêm dấu hỏi

Speaker 1: I think that would be enough. There'll be quite a large number of seeds for each
one.

Speaker 2: Then for each seed, we need to find out how much it weighs and also measure
its dimensions, and we need to keep a careful record of all that.

Speaker 1: That'll be quite time-consuming and we also need to decide how deep we're
going to plant the seeds right on the surface a few millimeters down or several centimeters.

Speaker 2: Okay, so then we get planting. Do you think we complain about several seeds Commented [6]: check lại đoạn này
together in the same plant pot?

Speaker 1: No, I think we need a different one for each seed.

Speaker 2: Right, and we'll need to label them. We can use different colored labels then
we wait for the seeds to germinate. I reckon that'll be about three weeks depending on what
the weather's like. Then, we see if opponents come up and write down hello tall they've
grown.

Speaker 1: Then, all we have to do is look at our numbers and see if there's any relation
between them.

Speaker 2: That's right

Task 6

(L - Librarian; B - Businessperson)

L: Welcome to our library lecture for this month. As promised, we have chosen a topic
which many people are now interested in: how to go about getting a book published, so,
over to Darren Miller from Southport University Press.

B: Good evening, everyone. Well, this might come as a surprise to you, but the first step
in the process for getting a book published is not actually writing the book. Surprised?
What you have to understand is that publishers have an established procedure to be
followed because they are inundated with books, manuscripts, and ideas all the time. The
first step, really, if you want to ensure success, is to develop a proposal with the basic idea
for a book. If you're writing a novel, then you could include a synopsis. What you need to
do is give a sample of the work by including a chapter to show what is to come. Of
course, you should also include some information about yourself.
Once you have prepared this, you should contact an agent. You are probably totally
inexperienced when it comes to the publishing world, so an agent - a good agent - will act
on your behalf. It's a good idea to find someone who has previous experience in the type
of book you're interested in writing. If the agent is interested in your proposal, they will
contact you and make you an offer; this basically means that the agent will attempt to sell
your book and, in return, will receive a percentage (usually about 15%) of your income.
They will represent you exclusively for a certain length of time, and it will be your agent -
not you - who deals with the publishing companies. Within all publishing houses, there is
a department called 'Acquisitions! Your proposal will then be sent to the Acquisitions
Editor, who will initially assess whether the book is suitable - it will have to fit in with the
type of book that particular company usually publishes. Next, if the Acquisitions Editor is
happy, your manuscript will be forwarded to the Publications Review Committee. Now,
if this group accepts your idea, you will be sent a contract. And at this stage, you are well
on your way, as they have decided to publish your book.
Task 7

Part of my job as Human Resources Coordinator at the local Bob's Brushes factory is to
recruit or select new members of staff. Today, I'd like to explain how our selection process
works.

In the old days, if you went along for a job, you normally just got an interview. They asked
you a few questions and that was it. But an interview does not give a true indication of a
candidate's behavior. For example, a candidate may say they are very good at doing
presentations. But are they really? You need to see them in action. So, we like to put our
candidates through what's called a recruitment process. This usually takes a whole day and
consists of a number of stages.

First of all, candidates are normally presented with a group exercise, because it's
important to see if they can work well in a team. Then they are asked to deliver a brief
presentation. Candidates are given advance notice of this so that they can prepare.
Next is a role-play. In this exercise, candidates are put into a difficult situation they might
find themselves in if they are appointed to the position. Following this, candidates are set
a series of psychometric tests, which assess their mental processes to see if they have the
right skills for the job.

After all this, candidates attend an interview along with a panel of three to four members
of personnel from different departments. At the end of the day, candidates are thanked and
sent home with a bag of Bob's Brushes goodies.

Then comes the tricky part - we have to choose someone for the position. We analyze all
the data and information we now have for each candidate. Sometimes none of the
candidates are right for the job and we have to go through the whole process again.
However, usually, we find the right person, and the successful applicant is offered the
position. Unsuccessful candidates are also sent feedback on their performance. They may
not have been successful this time, but we may need them in the future.

The final stage is taking up references. Unless we discover from a referee that a candidate
has lied on their CV, or has some kind of shady past, the candidate takes up their new
position in a month or so. Job done. The post is filled. Now, any questions?
 L
esson 7

Task 1

Questions 1-4

Speaker 1: Good morning now in this program, we've been looking at different forms of education for Commented [1]: thêm dấu câu
children up to the age of sixteen. And this week, I've invited Morag to come and tell us what it's like to have
lessons at home. Morag, have you ever been to school?

Speaker 2: Yes, I started in school when I was four and when I turned seven, I went on to junior school. I
left when I was eight, and my mother's been teaching me at home ever since she's a qualified teacher.

***************
Speaker 1: Why did you leave then?

Speaker 2: My family moved to a remote island in Scotland, and there wasn't a school nearby. My parents
thought I was quick at learning and could cope with being told at home instead. The alternative was to live
away from home. I enjoyed school so at first, I was quite unhappy about leaving and I miss my friends. But
now, I love it.

Speaker 1: Is there anything you don't like about having lessons at home?

Speaker 2: Most of the time, it's great. We start around nine o'clock, five days a week, and work for about
six hours a day which I enjoy. The only difficulty is that I am the center of attention. If I feel bored or don't
understand something, I can't hide it as I'm the only student. Some people think I must be lonely, but I enjoy
doing things on my own. And anyway. I spent most weekends with other people. Commented [2]: dấu câu + thì động từ

Speaker 1: Do you work with your mother all day long?

Speaker 2: No, I do a lot of projects on particular topics and after we've planned one, I do most of the work
on my own. I sometimes spend quite a long time finding information on the internet or in books. At the
moment, I'm doing research into the island where we live. I've talked to a lot of the people who live here
and that was very interesting. I really learned a lot from projects because you have to look at the topic from
different angles and try to make sense of the old.

Speaker 1: What do you think is the hardest part of doing projects?

Speaker 2: The first stage isn't too difficult. That's when my mother and I talk about what exactly the project
should cover. The one about the island we decided that I should focus on what jobs were available and why
then I have to search for material which is why I use the internet a lot with most projects. I also interview
people or do experiments. After that, I have to write a report on what I found out and I find that quite hard.

Questions 5-6
Speaker 1: Apart from working on projects, what subjects do you study?

Speaker 2: Well, there’s history. I'm not very keen on that though. It seems to be mostly about fighting
(laugh). Geography is much more fun because you learn about the world and things like mountains or the
climate affecting the way we live. And I know English is necessary but I don't really look forward to the
lesson. Then, there's biology which is one of my favorite subjects. Mm, I didn't like economics at first but
after a while, I really took to it. We're going to start Spanish soon, but I don't know how much I'll enjoy that.
I find the pronunciation of foreign languages quite difficult. I can't seem to remember the vocabulary.

