BUI

LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Vi
sitwww.
takei
teasy
engi
neer
s.com f
ormor
enot
es

GLOBALACADEMYOFTECHNOLOGY
VI
SION Becomeapremieri
nsti
tut
ioni
mpar
ti
ngqual
i
tyeducat
ioni
nengi
neer
ingandmanagementt
o
meett
hechangi
ngneedsofsoci
ety
.

MI
SSI
ON
M1.Creat
eenvi
ronmentconduci
veforcont
inuousl
ear
ningt
hroughqual
i
tyt
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningpr
ocesses
suppor
tedbymoderni
nfrast
ruct
ure.
M2.Pr
omot
eResear
chandI
nnov
ati
ont
hroughcol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thi
ndust
ri
es.
M3.I
ncul
cat
eet
hical
val
uesandenv
ironment
alconsci
ousnesst
hroughhol
i
sti
ceducat
ionpr
ogr
ams.

DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
VI
SION
Tobecomeal eadi
ngdepart
mentori
ent
edtoser
vethebasi
cwant
sofhumanbei
ngr
elat
edt
ofood,
air
,
shel
terandt
ransport
ati
on,
byprov
idi
ngqual
it
yeducat
ion.

MI
SSI
ON
M 1.Createafav orabl
eenvironmentf orlearni
ng,teaching&cont i
nuousimprov
ementf or
implement ati
onofv ar
iousci vi
lengineeri
ngfacilit
ies.
M 2.Promotepr ofessi
onali
sm, i
nnovationandresearcht hroughcoll
abor
ati
onwithindust
ri
estoreal
i
ze
cost&r esourceeffecti
ve, st
able,quali
tystr
uctures.
M 3.I
nculcat
eenv i
ronmental consci
ousnessandet hicalvaluest
hroughi
nter
connectedtr
aini
ng
programst oensur esustainabi
lit
yandcl i
entsatisfacti
on.

PEO’
s
PEO1.Dev elopingcareersingov er
nmentandpr i
vatecivi
lengineeri
ngorganizati
onsandot her
professionall
yrelat
eddomai ns
PEO2.Pursui nghigherstudies,andresear
chtodevelopinnovativesol
uti
onsandt echnol
ogiesi
n
civi
lengi neer
ingandot hermulti
-di
sci
pli
naryareas
PEO3.Impr ovingprofessi
onal andpersonalt
rai
tsali
gnedt oprofessi
onalethicsandenv i
ronmental
compulsi
ons
PEO4.Prof essionall
eadershipandSuccessfulentr
epreneurship

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page1
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

PSO’
s
PSO1.Compr ehend,anal
y zeanddesi
gnal t
ernat
ivesf orexecuti
onofcivi
lengi
neeri
ngfaci
li
ti
es
PSO2.ApplyStandardCodesofPr act
icesandschedul eofratesforpl
anni
ng,desi
gn,qual
i
tycont
rol
,
est
imating&cost i
ngofcivi
lengineer
ingprojects.
PSO3.Evaluat
et hebuil
dingsforr
esourceconservation.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES(
PO’
s)
1.Engi
neer
ingknowl
edge 2.Pr
obl
em anal
ysi
s

3.Desi
gn/
dev
elopmentofsol
uti
ons 4.Conducti
nvest
igat
ionsofcompl
expr
obl
ems

5.Moder
ntool
usage 6.Theengi
neerandsoci
ety

7.Env
ironmentandsust
ainabi
l
ity 8.Et
hics

9.I
ndi
vi
dual
andt
eam wor
k 10.Communi
cat
ion

11.Pr
ojectmanagementandf
inance 12.Li
fe-
longl
ear
ning

BLOOMSTAXONOMY

OUTCOMEBASEDEDUCATI
ON(
OBE)

“
IT’
SNOTALLABOUTWHATWETEACH,
IT’
SALLABOUTWHATWE
LEARN

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page2
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

MODULE2
Foundat ion:10HoursL1,L2
Preli
mi naryi nvest
igat
ion of soi l,saf e bear ing capaci ty of soi l
,Funct i
on and
requir
ement s ofgood f oundati
on,t y
pes off oundation,i ntroducti
on to spr ead,
combi ned, st
rap,matandpi lefoundation
Masonr y:
Defini
tionandt ermsusedi nmasonr y.Bri
ckmasonr y,char acter
isticsandrequir
ement s
ofgoodbr ickmasonr y
,Bondsi nbrickwor k,Header,Stretcher,Engl i
sh,Fl
emishbond,
Stonemasonr y
,Requirement sofgoodst onemasonr y,Cl assi
ficati
on,character
isti
cs
ofdiff
er entstonemasonr y,Joint
sinst onemasonr y.
Typesofwal ls;
loadbearing,parti
ti
onwal ls, cav
itywall
s

