### Unit I: Introduction to Kubernetes

1. **What is a container in the context of computing?**

- A. A type of virtual machine

- B. A lightweight, standalone executable package of software

- C. A physical storage unit

- D. A file system

**Answer:** B. A lightweight, standalone executable package of

software

**Explanation:** A container includes everything needed to run

a piece of software, such as code, runtime, system tools, libraries,
and settings.

2. **Which company originally developed Kubernetes?**

- A. Microsoft

- B. IBM

- C. Docker Inc.

- D. Google

**Answer:** D. Google

**Explanation:** Kubernetes was originally developed by

Google and is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing
Foundation.

3. **Which component of Kubernetes manages the container

orchestration?**

- A. Docker Engine

- B. kubelet

- C. Kubernetes Master

- D. Pod

**Answer:** C. Kubernetes Master

**Explanation:** The Kubernetes Master is responsible for

managing the entire cluster, including scheduling and scaling of
containers.

4. **What is the main purpose of Kubernetes?**

- A. To create virtual machines

- B. To automate deployment, scaling, and operations of

application containers

- C. To manage databases

- D. To provide storage solutions

**Answer:** B. To automate deployment, scaling, and

operations of application containers
 **Explanation:** Kubernetes automates the operational tasks of
container management, including deployment, scaling, and
updating of applications.

5. **Which command is used to check the status of Kubernetes

nodes?**

- A. `kubectl nodes`

- B. `kubectl get nodes`

- C. `kubeadm nodes`

- D. `kubelet status`

**Answer:** B. `kubectl get nodes`

**Explanation:** `kubectl get nodes` lists all the nodes in a

Kubernetes cluster and their current status.

6. **What does the term 'orchestration' refer to in Kubernetes?**

- A. Playing music

- B. Managing container lifecycles

- C. Installing applications

- D. Networking between servers

**Answer:** B. Managing container lifecycles

 **Explanation:** Orchestration in Kubernetes involves
managing the deployment, scaling, and operations of containers.

7. **What is the function of a Kubernetes 'Service'?**

- A. To store data

- B. To expose a set of Pods as a network service

- C. To monitor containers

- D. To create Docker images

**Answer:** B. To expose a set of Pods as a network service

**Explanation:** A Service in Kubernetes provides a stable

endpoint (IP and DNS) to access a set of Pods.

8. **Which Kubernetes object is responsible for ensuring that a

specified number of Pod replicas are running?**

- A. Deployment

- B. ReplicaSet

- C. StatefulSet

- D. ConfigMap

**Answer:** B. ReplicaSet

**Explanation:** A ReplicaSet ensures that a specified number

of replicas of a Pod are running at any given time.
9. **What is the primary configuration file format used in
Kubernetes?**

- A. JSON

- B. XML

- C. YAML

- D. CSV

**Answer:** C. YAML

**Explanation:** YAML is the primary format used for defining

Kubernetes configurations due to its readability and ease of use.

10. **What role does the 'kubelet' play in a Kubernetes node?**

- A. It schedules Pods on nodes

- B. It runs containers on the node

- C. It manages network policies

- D. It provides the Kubernetes dashboard

**Answer:** B. It runs containers on the node

**Explanation:** The kubelet is an agent that runs on each node

in the cluster and ensures that containers are running in a Pod.
11. **Which of the following is NOT a Kubernetes controller?**

- A. Deployment

- B. StatefulSet

- C. DaemonSet

- D. Dockerfile

**Answer:** D. Dockerfile

**Explanation:** Dockerfile is a script used to build Docker

images, not a Kubernetes controller.

12. **What is a 'Namespace' in Kubernetes?**

- A. A physical server

- B. A virtual cluster within a Kubernetes cluster

- C. A container image registry

- D. A type of network plugin

**Answer:** B. A virtual cluster within a Kubernetes cluster

**Explanation:** Namespaces are used to divide cluster

resources between multiple users.

13. **What is the default service type in Kubernetes?**

- A. ClusterIP
 - B. NodePort

- C. LoadBalancer

- D. ExternalName

**Answer:** A. ClusterIP

**Explanation:** ClusterIP is the default service type which

exposes the service on a cluster-internal IP.

14. **Which Kubernetes object is used to inject configuration data

into Pods?**

- A. Deployment

- B. ConfigMap

- C. Service

- D. ReplicaSet

**Answer:** B. ConfigMap

**Explanation:** ConfigMap is used to pass configuration data

into Pods.

15. **In Kubernetes, what is a 'DaemonSet' used for?**

- A. To manage persistent storage

- B. To ensure that all (or some) nodes run a copy of a Pod

 - C. To expose services externally

- D. To automate application deployment

**Answer:** B. To ensure that all (or some) nodes run a copy of a

Pod

**Explanation:** DaemonSet ensures that a specified Pod is

running on all or a subset of nodes in the cluster.