Speaker 1: And what about when you finish your education? Have you thought much about that?

Speaker 2: I haven’t really made up my mind yet, I used to want to be a tennis player but I'm not good
enough to be professional, so I'll go on playing just for pleasure. I think photography is fascinating because
there are so many things you can do when you take photographs. So, I might go into filmmaking. I'd like to
do something creative. My father wants me to become a musician like him, but it really doesn't appeal to
me. And of course, my mother is a teacher though I think one in the family is enough. I'm thinking seriously
about becoming a doctor even though it would mean a lot of studying.

Speaker 1: Okay, well, good luck with that.

Task 2

Debbie Good afternoon. My name's Debbie Green and I'm going to give you a short, but hopefully
interesting, introduction to working at this hospital. I'll start with some guidelines about nutrition and fitness.
Because a hospital environment can be stressful, and so we always encourage our staff to stay fit and have
a healthy lifestyle. So, just a few tips first. As you know, the key to good health is eating what we call a
balanced diet. Many people don't do this, however. For one thing, they don't eat enough fruit and vegetables
or home-prepared food. When you feel hungry, it's often too easy to grab something quick, because you're
tired or busy. Cooking a healthy meal takes longer and this is often why people live
on sandwiches and fast food instead. Please don't fall into this unhealthy trap.

Of course, you have to do a little exercise and keep fit as well. I know you'll have a lot of work and may not
have time to join a gym but consider how often you take the lift, rather than the stairs, or how often you
drive rather than walk. Health-wise it may just be a question of doing things differently rather than starting
a very active sport. In fact, being generally active is much healthier than doing lots of exercises just
occasionally. As you know, this can be as risky for your heart as being inactive! As long as you do at least
an hour's exercise a day - and some of you will do more than that at work - you'll find that you don't lie
awake at night worrying about the next day – and that's the main advantage of exercise. Remember – this is
a hospital, and you are supposed to be the healthiest people here!

Moving on to health and safety, I want to point out that it's quite OK to take a break any time that you're not
busy. We know that when there's an emergency, you may have to miss that cup of tea or coffee in the canteen
or wherever you go; but generally, you shouldn't work for more than three hours without a break; otherwise,
your attention levels will drop and you could then make a careless mistake. Another important issue is
hygiene. You're all trained to clean your hands at work, but remember that germs can live for a long time,
so please make sure that you don't leave even a small amount of rubbish around. There are brooms in the
cupboards so use them. We do have cleaners, but they aren't always here when you need them. I'm afraid,
and a little dirt can soon build up.

Task 3

Victor: Hi, Fumiko, how is the psychology course going?

Fumiko: Oh hi, Victor. I'm really enjoying it but I've got a project this term that is, you know, part of my
assessment, and the topic's really hard.

Victor: On - is it ideas that you need?

Fumiko: Oh thanks .. but I think I've got plenty. That's the trouble - I don't really know where to start. My
tutor's given me such a huge area to cover that I can't seem to narrow it down to something I can manage.

Victor: So what's the topic, then? Maybe I can help.

Fumiko: Well, it's... er, oh, 'The mystery of human relationships.

Victor: Your tutor's Mr. Dresden, I bet!

Fumiko: How do you know?

Victor: Well, he gives very .... shall we say 'broad' project titles. I mean, when I had him, one of my topics
was 'Happiness is dot, dot, dot'.

Fumiko: He makes you think, doesn't he?

Victor: Yeah. The thing about Mr. Dresden is that he likes to find out what you really enjoy working on.

Fumiko: That's a good idea in theory. If I had more time, it would be fine.

Victor: So what reading have you done so far?

Fumiko: Well, he's done one lecture on my topic - that was a few weeks ago - and then he gave us a couple
of articles from a journal.

Victor: Have you still got them?

Fumiko: I put them away somewhere without looking at them - I'll find them eventually. But I've just got
these books from the library. I might find something useful in these.

Victor: Have you been on the Internet?

Fumiko: I have. And there are some fascinating reports but they made me realize just how much has been
written!
Victor: Well, what exactly have you got to do for the project? I guess you have to present it, so, er, there
will be charts and things?

Fumiko: Well, actually, Mr. Dresden didn't ask for data - he said that the important thing was to read about
the topic and definitely include a list of all our sources.

Victor: I told you, didn't l? He's just getting you to find stuff out.

Fumiko: Mmm. I could do a survey and interview some people of different ages.

Victor: OK - well, maybe I can help you a bit.

Fumiko: Could you?

Victor: I've got an ’English Lit’ seminar in ten minutes and I have to go to the library and find a couple of
handouts for it.

Fumiko: Oh, OK. It'll be getting late after that.

Victor: Look, tell you what, I'll text you in half an hour. If the seminar doesn't last too long, we could have
a coffee in the canteen afterward.

Fumiko: Oh, I hope that would be great.

(Pause)

Victor: Right, so let's design a plan. What ideas have you got so far?

Fumiko: Well, I wondered about doing something about relationships in the wild first - you know, maybe
starting with animals.

Victor: That's quite a good idea.. but I think the very first thing you need to do is to give a definition of
what you mean by your key terms.

Fumiko: Oh, so I need to say what terms like 'relationship' mean?

Victor: Yeah Um, you could just do a diagram - you know, like you do when you brainstorm something

Fumiko: Oh yes - OK, I'll do that first.

Victor: Right. After that, you could do a bit of background on the animal world, yes, a quick look at
relationships among ape groups would work.

Fumiko: Yeah - interesting - just to show that relationships are part of life. So that's the definition and
background, what next? Commented [3]: what's next?

Victor: Well, then you have to move on to people. Are you going to target a particular age group? Or
something else?

Fumiko: Well, I thought that first I would look at something different. There are so many places, aren't
there? Where do we form relationships? In the office...

Victor: Yeah.. within the family. Even toddlers aged 18 months or under have relationships.

Fumiko: Yeah. so I'll present those...

Victor: You mean the 'contexts' for relationships.

Fumiko: Yes, that's the word.

Victor: You do have to find a way to limit the scope of the study.

Fumiko: Yeah, I could examine the 21-to-30 age group.

Victor: Or the next thing might be to select one type of relationship and go with that.

Fumiko: Good idea. Um, I'll pick friendship and look at what makes that type of relationship work and ...

Victor: Well, why don't you go through the stages of a friendship? But I would keep it simple - just select
six.

Fumiko: Six, OK I guess I could fit my practical work in here.

Victor: Yes, it's the sort of area that you can canvas people's opinions on. Ah, it might be good to get some
opinions from people over the age of 60.

Fumiko: And as a contrast - why don't end by looking into the future? Maybe the future changes in... Commented [4]: why not chứ nhỉ...