FOUNDATI
ON
I
NTRODUCTI ON
Everyst
ructureconsi
stsofthef
oll
owi
ngt
wopar
ts:
1.Substructur
eorfoundati
on
2.Superstruct
ure

Subst r
uct ur
eorf oundati
on:Thel owestpartsofthest r
uctur
eswhichar ei
ndirectcont
actwiththe
groundandwhi chtransmittheloadsofthesuperst r
ucturestothegroundareknownasf oundati
ons
orsubst ructur
es.
Or
Foundationisthelowerpor ti
onoft hebui
ldingusual
lylocatedbel
owgr oundl
evel
, whi
chtr
ansmi t
s
theloadoft hesuperstructuret
ot hesub-soil
.

Sub-
soi
l:Thesoi
lwhi
chisl
ocat
edi
mmedi
atel
ybel
owt
hebaseoft
hef
oundat
ioni
scal
l
edt
hesub-
soi
lorf
oundati
onsoi
l.

Superst
ruct
ure:
ast
ruct
urewhi
chi
slocat
edabov
ethegr
oundl
evel
iscal
l
edsuper
str
uct
ure.

Pl
i
nth:
Apar
tofupperst
ruct
uresl
ocat
edbet
weent
hegr
oundl
evel
andt
hef
loorl
evel
isknownaspl
i
nth.

Pr
eli
minar
yinv
est
igat
ionofsoi
l
:
Prel
iminaryinvest
igati
onsofsoilorsi
tearedonef orobtai
ningtheinf
ormationaboutsubsur
face
condit
ionsatsiteofapr oposedconstruct
ion.
Sit
einvestigat
ionconsistsofdet
erminingtheprof
ileofthenatural
soildeposi
tsatthesit
e,t
akingt
he
soil
sampl esanddet er
mi ni
ngtheengineeri
ngproperti
esoft hesoi
l
.

Si
teorsoi
linvest
igat
ionsar egeneral
lydonetoobtaintheinfor
mat i
ont hati
susef
ulf
oroneormor
e
oft
hefoll
owingpurposes:
 Toselectthetypeanddept hoffoundati
onforagi venstruct
ure.
 Todeterminethebear i
ngcapacityofthesoil.
 Toestimatethepr obabl
emaxi mum anddifferent
ialset
tl
ement s.
 Toselectthesuitabl
econst r
ucti
ontechni
ques.
 Toknowt hegr oundwat ercondi
ti
on.
Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page3
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

 Topr
edictandt
osolv
epotenti
alfoundati
onprobl
ems.
 Toi
nvesti
gatet
hesaf
etyoftheexist
ingstr
uct
ureandt
osuggestt
her
emedi
almeasur
es.

Therelevanti
nformati
onisobtai
nedbyconducti
ngsub-sur
faceexpl
orat
ionprogr
amswhi chincl
udes
dri
l
li
nghol es,
takingt
hesoilsamplesanddet
ermini
ngtheindexandengi
neeri
ngpropert
iesofsoil
.In-
si
tutestesarealsoconduct
edtodetermi
netheproper
ti
esofthesoil
sinnatur
alcondi
ti
ons.

Saf
ebear
ingcapaci
tyofsoi
l
:
Themaxi
mum loadperunitar
eawhicht
hesoi
lorr
ockcancar
rywi
thouty
iel
dingordi
spl
acementi
s
ter
medasthebear
ingcapaci
tyofsoi
l
.

Ulti
matebeari
ng capaci
ty:Ult
imat
ebear i
ng capaci
tyi
sthei
ntensi
tyofl
oadi
ng att
hebaseof
foundat
ionatwhi
chthesoilf
ail
sinshear
.