### Unit II: Deployment of Kubernetes

1. **Which command initializes a Kubernetes cluster using

kubeadm?**

- A. `kubeadm start`

- B. `kubeadm init`

- C. `kubectl init`

- D. `kubelet start`

**Answer:** B. `kubeadm init`

**Explanation:** `kubeadm init` is used to initialize the

Kubernetes control plane.

2. **After initializing the Kubernetes master node, which

command is used to join worker nodes to the cluster?**
 - A. `kubectl join`

- B. `kubelet join`

- C. `kubeadm join`

- D. `kubectl connect`

**Answer:** C. `kubeadm join`

**Explanation:** `kubeadm join` is used to connect worker

nodes to the Kubernetes master.

3. **Which tool is primarily used for managing Kubernetes

clusters?**

- A. kubectl

- B. docker-compose

- C. terraform

- D. ansible

**Answer:** A. kubectl

**Explanation:** `kubectl` is the command-line tool for

interacting with Kubernetes clusters.

4. **What is the role of the `etcd` component in Kubernetes?**

- A. To provide network connectivity

 - B. To store configuration data

- C. To manage the Kubernetes dashboard

- D. To store all cluster data

**Answer:** D. To store all cluster data

**Explanation:** `etcd` is a distributed key-value store used by

Kubernetes to store all cluster data.

5. **Which command is used to view the pods running in a

Kubernetes cluster?**

- A. `kubectl get nodes`

- B. `kubectl list pods`

- C. `kubectl get pods`

- D. `kubectl describe pods`

**Answer:** C. `kubectl get pods`

**Explanation:** `kubectl get pods` lists all pods in the current

namespace.

6. **How can you switch between different contexts in

Kubernetes using kubectl?**

- A. `kubectl switch context`

- B. `kubectl config use-context`

 - C. `kubectl set context`

- D. `kubectl change context`

**Answer:** B. `kubectl config use-context`

**Explanation:** `kubectl config use-context` is used to switch

between different contexts in Kubernetes.

7. **What is the purpose of a kubeconfig file?**

- A. To define container configurations

- B. To manage node settings

- C. To store cluster access configurations

- D. To deploy applications

**Answer:** C. To store cluster access configurations

**Explanation:** The kubeconfig file contains configurations

used by kubectl to access Kubernetes clusters.

8. **Which kubectl command is used to create a resource from a

file?**

- A. `kubectl apply -f <filename>`

- B. `kubectl create -f <filename>`

- C. `kubectl deploy -f <filename>`

 - D. `kubectl run -f <filename>`

**Answer:** A. `kubectl apply -f <filename>`

**Explanation:** `kubectl apply -f <filename>` is used to create

or update resources defined in a configuration file.

9. **Which Kubernetes component is responsible for ensuring

that the desired state of the cluster matches the current state?**

- A. kube-proxy

- B. kube-scheduler

- C. kube-controller-manager

- D. kube-apiserver

**Answer:** C.

kube-controller-manager

**Explanation:** The kube-controller-manager is responsible for

maintaining the desired state of the cluster by managing various
controllers.

10. **How can you get detailed information about a Kubernetes

resource, such as a Pod?**

- A. `kubectl describe <resource> <name>`

 - B. `kubectl get <resource> <name> --details`

- C. `kubectl info <resource> <name>`

- D. `kubectl explain <resource> <name>`

**Answer:** A. `kubectl describe <resource> <name>`

**Explanation:** `kubectl describe` provides detailed

information about a specific Kubernetes resource.

11. **Which command lists all namespaces in a Kubernetes

cluster?**

- A. `kubectl get namespaces`

- B. `kubectl list namespaces`

- C. `kubectl get ns`

- D. `kubectl describe namespaces`

**Answer:** A. `kubectl get namespaces`

**Explanation:** `kubectl get namespaces` lists all the

namespaces in the cluster.

12. **What is the function of the kube-scheduler?**

- A. To schedule container images

- B. To allocate resources to nodes

 - C. To schedule Pods to nodes

- D. To manage networking

**Answer:** C. To schedule Pods to nodes

**Explanation:** The kube-scheduler is responsible for

assigning Pods to nodes based on resource availability and other
constraints.

13. **Which Kubernetes component serves the API for interacting

with the cluster?**

- A. kube-proxy

- B. kube-scheduler

- C. kube-apiserver

- D. kube-controller-manager

**Answer:** C. kube-apiserver

**Explanation:** The kube-apiserver provides the API for

interacting with the Kubernetes cluster.

