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Intro To HDL Prelim 1

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26 views3 pages

Intro To HDL Prelim 1

Uploaded by

Netflix Oasan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to HDL

Module 1 : Introduction to Digital Logic Basics

Introduction
- Digital design is concerned with the design of digital electronics circuits. Known in other names
like Logic Design, Digital Logic, Switching Circuit and Digital Systems.
- Digital Circuits are employed in the design of systems like digital computers, control systems,
data communication and many other applications that require electronic digital hardware.
- Digital logic is the basis of electronic systems. Digital Logic is rooted in Binary Code, a series of
1 and 0 having opposite values. This system facilitates the design of electronic circuits that
convey information, including logic gates. Digital logic gates functions include and, or, and not.
The Value System translates input signal into specific output. Digital logic facilitates computing,
robotics and other electronic applications

Numeric Systems
- Numeric systems like the decimal system (Base-10) are what we use daily (0 to 9) which
are not convenient to machines or digital computers where information is bits (1 and 0) or
on and off. Codifying takes us to the necessity of knowing positional calculation which
will allow us to express a number in any base we need it.
Radix Number System
- Base of a number system or Radix defines the range of values that digit may have. To get
the conversion of base to each base divide each in their base and the remainder is the digit
System Base Symbols Used by Humans? Used in Computers?

Decimal 10 0 to 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0 and 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0 to 7 No No

Hexa-Decimal 16 0 to 9 & A to F Where A to F is 10 to 17 No No


Example:
25 (Base 10) = 11001 (Binary) = 31 (Octal) = 19 (Hexa-Decimal)
Quantities/Counting

Conversion among Radices


Decimal to Any base
● Decimal Number 1234 to Decimal Notation
- Extract last digit, you have to move the decimal point by one digit, which
means that you divide it
- Remainder of 4 is the last digit, and try again to get the Decimal Notation
● Decimal 1341 to Binary Notation
- Divide by 2 to get the Binary Notation

● Decimal 1341 to Octal Notation


- Divide by 8 to get Octal Notation

● Decimal 1341 to Hexadecimal Notation


- Divide by 16 to get Hexadecimal Notation, if remainder>9 then it is A to F
where A is 10 and F is 17

The Easiest way to convert fixed point numbers to any base is to convert each part
separately. We begin by separating the number into its integer and fractional division
of the numbers by base until zero obtained. At each division, the remainder is kept
and then a new number is the base r is obtained by reading the remainder from the last
remainder upwards.
The Conversion of fractional parts can be obtained by successively multiplying the
fraction with the base. If iterate this process on the remaining fraction, then obtain
successive significant digits. These methods form the basis of multiplication methods
of converting fractions between bases.

Any Base to Decimal


● What is decimal number, for example 1234 means that there are four boxes (digits);
and there are 4 one's in the right-most box (least significant digit), 3 ten's in the next
box, 2 hundred's in the next box, and finally 1 thousand's in the left-most box (most
significant digit). The total is 1234:

● Thus, each digit has a value: 10^0=1 for the least significant digit, increasing to
10^1=10, 10^2=100, 10^3=1000.

Formula for any base to base 10 conversion


● b base, di digit at position i, m the of digit after the decimal point. n the number
of digits of the integer part and X10 is the obtained number in decimal. This forms
the basis of the polynomial method of converting numbers from any base to
decimal.
Examples
Binary to Decimal
● Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is Weight of bit. Weight is the position
of the bit, starting from 0 on right. Add the results.

Octal to Decimal
● Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is weight of bit, it is the position of bit
starting on 0 in right then add result

Convert 234.14 expressed in an octal notation to decimal.


2*82 + 3*81 + 4*80+1*8-1 + 4*8-2 = 2*64 +3*8 +4*1 +1/8 +4/64 =156.1875

Hexadecimal to Decimal
● Technique is same as 2 above but multiplied by 16n

Convert Hexadecimal number 4B3 to decimal notation. What about the decimal
equivalent of the hexadecimal number 4B3.3?

Convert 234.14 expressed in an octal notation to decimal.

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