Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

1.Xác định thematic progression củ a 2 bài text A và B.

TOPIC: Many people believe that there is no such thing as bad luck. They believe,
in other words, that misfortune is caused by bad planning or incompetence. Do you
agree with this opinion? Using detailed and specific examples, explain why you
believe or do not believe in “bad luck”.
Text A
Do not open an umbrella in-doors – it will bring bad luck. (1)Pick up a penny if
you find one on the street – it will bring good luck.(2) Does such a thing as good or
bad luck really exist?(3) It would be hard to deny that things happen to people over
which they have little or no control, but luck, either good or bad, is mainly a
function of how one responds to a situation – not something that controls us.(4)
Unit Thematic Progression (TP) Pattern
1-> 2 Unmotivated new theme
2->3 Rheme- theme
3->4 Theme-Theme

One of my friends unexpectedly made twenty thousand dollars on a real estate deal
several years ago. (1)This would seem to be extremely good luck. (2)But instead of
investing the money or using it wisely, he bought a new luxury car. (3)The
insurance for the car was very expensive. (4)As a result, every time the car needed
repairs, he had to pay a great deal of money. (5)Worse still, he was not comfortable
driving it because he was afraid of having a wreck.(6) In spite of this apparent
stroke of good luck, my friend was not really benefited because he did not respond
well to the situation.(7)
Unit Thematic progressation (TP) pattern
1->2 Rheme-theme
2->3 Theme- Theme
3->4 Motivated new theme
4->5 Rheme-Theme
5->6 Rheme-Theme
6->7 Motivated new theme

History is also full of examples of people who have experienced difficulties but
still
Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

managed to succeed.(1) For instance, Viktor Franklin was interned in a Nazi

concentration camp in WWII with his family.(2) They were killed, and all his
possession were lost due to circumstances entirely beyond his control. (3)One
might think that his luck was bad. (4)However, he used this experience to learn
about himself and about a human spiritual survival. (5)That helps him come to
peace with himself and write a book, which has enriched millions. (6)
Unit Thematic progressation (TP) Pattern
1->2 Motivated new theme
2->3 Rheme-theme
3->4 Motivated new theme
4->5 Rheme-Theme
5->6 Rheme-Theme
There is no such thing as good or bad luck, only good or bad responses to
situations.
Text B
I do not believe in bad luck because people can exercise self-control. (1)People use
bad luck as an excuse if they are not willing to work hard, develop good habits,
and save their money.(2) A person who overcomes difficulties, cooperates with
others, and has a positive outlook may never encounter bad luck.(3)
Unit Thematic progress (TP) Pattern
1->2 Rheme-Theme
2->3 Theme-Theme

If a student studies hard for good grades and succeeds in his classes, he won’t need
excuses to explain why his grade are low.(1) It is better not to start drinking than
become an alcoholic and let the drink ruin one’s life, cause damage to one’s health,
and then to go through the pain of changing the way of life and being forced to stay
away from drink.(2) Therefore, a person who has good habits will never say that
his luck is bad. (3)A frugal man can prosper because he knows how to invest well
and accumulate greater wealth. (4)Of course, the person who saves his money and
does not spend extravagantly will never say that his luck is bad.(5)
Unit Thematic Progress (TP) Pattern
1->2 Unmotivated new theme
2->3 Motivated new theme
Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

3->4 Theme- Theme

4->5 Theme-theme

If a man chooses to do the right thing however difficult it may be, he will not
withdraw from a difficult choice and by doing so, he will become successful.(1) He
may never find out what bad luck is.(2) Napoleon, a historical figure, definitely
never knew what bad luck was because he consolidated his power and never let it
be divided.(3) If a person maintains a positive outlook, he will not feel that he is
aging as he is getting older, and he will encounter many opportunities to be happy.
(4)Good luck will accompany him, and he may wonder if bad luck really exists.(5)
Unit Thematic Progressation (TP) Pattern
1->2 Motivated new theme
2->3 Motivated new theme
3->4 Motivated new theme
4->5 Motivated new theme

I always believe that good luck will come to those who learn self-control and self-
denial, develop good manners, and have a good temper.

2. Research về các câu hỏ i sau:

a, What are coherence and cohesion? How are they related?

 “Coherence is a “reasonable connection or relation between ideas,

arguments, statements, etc. Coherence is based more on the logic of the
ideas and how they are presented rather than on the language that is used
to express these ideas. Coherence refers to the semantic unity created
between the ideas, sentences, paragraphs and sections of a piece of
writing.” A text has coherence if its constituent sentences follow on one from
the other in an orderly fashion so that the reader can make sense of the entire
text.

 “Cohesion represents the grammatical and lexical relationship between

different elements of a text which hold it together. It is the grammatical
and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and
Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

gives it meaning.” ohesion describes the way in which a text is tied together by
linguistic devices, such as And so we see . . . , Additonally . . . , Therefore . . . ,
However . . . and On the other hand . . .

