Congruence (全等)

Part 1: Concept and Example

1. Introduction

The word 'congruent' means 'exactly equal' in terms of shape and size. That is, one
shape can become another using rotation, translation, or reflection.

In geometry, congruent (全等) means identical in shape and size. That is, two figures
are congruent when they have the same shape and the same size.

Congruence can be applied to line segments, angles, and figures.

Any two line segments are said to be congruent if they are equal in length.

Two angles are said to be congruent if they are of equal measure.

Two triangles are said to be congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are
equal.

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2. Congruent Triangles

2.1 Introduction

When two triangles have same shapes and sizes (i.e. they can coincide with each
other), they are called congruent triangles (全等三角形). If we rotate, translate, or
reflect one of the two congruent triangles, they are still congruent.

Consider the following two congruent triangles △ABC and △XYZ, i.e. they have
the same shape and the same size.

When △ABC and △XYZ are congruent,

(i) AB and XY, BC and YZ , CA and ZX are 3 pairs of Corresponding Sides (對應邊).
(ii) ∠A and ∠X, ∠B and ∠Y, ∠C and ∠Z are 3 pairs of Corresponding Angles (對應角).

We can see that the two congruent triangles have a total of 6 pairs of corresponding
parts.

We may express the relation of the two congruent triangles in symbols as

△ABC  △XYZ

The symbol ‘’ means ‘is congruent to’.

Page 2 of 41
If we place △XYZ on the top of △ABC, they can fit exactly (i.e coincide with each
other). Therefore, we have the following properties of congruent triangles.
If two triangles are congruent, then
(i) all their corresponding sides are equal,
[Reference: corr. sides,  △s ]

(ii) all their corresponding angles are equal.

[Reference: corr. ∠s ,  △s ]

That is,
If △ABC  △XYZ, then
(i) AB=XY, BC=YZ, CA=ZX,
(corr. sides,  △s )

(ii) ∠A =∠X, ∠B =∠Y, ∠C =∠Z.

(corr. ∠s ,  △s )

We usually write the vertices of congruent triangles correspondingly.

When △ABC  △XYZ, the order of the letters indicates that
A corresponds to X,
B corresponds to Y,
C corresponds to Z.
△ABC  △XYZ can also be written as△BAC  △YXZ or △CBA  △ZYX

When two triangles are congruent, we often mark corresponding sides and
corresponding angles like this (i.e. mark them with the same symbol):

The sides marked with one line are equal in length. Similarly for the sides marked
with two lines and for the sides marked with three lines.

The angles marked with one arc are equal in size. Similarly for the angles marked
with two arcs and for the angles marked with three arcs.

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Summary: Various properties of congruent triangles are listed as below.
1. Congruent Triangles are mirror images of each other.
2. Congruent Triangles perfectly overlap each other if arranged in the proper
orientation.
3. Corresponding parts of Congruent Triangles are equal.
i.e. all their corresponding sides are equal,
all their corresponding angles are equal,
4. Congruent Triangles have the same perimeter.
5. Congruent Triangles have the same area.

Note: For two triangles, if any pair of corresponding sides or corresponding angles
are NOT equal, then they are NOT congruent triangles.

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Example: In the figure, △ABC  △FED. Find x and y.

20

16
18

Solution

∵ △ABC  △FED
∴ CB = DE (corr. sides,  △s )
x= 18
∴ AB = FE (corr. sides,  △s )
y= 16

Example: In the figure, △DEF  △QPR. Find x and y.

Q
87°
28°
P
R
65°

Solution

∵ △DEF  △QPR
∴ ∠E = ∠P (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
x = 28°
∠F = ∠R (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
y= 65 °

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2. Conditions for Congruent Triangles

Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have same shape and same size.
However, to show that two triangles are congruent, it is NOT necessary to show that
all six pairs of corresponding parts are equal. Based on studies, there are 5 conditions
to determine if two triangles are congruent. They are SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, and RHS
criteria which are listed in the table below.
Theorem Reference Remarks
1 In △ABC and △XYZ , SSS Three sides
if AB=XY, BC=YZ and CA=ZX, equal
then △ABC  △XYZ.