14. **How do you delete a Pod in Kubernetes?**

- A. `kubectl delete pod <pod_name>`

- B. `kubectl remove pod <pod_name>`

- C. `kubectl terminate pod <pod_name>`

 - D. `kubectl destroy pod <pod_name>`

**Answer:** A. `kubectl delete pod <pod_name>`

**Explanation:** `kubectl delete pod <pod_name>` is used to

delete a Pod.

15. **What does the `kubectl rollout status` command do?**

- A. Displays the status of the Kubernetes cluster

- B. Shows the current state of a deployment's rollout

- C. Lists all running Pods

- D. Monitors the health of nodes

**Answer:** B. Shows the current state of a deployment's

rollout

**Explanation:** `kubectl rollout status` checks the status of a

deployment's rollout to ensure it is progressing as expected.

### Unit III: Services in Kubernetes

1. **What is a Kubernetes Deployment?**

- A. A way to manage container storage

- B. A way to scale Pods automatically

 - C. A controller that provides declarative updates for Pods and
ReplicaSets

- D. A networking tool for Kubernetes

**Answer:** C. A controller that provides declarative updates

for Pods and ReplicaSets

**Explanation:** A Deployment is a higher-level concept that

manages ReplicaSets and provides declarative updates for Pods.

2. **Which command is used to create a deployment in

Kubernetes?**

- A. `kubectl create deployment`

- B. `kubectl apply deployment`

- C. `kubectl run deployment`

- D. `kubectl start deployment`

**Answer:** A. `kubectl create deployment`

**Explanation:** `kubectl create deployment` is used to create a

new deployment in Kubernetes.

3. **What is the primary purpose of a YAML file in Kubernetes?**

- A. To store container logs

- B. To define resources and configurations for Kubernetes

objects

- C. To manage node operations

- D. To provide network connectivity

**Answer:** B. To define resources and configurations for

Kubernetes objects

**Explanation:** YAML files are used to define the

configurations and specifications for Kubernetes objects such as
Pods, Services, and Deployments.

4. **How do you apply a configuration file to a Kubernetes

cluster?**

- A. `kubectl deploy -f <filename>`

- B. `kubectl run -f <filename>`

- C. `kubectl apply -f <filename>`

- D. `kubectl create -f <filename>`

**Answer:** C. `kubectl apply -f <filename>`

**Explanation:** `kubectl apply -f <filename>` is used to apply a

configuration file to a Kubernetes cluster.

5. **What type of Service is used to expose a Pod to the internet?

**

- A. ClusterIP
 - B. NodePort

- C. LoadBalancer

- D. ExternalName

**Answer:** C. LoadBalancer

**Explanation:** A LoadBalancer Service type exposes the

service to the internet using a cloud provider's load balancer.

6. **Which Service type creates an external IP address for

accessing the service?**

- A. ClusterIP

- B. NodePort

- C. LoadBalancer

- D. ExternalName

**Answer:** C. LoadBalancer

**Explanation:** The LoadBalancer service type creates an

external IP address to allow access to the service from outside
the cluster.

7. **How do you create a NodePort service in Kubernetes?**

- A. By setting `type: NodePort` in the Service YAML file

- B. By setting `type: ClusterIP` in the Service YAML file

 - C. By setting `type: LoadBalancer` in the Service YAML file

- D. By setting `type: ExternalName` in the Service YAML file

**Answer:** A. By setting `type: NodePort` in the Service YAML

file

**Explanation:** To create a NodePort service, you need to

specify `type: NodePort` in the Service YAML definition.

8. **What command is used to create a service from a YAML file?

**

- A. `kubectl create -f <filename>`

- B. `kubectl apply -f <filename>`

- C. `kubectl run -f <filename>`

- D. `kubectl start -f <filename>`

**Answer:** B. `kubectl apply -f <filename>`

**Explanation:** `kubectl apply -f <filename>` is used to create

or update services and other resources from a YAML file.

9. **What does a Service in Kubernetes use to load balance

traffic?**

- A. DNS

- B. IP addresses
 - C. Ingress rules

- D. Round-robin algorithm

**Answer:** D. Round-robin algorithm

**Explanation:** Kubernetes services typically use a round-

robin algorithm to distribute traffic among the Pods.

10. **Which Kubernetes resource is used to create and manage

Ingress rules?**

- A. Service

- B. Deployment

- C. Ingress

- D. Pod

**Answer:** C. Ingress

**Explanation:** Ingress is used to manage external access to

the services in a cluster, typically HTTP.

