 Define the Law of Conservation of Mass.

The Law of Conservation of Mass is the idea that atoms cannot be created or
destroyed.

 True or False?
A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element
on both sides.

True.

A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element
on both sides, in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Mass.

 Write the word equation for the reaction of silicon with oxygen to form silicon
dioxide.

The word equation for the reaction of silicon with oxygen to form silicon dioxide
is:

silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide

 What type of equation is this?

2Br- + Cl2 Br2 + 2Cl-

2Br- + Cl2 Br2 + 2Cl- is an ionic equation.

 What does a symbol equation use?

A symbol equation uses the formulae of the reactants and products to show what
happens in a chemical reaction.

 What numbers are missing to balance this equation?

.....H2O2 .....H2O + ..... O2

The missing numbers to balance the equation are:

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

 What are products?

Products are the new substances which are on the right-hand side of the arrow in
a chemical equation, formed by the reaction of reactants.
 What are the constituent ions in the following?

 H2SO4

 NaOH

 KBr

The constituent ions are:

 H2SO4 - two hydrogen ions (H+) and one sulfate ion (SO42-)

 NaOH - one sodium ion (Na+) and one hydroxide ion (OH-)

 KBr - one potassium ion (K+) and one bromide ion (Br-)

 Write the symbol equation for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine to form
magnesium chloride.

The symbol equation for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine to form
magnesium chloride is:

Mg + Cl2 MgCl2

 True or False?

The balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine is:

Na + Cl2 NaCl2

False.

The balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine is:

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

 What numbers are missing to balance this equation?

.....N2 + .....H2 .....NH3

The missing numbers to balance the equation are:

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

 What are spectator ions?

 Spectator ions are ions which appear on both sides of an ionic equation and are
eliminated from the final equation.

 2KI + Br2 2KBr + I2

Why is this not an ionic equation?

2KI + Br2 2KBr + I2 is not an ionic equation because there are no ions.

 Define the term Mr?

Mr is the symbol for the relative formula mass and it refers to the total mass of the
substance.

 How is the relative formula mass of a substance calculated?

To calculate the relative formula mass of a substance, you have to add up the
relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in the formula.

 What is the equation to calculate the percentage by mass of an element in a

compound?

The equation for the percentage by mass of an element is:

 True or False?

Relative molecular mass applies to both ionic and covalent compounds

False.

Relative molecular mass does not apply to ionic compounds.

 What does the term molar mass mean?

Molar mass refers to the mass of one mole of a substance.

 What is the relative formula mass of CuCO3?

The relative formula mass of CuCO3 is:

63.5 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 123.5

 What is the relative molecular mass of C5H5N?

The relative molecular mass of C5H5N is:

(12 x 5) + (1 x 5) + 14 = 79

 What is the difference between relative molecular mass and

relative formula mass?

The difference between relative molecular mass and relative formula mass is
that relative moleculas mass only applies to covalent compounds.

Relative formula mass applies to all compounds.

 What is the relative molecular mass of NH4NO3?

The relative molecular mass of NH4NO3 is:

14 + (1 x 4) + 14 + (16 x 3) = 80

 True or False?

The relative formula mass of CaCO3 is 100. (Ca=40, C=12, O=16)

True.

The relative formula mass of CaCO3 is = 40+12 +(16 x 3) = 100

 The total number of ions in one mole of NaCl is...

(Avogadro's constant = 6.02 x 1023)

The total number of ions in one mole of NaCl is:

2 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.204 x 1024

 Using moles, mass in grams and the molar mass, complete the equation:

Moles =

Using moles, mass in grams and the molar mass, the equation is:

Moles = mass / molar mass

 True or False?
 There are 6.02 x 1023 carbon dioxide molecules in one mole of carbon dioxide.

True.

There are 6.02 x 1023 carbon dioxide molecules in one mole of carbon dioxide.

 State the equation for molar mass using moles and mass.

The equation for molar mass using moles and mass is:

molar mass = mass / moles

 How many moles are in 45.0 g of water?

Mr H2O = 18.0

To calculate the number of moles:

 Moles = mass / molar mass

 Moles = 45.0 / 18.0

 Moles = 2.5

 Calculate the mass of 0.25 moles of copper carbonate, CuCO3.

