Course File

Name of the subject: Analog Communication (EC401)

Name of the Faculty: Atanu Chowdhury

Academic Year: 2022-23

Course: B. Tech (ECE)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SEACOM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to MAKAUT, WB)
JL-Jaladhulagori(via, Andul Mouri Rd, District, Sankrail, Howrah, West Bengal 711302
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No Description

1 Syllabus

2 Lecture Plan

3 PEOs and Pos

4 Course Objective & Course Outcome of the subject

5 Course Objectives & Outcomes (unit wise)

6 Mapping between PEOs and Course Objectives

7 Mapping between POs and Course Outcomes

8 Question Bank MCQ (unit wise)

9 Assignment questions (Module wise)

10 Model question paper

 Seacom Engineering College
(Syllabus as per MAKAUT, WB)
Session: 2022-23 LTP
3 - -
Course Code: EC401 Credits: 3
B.Tech. – 4th Semester
Analog Communication
PREREQUISITES: Signals & Systems, Fourier Transform.

OBJECTIVES: Analog Communication is one of the core subjects of ECE Branch and is an
essential subject of the curriculum. It covers the complete set of Basic Communication
technologies. Main learning objectives of the course are,
1. To understand the basic concepts and techniques for analog communication fundamentals.
2. To Understand the processes of basic signal types of Amplitude Modulation.
3. To Understand the process of generation and detection of AM Signals.
4. To Understand the process of generation and detection of FM Signals.
5. To Understand the process of generation and detection of PM Signals.
6. To understand the basic multiplexing techniques like TDM, FDM etc.
7. To understand the effect of noise in communication channel and how to counter it.
Module I 8L
Introduction to Analog Communication: 8L Elements of communication system - Transmitters,
Transmission channels & receivers (1), Concept of modulation, its needs (1). Continuous Wave
Linear Modulation: a) Amplitude modulation (AM-DSB/TC): Time domain representation of
AM signal (expression derived using a single tone message), modulation index, frequency
domain (spectral) representations, illustration of the carrier and side band components;
transmission bandwidth for AM; Phasor diagram of an AM signal; Calculation of Transmitted
power & sideband power & Efficiency; concept of under, over and critical modulation of AM-
DSB-TC. b) Other Amplitude Modulations: Double side band suppressed carrier (DSBSC)
modulation: time and frequency domain expressions, bandwidth and transmission power for
DSB. Single side band modulation (SSB) both TC & SC and only the basic concept of VSB,
Spectra and band-width.
Module II 8L
Generation & Detection of Amplitude Modulation: 8L a) Generation of AM: Concept of i)
Gated and ii) Square law modulators, Balanced Modulator. b) Generation of SSB: Filter
method, Phase shift method and the Third method Demodulation for Linear Modulation:
Demodulation of AM signals: Detection of AM by envelope detector, Synchronous detection
for AM-SC, Effects of Frequency & Phase mismatch, Corrections. Principle of Super
heterodyne receivers: Super heterodyning principle, intermediate frequency, Local oscillator
frequency, image frequency.
Module III 8L
Angle Modulation: 8L a) Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM): Time and
Frequency domain representations, Spectral representation of FM and PM for a single tone
message, Bessel’s functions and Fourier series; Phasor diagram ; b) Generation of FM & PM:
Narrow and Wide-band angle modulation, Basic block diagram representation of generation of
FM & PM, Concept of VCO & Reactance modulator c) Demodulation of FM and PM: Concept
of frequency discriminators , Phase Locked Loop
Module IV 8L
Multiplexing 8L a) Frequency Division Multiplexing, Time Division Multiplexing, (FDM) b)
Stereo - AM and FM: Basic concepts with block diagrams c) Random Signals and Noise in
Communication System: i) Noise in Communication systems - Internal & External noise,
Noise Temperature, Signal-to-Noise ratio, White noise, thermal noise, Figure of Merit. ii)Noise
performance in Analog Communication systems: SNR calculation for DSB/TC, DSB-SC,
SSB-TC, SSB-SC & FM d) Conditional probability, communication example, joint probability,
statistical independence, random variable-continuous and discrete, cumulative distribution
function, probability density function – Gaussian, Rayleigh and Rician.
Text books:
1. Taub and Schilling , “Principles of Communication Systems”, 2nd ed., Mc-Graw Hill
2. B.P.Lathi -Communication Systems- BS Publications
3. V Chandra Sekar - Analog Communication- Oxford University Press.