11. **How can you list all services in a Kubernetes cluster?**

- A. `kubectl get all services`

- B. `kubectl list services`

- C. `kubectl get svc`

 - D. `kubectl describe services`

**Answer:** C. `kubectl get svc`

**Explanation:** `kubectl get svc` lists all services in the current

namespace.

12. **What does the `kubectl expose` command do?**

- A. Exposes a resource such as a Pod as a new Kubernetes

Service

- B. Exposes internal logs to the user

- C. Exposes the cluster configuration

- D. Exposes container images to the internet

**Answer:** A. Exposes a resource such as a Pod as a new

Kubernetes Service

**Explanation:** `kubectl expose` is used to expose a resource

like a Pod, Deployment, or ReplicaSet as a new Kubernetes
Service.

13. **What does a NodePort Service do in Kubernetes?**

- A. Creates a service that is only accessible inside the cluster

- B. Exposes the service on each Node's IP at a static port

- C. Automatically scales the number of replicas

 - D. Provides storage for the Pods

**Answer:** B. Exposes the service on each Node's IP at a static

port

**Explanation:** NodePort exposes the service on each Node's

IP at a specified port, allowing external access.

14. **What is the default port range for NodePort services in

Kubernetes?**

- A. 30000-32767

- B. 31000-34000

- C. 32000-35000

- D. 33000-36000

**Answer:** A. 30000-32767

**Explanation:** NodePort services use a port range of 30000-

32767 by default.

15. **Which component routes traffic to the correct Pod in a

Kubernetes Service?**

- A. kubelet

- B. kube-proxy

- C. kube-apiserver
 - D. kube-scheduler

**Answer:** B. kube-proxy

**Explanation:** kube-proxy is responsible for routing traffic to

the correct Pod within the cluster.

### Unit IV: Introduction to Splunk Tool

1. **What is a primary function of logs in IT systems?**

- A. To store user data

- B. To track and record events

- C. To manage network connections

- D. To create backups

**Answer:** B. To track and record events

**Explanation:** Logs are used to record system events, transactions, and activities for
monitoring, troubleshooting, and analysis.

2. **Why is Splunk used in the software industry?**

- A. For coding applications

- B. For managing databases

- C. For searching, monitoring, and analyzing machine-generated big data

- D. For creating network protocols

**Answer:** C. For searching, monitoring, and analyzing machine-generated big data

 **Explanation:** Splunk is used for operational intelligence by indexing and searching log
data generated by applications, systems, and IT infrastructure.

3. **Which feature of Splunk allows for real-time data analysis?**

- A. Batch processing

- B. Real-time processing

- C. Scheduled reporting

- D. Data warehousing

**Answer:** B. Real-time processing

**Explanation:** Splunk processes and analyzes data in real-time, enabling immediate

insights and actions based on current data.

4. **What architecture does Splunk follow?**

- A. Monolithic

- B. Client-Server

- C. Distributed

- D. Peer-to-peer

**Answer:** C. Distributed

**Explanation:** Splunk's architecture is distributed, consisting of various components like

indexers, search heads, and forwarders to handle large volumes of data efficiently.

5. **How does Splunk ingest data?**

- A. By using APIs

- B. By querying databases directly

- C. By indexing data from various sources

 - D. By manual data entry

**Answer:** C. By indexing data from various sources

**Explanation:** Splunk ingests data by indexing it from a wide variety of sources, including
log files, network streams, and application outputs.

6. **Which of the following is a product of Splunk?**

- A. Splunk Lite

- B. Splunk Basic

- C. Splunk Pro

- D. Splunk Advanced

**Answer:** A. Splunk Lite

**Explanation:** Splunk Lite is one of the products offered by Splunk, targeted at small IT
environments for log search and analysis.

7. **What is the main advantage of using Splunk Cloud?**

- A. It requires no local installation

- B. It is cheaper than other versions

- C. It offers more features than Splunk Enterprise

- D. It is used for offline data analysis

**Answer:** A. It requires no local installation

**Explanation:** Splunk Cloud provides all the features of Splunk Enterprise with the
advantage of being a managed service, eliminating the need for local infrastructure.

8. **Which component of Splunk handles data indexing?**

 - A. Search Head

- B. Forwarder

- C. Indexer

- D. Deployment Server

**Answer:** C. Indexer

**Explanation:** The Indexer is responsible for processing incoming data, indexing it, and
storing it for search and analysis.

9. **How does Splunk benefit businesses in the software industry?**

- A. By providing development environments

- B. By facilitating data-driven decision making

- C. By offering code compilation tools

- D. By managing software deployments

**Answer:** B. By facilitating data-driven decision making

**Explanation:** Splunk helps businesses make data-driven decisions by providing insights

from the vast amount of machine-generated data.