Mr CuCO3 = 123.5

To calculate the mass:

 Mass = moles x molar mass

 Mass = 0.25 x 123.5

 Mass = 30.9 (or 30.875) g

 0.5 moles of a compound has a mass of 22.0 g.

Calculate the molar mass, in g mol-1, of the compound.

To calculate the molar mass:

Molar mass = mass / moles

Molar mass = 22.0 / 0.5

 Molar mass = 44.0 g mol-1

 How do you calculate the molar mass of a compound for a moles, mass, molar
mass calculation?

To calculate the molar mass of a compound for a moles, mass, molar mass
calculation, you add the atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound.

 Complete the equation connecting moles, mass and molar mass.

Mass =

The equation connecting moles, mass and molar mass is:

mass = moles x molar mass

 True or False?

When completing reacting masses calculations, the mass unit (e.g. grams,
tonnes) affects the calculation.

False.

When completing reacting masses calculations, the mass unit (e.g. grams,
tonnes) does not affect the calculation.

The mass unit only affects the final anwer as it must be given in the appropriate
units.

 What is the correct order of steps to complete a reacting mass calculation?

1. Check the molar ratio in the equation.

2. Determine the moles of the target chemical.

3. Calculate the moles of the known chemical.

4. Calculate the mass of the target chemical.

5. Calculate relevant molar masses.

6. Write a balanced symbol equation.

The correct order of steps to complete a reacting mass calculation is:

1. Write a balanced symbol equation.

 2. Calculate relevant molar masses.

3. Calculate the moles of the known chemical.

4. Check the molar ratio in the equation.

5. Determine the moles of the target chemical.

6. Calculate the mass of the target chemical.

 Copper carbonate decomposes to form copper oxide and carbon dioxide.

CuCO3 CuO + CO2

What is the molar ratio of copper carbonate to copper oxide?

CuCO3 CuO + CO2

The molar ratio of copper carbonate to copper oxide is 1 : 1.

 Sodium chloirde is formed from sodium and chlorine.

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

What is the molar ratio of chlorine to sodium chloride?

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

The molar ratio of chlorine to sodium chloride is 1 : 2.

 True or False?

The masses of reactants in a reaction can be used to write a balanced equation

for the reaction.

False.

The masses of reactants and products in a reaction can be used to write a

balanced equation for the reaction.

 How can the masses of the reactants and products be used to form a balanced
chemical equation?

How the masses of the reactants and products be used to form a balanced
chemical equation:
  Convert all masses to moles

 Find the molar ratio of all chemicals

 Simplify the molar ratio

 Place these values in front of each chemical in the equation

 True or False?

3A + B 2C + 2D

The molar ratio of A : C is 2 : 3.

False.

3A + B 2C + 2D

The molar ratio of A : C is not 2 : 3.

There are 3 moles of A and 2 moles of C, which means the ratio is 3 : 2.

 What is the moles, mass, molar mass equation that is needed for reacting mass
questions?

The moles, mass, molar mass equation that is needed for reacting mass
questions is:

moles = mass / molar mass

 What does percentage yield compare?

Percentage yield compares the actual yield to the theoretical yield.

 Define actual yield.

Actual yield is the recorded amount of product obtained from a chemical

reaction.

 How is the actual yield determined?

The actual yield can be determined by experiment only.

 What is theoretical yield?

 Theoretical yield is the amount of product that would be obtained under perfect
practical and chemical conditions.

 What type of calculation lets you determine the theoretical yield?

The type of calculation lets you determine theoretical yield is a reacting mass
calculation.

 State the equation for percentage yield.

The equation for percentage yield is:

(actual yield theoretical yield) x 100

 True or False?

A high percentage yield is desirable for economic reasons.

True.

For economic reasons, the objective is to have as high a percentage yield as

possible to increase profits and reduce costs and waste.

 If the actual yield is 1.50 g and theoretical yield is 2.00g, what is the percentage
yield?

If the actual yield is 1.50 g and theoretical yield is 2.00g, the percentage yield is:

(1.50 2.0) x 100 = 75%

 What information does a molecular formula show?

A molecular formula shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule.

 What is the molecular formula of ethanoic acid?

The molecular formula of ethanoic acid is C2H4O2.

 Define empirical formula.

Empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each
element present in one molecule or formula unit.

 The molecular formula of propene is C3H6. What is the empirical formula?

The empirical formula of propene is CH2.

 True or False?

Organic molecules always have the same empirical and molecular formulae.