Victor: Yeah, or better still the influences - you know, with all the social networking that goes on now.

Fumiko: OK, influences... oh, that's been such a help, Victor. Thanks so much.

Victor: No problem... I'd better go and get some work done myself.

Task 4

Hello, and welcome to the conference. As you know, it's called Health & Fitness in the Workplace, and the
name speaks for itself. We're here to discuss issues that can affect employees and of course; therefore, the Commented [5]: dấu phẩy
companies and organizations they work for. In planning the program for this conference, we've taken into
account the answers that you gave us in our questionnaires. Of course, some of the issues we cover will be
more relevant to some of you than to others, but we think we've included all the main ones that you indicated
are important to you.

Now, the whole subject of health and fitness in the workplace is something that didn't get much attention
not that many years ago. Companies and organizations focused purely on the jobs that people were doing,
and any assessment of them concerned how well they were doing their jobs, and how their work fitted into
the overall operations of the organization. Anything that might be regarded as a personal issue wasn't part
of the company's relationship with its people - it was 'none of their business. Well, of course, that's all
changed and companies and organizations have come to realize that it's people's health and fitness that are
very much their business. And that's not just in the obvious ways, such as the number of days off sick that
employees have. There are also psychological factors, and there is considerable evidence that a fit and
healthy person does their job better than someone who doesn't maintain a good level of health and fitness.
If you're emphasizing these things at your workplace, you're creating an atmosphere that enables you to get
the very best out of your people.

We're very much hoping that our program here at the conference will be both informative and entertaining.
The emphasis here is going to be not so much on the theory but on the practical side. What can you do in
your roles to promote health and fitness in your workplace? Now, some of you may think you're already
doing as much as you can, but I promise you that you're all going to learn something new. We've got speakers
here who are going to tell you things you've never heard before, and you should leave here at the end of the
conference with all kinds of ideas for things you can introduce at your workplace.

But we're not going to be just talking to you and telling you things. One of the great things about an event
like this is that it's a great opportunity to share information; so in every session, there will be a slot for people
to talk about their own practices and experiences. What initiatives have worked for you and which ones
haven't been so successful? We can all learn from each other, and that's one of the aims of this conference.

Task 5

Doctor: Well actually, New Zealand is the second closest country to Antarctica, and Christchurch is often
used on Antarctic expeditions.

Interviewer: Right, so it's because of where we are ... coupled with our historical role. So tell us - what is
the main purpose of the center?

Doctor: Well... we have two complementary roles. One is as a scientific base for expeditions and research,
and the other is as an information center.

Interviewer: Tell us something about the role of a scientific base.

Doctor: We're able to provide information about what scientists should take with them to the South Pole -
for example, the center contains a clothing warehouse where expeditions are supplied with suitable clothing
for extreme conditions.

Interviewer: I suppose you need a bit more than your normal winter coat!

Doctor: Yes, exactly and then there's also the specialist library and mapping services.

Interviewer: Right. And which countries are actually located at the center?

Doctor: Well... the center houses research programs for New Zealand, for The United States as well as for
Italy ... There's even a US post office at the American airforce base here.

Interviewer: Really? And what does the visitor's center offer?

Doctor: Well, since very few people will ever experience the Antarctic first hand, the visitors' center aims
to recreate the atmosphere of Antarctica. There's a mock campsite where you can see inside an Antarctic
tent and imagine yourself sleeping there. And the center also acts as a showcase for the unique international
cooperation which exists in Antarctica today.

Interviewer: What is it actually like at the South Pole? I know you've been there on a number of occasions.

Doctor: Yes, I have and each time I'm struck by the awesome beauty of the place. It's magnificent, but you
can really only visit it in the summer months.

Interviewer: October to March.

Doctor: Yes, because it's completely dark for four months of the year (pause) ... and in addition, it has to
be the coldest place on earth.

Interviewer: Colder than the North Pole? Why is that?

Doctor: Well, unlike the North Pole, which is actually a frozen sea, Antarctica is a landmass shaped like a
dome, with the result that the winds blow down the slopes at speeds of up to 150 km an hour and that's what
makes it so cold. And one other interesting thing is that Antarctica is the driest continent on earth,
surprisingly, and so you have to drink large amounts of water when you're there.

Interviewer: How old is Antarctica?

Doctor: We're pretty sure it was part of a larger landmass but it broke away from the rest of the continent
170 million years ago.

Interviewer: How can you be certain of this?

Doctor:... because fossils and rocks have been discovered in Antarctica which are the same as those found
in places such as Africa and Australia.

Task 6

My topic is handedness - whether in different sports it is better to be left- or right-sided or whether a more
balanced approach is more successful. I'm left-handed myself and I actually didn't see any relevance to my
own life when I happened to start reading an article by a sports psychologist called Peter Matthews. He
spent the first part of the article talking about handedness in music instead of sport, which I have to say
almost put me off from reading further. But what I soon became struck by was the sheer volume of both
observation and investigation he had done in many different sports, and I felt persuaded that what he had to
say would be of real interest. I think Matthews' findings will be beneficial, not so much in helping
sportspeople to work on their weaker side, but more that they can help them identify the most suitable
strategies to use in a given game. Although most trainers know how important handedness is, at present,
they are rather reluctant to make use of the insights scientists like Matthews can give, which I think is rather
short-sighted because focusing on individual flexibility is only part of the story.

Anyway, back to the article.

Matthews found a German study that looked at what he called 'mixed handedness, that is, the capacity to
use both left and right hands equally. It looked at mixed-handedness in 40 musicians on a variety of
instruments. Researchers examined a number of variables, e.g. type of instrument played, regularity of
practice undertaken and length of time playing an instrument... and found the following: keyboard players
had high levels of mixed-handedness, whereas string players like cellists and violinists strongly favored one
hand. Also, those who started younger were more mixed-handed.

Matthews also reports studies of handedness in apes. Apes get a large proportion of their food by "fishing'
ants from anthills. The studies show that apes, like humans, show handedness - though for them right- and
left-handedness is about equal, whereas about 85% of humans are right-handed. Studies showed that apes
consistently using the same hand fished out 30% more ants than those varying between the two.

Task 7
Good morning everyone. Today's lecture forms part of the Hospitality and Tourism module. Last week I
looked at the economic end of the hotel business; this week I'm going to discuss the luxury end of the market.
Let's consider the following scenario...

You wake up in the middle of the night in a strange hotel miles away from home, disoriented most probably
from jet lag, when even the most expensive surroundings can seem empty and dispiriting. You have paid a
great deal of money to stay in this first-class hotel with its contemporary technology, but according to recent
research carried out by an international travel and public relations company, all is not well. The research
suggests that even the most opulent, luxurious hotels seem to have underestimated the most basic needs of
their customers - be they traveling for work or pleasure: the need to feel at home in surroundings which are
both familiar and inviting.

