CHAPTER 2

BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM

CONCEPT MANAGEMENT

Prepared by
WAN NORHAYATI BT WAN TAHIR
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
Content of Learning

Identify the primary Compare between

Identify types of User
functions performed by logical I/O and physical
Interface
IOCS. I/O

Describe relationship
Describe directory Describe disk space
disk management and file
management. management.
management with OS

Describe the boot

process.
 USER
INTERFACE
User Interface
 Visual part of computer application or
operating system through which a user
interacts with a computer or a software.
 It determines how commands are given to
the computer or the program and how
information is displayed on the screen.
 The goal of user interface is to make digital
interaction as simple and enables users to
learn and use the system quickly and use it
efficiently.
4 Types of User Interfaces

Command line interface

Menu interface

Graphical user interface

Voice-actuated interface
Command Line Interface
 A command-line interface (CLI) is a mechanism for
interacting with a computer operating
system or software by typing commands to perform
specific tasks.
 It is a text-only interface.
 Controls how you enter data and instructions and
how information displays on screen
 This method of instructing a computer to perform a
given task is referred to as "entering" a command.
 The system waits for the user to submit the text
command by pressing the "Enter" key.
 Voice Actuated
 It involves a voice command device where
the device is controlled by the human voice.
 Which accept input and provide output by
generating voice prompts. The user is made by
pressing keys or buttons, or responding
verbally to the interface.
 It removes the need to use buttons, where
users can easily use device with their hands
full or while doing other tasks.
 The example is mobile phones with voice-
activated dialing.
Graphical User Interface

▪ A user interface that allows the user to activate

operating system commands by clicking on a desktop
icon using a pointing device such as a mouse or
touch screen.
▪ Type of user interface that allows users to interact
with electronic devices using images rather text
commands.
▪ Represent the information and actions available to a
user through graphical icons and visual indicators
such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based
interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation.
GUI for WINDOWS 10
GUI of Macintosh
GUI of Linux Ubuntu
GUI of Android
Menu Interface
• This type of interface lets you interact with a
computer or device by working your way through a
series of screens or menus.
• An interface characterized by the presence of a menu
button.
• Provides a very simple way for users to get started
with a product and require less hardware than other
techniques.
• Menu driven interface can also be verbal rather than
visual.
• Cashpoint machines (ATMs) are good example for
menu interface
Example of Menu Interface
 FILE SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
FILE SYSTEM
 File systems support directories which
contain the names of files and other
directories along with additional information
about the files and directories. (e.g. when
they were created and last modified).
 A file is the long term storage entity : a
named collection of persistent information
that can be read or written.
 Secondary storage devices (disk) are too
crude to use directly for long term storage.
The file system provide logical objects and
operation on these object (files).
 All file systems consist of structures
necessary for storing and managing data.
These structures typically include an
operating system boot record, directories
and files.
 Functions of a file system:
✓ Tracking allocated and free space
✓ Maintaining directories and file names
✓ Tracking where each file is physically stored on the
disk
Cont.
 The file system provides file management, a
standard interface to:
➢ Create and delete files and directories.
➢ Manipulate (read, write, extend, rename,
copy, protect) files and directories.
➢ Map files onto secondary storage.
➢ The file system also provides general
services such as backups, maintaining
mapping information, accounting and
quotas.
INPUT/OUTPUT
CONTROL
MANAGEMENT
I/O Control System
 Provided low level access to records on
peripheral equipment.
 The I/O system supports communication with
external devices : terminal, keyboard, printer,
mouse.
 The I/O system :
 Support buffering and spooling of I/O.
 Provides a general device driver interface,
hiding the differences among devices, often
mimicking the file system interface.
 Provides device driver implementations specific
to individual devices,
Logical I/O an Physical I/O
 Physical" I/O is an actual fetch of data
from a storage device such as a disk.
 Logical" I/O is a programmatic request for
data satisfied by a memory (block, buffer)
access.
 A logical I/O may cause a physical I/O in
the first place, or a logical I/O may
retrieve a part of a block (buffer) of data
from memory.
Example: logical I/O Example : Physical I/O
Comparison between:
Physical I/O Logical I/O(user)
The traffic toward the storage subsystem. The requests which come from running
processes and threads trough system calls.

If the requested data is not to be found in

memory, it generates a physical I/O and
the system fetches it from the disks.
Find data on disk, you must specify track The programmer is concerned with logical
and issue a seek command and the I/O
subsequently specify a sector and isuue a
read command.
The act of physically transferring a unit It is similar to process of reading and
data between memory and peripheral writing data record.
device.
Is performed by hardware Is performed by software
 DISK
MANAGEMENT
Disk Management
 A hard disk is a rigid disk inside a computer that stores and
provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data. It is the
type of storage most often used with Windows. The system also
supports removable media.
 Hard disk can contain one or more logical regions called partitions.
Partitions are created when the user formats a hard disk as a basic
disk hard disk can contain one or more logical regions called
partitions. Partitions are created when the user formats a hard disk
as a basic disk.
 The creation of multiple partitions on a drive allows the
appearance of having separate hard drives. For example, a system
with one hard disk that has one partition contains a single volume,
designated by the system as drive C. A system with a hard disk with
two partitions typically contains drives C and D. Having multiple
partitions on a hard disk can make it easier to manage the system,
for example to organize files or to support multiple users.
Windows 10 Disk Management
 DIRECTORY
MANAGEMENT
 A directory that contains one or more directories is
the parent of the contained directory or directories, and each
contained directory is a child of the parent directory.
 The hierarchical structure of directories is referred to as
a directory tree.
 The NTFS file system implements the logical link between a
directory and the files it contains as a directory entry table
 When a file is moved into a directory, an entry is created in
the table for the moved file and the name of the file is placed
in the entry.
 When a file contained in a directory is deleted, the name and
entry corresponding to the deleted file is also deleted from
the table.
 More than one entry for a single file can exist in a directory
entry table.
 If an additional entry is created in the table for a file, that
entry is referred to as a hard link to that file. There is no limit
to the number of hard links that can be created for a single file.
Example of Directory Management
Relationship file management with
OS
As a user interface to manage and track the
files and folders

Most common operation performed on files

include creating, opening, deleting, copying as
well as modifying file attributes or properties.

Folders and file can be displayed in hierarchical

tree based on directory structure.
Relationship disk space management
with OS
 As a user interface to manage and track
the files and folders which stored in disk.
 Using 3 method of file allocation/storing
file: Contiguous allocation, linked list index
and linked list block.
 BOOT
PROCESS
Booting
 Booting up is a bootstrapping process that starts the
operating systems when the user turns on a
computer system.

 Process of starting or restarting a computer

 Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered
off. For example : press power button
 Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on.
Example: in Windows XP, warm boot can be perform by:
a. Pressing combination of(CTRL+ALT+DEL)
b.Selecting a button or an option from a list in a dialog
box.
c. Pressing the reset button on the computer.
 Self review
 Give the comparison between Logical I/O and
Physical I/O.
 What is directory management?
 When the boot up start and which part of
computer performed a boot up?
 Classify THREE (3) advantages of user interface.
 Show the steps of boot up process in a personal
computer with the correct sequences.
 Explain TWO(2) types of user interface in Operating
System.
 With the aids of diagram, illustrate the differences
between directory management and disk space
management.