2 In △ABC and △XYZ , SAS Two sides and

if AB=XY, ∠A =∠X and CA=ZX, included angle
then △ABC  △XYZ. equal

3 In △ABC and △XYZ , ASA Two angles and

if ∠B =∠Y, BC=YZ and ∠C =∠Z included side
then △ABC  △XYZ. equal

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 Theorem Reference Remarks
4 In △ABC and △XYZ , AAS Two angles and
if ∠A =∠X, ∠B =∠Y and BC=YZ non-included
then △ABC  △XYZ. side equal

5 In △ABC and △XYZ , RHS Right angle,

if ∠C =∠Z=90°, AB=XY and CA=ZX, hypotenuse and
then △ABC  △XYZ. one side equal

The five conditions for congruent triangles are summarized as follows:

Each of the five conditions for congruent triangles is also a condition to fix the
shape and the size of a triangle. That is, if we construct a triangle according to any
one of the conditions, a unique triangle will be obtained.

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Note:
(1) ‘SSA’ (or ‘ASS) is NOT a condition for congruent triangles.

Explanation: ‘SSA’ (or ‘ASS) does not guarantee that two triangles are congruent.
Since the SSA (or ASS) allows for the possibility of creating triangles of various
shapes (or even no triangles at all), this method is not a universal method for proving
triangles congruent.

Example: Consider below two triangles that satisfy the SSA. However, they are not
the same shape. Thus, they are not congruent.

X
Z

(2) ‘AAA’ is NOT a condition for congruent triangles.

Example: Consider two equilateral triangles that satisfy the AAA. They are the same
shape but are not the same size. Thus, they are not congruent.

(3) ‘SAS’ cannot be written as ‘SSA’ or ‘ASS’.

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Example: Refer to the figure. Prove that △PQR  △ACB.

6
8 6 8

10 10

Solution
In △PQR and △ACB,
PQ = AC given
PR = AB given
QR = CB given
∴ △PQR  △ACB SSS

Example: Refer to the figure. Prove that △DEF  △RPQ.

4 4

R
4.5 4.5

Solution
In △DEF and △RPQ,
DF = RQ given
∠F = ∠Q given
EF = PQ given
∴ △DEF  △RPQ SAS

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Example: Refer to the figure. Prove that △XYZ  △LMN.

Solution
In △XYZ and △LMN,
∠X = ∠L given
XY = LM given
∠Y = ∠M given
∴ △ABC  △EFD ASA

Example: Refer to the figure. Prove that △KLM  △UTS.

Solution
In △KLM and △UTS,
∠K = ∠U given
∠M = ∠S given
KL = UT given
∴ △KLM  △UTS AAS

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Example: Refer to the figure. Prove that △ABC  △PQR.

Solution
In △ABC and △PQR ,
∠B = ∠Q = 90 given
BC = QR given
AC = PR given
∴ △ABC  △PQR RHS

Example: In the figure, ACE and BCD are straight lines. ∠BAC = ∠DEC and
BC = DC . Prove that △ABC  △EDC.

Solution
In △ABC and △EDC,
∠BAC = ∠DEC given
∠ACB = ∠ECD vert. opp. ∠s
BC = DC given
∴ △ABC  △EDC AAS

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Example: In the figure, APQ is a straight line. ∠ACP =∠ABP and ∠CPQ =∠BPQ.
Prove that △ACP  △ABP.

Solution
In △ACP and △ABP,
∠ACP =∠ABP given
APC + CPQ = 180 adj. ∠s on st. line
APB + BPQ = 180 adj. ∠s on st. line
∵ CPQ = BPQ given
∴ APC = APB
AP = AP common side
∴ △ACP  △ABP AAS

Example: In the figure, PRT and QRS are straight lines. PR = TR and PQ // ST.
Prove that △PQR  △TSR.

Solution
In △PQR and △TSR,
QPR = STR alt. s, PQ // ST
PR = TR given
PRQ = TRS vert. opp. s
∴ △PQR  △TSR ASA

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3. Concept of Congruent Figures (2-D)

3.1 Congruent Figures

3.1.1 Congruent figures (全等圖形) are geometric figures that have the same shape
and the same size. They have congruent sides and congruent angles. They can
coincide with each other. You can see that if you put one figure on top of the other
figure, they would match up perfectly. They remain congruent after a sequence of
rotations, translations, and reflections.

Note: When a figure is dilated, the resulting figure is not congruent to the original
one.

3.1.2 Here are some pairs of congruent figures.

(i) Congruent rectangles

(ii) Congruent Circles

We draw two circles of the same radius, then cut them out and place them on one
another. We will notice that they will coincide (重合) one figure with the other figure.
That is, they will be placed completely over each other. This shows that the two
circles are congruent. This is a way to check whether two figures are congruent or
not.

