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Dispersion

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121 views12 pages

Dispersion

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210200111070
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Dispersion Loss in Optical

Fiber
By Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya
Engineering Funda YouTube Channel

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Outlines
 Basics of Dispersion Loss
 Types of Dispersion Loss
 Intramodal Dispersion
 Types of Intramodal Dispersion
 Material Dispersion
 Wave Guide Dispersion
 Intermodal Dispersion
 Overall Dispersion of Fiber

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Basics of Dispersion Losses
 Dispersion is basically one of the limiting factors which decides, how
much data can ne transmitted through optical cable.
 Due to dispersion, broadening of the output pulse takes place as well as
there can be Inter Symbol Interference ISI.
 All these factors, limit the information carrying capacity of optical cable.
 The two major sources of dispersion are material dispersion and
waveguide dispersion.
 Material dispersion arises due to frequency dependent response of a
material used to manufacture the cable.
 When the speed of wave in a waveguide depends on its frequency then
waveguide dispersion takes place.
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Types of Dispersion Losses
 There are two types of dispersion
1. Intramodal Dispersion
2. Intermodal Dispersion

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Intramodal Dispersion Losses
 The light source is used at input side. This converts an electrical
signal into optical signal.
 But this light source does not emits single wavelength.
 In actual practice, this light sources emits band of wavelength. If the
LED is used as lights source then this problem is more savior.
 So the different spectral components will reach at the output at
different times.
 This gives the spreading of output pulse. This is called as Intramodal
dispersion.

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Types of Intramodal Dispersion Losses
 There are two types of Intramodal dispersion
1. Material Dispersion
2. Waveguide Dispersion

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Material Dispersion Losses
 The material dispersion depends on the refractive index of material used to
manufacture the fiber cable.
 The group velocity is the function of wavelength of light and the group
velocity is also the function of refractive index of the material.
 Now depending on the light source, each spectral component of input
source will be having different wavelength.
 Thus each component is traveling with different speed through optical fiber.
 This gives the spreading of the output pulse.
 This is called as the material dispersion. It is denoted by 𝐷𝑚

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Material Dispersion Losses
 It is given as Where,
𝜎𝑚 = width of pulse spread because of material dispersion
𝜎𝑚
𝐷𝑚 = 𝜎𝜆 = Spectral width of source
𝐿𝜎𝜆 L = length of fiber cable
 In terms of wavelength
𝜆0 4
Where,
𝜆𝑆0
𝐷𝑚 = 1− 𝑆0 = Zero Dispersion slope
4 𝜆 𝜆0 = Zero dispersion wavelength

 It is also given by
𝜆 𝑑2 𝑛
𝐷𝑚 = Where,
𝑐 𝑑𝜆2 𝑛 = Refractive Index

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Wave Guide Dispersion Losses
 Whenever the optical signals are passing through the fiber optic cable, then the
optical cable is acting as wave guide.
 Now there is a variation in the wavelength of each spectral component emitted
from the source.
 As well as the angle made by each light ray with respect to the axis of optical cable
will be different.
 Because this angle is the function of wavelength of light.
 Since there is variation in the angles, all the light rays are not reaching to the
output at the same time.
 This gives dispersion at the output. This is called as waveguide dispersion.
 In case of multimode fibers almost all the light rays are travelling away from cut off
axis.
 So in this case the waveguide dispersion is negligible.
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Waveguide Dispersion Losses
 It is given as
𝜎𝑤
𝐷𝑤 =
𝐿𝜎𝜆

Where,
𝜎𝑤 = width of pulse spread because of waveguide dispersion
𝜎𝜆 = Spectral width of source
L = length of fiber cable

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Intermodal Dispersion Losses
 This type of dispersion is also called as ‘Modal Dispersion’
 This dispersion takes place in case of multimode fiber optic cables.
 Here the different mode are travelling with different group velocities inside an
optical fiber.
 Some modes are travelling with maximum speed, while some are travelling with
minimum speed.
 Thus there is difference between the transit time of these modes.
 So all the modes are not coming to the output at the same time.
 This gives spreading of output pulse.
 This type of dispersion is called as intermodal dispersion.
 In case of multimode step index fiber, this dispersion is highest.
 It can be reduced by choosing an optimum refractive index profile.
 In case of graded index fiber it is less by factor of 100 times.
 For single mode fiber, it is almostEngineering
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Overall dispersion of fiber
 Total dispersion of fiber can be calculated by
𝜎𝑇 = 𝜎𝐶 2 + 𝜎𝑛 2
 Where,
 𝜎𝐶 = Intramodal Broadening
 𝜎𝑛 = Intermodal Broadening

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