Do these findings, however, apply only to hotels situated in particular areas? Is it possible that the external
environment can affect a guest's well-being? The company's research covered a whole range of different
hotel types, both independent hotels and those which are part of large chains. They investigated chic so-
called boutique hotels in the heart of downtown business districts, stately mansions located in the depths of
beautiful countryside, and plush hotels built at the edge of tropical beaches surrounded by palm trees and
idyllic blue ocean. And the researchers concluded that what was outside the hotel building simply didn't
matter. This is a fascinating revelation, and those of you hoping to move into careers in the travel and leisure
industry would be well advised to look at the findings in more detail.
 Lesson 8
Task 1

Hannah: Hello, how can I help you?

Ryan: Well, I've come in because I want to volunteer for one of your environmental projects. I read
something about your organization in the paper a few days ago and I thought I'd like to get involved.

Hannah: OK, that sounds good! What's your name?

Ryan: Ryan.

Hannah: OK. Ryan, thanks for coming in. I'm Hannah. Now, let me start by telling you something about our
organization, and then we can have a look at a few projects that might interest you after I've found out a bit
about you.

Ryan: Fine.

Hannah: Right, well as you know, we're called The Volunteer Agency, and that pretty well explains what
we do. We recruit people for a wide range of projects. A lot of our work concerns environmental projects,
and at the moment, we've got 130.000 volunteers working on these projects.

Ryan: What sort of environmental projects are they?

Hannah: Well, for example, if you wanted to go abroad, one of our big projects involves gathering
information that is used for the protection of marine and forest environments. Volunteers on that do diving
or collect biodiversity data on tropical rainforest species.

Ryan: Sounds exciting. But I think I'd rather stay here, at least to start off with.

Hannah: OK. Well, here in our own country we've got a big project aimed at clearing up litter in rural areas.
The aim of this is to get everyone involved in making sure their local environment is clean and tidy.

Ryan: Yes, I've seen adverts for that.

Hannah: Another project involves looking after the National Cycle network, keeping the routes safe and
attractive for cyclists. This is part of a bigger scheme concerned with developing sustainable transport
systems all across the country.

Ryan: Interesting.

Hannah: Now, if you want to do something in the city, rather than the countryside, within cities we also
have the City Farms projects, which involve working with people, plants and animals.

Ryan: Oh, what are those? Are they real farms? How do they work?

Hannah: Well, yes, they're real farms and they're an example of a project that relies almost entirely on
volunteers. On other projects, you might be working alongside salaried people; but with these, almost
everyone is unpaid. In fact, many of our projects have very few, if any, paid staff.

Ryan: Yes, that's what I thought.

Hannah: Well, do any of these things sound particularly appealing to you?

Ryan: Well, as I say, I wasn't thinking of going abroad, and I'm not sure that any of those is exactly the sort
of thing I'm really looking for Sorry! Commented [1]: dấu câu

Hannah: That's OK, there are lots more things I can tell you about. I'm sure we'll find a project that's right
up your street.

Ryan: Yes, I hope so. OK, well, let's have a look at a few other possibilities.

Task 2

Robin: Hello?

Jerry: Hi, Robin, it's Jerry.

Robin: Jerry! Nice to hear from you. How're you doing?

Jerry: Fine, thanks. Guess what? I'm going on holiday to Australia next month!

Robin: Wow, that's great!

Jerry: I thought you might be able to give me some ideas about what to do while I'm in Sydney. That's where
you come from, isn't it?

Robin: That's right. And I wish I was there now, instead of here in the cold.

Jerry: What's the temperature likely to be there?

Robin: Oh, next month it'll be around 25 degrees. If you went during the British summer, and the Australian
winter, it would only be about 16 degrees.

Jerry: I'm looking forward to some warm weather.

Robin: So, how long are you staying in Sydney?

Jerry: Only a couple of days. I'm going to spend a month touring Australia.

Robin: Sounds good. Well, you'll need at least a morning exploring the harbor area - it's fascinating. I really
like the Pylon Lookout: the entrance is on the bridge. It's got an interesting display of how the bridge was
built, and the panorama of the harbor from the observation area is spectacular.

Jerry: Right, I'll do that. Robin: And of course, you can see the Opera House - that and the bridge are Commented [2]: cách dòng
Sydney's most famous sights.

Jerry: Do you know if there are any tours of the Opera House?

Robin: Yes, there are. As far as I remember, there is one every 30 minutes, and you spend around an hour
exploring different parts of the building, depending on which tour it is. Jerry: Uh-huh. Do I need to book Commented [3]: cách dòng
tickets in advance?

Robin: No, just buy them at the Opera House, from the Guided Tours office. You'll see the signs to point
you in the right direction.

Jerry: Right, I'll do that. It'll be interesting to find out how the Opera House is run.

Robin: Then, I reckon you should walk around the Rocks. It's the oldest part of the city and always crowded
with tourists of all nationalities, as well as local people. The cafés and restaurants are very busy. Whenever
I go back to Sydney, I enjoy sitting outdoors with a cup of coffee, watching the people passing by.

Jerry: Yes, that sounds like a good idea.

Robin: Oh, and I almost forgot - it's the Dragon Festival next month. You should arrange to be in Sydney
that weekend. You'll have a great time.

Jerry: What is it?

Robin: You don't know about the Dragon Festival? It's to celebrate the Chinese New Year. There are races
between lots of traditional wooden boats, decorated with dragons' heads and tails. Each boat has something
like 20 people rowing it, and over 2,000 people take part altogether.

Jerry: Mm.

Robin: Crowds of people go to watch. The opening ceremony is pretty exciting with drums and dancing.
Why don't you check the dates on the Internet?

Jerry: I will. It sounds great! Well, thanks for the suggestions. I'm looking forward to my holiday.

Robin: Have a good trip and call me when you get back to the UK. Bye.

Task 3

Tutor: Good morning, everyone. Now, as I told you last week, our topic this morning is cultural differences
and some of the aspects of behavior you'll need to be aware of when you go abroad on business. Helen and
Bill, you've prepared a short presentation, haven't you?

Helen: That's right. We've concentrated on three areas - Japan, the Arab countries, and the USA - because
they're important business partners for Australia, now or in the future. I should say; first of all, that we've had Commented [4]: dấu phẩy
to simplify by making generalizations; but of course, people vary a lot within each culture. And what we've
learned from our research is that one way of doing things is usually no better or worse than another. We just
tend to be more comfortable with the way we're used to. OK. Now, Bill's going to start with communication.