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3.1.3 Corresponding parts
Corresponding parts are angles or sides that are in the same relative position in both
figures.

3.1.4 Properties of congruent figures

(i) The corresponding sides of congruent figures are equal in length.
(ii) The corresponding angles of congruent figures are equal in measure.
(iii) The perimeters of congruent figures are equal.
(iv) The areas of congruent figures are equal.
However, two figures with equal perimeters or areas are not necessarily congruent
figures.

3.1.5 Note
(i) In geometry, we can manipulate shapes in four ways:
(a) Rotate (turn),
(b) Translate (slide),
(c) Reflect (flip),
(d) Dilate (enlarge or shrink)
For the first three ways, congruent figures stay congruent while for the fourth way,
congruent figures do not stay congruent.

(ii) In geometry, the word congruent is often confused with the word regular because
they use similar terminology. A regular polygon has all sides and angles equal within
itself. Congruent polygons have equal sides and angles when compared to each other.
Two squares can be both regular polygons and congruent polygons as long as the
squares are the same size.

(iii) Two congruent figures can have different locations and orientations, such as the
congruent figures A and B below.

A B

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3.2. Congruent Polygons

3.2.1 Introduction

Sometimes two polygons are congruent figures. This means they have the same shape
and size. For example, two squares have sides that are 3 cm long. They are identical.
So they are congruent figures. But if one square's sides are 2 cm long while the
other’s sides are 3 cm long, they are not congruent. Also, a triangle and a square can
never be congruent.

Congruent polygons (全等多邊形) can be very powerful in geometry. We call two

polygons congruent if all their corresponding sides and angles are equal in length /
measure. In other words, congruent polygons are polygons whose vertices and sides
coincide exactly. Thus, if we can prove two polygons are congruent, we can
determine lengths/angles of one polygon based on information we know about the
other polygon.

Two polygons are congruent if

(a) all the corresponding sides are equal, and
(b) all the corresponding angles are equal.

Congruent polygons must all be the same type of shape to fulfill the requirement. So
a rectangle and a pentagon cannot be congruent because they are different shapes.

Congruent polygons must have equal sides and angles as well, so two squares are
congruent if their corresponding sides are equal. But if the side of one square is larger
than that of another square, they are not congruent.

Remarks
The polygons with the smallest number of sides (three) are triangles. There are
special rules for proving the congruency of triangles, and these are covered in
previous section.

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3.2.2. Consider two quadrilaterals ABCD and EFGH below

(1) If all their corresponding sides and angles are equal, then the two quadrilaterals
are congruent.

Congruent quadrilaterals

(2) In congruent polygons ABCD and EFGH , since A, B, C and D correspond to E, F,

G and H respectively, their congruence relation can be expressed in symbol as:
ABCD  EFGH

(3) When ABCD  EFGH , then

(i) AB=EF, BC=FG, CD=GH, DA=HE
(ii) ∠A =∠E, ∠B =∠F, ∠C =∠G, ∠D =∠H

(4) Note: we should list the vertices of a pair of congruent polygons in corresponding
order. i.e when we write ABCD  EFGH, it implies that
A corresponds to E, B corresponds to F, C corresponds to G, D corresponds to H.

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3.2.3 Examples of polygons which are congruent

Regular polygons are congruent if they have the same number of sides, and their side
lengths are equal.

Note that for any tow regular polygons with the same number of sides, their interior
angles are equal.

Square ABCD and Square PQRS are congruent if all their corresponding sides are
equal (i.e. if the side length of one square is equal to the side length of the other
square).

Regular pentagon ABCDE and regular pentagon PQRST are congruent if all their
corresponding sides are equal.

Q T

R S

Page 17 of 41
3.2.4 Examples of polygons which are not congruent

(i) Two polygons with all their corresponding sides equal may not be congruent.
(Their corresponding angles may not be equal.)

Below square and rhombus are not congruent.

2.5 cm 2.5 cm

Square Rhombus

Assume all the corresponding sides of hexagon M and hexagon N in below figure are
equal. As their corresponding angles are not equal, they are not congruent.

Hexagon M Hexagon N

(ii) Two polygons with all their corresponding angles equal may not be congruent.
(Their corresponding sides nay not be equal)

Below square and rectangle are not congruent.