10. **What type of data can Splunk handle?**

- A. Only structured data

- B. Only unstructured data

- C. Both structured and unstructured data

- D. Only real-time data

**Answer:** C. Both structured and unstructured data

 **Explanation:** Splunk can handle both structured and unstructured data, making it
versatile for various types of data analysis.

11. **What is a major feature of Splunk Enterprise?**

- A. Limited data ingestion

- B. Enhanced data visualization

- C. Restricted search capabilities

- D. Basic reporting tools

**Answer:** B. Enhanced data visualization

**Explanation:** Splunk Enterprise offers advanced data visualization tools, allowing users
to create detailed and interactive dashboards.

12. **Which Splunk product is designed for small IT environments?**

- A. Splunk Enterprise

- B. Splunk Light

- C. Splunk Cloud

- D. Splunk Mobile

**Answer:** B. Splunk Light

**Explanation:** Splunk Light is designed for small IT environments, offering essential log
search and analysis features at a lower cost.

13. **How does Splunk's search language, SPL, help users?**

- A. By writing code

- B. By configuring networks

- C. By querying and analyzing data

 - D. By managing users

**Answer:** C. By querying and analyzing data

**Explanation:** The Splunk Processing Language (SPL) is used to query, analyze, and
visualize data within Splunk.

14. **What is the function of the Splunk Universal Forwarder?**

- A. To index data

- B. To search data

- C. To collect and forward data to indexers

- D. To manage Splunk components

**Answer:** C. To collect and forward data to indexers

**Explanation:** The Universal Forwarder is a lightweight version of Splunk that collects

and forwards data to Splunk indexers.

15. **Which Splunk product provides a cloud-based solution for operational intelligence?**

- A. Splunk Lite

- B. Splunk Enterprise

- C. Splunk Cloud

- D. Splunk Mobile

**Answer:** C. Splunk Cloud

**Explanation:** Splunk Cloud offers a cloud-based solution for operational intelligence,

providing all the features of Splunk Enterprise as a managed service.

### Unit V: Installation & Components of Splunk

1. **Which component of Splunk is responsible for searching and analyzing data?**

- A. Indexer

- B. Search Head

- C. Forwarder

- D. Deployment Server

**Answer:** B. Search Head

**Explanation:** The Search Head is responsible for searching, analyzing, and visualizing
data in Splunk.

2. **What is the role of the Splunk Indexer?**

- A. To search and analyze data

- B. To collect data from sources

- C. To index and store data

- D. To manage user authentication

**Answer:** C. To index and store data

**Explanation:** The Indexer processes, indexes, and stores the data ingested by Splunk.

3. **Which component of Splunk is used for forwarding data from remote sources?**

- A. Search Head

- B. Heavy Forwarder

- C. Deployment Server

- D. Cluster Master
 **Answer:** B. Heavy Forwarder

**Explanation:** The Heavy Forwarder is a full Splunk instance that can parse and index
data before forwarding it to the Indexer.

4. **What is the purpose of the Splunk Universal Forwarder?**

- A. To act as a lightweight agent for collecting and forwarding log data

- B. To manage search queries

- C. To index large volumes of data

- D. To visualize data

**Answer:** A. To act as a lightweight agent for collecting and forwarding log data

**Explanation:** The Universal Forwarder is a lightweight component that collects and

forwards log data to the Splunk Indexer.

5. **Which Splunk component is responsible for managing configurations and updates across
the Splunk deployment?**

- A. Search Head

- B. Deployment Server

- C. Indexer

- D. Cluster Master

**Answer:** B. Deployment Server

**Explanation:** The Deployment Server manages configurations, updates, and app

deployment across multiple Splunk instances.

6. **Which Splunk component manages a group of indexers in a clustered environment?**

- A. Search Head
 - B. Deployment Server

- C. Cluster Master

- D. Universal Forwarder

**Answer:** C. Cluster Master

**Explanation:** The Cluster Master manages a group of indexers in an indexer cluster,

ensuring data is replicated and distributed correctly.

7. **What is the first step in installing Splunk Enterprise on a Linux system?**

- A. Downloading the installation package

- B. Configuring data inputs

- C. Creating user accounts

- D. Setting up network interfaces

**Answer:** A. Downloading the installation package

**Explanation:** The first step in installing Splunk Enterprise is to download the

appropriate installation package for your operating system.

8. **Which command is used to start Splunk after installation?**

- A. `splunk start`

- B. `splunk run`

- C. `splunk initialize`

- D. `splunk boot`

**Answer:** A. `splunk start`

**Explanation:** The command `splunk start` is used to start the Splunk service after
installation.
9. **How is data forwarded from a Universal Forwarder to an Indexer?

