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Assignment of Physics

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11 views

Assignment of Physics

Uploaded by

aimannaveed402
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT # 01

SUBMIT TO
MAM KEHKSHAN

SUBMIT BY
AIMAN NAVEED

DEPARTMENT
BS-MATHEMATICS

COURSE CODE
PHYS-103

COURSE TITLE
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

IBN-E-IMAM DEGREE SCIENCE COLLEGE JPJ GUJRAT


FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics is a generalization of
the law of conservation of energy that encompasses changes in internal
energy. It is a universally valid law that can be applied to many
processes and provides a connection between the microscopic and
macroscopic worlds.
We have discussed two ways in which energy can be transferred
between a system and its surroundings.
 One is work done by the system, which requires that there be a
macroscopic displacement of the point of application of a force (or
pressure).
 The other is heat, which occurs through random collisions
between the molecules of the system.
Both mechanisms result in a change in the internal energy of the
system and therefore usually result in measurable changes in the
macroscopic variables of the system, such as the pressure,
temperature, and volume of a gas
When a system changes from a given initial state to a given final state,
both the work W and the heat Q depend on the nature of the process.
Experimentally, however, we find a surprising thing. The quantity Q -W
is the same for all processes. It depends only on the initial and final
states and does not depend at all on how the system gets from one to the
other. All other combinations of Q and W, including Q alone, W alone,
Q +W, and Q -2W, are path dependent; only the quantity Q- W is not.
The quantity Q-W must represent a change in some intrinsic property of
the system. We call this property the internal energy E∫ ¿¿ and we write
∆ E∫ ¿=∆ E
∫, f − ∆ E∫ ,i =Q −W (first law )¿
It is the first law of thermodynamics. If the thermodynamic system
undergoes only a differential change, we can write the first law as:
d∆ E∫ ¿=dQ−dW ¿
The internal energy ∆ E∫ ¿¿ of a system tends to increase if energy is
added as heat Q and tends to decrease if energy is lost as work W done
by the system.
the principle of energy conservation as it applies to isolated systems—
that is, to systems in which no energy enters or leaves the system. The
first law of thermodynamics is an extension of that principle to systems
that are not isolated. In such cases, energy may be transferred into or out
of the system as either work W or heat Q. In our statement of the first
law of thermodynamics above, we assume that there are no changes in
the kinetic energy or the potential energy of the system as a whole; that
is ∆ K =∆ U =0
The work done on a system is always the negative of the work done by
the system, so if we rewrite first law equation in terms of the work Won
done on the system, we have ∆ E∫ ¿=Q +W ¿.
on

This tells us the following:


The internal energy of a system tends to increase if heat is absorbed by
the system or if positive work is done on the system. Conversely, the
internal energy tends to decrease if heat is lost by the system or if
negative work is done on the system.

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