Square Rectangle

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4. Geometric Construction Using Compasses and a Straight Edge

Please refer to your textbook for how to construct the following geometric figures by
using compasses (圓規) and straightedges (直尺) only. A straightedge is a ruler
without markings.

5.1 Copying an angle.

5.2 Construction of parallel lines.
5.3 Construction of perpendicular lines.
5.4. Construction of angle bisector.
5.5 Construction of special angles such as 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° .
5.6 Construction of equilateral triangle.
5.7 Construction of perpendicular bisector.
5.8 Construction of special regular polygons (square, regular octagon and regular
hexagon).

Remarks: Geometric construction refers to the process of drawing lines, angles, and
other geometric shapes and figures using only a compass and a straightedge, without
using a protractor and a set square to measure specific length, angle, etc .

compass

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Part 2: Quiz (1)
1. In the figure, BDEC is a straight line. AB = AC and ∠BAD =∠CAE.
Prove that △ABD  △ACE.

B
C
D E
d d
Solution
In △ABD and △ACE,
∵ AB = AC given
∴ ∠ABD =∠ACE base ∠s, isos. △
AB = AC given
∠BAD =∠CAE given
∴ △ABD  △ACE ASA

2. In the figure, BCDE is a straight line, ∠ACD =∠ADC and BC = ED .

Prove that △ABC  △AED.

Solution
In △ABC and △AED,
BC = ED given
ACB + ACD = 180 adj. ∠s on st. line
ADE + ADC = 180 adj. ∠s on st. line
∵ ACD = ADC given
∴ ACB = ADE
∵ ∠ACD =∠ADC given
∴ AC = AD sides opp. equal ∠s
∴ △ABC  △AED SAS

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3. In the figure, EC and DB intersects at F. AB = AC, BD ⊥ AC and CE ⊥ AB.
Prove that △ABD  △ACE.

Solution
In △ABD and △ACE,
ADB = AEC = 90 given
BAD = CAE common ∠
AB = AC given
∴ △ABD  △ACE AAS

4. In the figure, ACB = ADB and BAC = BAD . Prove that BC = BD.

Solution
In △ABC and △ABD,
ACB = ADB given
BAC = BAD given
AB = AB common side
∴ △ABC  △ABD AAS
∴ BC = BD corr. sides,  △s

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5. In the figure, AD = CD, AB = BC , BCD = 90 and ADC = 58 .
Proved that ABD = 61

Solution
In △ABD and △CBD,
AB = CB given
AD = CD given
BD = BD common side
∴ △ABD  △CBD SSS
∴ ADB = CDB corr. s,  △s
BAD = BCD = 90 corr. s,  △s
ADC = 58 given
∠ADB= ½ ∠ADC
= ½ x 58
= 29
In △ABD,
ABD + BAD + ADB = 180 ∠sum of △
ABD + 90 + 29 = 180
ABD = 61

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6. In the figure, ∠BAD = ∠DCB and BA // CD . Is AD parallel to BC?
Explain your answer.

Solution
In △ABD and △CDB,
BAD = DCB (given)
ABD = CDB (alt. s, BA // CD)
BD = DB (common side)
∴ △ABD  △CDB (AAS)
∴ ADB = CBD (corr. s,  △s)
∴ AD // BC (alt. s equal)

7. In the figure, AC and BD intersect at E. A = D and EB = EC.

Prove that AB = DC.

Solution
In △EBC
∵ EB = EC
∴ EBC = ECB base s, isos. △
i.e. DBC = ACB
In △ABC and △DCB,
A = D given
ACB = DBC proved
BC = CB common side
∴ △ABC  △DCB AAS
∴ AB = DC corr. sides,  △s

Page 23 of 41
Part 2: Quiz (2)

1. In the figure, △ABC≌△AED. ∠D-∠E=20° and ∠BAC=60° .

(1) Find ∠EAD
(2) Find ∠C

B C
E

Solution
(1) Let ∠E = y, then ∠D = 20° + y
∵ △ABC≌△AED
∴ ∠C =∠D (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∠BAC =∠EAD (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∠BAC=60° (given)
∴∠EAD=60°
(2) In △AED, ∠EAD +∠E +∠D = 180° (∠ sum of △)

60° + y + (20° + y) = 180°

2y =100°
∴ y =50°

∠C = ∠D
= 20° + y
=20° + 50°
= 70°
∴∠C = 70°

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2. In the figure, ADF  BCE . B = 30 , F = 25 . BC = 5 cm, CD = 1 cm and
DF = 4 cm.
E F

