8

Science
Quarter 4-Module 3
Week 3, Gametogenesis
Science - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module : 3 Gametogenesis
Revised Copy, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler/s: Carolyn T. Relacion, SST-III, Abellana National School

Content Editors: Dr. Gemma A. Bendebel, Principal II, Lahug Night High School
Mr. Rommel C. Villahermosa, Assisting Principal, Abellana National
School

Language Editor: Mrs. Nenita Nacional, Principal I, Pasil Elementary School

Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 2551516
E-mail Address: [email protected]

ii
 Lesson Gametogenesis

Quarter : Fourth Quarter

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the concept on
how cells divide to produce new cells
Performance Standard : The learners should be able to report on the importance of
variation in plant and animal breeding.
Competency : The learners should be able to explain the significance in
maintaining the chromosome number (S8LT-IVe-17)
Duration : Week 3
Topic : Gametogenesis

What I Need to Know

Do you know that the unfertilized ostrich egg is the biggest egg cell on earth? This
egg cell is just like a human ovum with the egg shell that is likened to the cell membrane that
encloses the cytoplasm and nucleus containing the genetic material. This human ovum is
estimated to be a dot that initiates the perpetuation of life other than the sperm cell. But how
do these sex cells or gametes being formed? How is meiosis related to the formation of
gametes? How does meiosis help maintain the chromosome number in species?

In order to acquire answers of the above-mentioned questions, let us be guided by

the learning goals below.

Objectives

1. Identify the cell transformation as well as chromosome number in spermatogenesis

and oogenesis
2. Differentiate spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
3. Make a flip chart of the stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

1
 What I Know
Pre-assessment

Directions: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
_____1. Which of the following is haploid?
A. gamete B. muscle tissue C. nerve cell D. skin cell
_____2. Which of the following refers to the process of gamete formation?
A. cogenesis B. gametogenesis C. primary oogonia D. spermatogenesis
_____3. What type of cell division helps maintain the original number of chromosomes in
every organism?
A. meiosis B. mitosis C. replication D. synthesis
_____4. What is the process that results in the formation of sperm cells?
A. meiosis B. mitosis C. oogenesis D. spermatogenesis
_____5. What sex cell or gamete has the MOST cytoplasm?
A. chromatid B. chromatin C. egg D. sperm
_____6. How many chromosomes are in human egg cell or human sperm cell?
A. 24 in the sperm; 24 in the egg C. 46 in the egg; 46 in the sperm
B. 23 in the sperm; 23 in the egg D. 46 in the egg; 23 in the sperm
_____7. What are the products of meiosis in females (human)?
A. 4 equal size eggs C. 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
B. 4 unequal size eggs D. 4 eggs and 2 polar bodies
_____8. Which of the following is TRUE about gametes? They are ______.
A. diploid cells C. reproductive cells
B. formed by budding D. produced by mitosis
_____9. Which of the following is the result of the fusion of male and female gametes?
A. diploid cell B. diploid zygote C. haploid cell D. haploid zygote
_____10. How many chromosomes would each daughter cell has after meiosis if the parent
cell has 18 chromosomes?
A. 9 B. 18 C. 36 D. 46
_____11. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis ____________.
A. only occurs in plants C. always results in diploid cells
B. is not necessary in mammals D. always results in haploid cells
_____12. Which cell type is actually ovulated from the ovary?
A. ovum C. primary oocyte
B. oogonium D. secondary oocyte
_____13. Which of the following has 46 chromosomes?
A. oogonium C. spermatid
B. ootid D. secondary oocyte
_____14. What reproductive organ does oogenesis take place?
A. ovary B. scrotum C. testes D. uterus
_____15. Which of the following is NOT CORRECT spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis __________.
A. undergoes two cell divisions
B. only occurs in testes in males
C. results in four sperm cells, all of equal size
D. results in four haploid cells, each with 46 chromosomes

2
 What’s In
Review on the comparison of mitosis and meiosis

Directions: Read each statement below. Tell whether the action that occurs in each
statement is on meiosis or mitosis. Then identify the phase of mitosis or meiosis
present. If the action occurs in both, write both, still indicating the particular
phase of mitosis and meiosis. The first one is done for you. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

Meiosis, metaphase I 1. Homologous chromosome line up in the center of the cell.