Bill: Um, information, particularly something negative, is communicated in different ways around the world.
In the US, people tend to speak and write fairly explicitly and frankly, and many people pride themselves on
saying what they mean. If they want to say 'no’, they come straight out with it, but in some societies, a great
deal of information is transmitted non-verbally. The Japanese, for instance, usually don't want to displease
others with a negative answer, so they may not say 'no' - but it's still clearly understood if you can read the
non-verbal signs.

There can be a big difference in inappropriate eye contact, too, from country to country. In the United States,
if you look someone in the eye when they're speaking to you, you're thought to be honest and reliable.
Looking away or at the floor indicates that you aren't paying attention or you're guilty. But in Japan, an
attempt to maintain eye contact isn't usually acceptable behavior and may be taken as a sign of aggression.
Looking away is a sign of respect rather than hiding something. On the other hand, in some Arab countries,
such as in Saudi Arabia, eye contact is important and can help in communication. Helen ...

Helen: Ways of shaking hands vary around the world, too. A weak grip, held for a relatively long time, is
normal in Japan, and certainly doesn't mean the person is weak. In the United States, the way that someone
shakes hands has long been taken as an indicator of their personality. A firm grip is thought to show the
strength of character.

Attitudes towards time vary. If you make an appointment with an Arab business person, you may find that
your meeting begins long past the appointed time though it'll probably last as long as necessary to conduct
the business at hand there. Time is a servant, not a master, and the idea that a person should be ruled by the
clock is amusing. But in the United States, time is money. If someone's kept waiting for a meeting half an
hour beyond the time that was agreed, it's seen as a signal that they aren't important. So, Americans try to
avoid this happening.

People are expected to arrive in good time for a meeting in Japan. Being late demonstrates that you can't be
trusted to keep your word or manage your time. But in the Arab tradition, punctuality isn't regarded in the
same way. People can show up hours late, or not at all, and it won't be taken as an insult. Of course, a lot of
Arabs, particularly business people, are aware that attitudes towards punctuality are different in other parts
of the world.

In Japan, business meetings normally start with some casual conversation, because the Japanese are generally
interested in getting to know the people involved. In America, though, meetings sometimes begin with
phrases such as 'Let's get started Over to you, Bill. Commented [5]: thêm dấu ngoặc

Bill: OK, let's turn to personal space. When you're standing talking to someone, make sure you adopt the
distance that's appropriate to the local culture. In the US and Britain, business people usually stand close
enough to shake hands, about 75 to 90cm apart. In the Arab world, it's less, maybe under 30cm, and you
sometimes see a British person backing away to maintain their preferred distance, while the Arab they're
talking to keeps moving towards them, to maintain his or hers. The Japanese prefer a greater distance than
either, perhaps 120cm, and may see the British as getting too close. One reason for maintaining that distance
in Japan is to have room to bow when they greet someone - a custom that to some extent corresponds to the
American habit of nodding.

Helen: And finally, you need to get used to the fact that in much of Asia, people gravitate towards other
people in public spaces. For example, if you're sitting in a movie theatre surrounded by empty seats and a
local resident enters, he's likely to sit next to you - it's considered appropriate in many parts of the world, but
an American, for instance, would feel they were sitting much too close. And, er, that's as far as we've got.

Tutor: OK, thank you both. Now, are there any questions?

Task 4

Animals have played a major role in human society for many thousands of years - as food, to help in hunting,
and to provide companionship - and their importance is reflected in our mythology. Many cultures have
myths in which animals play a significant role in the creation of the earth and everything on it; for example,
a snake is a major figure in the mythology of the Aboriginal people of Australia.

There's a long tradition of animals appearing in literature and, nowadays, in films, too. Sometimes they appear
as themselves, as in 'wild animal stories’, a popular literary form in the USA in the first half of the 20th
century. These stories aimed to give a realistic view of animals and their lives although the standpoint was
occasionally somewhat romanticized. And many authors have written stories arguing the need to give animals
greater protection, often by reducing the amount of pollution human beings create.
In this literary approach, the actual physical qualities of a species are presented, but animals are often used
symbolically in literature, particularly in fables. These are short stories, usually written to make a point about
a moral issue, often through the satire of how human beings behave. Impossible events take place: most
characters are animals that have a command of the language and behave in other respects, too, like human
beings, while keeping their own physical shape.

Fables are thought to have originated in the Middle East two to three thousand years ago, and they're also
found in the ancient literature of Iran, India, and other cultures. Aesop, who lived in Greece in the sixth
century BC, wrote a large number of fables that still retain their popularity, and many other writers have
followed in his footsteps. In English literature, a much longer fable is George Orwell's political satire Animal
Farm, published in 1945.

Animal Farm is unusual in being a fable for adults. Far more often, the target audience is children, and fables
provide them with examples of good and bad behavior. The Just So Stories, written by the British author
Rudyard Kipling in the late 1890s, is typical of the genre. As in the same author's Jungle Book, the stories
contain many animal characters. The Just So Stories tell of how the Earth began and of the people and animals
who live on it, and they recommend certain ways of behaving.

Let me give you an example. One story, 'How the Camel got his Hump’ is set at the time when animals were
first domesticated. A dog, a horse, and an ox work for a man but the camel, who lives alone in the middle of
the desert, is lazy and refuses to work. As a result, the other three animals have a heavier workload. They
complain to the magical creature in charge of all deserts, who tells the camel to work. The camel simply
replies 'humph! So, the magical creature punishes him by giving him a hump on his back. This holds enough
food for the camel to work for three days without eating, to make up for the time he's missed. The moral of
the story is that everyone ought to work in order to contribute to the common good.

Task 5

Good morning everyone. As you know, we're continuing with the part of the textile course where we look at
some different types of stitching - or stitching techniques - and today we're looking at one that comes from
Japan. It's called Sashiko.

Now, what does that word mean? Well, it translates as 'little stitches' and in its modern form, um, you can
see from these pictures, it produces a very, er, very beautiful, decorative design on things like cushions,
curtains, and quilted covers - all produced by hand, of course - and many sold in shops these days. But
Sashiko began long ago, and its Japanese origins were much more functional than this.

It started among farming communities, in mountain villages, in the north of Japan's main island. Centuries
ago, transport was difficult in these places, and the bitter climate made it hard to grow fiber plants for spinning
and weaving into warm cloth. Also, there were no sheep in Japan at this time, so, er, no wool either, and this
meant that people were left with a locally produced material, called Asa, that was hard-wearing but not very
warm. So, what they did was to dye this local fabric blue - because the dye was thought to strengthen the
fibers - and they solved the problem of warmth by stitching together many layers of this cloth. In this way,
they produced clothes that were warm but not too bulky. It was done, er, with a white, heavy thread, um, so
there were many shades of blue cloth - light and dark - and white stitching, and so a typical 'look' or image
was created like this. They used designs based on traditional Japanese patterns that had their own names such
as 'sea wave' perhaps to reflect the wavy effect of the design. Here's another example.