A 1
C D B

(1) Find ∠A
(2) Find ∠1
(3) Find AC

Solution
(1) ∵ ADF  BCE
∴ AD = BC (corr. sides,  △s )
A = B (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∵ B = 30 (Given)
∴ A = 30

(2) In △ADF, ∠1 =∠A +∠F (ext. ∠of △)

= 30° + 25°
= 55°
(3) AC = AD – CD
= BC – CD [from (1), AD = BC]
=5–1
= 4 cm

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3. In the figure, △ABC≌△ADE，BCFG, DFA and GEA are straight lines
∠ACB=105°，∠CAD=10°，∠ADE=25° ．

G F C
B
E

(1) Find ∠ABC

(2) Find ∠EAD
(3) Find ∠DFB
(4) Find ∠AGB

Solution
(1) ∵ △ABC≌△ADE
∴ ADE = ABC and CAB = EAD (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∵ ∠ADE=25° (Given)
∴ ABC = 25

(2) In △ABC, ∠CAB +∠ABC +∠ACB = 180° (∠ sum of △)

∠CAB +25° +105° = 180°
∠CAB = 50°
∴ EAD = 50

(3) In △ABF, ∠DFB = ∠FAB + ∠ABF (ext. ∠of △)

= (10° + 50°) + 25°
= 85°

(4) In △ABG, ∠AGB +∠GAB +∠ABG = 180° (∠ sum of △)

∠AGB + (50° + 10° +50°) + 25° = 180°
∠AGB =45°

Page 26 of 41
4. In the figure, ABCD is a straight line. △ACE≌△DBF，AD=8 and BC=2．
(1) Find AC
(2) Prove that CE//BF

C D
A B

F
Solution
(1) ∵ △ACE≌△DBF
∴ AC = DB (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
AB = AC - BC
CD = DB - BC
∴ AB = CD
AD=8 and BC=2 (given)
AD = AB+BC+CD
AD = AB+BC+AB
8 = AB + 2 + AB
AB = 3
∴ AC = AB + BC
=3+2
=5
（2）∵ △ACE≌△DBF
∴ ∠ECA = ∠FBD (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∴ CE//BF (alt. ∠s equal)

Page 27 of 41
5. In the figure, BFA and GFCB are straight lines. △ABC≌△ADE, ∠FAC=15°，
∠DFB=90°，∠B=25°．
(1) Find ∠FCA (2) Find ∠ACB
(3) Find ∠E (4) Find ∠DGF

G
F
E C

B
A

Solution
(1) ∵ ∠DFB + ∠AFB = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
90° + ∠AFB = 180°
∴ ∠AFB = 90°
i.e. ∠AFC = 90°
In △AFC, ∠FAC +∠FCA +∠AFC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
15°+∠FCA +90° = 180°
∠FCA = 75°

(2) ∵ ∠FCA + ∠ACB = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)

75° + ∠ACB = 180°
∴ ∠ACB = 105°

(3) ∵ △ABC≌△ADE
∴ ∠ACB = ∠E (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∴ ∠E = 105°

(4) ∵ △ABC≌△ADE
∴ ∠B = ∠D (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∠B=25° (given)
∴ ∠D = 25°
In △DFG, ∠DFB =∠D + ∠DGF (ext. ∠of △)
90° = 25° + ∠DGF
∴ ∠DGF= 65°

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Part 2: Quiz (3)

1. In the figure, ∠B=∠D , ∠1=∠2 and AC=AE. Prove that △ABC ≌ △ADE.

A
1
2

B E
C
D

Solution
∠1=∠2 (given)
∠1 + ∠DAC=∠2 + ∠DAC
i.e BAC = DAE
In △ABC and △ADE,

∠B=∠D (given)
BAC = DAE (proved)
AC=AE (given)
∴ △ABC ≌ △ADE (AAS)

Page 29 of 41
2. In the figure, ADE, BFE and CFD are straight lines. ∠C=∠E and BE=CD .
(1) Prove that △ABE ≌ △ADC.
(2) Is AB=AD ? Explain your answer.

F
A

D
E

Solution
In △ABE and △ADC,
A = A (common ∠)
E = C (given)
BE=CD (given)
∴ △ABE ≌ △ADC (AAS)
∴ AB=AD (corr. sides,  △s )

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3. In the figure, AED and BEC are straight lines. AD=BC and AE=BE.
(1) Prove that AC=BD
(2) Prove that ∠C=∠D.