**

- A. Through HTTP requests

- B. Using TCP connections

- C. Via FTP transfers

- D. Through direct file system access

**Answer:** B. Using TCP connections

**Explanation:** Data is forwarded from a Universal Forwarder to an Indexer using TCP

connections, ensuring reliable data transmission.

10. **Which Splunk component can parse data before forwarding it to the Indexer?**

- A. Universal Forwarder

- B. Heavy Forwarder

- C. Search Head

- D. Deployment Server

**Answer:** B. Heavy Forwarder

**Explanation:** The Heavy Forwarder can parse, transform, and index data before
forwarding it to the Indexer.

11. **Which command-line interface is used to manage Splunk instances?**

- A. spctl

- B. splunkd
 - C. splunk

- D. splunkcli

**Answer:** C. splunk

**Explanation:** The `splunk` command-line interface is used to manage Splunk instances,

including starting, stopping, and configuring them.

12. **What is the function of a Splunk Search Head Cluster?**

- A. To collect data from multiple sources

- B. To distribute search queries across multiple Search Heads

- C. To index and store large volumes of data

- D. To forward data to Indexers

**Answer:** B. To distribute search queries across multiple Search Heads

**Explanation:** A Search Head Cluster distributes search queries across multiple Search
Heads to improve performance and availability.

13. **What is required to install Splunk on a Windows system?**

- A. Download the .msi installer file

- B. Configure system variables

- C. Modify the Windows registry

- D. Install additional libraries

**Answer:** A. Download the .msi installer file

**Explanation:** To install Splunk on a Windows system, you need to download and run the
.msi installer file.
14. **Which Splunk component ensures high availability of indexed data?**

- A. Search Head

- B. Indexer Cluster

- C. Universal Forwarder

- D. Heavy Forwarder

**Answer:** B. Indexer Cluster

**Explanation:** An Indexer Cluster ensures high availability and data redundancy by

replicating indexed data across multiple indexers.

15. **Which Splunk component handles the indexing and searching of data?**

- A. Universal Forwarder

- B. Deployment Server

- C. Indexer

- D. Cluster Master

**Answer:** C. Indexer

**Explanation:** The Indexer is responsible for both indexing and enabling search
capabilities for the data in Splunk.

### Unit VI: Services of Splunk

1. **In Splunk, what does the term "host" refer to?**

- A. The user accessing Splunk

- B. The server from which data originates

- C. The IP address of the Splunk server

 - D. The application generating logs

**Answer:** B. The server from which data originates

**Explanation:** In Splunk, "host" refers to the name of the server or device from which the
data originates.

2. **What is a "source" in Splunk terminology?**

- A. The location where Splunk is installed

- B. The format of the data

- C. The path or name of the data input

- D. The protocol used for data transmission

**Answer:** C. The path or name of the data input

**Explanation:** "Source" refers to the path, file, or name of the data input that Splunk
indexes.

3. **What is a "source type" in Splunk?**

- A. A category of users

- B. A type of data input

- C. A classification of data formats

- D. A network protocol

**Answer:** C. A classification of data formats

**Explanation:** "Source type" is used to classify data formats, helping Splunk to properly
parse and index the data.

4. **What are "fields" in Splunk?**

 - A. User roles

- B. Network configurations

- C. Key-value pairs extracted from events

- D. Log file names

**Answer:** C. Key-value pairs extracted from events

**Explanation:** Fields are key-value pairs that Splunk extracts from events to make data
searchable and analyzable.

5. **What is the purpose of tags in Splunk?**

- A. To configure data inputs

- B. To manage user permissions

- C. To categorize and group events

- D. To store configuration files

**Answer:** C. To categorize and group events

**Explanation:** Tags are used to categorize and group similar events, making it easier to
search and analyze related data.

6. **What is an index in Splunk?**

- A. A data storage location

- B. A search query

- C. A network configuration

- D. A user role

**Answer:** A. A data storage location

 **Explanation:** An index is a data storage location in Splunk where indexed data is stored
and managed.

7. **What is index-time in Splunk?**

- A. The time when data is searched

- B. The time when data is indexed

- C. The time when data is visualized

- D. The time when data is archived

**Answer:** B. The time when data is indexed

**Explanation:** Index-time refers to the moment when data is ingested and indexed by
Splunk.

8. **What is search-time in Splunk?**

- A. The time when data is ingested

- B. The time when data is archived

- C. The time when data is searched and analyzed

- D. The time when data is deleted

**Answer:** C. The time when data is searched and analyzed

**Explanation:** Search-time is the time when data is queried, analyzed, and visualized by
the user.

9. **Which Splunk feature allows users to create alerts based on specific conditions?**

- A. Indexing

- B. Forwarding

- C. Reporting
 - D. Alerting

**Answer:** D. Alerting

**Explanation:** Splunk's alerting feature allows users to set up alerts that trigger actions
based on specific conditions or thresholds.