Now, each garment that was made at this time was planned for a specific purpose. So, for example, waistcoats
were heavily stitched on the back and shoulders if they were going to be worn while carrying heavy baskets.
And it wasn't only country people who relied on Sashiko clothing. In Japanese towns, firemen dressed for
duty in Sashiko-stitched garments - jackets, trousers, hoods, and gloves - which were soaked with water to
protect them.

So the point here is that Sashiko clothing was essential for survival at one time. And even though making
things in this way took up many hours for people who also had to work, do household tasks, and so on, it was
a vital skill. The wife of someone like a farmer, for instance, had to spend time making clothes, and she
would do the stitching without a frame or structural support. And the garments, once you put them on, were
flexible and molded themselves to the wearer. If you look at a genuine Sashiko garment today, then you can
see the evidence of wear and get a feel for the shape of the wearer's body, which is fascinating.

Then, in 1895, traditional life changed, and Sashiko was no longer necessary because rail travel reached
northern Japan, and warm textiles could then be imported. However, since the 1970s, Sashiko has been
revived in Japan and has also been taken up by quilters and embroiderers in the USA and the UK Nowadays,
the designs are a little different. There are vertical and horizontal stripes; for example, or the stitches can be
arranged to produce a diamond effect here are similar fabrics to those used traditionally can be found in
modern furnishing or dressmaking departments or from suppliers so that the traditional appearance of a
Sashiko item has been maintained.

Now, there are exhibitions of ancient Sashiko items, but the disappointing thing is this. While old pots and
ceramics are considered to be treasured and preserved, even with cracks, ancient garments made by poor
village women have not been given such a high value and sadly. Many of them have been thrown away rather
than getting the attention of collectors. This is a pity because they say a great deal about how people once
lived and about their technical skills, and it's no coincidence that Sashiko has now become a pastime on an
international level.

Task 6

Questions 1-4

Tutor: OK, let's begin. First, Hannah is going to give a short introduction to monorails, then Stuart will talk
about some of their advantages. Finally, Sharon will describe a particular type of monorail. Right, Hannah,
over to you.

Hannah: Thanks. Well, monorails are a bit like railways, but there's just one rail, which is wider than each
of the rails of a railway. Actually, 'mono' means 'one', which is how it got the name. Some monorails are at
ground level or in subway tunnels; though in most cases, the track is elevated. The vehicles are always wider
than the track. In some types of monorail, the vehicles run on the track, like a normal train, and in other types,
they're suspended from it.

Some monorails are used to transport freight but the majority carries passengers. A lot of them take visitors
around amusement parks - there are plenty of these all around the world - and some form part of an urban
transport system. Most of these are in Japan. Monorails were first constructed in the 19th century though the
ones that have been in operation for the longest date from 1901. It's in the town of Wuppertal, in Germany.
The vehicles are electrically operated, but a different kind of technology is used by one fairly new monorail.
This went into service in 2004, between the city of Shanghai, in China, and its airport. Here, too, the energy
source is electricity but it's used to create a magnetic field that propels the train forwards. And while they're
traveling, the trains are levitated, which means they're suspended about one centimeter above the track. This
technology is called 'maglev, short for 'magnetic levitation. Though the trains are capable of going at over Commented [6]: chú ý dấu ngoặc
500 kilometers an hour, they regularly travel at up to 430. Right, that's a short introduction to monorails, and
now it's Stuart's turn.

Questions 5-9

Stuart: Thanks, Hannah. I'm going to say something about the advantages of monorails.
The most important point is; of course, safety, and here monorails score very highly. Unlike trains, the design Commented [7]: dấu phẩy
of monorails means that derailment is virtually impossible. And as they're normally quite separate from
pedestrians and road traffic, there isn't any danger of a collision.

Nowadays, we're far more concerned about the environment than we used to be, and monorails have
advantages over many other forms of transport. They're electrically operated, so they don't cause the pollution
that cars and buses do though admittedly some pollution is produced by the electricity generating stations.

The vehicles move much more quietly than trains because they normally use rubber tires. This allows stations
to be situated in busy areas like shopping centers without creating a disturbance.

From an economic point of view, monorails have a lot going for them. For one thing, construction of all the
elements takes place off-site, so installation can be very fast and cause very little disruption. Once they're up
and running, they're very cost-effective to operate. And as they're not held up by traffic jams or accidents,
they're far more reliable than trams and especially buses. On the other hand, monorails have the same
disadvantage as other railways that they operate over a fixed route: the vehicles can't transfer to the road. So,
routes can't be changed without constructing a new monorail, and people have to get to and from the stations,
so they may not be as convenient as buses or, in particular, private cars.

So those are some of the disadvantages, and now I'll hand them over to Sharon.

Task 7

Questions 1-5

Travel and tourism are the largest industries in the world but calculating its economic impact is quite difficult.
The one thing everybody can agree on, though, is that it's huge.

There are two things which have influenced the growth of tourism. These are firstly social factors and
secondly, technology and the way it's developed. Let's consider the social factors first of all. Demand for
tourism is determined mainly by the amount of wealth a country has, which is why countries such as Japan,
Australia, the USA, and western European countries have contributed most in terms of tourist numbers in the
past. However, growing wealth in developing countries will mean that demand for holidays abroad will take
off there in the near future, boosting tourism enormously.

That said, the majority of tourists are still from what is called the developed nations. However, studies show
that their numbers will not rise much further in the next few decades because their populations are fairly
stable. As a result, there'll be a growth in the number of retired people who'll have more time on their hands.
This influences the kind of tourism wanted: fewer skiing holidays will be required, but there'll be an increase
in the number of people wanting to visit art galleries.

Questions 6-10

Let's turn now to the second factor in the growth of tourism. The technology that sustains mass tourism today
is the jet plane. Air travel has opened up the world. In 1970, scheduled planes carried 307 million passengers.
Today, there are four times as many. In fact, cheaper and more efficient transport has been behind the
development of mass tourism from its beginnings in Britain in the 19th century. The first package tours were
arranged in 1841 by Thomas Cook, an entrepreneur whose company subsequently became one of the world's
largest tour operators. In his day, it was the railway that allowed his business to flourish.

Today, technology is proving very important in other ways, as well as in transportation. In the past, people
went to a travel agent to find and book their holiday. Now, many of these people are bypassing the high-
street travel agent and booking their holidays themselves on the Internet. Airlines have been keen to
encourage this direct approach, as it keeps down their costs, and increasingly high-street travel agents are
finding their business is disappearing.