A B

C
D
Solution
AD = BC , AE = BE (given)
DE= AD-AE
CE=BC-BE
 DE = CE

In △ACE and △BDE,

AEC = BED (vert. opp. ∠s)
CE = DE (proved )
AE = BE (given)
∴ △ACE ≌ △BDE (SAS)
∴ AC=BD (corr. sides,  △s )
∠C=∠D (corr. ∠s ,  △s )

Page 31 of 41
4. In the figure, BFDE is a straight line. AD=DC and AE//FC.
Prove that △ADE ≌ △CDF .

A
E

F
B C

Solution
∠E=∠EFC (alt. ∠s, AE//FC)
AD=DC (given)
In △ADE and △CDF,
∠E=∠EFC (proved)
∠ADE=∠FDC (vert. opp. ∠s)
AD=DC (given)
∴ △ADE ≌ △CDF (AAS)

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5. In the figure, AEC, DFB, AOB, COD and EOF are straight lines. AC=BD and AC//BD.
(1) Prove that △AOC ≌ △BOD
(2) Prove that EO = FO.

A
D
E
O F
C
B

Solution
(1) In △AOC and △BOD,
∠C=∠D (alt. ∠s, AC//DB)
AC=BD (given)
∠AOC=∠BOD (vert. opp. ∠s)
∴ △AOC ≌ △ BOD (AAS)

(2) ∵ △AOC ≌ △ BOD (proved)

∴ CO=DO (corr. sides,  △s )

In △CEO and △DFO,

∠C=∠D (proved )
CO = DO (proved)
∠COE=∠DOF (vert. opp. ∠s)
∴ △CEO ≌ △ DFO (ASA)
∴ EO = FO (corr. sides,  △s )

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Part 2: Quiz (4)

1. In the figure, ADB, AEC, COD and EOB are straight lines. OD=OE and
∠BDO=∠CEO =90° .
(1) Prove that △BDO ≌ △CEO
(2) Prove that BE = CD .
(3) Prove that AB=AC.

D E
O

B C

Solution
(1) In △BDO and △CEO,
∠BDO=∠CEO =90° (given)
OD=OE (given )
∠DOB=∠EOC (vert. opp. ∠s)
∴ △BDO ≌ △CEO (ASA)

(2) ∵ △BDO ≌ △CEO (proved)

∴ ∠B =∠C (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∴ BO = CO (corr. sides,  △s )

∵ BE=BO+OE , CD=CO+OD
OD=OE (given)
BO = CO (proved)
∴ BE = CD

(3) In △ABE and △ACD,

∠A = ∠A (common ∠)
BE = CD (proved)
∠B =∠C (proved)
∴ △ABE ≌ △ACD (AAS)
∴ AB=AC (corr. sides,  △s )
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2. In the figure, ADB, AEC, COD and EOB are straight lines. AB=AC and AD=AE .
(1) Prove that △ADC ≌ △AEB and ∠C = ∠B
(2) Prove that BD = CE .
(3) Prove that OD = OE .

D E
O

B C

Solution
(1) In △ADC and △AEB,
AC =AB (given)
∠A=∠A (common ∠)
AD=AE (given )
∴ △ADC ≌ △ AEB (SAS)
∴ ∠C = ∠B (corr. ∠s ,  △s )

(2) BD = AB – AD
CE = AC - AE
AB = AC (given)
AD=AE (given )
∴ BD = CE

(3) In △BDO and △CEO,

∠DOB = ∠EOC (vert. opp. ∠s)
∠B =∠C (proved)
BD = CE (proved)
∴ △BDO ≌ △CEO (AAS)
∴ OD = OE (corr. sides,  △s )

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3. In the figure, BMC is a straight line. AB=DC, BM=CM and AC=DB.
(1) Prove that △ABC ≌ △DCB and ∠ABC=∠DCB
(2) Prove that AM = DM

A D

B M C

Solution
(1) In △ABC and △DCB ,
AC = DB (given )
AB = DC (given )
BC = CB (common side)
∴ △ABC ≌ △DCB (SSS)
∴ ∠ABC=∠DCB (corr. ∠s ,  △s )

(2) In △ABM and △DCM,

AB = DC (given )
∠ABC=∠DCB (proved)
BM = CM (given)
∴ △ABM ≌ △DCM (SAS)
∴ AM = DM (corr. sides,  △s )