 ”Cohesion and coherence are terms used in discourse analysis and text
linguistics to describe the properties of written texts. A text may be cohesive
without necessarily being coherent: Cohesion does not spawn coherence.
Cohesion is determined by lexically and grammatically overt intersentential
relationships, whereas coherence is based on semantic relationships.”

b, How many types of cohesive devices are there? What are they? Give at
least 3 examples for each type.


There are two main types of Cohesion, grammatical cohesion and lexical
cohesion.

1. Grammatical cohesion, which is based on structural content.

(Reference/Substitution/ Ellipsis/Conjunctions)
1.1 Reference
- Reference is used to describe the different ways in which entities-
things, people, eventsare referred to within texts
- Linguistic features e.g. pronouns are used to refer to the already
mentioned entities.
-Certain terms in any language cannot be interpreted semantically
rather they make reference to something else within the text for their
interpretation.

-Example:
Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

 Saira went to the market in rain. She stepped in puddle and never went there
again.
(She and there show that the information about them is retrieved elsewhere
within the text. This type of cohesion is called reference.)

 Leave that there and come here. I like these books but I don’t like those.
(It is a form of pointing the referent on the basis of proximity (near, far))

 It is the same pen I bought yesterday.

It is different pen from the one I bought yesterday. (general).
(Here things compared show likeness or unlikeness.)
1.2 Substitution ( Sự thay thế)
-It is replacement of one linguistic item by another i.e. replacement of
one word/phrase with another word/phrase.
- Used to avoid repetition of a particular item.
- Something you use instead of the thing you would normally use.
-Example:
 The glass broke. I must get another.
 A: I will have two eggs on the bread.
B: I will have the same.
 I don’t know the meaning of those words, and I don’t believe you do either.
1.3 Ellipsis ( Phép lượ c vă n, lượ c từ )
-It is the deletion or omission of a linguistic item.
- It can be interpreted as that form of substitution in which an item is
replaced by nothing.
- An occasion when words are deliberately left out of a sentence,
though the meaning can still be understood.
-Leaving out of words or sentences as they are necessary because they
have already been referred or mentioned.
- Example:
 A: Where are you going?
B: To town instead of I am going to town.
 A: Have you been swimming?
B: yes
 A: How are you, today?
B: Good.
1.4 Conjunction ( Liên từ , sự kết hợ p liên từ )
-A word which joins words and sentences such as but, when, and, so,
or, unless etc.
-Categories:
Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

 -Additive (substance added to another)

 - Adversative (contrary to expectations)
 - Causal (relations expressed by so, hence, therefore, thus)
 - Temporal (relation expressed by “then”)
 Both/not only proteins and/but also vitamins are essential for small children.
 The film was neither well made nor well-performed.
 No matter how smart you are, you shouldn't underestimate your opponents.

2. lexical cohesion, is based on lexical content and background knowledge.

Lexical cohesion
-Lexical cohesion is established through vocabulary.
-While reference, ellipsis and conjunction tend to link clauses which are near
each other in the text, lexical cohesion tends to link much larger parts of the
text
-Lexical cohesion is created by Reiteration and Collocation
+Reiteration; involves - the repetition of the same word - a synonym or near-
synonym - a general word.
+Collocation; is the way in which particular words tend to occur or belong
together.
-Example:
 There is a boy climbing that tree
- The boy is going to fall…….
- The lad is going to fall……..
- The idiot is going to fall……
 I’ve been to see my great-aunt. The poor old girl’s getting very forgetful these
days.

3.Xác định các phương tiện liên kết (cohesive devices) trong text A, đánh dấu
mỗi loại với kí hiệu rõ ràng.
AAAA - Substitution AAAA – Conjunction
AAAA -Reference AAAA -Ellipsis
AAAA -Lexical Cohesion

Text A
Dinh Thi Phuong Thao – Homework session11

Do not open an umbrella in-doors – it will bring bad luck. Pick up a penny if you
find oneon the street – it will bring good luck. Does such a thing as good or bad
luck really exist?It would be hard to deny that things happen to people over which
they have little or nocontrol, but luck, either good or bad, is mainly a function of
how one responds to a situation – not something that controls us.

One of my friends unexpectedly made twenty thousand dollars on a real estate deal
several years ago. This would seem to be extremely good luck. But instead of
investingthe money or using it wisely, he bought a new luxury car. The insurance
for the car was very expensive. As a result, every time the car needed repairs, he
had to pay a great deal of money. Worse still, he was not comfortable driving it
because he was afraid of having a wreck. In spite of this apparent stroke of good
luck, my friend was not really benefited because he did not respond well to the
situation.

History is also full of examples of people who have experienced difficulties but
still
managed to succeed. For instance, Viktor Franklin was interned in a Nazi
concentration camp in WWII with his family. They were killed, and all his
possession were lost due to circumstances entirely beyond his control. One might
think that his luck was bad. However, he used this experience to learn about
himself and about a human spiritual survival. That helps him come to peace with
himself and write a book, which has enriched millions.
There is no such thing as good or bad luck, only good or bad responses to
situations.