__________________2. Spindle fibers pull homologous pairs to ends of the cell.
__________________3. Four haploid (N) daughter cells are formed.
__________________4. Cells undergo a round of DNA replication.
__________________5. The non-homologous chromosomes line up across the middle of
the cell.
__________________6. Chromosomes become visible.
__________________7. Homologous pairing of chromosomes occurs.
__________________8. Two haploid (N) daughter cells are formed.
__________________9. Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.
__________________10. Nuclear envelope re-forms.
__________________11. Spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosome pairs
__________________12. Cleavage furrow or cell plate forms with sister chromatids inside
the cell.
__________________13. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope beak down.
__________________14. Non-homologous chromosomes align at the center of a body cell.
__________________15. Crossing-over (if any) occurs.

What’s New
You have already known that body cells have 46 chromosomes which are diploid.
There are also cells having 23 chromosomes which are haploid just like the gametes or sex
cells, the sperm and the egg cell. What do you think causes the difference? How come that
these gametes are produced? How does gametogenesis, a kind of meiosis maintains the
chromosome number of the cells of an organism? Let us do the following activity to answer
the mentioned questions.

3
Let’s Get Started!
Activity
Gametogenesis
Objectives:
Differentiate spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Directions: Study the diagram below on the two types of gamete formation
(gametogenesis). Take note or observe the cell transformation and the chromosome
number from the start until the end of the process. Answer the given questions on a
separate sheet of paper.

Figure 1 Gametogenesis

1. What is gametogenesis, and when does it occur?

__________________________________________________________________
2. Give the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
__________________________________________________________________
3. What happens to the chromosome number from the start to the end of the
gametogenesis?
__________________________________________________________________
4. How is the constant number of chromosomes of each species like in humans attained?
__________________________________________________________________
5. Why is gametogenesis important especially in maintaining the chromosome number?
__________________________________________________________________

4
 What is It
Do you know that….

Organisms employ another type of cell division to produce gametes. This type of cell
division is called meiosis. Meiosis is a process wherein a diploid parent cell produces four
unique haploid cells. It reduces the number of chromosomes each daughter cell will receive.
Meiosis usually occurs during gametogenesis.

Gametogenesis refers to the formation, development and maturation of gametes

such as the egg cell and the sperm cell. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and
fertilization. The egg cell and the sperm cell must undergo oogenesis and spermatogenesis,
respectively, to have a reduced number of chromosomes, normally one-half of the total
number. The union of the gametes by fertilization will have the total number of chromosomes
for the particular organism or species.

Sperm cells are produced in the testes of male animals. Meiosis produces four cells
which are very small but of similar size. These cells become spermatozoa (singular form is
spermatozoon) or sperms. The nucleus is found in the head of the sperm; mitochondria are
found at the midpiece that connects the head to the tail. These mitochondria provide the
energy for the movement of the sperm’s tail.

The formation, development and maturation of a sperm cell is called

spermatogenesis. This occurs in in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Testes are
paired male reproductive glands.

The primordial spermatogonium, a primitive male germ cell, undergoes repeated

mitotic divisions that increase its number enormously. This is a period of growth. When the
maximum size is reached, the spermatogonia primary spermatocyte (2n).

The first of the two meiotic divisions occur in the nucleus of the primary spermatocyte
(2n). The development of two new n nuclei follows.

Two new cells are formed when the cytoplasm divides. These are the final results of
the first meiotic division. These new cells, the secondary spermatocytes, soon undergo the
second meiotic division. The cytoplasm divides and two cells with haploid chromosomes are
formed from each of the secondary spermatocytes forming four cells called spermatids.
These cells develop into mature sperm cells called the spermatozoa.