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4. In the figure, EABF is a straight line. ∠1=∠2 and AC=BD.
(1) Prove that △CAB ≌ △DBA and ∠CBA=∠DAB
(2) Prove that ∠CAD=∠DBC

C D

2
1 F
E B
A

Solution
(1) ∠1 + ∠CAB = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
∠ 1 + ∠DBA = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
∠1=∠2 (given)
∴ ∠CAB = ∠DBA

In △CAB and △DBA,

AC = BD (given )
∠CAB = ∠DBA (proved)
AB = BA (common side)
∴ △CAB ≌ △DBA (SAS)
∴ ∠CBA=∠DAB (corr. ∠s ,  △s )

(2) ∠CAD = ∠CAB - ∠DAB

∠DBC = ∠DBA - ∠CBA
∠CAB=∠DBA (proved)
∠DAB = ∠CBA (proved)
∴ ∠CAD=∠DBC

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5. In the figure, BDC and AED are straight lines. AB=AC and BE = CE.
(1) Prove that △ABE ≌ △ACE and ∠BAD=∠CAD
(2) Prove that △ABD ≌ △ACD
(3) Find ∠ADB

B D C

Solution
(1) In △ABE and △ACE ,
AB=AC (given )
BE = CE (given )
AE = AE (common side)
∴ △ABE ≌ △ACE (SSS)
∴ ∠BAD=∠CAD (corr. ∠s ,  △s )

(2) In △ABD and △ACD,

AB = AC (given )
∠BAD=∠CAD (proved)
AD = AD (common side)
∴ △ABD ≌ △ACD (SAS)

(3) ∵ △ABD ≌ △ACD (proved)

∴ ∠ADB=∠ADC (corr. ∠s ,  △s )
∠ADB + ∠ADC = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
∠ADB + ∠ADB = 180°
2∠ADB = 180°
∴ ∠ADB = 90°

Page 38 of 41
6. In the figure, AEFC and AGD are straight lines. AE=CF , AB=CD , BE⊥AC , DF⊥AC,
and AB//CD，
(1) Prove that △ABG ≌ △CDG and AG = CG
(2) Prove that EG = FG

G C
A
E F

Solution
(1) ∠A =∠C (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
∠ABD =∠CDB (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
i.e. ∠ABG =∠CDG

In △ABG and △CDG,

∠ABG =∠CDG (proved)
AB = CD (given )
∠A =∠C (proved)
∴ △ABG ≌ △CDG (ASA)
∴ AG = CG (corr. sides,  △s )

(2) EG = AG - AE
FG = CG – CF
AG = CG (proved)
AE = CF (given)
∴ EG = FG

Page 39 of 41
Part 3: Challenging Questions (思考題)
(*=Level 1, **=Level 2, ***=Level 3)

***1. In the figure, AEFC is a straight line. AD//BC, BF//DE and AE=CF .
(1) Prove that ∠AED=∠BFC
(2) Prove that △ADE ≌ △CBF and AD = CB
(3) Prove that △ABC ≌ △CDA and AB = CD .
(4) Write down one more pair of congruent triangles.

A
D
E
F

B C

***2. In the figure, △ABC is an isosceles right-angled triangle, where AC=BC.

Quadrilateral CDEF is a square. Join AF and BD.
(1) Prove that ∠DCB = ∠FCA
(2) Prove that AF=BD
(3) Prove that AF ⊥ BD
A

G
D

C B
E
F

Page 40 of 41
***3. In the figure, △ABC is an equilateral triangle. ADB, AGC, EDG and BFC are
straight lines. DG//BC and DE=DB .
(1) Prove that ∠ADG = ∠AGD =∠DAG = 60°
(2) Prove that AB = EG and CA = EG
(3) Prove that △AGE ≌ △DAC
A

E D G

C
B F

***4. In the figure, DGFC, AGB and EFB are straight lines. AD⊥AB , AC⊥AE ,
AD＝AB and AC＝AE.
(1) Prove that ∠DAC =∠BAE
(2) Prove that DC＝BE and ∠D =∠B
(3) Prove that ∠BFG = 90°
D

A
E
G
F
C
B

***5. In the figure, DFC and EFB are straight lines. △ABD and △ACE are
equilateral triangles.
(1) Prove that ∠DAC =∠BAE
(2) Prove that ∠DCA =∠BEA
(3) Find ∠1
D
A
E
F

1
C
B

Page 41 of 41