10. **What is the purpose of dashboards in Splunk?**

- A. To manage user roles

- B. To configure network settings

- C. To visualize and monitor data

- D. To index data

**Answer:** C. To visualize and monitor data

**Explanation:** Dashboards are used in Splunk to create visual representations of data for
monitoring and analysis purposes.

11. **What are Splunk Apps?**

- A. Mobile applications

- B. Pre-built configurations for specific use cases

- C. Operating system tools

- D. Database management systems

**Answer:** B. Pre-built configurations for specific use cases

**Explanation:** Splunk Apps are pre-built configurations and functionalities designed to

address specific use cases and data sources.

12. **What is the purpose of Splunk's field extraction?**

 - A. To create user accounts

- B. To parse and structure data for searching

- C. To store raw data

- D. To configure network interfaces

**Answer:** B. To parse and structure data for searching

**Explanation:** Field extraction is the process of parsing and structuring raw data to make
it searchable and analyzable in Splunk.

13. **What is a Splunk indexer cluster?**

- A. A group of forwarders

- B. A set of search heads

- C. A collection of indexers working together

- D. A network configuration

**Answer:** C. A collection of indexers working together

**Explanation:** An indexer cluster is a collection of indexers that work together to ensure

data availability and redundancy.

14. **What is a key benefit of using Splunk for log management?**

- A. Simplifies manual log analysis

- B. Automates data ingestion and analysis

- C. Provides limited data storage

- D. Reduces network traffic

**Answer:** B. Automates data ingestion and analysis

 **Explanation:** Splunk automates the process of ingesting, indexing, and analyzing log
data, making it easier to manage and derive insights from large volumes of logs.

15. **Which Splunk feature helps in correlating events across multiple data sources?**

- A. Data summarization

- B. Data forwarding

- C. Event correlation

- D. Data archiving

**Answer:** C. Event correlation

**Explanation:** Splunk's event correlation feature helps in linking and analyzing related
events from multiple data sources to identify patterns and anomalies.

### DevOps Tools: - Kubernetes and Splunk

**1. What is Kubernetes and what is the difference between Docker and Kubernetes tool?**

**Kubernetes:** Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that

automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It helps
manage a cluster of containers as a single system, simplifying the operational complexity of
managing large-scale containerized applications.

**Difference between Docker and Kubernetes:**

- **Docker:**

- **Purpose:** Docker is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in

containers.

- **Functionality:** It packages applications and their dependencies into a container that

can run on any environment.
 - **Scope:** Focuses on containerizing individual applications.

- **Usage:** Used for creating, managing, and running containers.

- **Kubernetes:**

- **Purpose:** Kubernetes is an orchestration tool for managing containerized applications

across a cluster of machines.

- **Functionality:** It provides automated deployment, scaling, load balancing, and

management of containerized applications.

- **Scope:** Manages clusters of containers and orchestrates their lifecycle.

- **Usage:** Used for orchestrating and managing multiple containers deployed across
multiple hosts.

**2. How to do Master and slave node installation in Kubernetes?**

**Master Node Installation:**

1. **Install Kubernetes Components:**

```bash

apt-get update

apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl

```

2. **Initialize the Master Node:**

```bash

kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16

```

3. **Set up kubeconfig for the admin user:**

```bash

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
 cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config

chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

```

4. **Deploy a Pod Network:**

```bash

kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml

```

**Slave Node Installation:**

1. **Install Kubernetes Components:**

```bash

apt-get update

apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl

```

2. **Join the Worker Node to the Cluster:**

Obtain the join command from the master node (given during the `kubeadm init` process)
and run it on the worker node:

```bash

kubeadm join <master-ip>:<master-port> --token <token> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash

sha256:<hash>

```

**3. How to create deployment and services in Kubernetes?**

**Creating a Deployment:**

1. **Create a YAML file (deployment.yaml):**

 ```yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1

kind: Deployment

metadata:

name: my-deployment

spec:

replicas: 3

selector:

matchLabels:

app: my-app

template:

metadata:

labels:

app: my-app

spec:

containers:

- name: my-container

image: my-image

ports:

- containerPort: 80

```

2. **Apply the Deployment:**

```bash

kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml

```
**Creating a Service:**

1. **Create a YAML file (service.yaml):**

```yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: Service

metadata:

name: my-service

spec:

selector:

app: my-app

ports:

- protocol: TCP

port: 80

targetPort: 80