In female animals, egg cells are produced in the ovary. The formation, development
and maturation of the egg cell is called oogenesis. It occurs in ovaries. The oogonium (2n),
descendant of a primordial germ cell, undergoes mitosis to produce oogonia (2n), which give
rise to primary oocyte. The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce secondary
oocytes (n) and polar bodies. During meiosis II, one of the oocytes gives rise to a mature
egg or an ovum.

Generally, when the cells in the ovary undergo meiosis, new cells which differ in size
are produced. After meiosis I, two cells – one big and one small – are produced. Meiosis II
produces one big and one small cell from the first big cell. The small cell produced from

5
meiosis I may or may not divide. If it does, two small cells are produced. The big cell
becomes the egg cell; the small cells disintegrate. The egg cell which has the most
cytoplasm, contains a lot of stored food which is used by the growing embryo at the start of
its development. In fertilization, the tiny sperm cell only contributes its genetic material found
in the head.

Gametes such as eggs and sperms which are haploid and are different from each
other will again become diploid as they unite during fertilization (union of the egg cell (n) and
sperm cell (n)), forming a diploid zygote (2n).

Specifically, the zygote has one set of chromosomes from the male parent and
another set from the female parent. In humans, both father and mother contribute 23
chromosomes each through their gametes. Thus, the zygote has 46 chromosomes that
maintains the chromosome number for growth and development of species and its
perpetuation from generation to generation while ensuring variety. This variation is made
possible through the process of crossing over during prophase of meiosis I. Crossing over
ensures the formation of gametes with varied set of genetic characteristics. The zygote
divides many times. This produces a new diploid multicellular organism.

On the other hand, chromosomes sometimes fail to separate and segregate during
meiosis; this phenomenon is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction happens either at
anaphase I or anaphase II. Nondisjunction causes several genetic disorders.

The gametes produced at the end of nondisjunction either contain an additional or

missing chromosome. When these gametes combine with another, the number of
chromosomes in the resulting zygote will be abnormal—a condition called aneuploidy.

What’s More
A. Directions: Do the following as directed. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
a. For numbers 1 and 12, identify the type of gametogenesis involved.
b. For numbers 2 to 4 and 3 to 17, give the specific name of the cell in each
stage of gametogenesis.
c. For numbers 5 to 11 and 18 to 24, identify the number of chromosomes in
each cell.

6
1.

2.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Read and complete the statements using the words below. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

23 46 ovary three four

anaphase I haploid males diploid sperms

centromere oogenesis homologous maintain first

meiosis primary oocyte meiosis II secondary oocyte polar body

7
 Gametogenesis is the production of sperm and eggs that takes place through
the process of (1) ____________. Spermatogenesis is a kind of gametogenesis that
produces sperms in the reproductive organ, testes of the (2)______________ while
the production of ovum or egg cell in (3) _____________ of the females is called (4)
_______________.
In oogenesis, diploid oogonium go through mitosis until one develops into a
(5) _______________, which will begin the first meiotic division, but then arrest; it will
finish this division as it develops in the follicle, giving rise to a haploid
(6)______________ and a smaller (7) ______________.
The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division and then arrests
again; it will not finish this division unless it is fertilized by a sperm; if this occurs, a
mature ovum and (8) ____________ smaller polar bodies is produced.
In spermatogenesis, (9) _______________ spermatogonia go through mitosis
until they begin to develop into gametes; eventually, one develops into a primary
spermatocyte that will go through the (10) ____________ meiotic division to form two
(11) ______________ secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes will
go through a second meiotic division to each produce (12)
______________spermatids; these cells will eventually develop flagella and become
mature (13) ____________.
After gametogenesis, haploid sperm and egg cells are produced, containing
23 chromosomes if there is no failure of homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate properly during cell division (nondisjunction). The haploid
state of the chromosomes is due to the separation of homologous pairing during (14)
______________. But this process of cell division which is meiosis helps (15)
____________ the chromosome number of an organism as it produces haploid
number of chromosomes after meiosis I. The 23 chromosomes or haploid number is
maintained as it undergoes (16) ________________ which is mitotic in nature since
that that there is only separation of sister chromatids due to splitting of (17)
______________ and there is no more separation of (18) __________ pairing
involved. Thus, gametes with (19) __________ chromosomes are produced. These
gametes which are different undergo fertilization, producing a zygote that has (20)
________ chromosomes for growth and development while restoring the number in
the next generation with variety.