Reference Books:
1. Carlson—Communication System,4/e , Mc-Graw Hill
2. Proakis & Salehi Fundamentals of Communication Systems- Pearson
3. Singh & Sapre—Communication Systems: 2/e, TMH
4. P K Ghosh- Principles of Electrical Communications- University Press
5. L.W.Couch Ii, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, 2/ e, Macmillan Publishing
6. Blake, Electronic Communication Systems- Cengage Learning
7. S Sharma, Analog Communication Systems- Katson Books
 SEACOM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Lecture plan
Name of the Faculty: ATANU CHOWDHURY Academic year: 2022-23

Subject: Analog Communication Class & Sem: B.Tech(ECE) 2nd year 4th Sem

No of lectures per week: 3 Branch: ECE

Lecture
UNIT Topic to be covered
No Date / Month
Module-1
Introduction to Analog Communication: 8L Elements of
1 5/1/2023 communication system - Transmitters, Transmission channels &
receivers (1), Concept of modulation, its needs
Continuous Wave Linear Modulation: a) Amplitude modulation
2 5/1/2023 (AM-DSB/TC): Time domain representation of AM signal
(expression derived using a single tone message);
modulation index, frequency domain (spectral) representations,
3 8/1/2023 illustration of the carrier and side band components; transmission
UNIT-I bandwidth for AM; Phasor diagram of an AM signal
Calculation of Transmitted power & sideband power &
4 12/1/2023 Efficiency; concept of under, over and critical modulation of AM-
DSB-TC.
b) Other Amplitude Modulations: Double side band suppressed
5 12/1/2023 carrier (DSBSC) modulation: time and frequency domain
expressions, bandwidth and transmission power for DSB
6 15/1/2023 Single side band modulation (SSB) both TC & SC
7 19/1/2023
The basic concept of VSB, Spectra and band-width.
8 19/1/2023
Module-II
9 22/1/2023 Generation & Detection of Amplitude Modulation: 8L a)
10 26/1/2023 Generation of AM: Concept of i) Gated and ii) Square law
modulators, Balanced Modulator. b) Generation of SSB: Filter
11 26/1/2023 method, Phase shift method and the Third method Demodulation
for Linear Modulation
UNIT-
12 29/1/2023 Demodulation of AM signals: Detection of AM by envelope
II
13 5/2/2023 detector, Synchronous detection for AM-SC, Effects of Frequency
14 12/2/2023 & Phase mismatch, Corrections.
15 16/2/2023 Principle of Super heterodyne receivers: Super heterodyning
principle, intermediate frequency, Local oscillator frequency,
16 16/2/2023
image frequency.
Module-III
17 23/2/2023 Angle Modulation: 8L a) Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase
Modulation (PM): Time and Frequency domain representations,
18 23/2/2023
Spectral representation of FM and PM for a single tone
19 1/3/2023 Bessel’s functions and Fourier series; Phasor diagram ; b)
UNIT-
20 2/3/2023 Generation of FM & PM: Narrow and Wide-band angle
III
modulation, Basic block diagram representation of generation of
21 6/3/2023 FM & PM,
22 6/3/2023 Concept of VCO & Reactance modulator c) Demodulation of FM
23 9/3/2023 and PM: Concept of frequency discriminators
24 13/3/2023
25 13/3/2023
Phase Locked Loop
26 20/3/2023
Module-IV
27 23/3/2023 Multiplexing 8L a) Frequency Division Multiplexing, Time
28 21/4/2023 Division Multiplexing, (FDM) b) Stereo - AM and FM: Basic
concepts with block diagrams c) Random Signals and Noise in
29 28/5/2023 Communication System: i) Noise in Communication systems -
Internal & External noise,
30 1/5/2023 Noise Temperature, Signal-to-Noise ratio, White noise, thermal
UNIT-
31 1/5/2023 noise, Figure of Merit. ii)Noise performance in Analog
IV
Communication systems: SNR calculation for DSB/TC, DSB-SC,
32 4/5/2023
SSB-TC, SSB-SC & FM
33 8/5/2023 Conditional probability, communication example, joint
probability, statistical independence, random variable-continuous
34 8/5/2023 and discrete, cumulative distribution function, probability density
function – Gaussian, Rayleigh and Rician.
 Programme Educational Objectives
PEO 01 – The graduate will be able to apply the Electronics and Communication Engineering
concepts to excel in higher education and research and development.

PEO 02 – The graduate will be able to demonstrate the knowledge and skills to solve real life
engineering problems and design higher electronics and communication-oriented systems with
that are technically sound, economical and socially acceptable.

PEO 03 – The graduates will be able to showcase professional skills encapsulating team spirit,
societal and ethical values.
 Program outcomes (pos)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
 COURSE OBJECTIVE
Analog Communication is one of the core subjects of ECE Branch and is an essential subject
of the curriculum. It covers the complete set of Basic Communication technologies. Main
learning objectives of the course are,
1. To understand the basic concepts and techniques for analog communication fundamentals.
2. To Understand the processes of basic signal types of Amplitude Modulation.
3. To Understand the process of generation and detection of AM Signals.
4. To Understand the process of generation and detection of FM Signals.
5. To Understand the process of generation and detection of PM Signals.
6. To understand the basic multiplexing techniques like TDM, FDM etc.
7. To understand the effect of noise in communication channel and how to counter it.