These days, there may be more tourists to go around, but there is also more competition among destinations
as cities, countries, and continents all compete for tourist revenue but becoming a tourist destination is not
quite as straightforward as it might seem. For example, Ireland used to sell itself as a place to go to and enjoy
the beautiful countryside. However, it soon discovered that it was attracting young student backpackers
without any money. So how did Ireland set about increasing revenue from tourism? Well, the Irish Tourist
Board came up with the idea of promoting the country's literature using the names of writers such as Oscar
Wilde and James Joyce to appeal to older, richer tourists who would spend their money in the hotels and
restaurants of the country.

However, there are other ways of appealing to tourists. The US is dotted with places that claim to be the
capital of something or other (sometimes things which may seem rather strange: Crystal City; for example,
is the world capital of the vegetable broccoli, and then there's Gilroy - famous for its garlic). These towns are
trading on a single gimmick to attract tourists. Festivals are another way to bring them in - literary, food, art
- they're all staged for one reason only: to attract tourist revenue. Many towns have sought to copy the success
of Stratford, Ontario, which was transformed from a small, run-down blue-collar town to a bustling cultural
center by the efforts of Tom Patterson, who managed to persuade a British director to stage their first drama
festival in 1953.

But then boosting a city through tourism is nothing new. In 18thcentury England, Bath Spa became Commented [8]: chú ý cách
fashionable after the owners of the hot baths employed Beau Nash, the trendsetter of his day, to promote the
city. I want to end the lecture there for today. Now, next week ..
 Lesson 9
Task 1
Jenna: Come on Marco. We've got to get on and sort out this project for Professor Barclay.
Marco: Hang on. I want to make sure we've got all the information. Now .. (sitting down) ... where are we?
Jenna: Well, today we need to sort out exactly what we're going to do, and how we're going to divide the work
up.
Marco: OK. How long have we got by the way?
Jenna: Um .. the end of term is April 6th, and he said to hand it in on week 8 so that's March 25th at the latest
because the beginning of that week is 21. So not long!
Marco: Right. Have you got the notes there?
Jenna: Yes, he wants us to do a fairly small-scale study, like the last one, on whether or not businesses were
offering more benefits to staff. We've now got to look at the rise in older workers. Should be fairly straightforward.
Marco: Yeah, as long as we keep it small. Who's marking it?
Jenna: Don't know-sometimes he gets the Ph.D. students to mark it for him.
Marco: Oh! Actually, it just says here “a senior lecturer”. I suppose it's too much for Professor Barclay to do
them all.
Jenna: Yeah. Anyway, how are we going to go about this?
Marco: Well, we have to decide how big we want it to be and who we're ...
Jenna: (cutting him off) ... Yeah, but I think we must sort out a timetable for the project otherwise nothing will
get done.
Marco: OK. Do you want to do that?
Jenna: Alright. I'll do it as soon as we finish here.
Jenna: OK - what do we have to do now for the project? What's the best way to go about it?
Marco: Um ... well, Professor Carter suggested we set up a focus group to get some in-depth interviews, but I
think that'll take a lot of time.
Jenna: Yeah, I agree. If we did a focus group, we'd have to spend time deciding who to include in it, and it's not
necessary to do one anyway.
Marco: Oh, fine.
Jenna: And, if you agree, I think we should get in touch with the businesses on the list Professor Carter gave us
and ask them if they're prepared to participate.
Marco: Sounds good - then we can go there, give them questionnaires and collect them later.
Jenna: Exactly.
Marco: OK. Then do we need to book one of those study rooms in the library so we can work together to input
the data? Perhaps not, as I guess just one of us could just sort it out, actually.
 Jenna: Yes, that would be easier. A lot of what we're doing is qualitative, so it'll be writing up rather than statistics.
No software for that I'm afraid!
Marco: And I think it would look better if we had actual shots of some of the staff because we're citing appearance
as a factor in employability, aren't we?
Jenna: Yeah. OK, I'll factor that all in when I sort everything out tonight.
Marco: I'm glad we decided to work together. I think it's going to work out well.
Jenna: Yes, well, given that we had to work in pairs on this project, I think we were right to choose each other.
We complement each other academically as we're each good at what the other isn't! In fact, we should have tried
working together before!
Marco: Yes! Now, how shall we split the work? I'll do the analysis, shall I?
Jenna: Oh – OK.
Marco: It's just that it might be faster because I'm used to doing it - although your English is better than mine. I
need more practice at reading, really.
Jenna: OK. I'll do the presentation then. Is that OK with you?
Marco: Yeah, sure. I don't mind speaking in public but I hate preparing all the notes for them.
Jenna: The thing is, the tutor said one person should do the whole presentation and he's said he expects me to do
it because I haven't done one yet.
Marco: No, that's fine. Now ... (fade)...

Task 2

Lecturer: OK, now many of you will have heard about the predicted death of newspapers as people increasingly
access the TV and the internet for their news. Today I want to look at the USA, which has very advanced news
sources, to see if this is actually true.

In the USA, the main news sources without doubt are TV, the internet, and the press - that is traditional newspapers.
Although they are each surviving and growing, they are also changing. Obviously, TV news has been around for
a while, and the early evening bulletins when people get in from work are very popular. I suppose we traditionally
think of the morning newspaper arriving on our doorstep with the daily news. Interestingly, this is not borne out
by the statistics, which shows that readership in the US is much higher when people have time to relax, when
they're not working, especially on Sundays. The internet is also a popular weekend activity but shows no variation
with weekday access. So people are using different sources in different ways. Interestingly, local radio has been
hit less by the grip of quite strong local newspapers than by the internet, which is seen to offer a better regional
service. But just because the internet is seen as the new force in news media does not mean it is dominant.
Television has, of course, been global for a while, but now technological changes, which have fuelled the rise of
online news, have also allowed newspapers to print and distribute editions across the world. In fact, internet news,
which is seen as the big competitor for traditional markets, does not offer that much variety. Often the sources are
the online versions of the newspapers, whereas television, in order to offer something different, has had to come
up with a much more mixed bag of reporting from hard news to light reports on celebrity events. Another issue is
reliability - the internet is virtually unregulated so anything can be reported there, whether true or not. Journalists
in newspapers have fought a long hard battle to fight intervention and to retain the freedom of the press. Television,
however, is seen as critical to political power and has become subject to harsh controls about what it can or cannot
say.

Now, one very critical factor in keeping newspapers alive and well in the USA has been their approach to
advertising. Obviously, newspapers are heavily dependent on advertising revenue, and they have become more
and more imaginative in what they offer, in order to make sure that advertisers use them, and not other news
sources. This has meant that, contrary to popular belief, newspapers now have a significantly higher profit margin
than the rest of American industry. So, how have they managed to raise advertising revenue in this way? Well,
they have put a lot of effort into developing and maintaining a very strong association with the retail trade, and
they've come up with a winner. A critical tool in their sales plan has been suggesting that the adverts they run can
have vouchers. This has been enormously effective because they have found that not only do more people buy the
paper to get the discounts but also inevitably means much higher sales for the clients. As well as doing this, the
newspapers have also introduced aggressive sales campaigns over the last few years. This has resulted in a
significant and continuing rise in the number of advertisers prepared to pay the extra for full-page ads. So, what I
would like ... (fade)...