```

2. **Apply the Service:**

```bash

kubectl apply -f service.yaml

```

**4. How to create ingress in Kubernetes?**

1. **Create an Ingress Resource YAML file (ingress.yaml):**

```yaml
 apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1

kind: Ingress

metadata:

name: example-ingress

spec:

rules:

- host: myapp.example.com

http:

paths:

- path: /

pathType: Prefix

backend:

service:

name: my-service

port:

number: 80

```

2. **Apply the Ingress Resource:**

```bash

kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml

```

**5. How to create dashboard environment in Kubernetes?**

1. **Deploy the Kubernetes Dashboard:**

 ```bash

kubectl apply -f
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0/aio/deploy/recommended.y
aml

```

2. **Create a Service Account:**

```yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: ServiceAccount

metadata:

name: admin-user

namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

```

```bash

kubectl apply -f dashboard-adminuser.yaml

```

3. **Create a ClusterRoleBinding:**

```yaml

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1

kind: ClusterRoleBinding

metadata:

name: admin-user

subjects:

- kind: ServiceAccount

name: admin-user

namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
 roleRef:

kind: ClusterRole

name: cluster-admin

apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

```

```bash

kubectl apply -f dashboard-clusterrolebinding.yaml

```

4. **Access the Dashboard:**

```bash

kubectl proxy

```

Access it via [http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-

dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/]
(http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-
dashboard:/proxy/)

**6. Introduction to Splunk tool and use of Splunk in software industry**

**Splunk Tool:** Splunk is a powerful platform for searching, monitoring, and analyzing
machine-generated big data via a web-style interface. It captures, indexes, and correlates
real-time data in a searchable repository from which it can generate graphs, reports, alerts,
dashboards, and visualizations.

**Use in Software Industry:**

- **Log Management:** Collecting and analyzing log data from various sources.

- **Security Information and Event Management (SIEM):** Monitoring and analyzing security
events.
- **Operational Intelligence:** Providing insights from machine data to improve IT operations
and business performance.

- **Application Monitoring:** Tracking and analyzing the performance and usage of

applications.

**7. Products of Splunk: Splunk Cloud, Splunk Enterprise, Splunk Light**

- **Splunk Cloud:** A SaaS offering that provides all the features of Splunk Enterprise without
the need for on-premises infrastructure.

- **Splunk Enterprise:** A self-hosted solution for large-scale collection, indexing, and

analysis of machine data.

- **Splunk Light:** A streamlined version of Splunk Enterprise tailored for small IT

environments to perform log search and analysis.

**8. How to install Splunk Search Head, indexer?**

**Installing Splunk Search Head and Indexer:**

1. **Download the Splunk Installation Package:**

```bash

wget -O splunk-8.x.x-linux-2.6-x86_64.rpm 'https://www.splunk.com/page/download_track?

file=8.x.x/linux/splunk-8.x.x-linux-2.6-x86_64.rpm'

```

2. **Install Splunk:**

```bash

rpm -i splunk-8.x.x-linux-2.6-x86_64.rpm

```

3. **Start Splunk:**

```bash
 /opt/splunk/bin/splunk start --accept-license

```

4. **Enable Boot-start:**

```bash

/opt/splunk/bin/splunk enable boot-start

```

**9. How to install Splunk Universal Forwarder and Heavy forwarder?**

**Universal Forwarder:**

1. **Download the Splunk Universal Forwarder:**

```bash

wget -O splunkforwarder-8.x.x-linux-2.6-x86_64.rpm
'https://www.splunk.com/page/download_track?
file=8.x.x/universalforwarder/splunkforwarder-8.x.x-linux-2.6-x86_64.rpm'

```

2. **Install the Universal Forwarder:**

```bash

rpm -i splunkforwarder-8.x.x-linux-2.6-x86_64.rpm

```

3. **Start the Forwarder:**

```bash

/opt/splunkforwarder/bin/splunk start --accept-license

```

4. **Enable Boot-start:**

```bash
 /opt/splunkforwarder/bin/splunk enable boot-start

```

**Heavy Forwarder:**

- **Install the same way as Splunk Enterprise but configure it as a forwarder:**

```bash

/opt/splunk/bin/splunk enable heavy-forwarder

```

**10. Components of Splunk: Deployment server and Cluster master**

**Deployment Server:**

- **Role:** Manages configurations, apps, and updates for Splunk instances.

- **Use Case:** Centralized management of Splunk configurations and app deployment

across multiple forwarders and indexers.

**Cluster Master:**

- **Role:** Manages the configuration and health of indexer clusters, ensuring data
replication and high availability.

- **Use Case:**

Used in environments where data availability and redundancy are critical, managing the
replication of data across indexer nodes to prevent data loss.