False.

Organic molecules often have different empirical and molecular formulae.

 What type of formula is used for ionic compounds?

The formula of an ionic compound is always an empirical formula.

 How is empirical formula calculated?

The empirical formula is calculated from the ratio of masses of each element in
the compound.

 State the relationship between empirical and molecular formulae.

The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula.

It indicates the exact numbers of each atom in the compound.

 True or False?

Molecular formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a

molecule.

False.

Empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a

molecule.

 Describe how to calculate the molecular formula from the empirical formula in 3
steps.

To calculate the molecular formula from the empirical formula:

1. Calculate the relative formula mass of the empirical formula.

2. Divide the relative formula mass of the compound by the mass of the
empirical formula.

3. Multiply each number of elements by this number to find the molecular

formula.
 Using moles, volume in dm3 and concentration, complete the equation:

Moles =

(Extended Tier Only)

Using moles, volume in dm3 and concentration, the equation is:

Moles = concentration x volume

 Calculate the number of moles of solute present in 2.0 dm3 of a solution whose
concentration is 0.15 mol dm-3. (Extended Tier Only)

To calculate the number of moles of solute present in 2.0 dm3 of a solution whose
concentration is 0.15 mol dm-3:

 Moles = concentration x volume

 Moles = 0.15 x 2.0 = 0.3 moles

 What are the 2 common units for concentration? (Extended Tier Only)

The 2 common units for concentration are:

 g dm-3

 mol dm-3

 How do you convert g dm-3 to mol dm-3? (Extended Tier Only)

To convert g dm-3 to mol dm-3, you divide the concentration in g dm-3 by the molar
mass.

 State the equation for concentration using moles and volume. (Extended Tier
Only)

The equation for concentration using moles and volume is:

concentration = moles / volume

 What is the concentration of a solution where 1.0 mole of solute is dissolved in

2.0 dm3 of water? (Extended Tier Only)

The concentration of a solution where 1.0 mole of solute is dissolved in 2.0

dm3 of water is:
 Concentration = moles / volume

Concentration = 1.0 / 2.0 = 0.5 mol dm-3

 True or False?

To convert dm3 into cm3, you divide by 1000. (Extended Tier Only)

False.

To convert dm3 into cm3, you multiply by 1000.

 How do you calculate the volume of a solution using moles and

concentration? (Extended Tier Only)

The equation to calculate the volume of a solution using moles and concentration
is:

Volume = moles / concentration

 True or False?

Avogadro’s Law states that equal amounts of gases occupy the same volume of
space at the same temperature and pressure. (Extended Tier Only)

True.

Avogadro’s Law states that equal amounts of gases occupy the same volume of
space at the same temperature and pressure.

 State the equation for molar gas volume using moles and volume. (Extended
Tier Only)

The equation for molar gas volume using moles and volume is:

Molar gas volume = volume / moles

 What are the conditions for room temperature and pressure? (Extended Tier
Only)

The conditions for room temperature and pressure are:

 20 oC

 1 atmosphere
 How do you calculate moles using volume and molar gas volume? (Extended
Tier Only)

The equation to calculate moles using volume and molar gas volume is:

Moles = volume / molar gas volume

 At room temperature and pressure, how many moles of gas are present in 48
dm3? (Extended Tier Only)

At rtp, the number of moles of gas present in 48 dm3 is:

 Moles = volume / molar gas volume

 Moles = 48 / 24 = 2

 What volume does one mole of any gas occupy at room temperature and
pressure? (Extended Tier Only)

One mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure occupies:

 24 dm3

 24 000 cm3

 Complete the equation connecting moles, volume and molar gas volume.

Volume =

(Extended Tier Only)

The equation connecting moles, volume and molar gas volume is:

Volume = moles x molar gas volume

 How much space, in dm3, does 1.5 moles of gas occupy? (Extended Tier Only)

The amount of space, in dm3, that 1.5 moles of gas occupies is:

 Volume = moles x molar gas volume

 Volume = 1.5 x 24 = 36 dm3

 True or False?

To convert volume from dm3 to cm3, you multiply by 1000. (Extended Tier Only)
 True.

To convert volume from dm3 to cm3, you multiply by 1000.

 A cylinder contains 300 dm3 of gas. What is this volume in cm3? (Extended Tier
Only)

A 300 dm3 cylinder contains 300 000 cm3 of gas.