Task 3

Caitlin: Hi, Hideki. How are you?

Hideki: Fine. I'm glad I bumped into you. Have you got five minutes to sit down and discuss our extra course
options for next term?

Caitlin: Yes, sure. Do you mean the support courses for our modules?

Hideki: Yes. We've got three choices and I'm not sure which would be best for us to do.

Caitlin: Let's have a look. Yeah - we could do Science and Ethics - sounds quite interesting!

Hideki: Yes - but I think we should be thinking about what we get out of each course. So Science and Ethics -
there's a lot of reading and research to do, and I don't think it comes up in the exams, does it?

Caitlin: Um - I'm not sure. Er - oh, I see we have to do assignments, and we get our score from that. But what it
would do is to force us to get better at doing essays and reports - you know, organizing them and using the right
kind of language? Might it be worthwhile?

Hideki: Yeah, you're right. An alternative is the Pharmacology Prelim course. I think it's in case we want to go on
to transfer to Pharmacology at the end of the year because lots of students do. So it depends on what we want to
do in the future, but apparently, they send you off to find out about various companies and the differences between
their products - it would give you lots of practice in investigative studies and analysis. I think I'd quite enjoy that.

Caitlin: Yes, I see your point. Um, then the other option is Reporting Test Results - sounds a bit boring. Not sure
why they have a separate course just for that?

Hideki: Well, I could certainly do with some help in that because if you go out into industry. That's what you'll
spend most of your time doing, so it's got a very practical application. I think I'm going to go for Pharmacology.

Caitlin: Me too.

Hideki: So let's have a look at it in more detail. Oh, goodness - if we do Pharmacology, then we have to do a
supplementary Maths course.

Caitlin: Oh no - that's not fair. Mind you, I think I need it. Does that mean we have twice as many lectures?

Hideki: No, this Maths is only a short course. The Chemistry department is responsible, and they do it in the third
term. So we've got all next term to settle into the Pharmacology bit.

Caitlin: I find the tutor makes a real difference - some of them make Chemistry so easy, and some of them I can't
understand at all - like that one we had from Oxford University. Mind you, the one on this course should make
sense because he's a lecturer who's coming in for a few weeks from the industry, so at least it'll be linked to the
real world!

Hideki: Yeah. The project we have to do on this pharmacology course is huge, and it doesn't give us much time.
We have to make a decision about what we want to do on the project as soon as we start in January, and then hand
in our plans before the end of the month!

Caitlin: Doesn't give us much time to sort out what's possible or not? I mean, doesn't the scale of our project
depend on what resources we can have, like what equipment we can use?

Hideki: I suppose so, though I think there's plenty available. For example, it says that if we need to do any
experiments, then we can use all the equipment in the new lab, as long as we book it.

Caitlin: Oh, OK. It's slowly beginning to take shape for me. I think it'll be a good course. I'm just worried that I
won't get enough support to do it.

Hideki: I think you'll be OK, and the tutors are always available if you get stuck.

Caitlin: Actually, it says that if you're not sure, then, in December, they'll be running one or two additional
seminars - so I might go to those.

Hideki: Actually, what's quite interesting is that at the end of the course when our project is completed, then we
have to do a presentation on it. I think that's quite good practice.

Caitlin: Bit scary though!

Hideki: Well, it shouldn't be too bad as they say that we can do it in pairs. Spread the load, as it were!

Caitlin: Oh, good. I have done presentations before but I'm always very nervous. And is the presentation what
we're assessed on then?

Hideki: Let me look .... um... Ah, it says that we have an interview, and we get a mark for the whole course
depending on how well we do in that.

Caitlin: Right ... (fade) ...

Task 4

OK, we've been looking at how societies will develop in the future and at the increase in the size of cities, so I
want to talk to you today about the key considerations in these cities of the future. There are three key elements I
want to look at, and these are the new features they will have: issues of size and the main problems to be considered.
First of all, individual transportation will be a big factor in these new megacities as public transport becomes
unmanageable. There'll be a huge rise in the use of Segways, which are personal transporters like motorized
scooters. As a result, it aims to reduce pollution, roads will be altered so that they are narrower and will take up
less of a city's space than they do currently. Naturally, this is a major change to the infrastructure, and something
that may hinder it is the huge amount of investment it will require. The next thing is, what is going to happen to
the commercial areas? We do not want these to become even larger concrete jungles than they are at present. So,
we have to look at the design, and current designs for city development include building gardens on the roofs of
these buildings to make a more pleasant environment for workers. And you may think that these areas will expand
to cope with increased commercial activity. In fact, the prediction is that they will cover one-fifth of the area that
they do at present as we build upwards. The exception to this is shopping centers, which we predict will expand
with more and more temperature-controlled malls. What may cause difficulties is that the superstores will be
confined to the outer edges of the city as they will be too big to fit into the new malls. Then, of course, there are
the residential areas, and these will undergo their own changes. One particular development will be houses which
are built from glass as innovations in this material allow it to provide light without causing problems with the
temperature inside a building. The residential areas will not be allowed to expand without limit, as happens in some
areas at present, and their size will be restricted to a population of 15,000. One issue which has yet to be resolved,
and I'm not sure it ever will be is how we manage to house older residents. They will be increasing in numbers as
time goes on. Finally, how will these cities live? We know we have limited energy sources so what will we do?
Well, something currently in development which will be a feature is that waste is going to become an energy
source; for example, to provide gas in homes. Also, as new technology and systems are developed, we will find
that energy plants will become smaller. Another energy source we could use, but one which raises issues of having
enough space and too much noise is wind farms. Because of the problems, I'm not convinced that these will be the
grand solution to our energy problems that we thought they were going to be.

Now, moving on to looking at the social aspect of cities, we need to look at housing and how people will live.
Cities currently have flats in the center populated by single people and wealthier residents, and families tend to
move to the outskirts. In the future, the center of cities will see a dramatic change. We will see many more examples
of cooperative buildings. This is where people join together to form a company that owns the building they live in,
and despite continuing shortages, there will also be a rise in the provision of retirement homes in city centers so
that the elderly can have easy access to hospitals and shops. Recently, we have seen a leveling off in the growth of
private housing, and I think that will not change, but we are likely to see more social housing as far fewer people
will be able to afford to own their own homes. OK, now, if anybody ... (fade)...