COURSE OUTCOMES
After completion of the course, students will be able to:

1. Analyze analog modulation techniques easily and can also will be able to understand the detection
techniques.
2. Understand the multiplexing techniques used in communication.
3. Detect noise in the signal and will be able to filter it out in the receiver and transmitter.
 COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOMES UNIT WISE

UNIT-I

Course objective: To understand the basic concepts and techniques for analog communication
fundamentals, To Understand the processes of basic signal types of Amplitude Modulation.

Course outcome: The learner must be able to appreciate the need for modulation and calculate the
antenna size for different carrier frequencies. From the functional representation of the modulated
carrier wave, the learner must be able to identify the type of modulation, calculate the side-band
frequencies, identify the modulating and carrier frequencies, decide the type of generation method to be
adopted. Solve problems.

UNIT-II

Course objective: To Understand the process of generation and detection of AM Signals.

Course outcome: After understanding the basic concepts the learner must be able to compare between
the different demodulation methods, design an envelope detector, calculate the IF and image
frequencies for the superheterdyne receivers given the carrier and modulating frequencies, calculate the
oscillator frequency.

UNIT-III

Course objective: To Understand the process of generation and detection of FM Signals and PM
Signals.

Course outcome: From the functional representation of the modulated carrier wave, the learner must
be able to identify the type of modulation, calculate the side-band frequencies, identify the modulating
and carrier frequencies, decide the type of generation method to be adopted. Solve problems.

UNIT-IV

Course objective: To understand the basic multiplexing techniques like TDM, FDM etc and to
understand the effect of noise in communication channel and how to counter it.

Course outcome: Appreciate the importance of Multiplexing, find out their application areas. The
learner must be able to calculate the Noise temperature & SNR for different systems, also compare
between the performance of the different modulation methods by comparing their SNR. Also
Understand the statistical analysis of Communication System.
 Mapping with Course objectives and PEO’S
S. PEO’S
Course objectives
No. I II III
To understand the basic concepts and techniques for analog
1. communication fundamentals. √ √ √

To Understand the processes of basic signal types of √ √

2. Amplitude Modulation. √

To Understand the process of generation and detection of

3. AM Signals. √ √ √

To Understand the process of generation and detection of

4. FM Signals. √ √ √

To Understand the process of generation and detection of

5. PM Signals. √ √ √

To understand the basic multiplexing techniques like TDM,

6. FDM etc. √ √ √

To understand the effect of noise in communication channel

7. and how to counter it. √ √ √
 Mapping with course outcomes to PO’S
PO’S
S. No. Course outcomes
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X X1
Analyze analog modulation techniques easily and
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
1. can also will be able to understand the detection
techniques.

Understand the multiplexing techniques used in √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2.
communication.

Detect noise in the signal and will be able to filter √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

3. it out in the receiver and transmitter.
Analog Communication
Question Bank
Unit-4 Noise in Communication System
 Sample Question Paper

Seacom Engineering College

Subject Code: EC401 Total Marks-100

Subject Name: Analog Communication Time Duration-3 hrs.

All the answers should be in brief and to the point

Strike the blank pages of the copy, after completing your work.

The students are advised not to write anything on the question paper.

The text in the column Level indicates the Bloom’s taxonomy level of question, i.e., R:
Remember, U: Understand, A: Apply, N: Analyze, E: Evaluate, C: Create

Answer any ten questions [10 X 10 = 100]

Q. Questions Level
no.
Draw the block diagram of an Armstrong indirect FM Transmitter and
1. U
describe its operation.
An FM wave is represented by the equation e = 10 sin(5x108t + 4sin1250t).
2. Find a) Carrier and modulating frequency b) Modulation index and A
maximum deviation c) Power dissipated by this FM wave in a 5Ω resistor.
Explain with the help of neat sketch the working of super heterodyne
3. U
receiver. Also how tracking is carried out.
A modulating signal of frequency 5KHz with peak voltage of 6V is used to
modulate a carrier frequency of 10MHz with peak voltage of 10V.
4. N
Determine 1) Modulation index 2) Frequency of LSB and USB 3) Amplitude
of LSB and USB 4) Draw the line spectrum.
Write short notes on shot noise and thermal noise. What are the methods to
5. U
reduce the thermal noise?
Explain the power relation between carrier and sidebands in AM for
6. sinusoidal modulation, after deriving the fundamental voltage equation for N
AM.
Calculate the thermal noise power available from any resistor at room
7. temperature 290k for a bandwidth 2MHz. Also calculate the corresponding E
noise voltage, given that R=100Ω.
Prove that the balanced modulator produces an output consisting of
8. R
sidebands only with the help of a circuit diagram.
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8Amp when only the carrier is
9. sent, but it increases to 8.93 Amp when the carrier is modulated by a single E
sine wave. Find the percentage modulation.
Define image frequency.
For an AM super heterodyne receiver with IF, RF and local oscillator
10. N
frequency of 455 kHz, 600 kHz and 1055 kHz respectively. Determine
image frequency and image frequency rejection ratio for a Q of 100.
11. With circuit diagram explain the balanced modulator using FETs. U
Show the equivalence between PM and FM. Explain how FM is obtained
12. C
from PM.