What I Can Do
Directions: Do the given task in relation to gametogenesis and answer the given
question on a separate sheet of paper.

Create a flip chart (6 X 4 inches) showing the stages of spermatogenesis and

oogenesis. In each page, you draw the cell in each stage. Include the given question
below with the answer at the last page of your flip chart.

Question:
How can two organisms acquire the same number of chromosomes but have very
different characteristics?

Rubric for the output:

Concept/Substance = 20 pts
Organization = 15 pts
Presentation = 15 pts
50 pts

8
 Assessment

Directions. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

_____1. What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

A. DNA replication C. splitting of the centromere
B. spindle formation D. cleavage furrow formation
_____2. What must chromosomes undergo to ensure that the diploid condition is restored in
the next generation?
A. the pairing of chromosomes in meiosis I but not in meiosis II
B. the amount of DNA in the cell at the end of meiosis I or meiosis II
C. how the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell during meiosis I or
meiosis II
D. all of the above
_____3. In humans, what is the process that produces mature eggs?
A. cell cycle B. gametogenesis C. mitosis D. oogenesis
_____4. Which of the following is the starting cell of oogenesis?
A. egg B. oogonium C. ootid D. spermatogonium
_____5. Where does gametogenesis occur in animals?
A. body cell B. gonad C. liver D. muscle cells
_____6. How can primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes? It is after they
have undergone _____________.
A. cytokinesis B. meiosis I C. meiosis II D. mitosis
_____7. What are produced after spermatogenesis?
A. 4 diploid sperm cells C. 1 diploid egg cell and 3 polar bodies
B. 4 haploid sperm cells D. 1 haploid egg cell and 3 polar bodies
_____8. Why do sperm cells after meiosis II have 23 chromosomes, the same as their
parent cells? It is because ____________.
A. meiosis II is mitotic in nature
B. meiosis II is reductional stage
C.meiosis I is the same with meiosis II
D.homologous pairing of chromosomes separated during anaphase II
_____9. Which of the following has 23 chromosomes?
A. oogonium B. primary oocyte C. secondary oocyte D. zygote
_____10. Which gamete or sex cell has the MOST cytoplasm?
A. chromatin B. egg C. sperm D. spermatocyte
_____11. How many ootid/s is/are formed after oogenesis?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
_____12. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. The haploid number of chromosomes in humans is 23.
B. Somatic cells have the diploid number of chromosomes.
C. The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 23 pairs.
D. Gametes contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells.
_____13. During which division does the halving of chromosomes occur?
A. meiosis I C. mitosis II
B. meiosis II D. both meiosis I and II
_____14. During meiosis nondisjunction occurs. Which of the following accurately describes
nondisjunction? This occurs when ____________.
A. breaks and fragments are passed on
B. chromosomes cross over and trade genetic information
C. only three instead of four cells are produced from meiosis
D. chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.

9
 _____15. Why is meiosis or gametogenesis very important? Meiosis ____________.
A. results in four diploid cells
B. ensures that each generation has a different genetic make up than the previous one
C. ensures that the chromosome number remains constant generation to
generation
D. ensures that each newly formed daughter cell receives different number and
kind of chromosomes.

Additional Activities

Directions: Do the following as directed on a separate sheet of paper using the template given.
1-2 Identify the type of gametogenesis
3-16 Draw the chromosome in each stage of gametogenesis.
17-18 Describe each gametogenesis.

17. ______________________________________________________________________

18. ____________________________________________________________________

10
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Printed in the Philippines by : Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address : New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telephone Nos. : (032) 2551516
E-mail Address : [email protected]

14