Met
hodofdet
ermi
ningt
hebear
ingcapaci
tyofsoi
l
Thebear
ingcapacit
yofsoilcanbedeterminedbythefol
lowi
ngmet
hods:
1.Platel
oadt estmet
hod
2.Penetrat
iontestmethod
3.Adoptingsafebear
ingcapacit
yv al
uesgivenincode

Funct
ionsandobj
ect
ivesoff
oundat
ions

1.Reduct
ionofl
oadi
ntensi
ty
Foundat
iondist
ri
butesthel
oadsofthesuperst
ruct
ure,
toalargerar
easothatt
heint
ensit
yoftheload
atit
sbase(i
.e.Tot
al l
oaddi
videdbythet
otalar
ea)doesnotexceedthesaf
ebeari
ngcapaci
tyofthesub
-soi
l
.
2.Ev
endi
str
ibut
ionofl
oad
Foundati
onsdi
str
ibutet
henon-uni
formloadoft
hesuperstruct
ureevenlytothesubsoi
l.Forexample,
twocolumnscarr
yingunequal
loadscanhaveacombinedfooti
ngwhi chmayt r
ansmitt
heloadt osub
soi
levenlywi
thunif
orm soi
lpr
essure.Duet
othi
s,unequal
ordiffer
ential
sett
lementsar
emi ni
mized.
3.Pr
ovi
sionofl
evel
sur
face
Foundat
ionpr
ovi
del
evel
l
edandhar
dsur
faceov
erwhi
cht
hesuperst
ruct
urecanbebui
l
t.
4.Lat
eral
stabi
l
ity
Itanchorsthesuperstr
uctur
etotheground,
thusimparti
ngl
ater
alstabil
i
tytothesuperst
ructur
e.The
stabil
it
yofthebuildi
ng,agai
nstsl
i
dingandov er
tur
ning,
duet
ohorizontalfor
ces(suchaswind,
earthquakeetc.
)Isincr
easedduetofoundat
ions
5.Saf
etyagai
nstunder
mini
ng
I
tpr
ovidest
hest
ruct
ural
saf
etyagai
nstunder
mini
ngorscour
ingduet
obur
rowi
ngani
mal
sandf
lood
wat
er.

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page4
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

6.Pr
otect
ionagai
nstsoi
lmov
ement
s
Speci
alfoundat
ionmeasurespr
event
sorminimizest
hedi
str
ess(
orcr
acks)int
hesuperst
ruct
ure,
due
toexpansi
onorcontr
acti
onofthesubsoi
lbecauseofmoi
stur
emovementinsomeprobl
emati
csoils.

Requi
rement
sofagoodf
oundat
ion
1.Thefoundati
onshallbeconstructedtosustai
nthedeadandimposedl oadsandtotr
ansmi
t
thesetosub-soi
lwit
houtcausi ngsett
lement.
2.Thebaseoft hef
oundat i
onshouldber i
gidtoreducet
hediff
erenti
alset t
lement
.
3.Thefoundati
onsshouldbet akensuffi
cient
lydeeptoover
comet hedamagescausedbyt he
swell
ingandshri
nkageoft hesub-soil
.
4.Foundati
onshouldbesol ocatedthati
tsperfor
mancemaynotbeaf fectedduetoany
unexpect
edfutur
einfluence.

Ty
pesoff
oundat
ions

Foundati
onsaremainl
ytwocat
egor
ies.
1.Shal
lowfoundati
on,
and
2.Deepfoundat
ion.

1.Shal
l
ow Foundat
ion:Accor
dingt
oTer
zaghit
hedept
hofashal
l
ow f
oundat
ioni
sequalt
oor
l
esst
hani
tswi
dth.Shal
l
owf
oundat
ionst
ypi
cal
l
yhav
eadept
htowi
dthr
ati
oofl
esst
han1.

Ty
pesofshal
l
owf
oundat
ions
1. Spr eadf ooti
ngs:A spr eadf ooting( orisol
atedorpad)footi
ngispr ovidedtosuppor tan
i
ndivi
dualcolumnandwhi chspreadt hesuper -
imposedl
oadofcol
umnorwal loveral
argerarea.A
spr
eadf oot
ingiscircul
ar,
squar eorr ectangularsl
abofunif
ormthi
ckness.Somet i
mes,i
tisstepped
orhaunchedt ospreadtheloadov eral argearea.

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page5
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

2.
Combi nedfooting:aspreadfooti
ngwhi chsuppor tstwoormor ecol umnsi stermedascombi ned
foot
ing.
Itisusedwhent hetwocolumnsar esocl oset oeachothert
hattheiri
ndivi
dualfooti
ngswould
ov erl
ap.Acombi nedfooti
ngisalsopr ovidedwhent hepropert
ylineissoclosetoonecolumn
thataspr eadfooti
ngwouldbeeccent r
icall
yloadedwhenkeptentirel
ywithi
nthepr oper
tyl
i
ne.
Bycombi ningitwiththatofani nteri
orcol umn,theloadisev enlydist
ri
buted.Acombi ned
foot i
ngmayber ectangul
arortr
apezoi dalinplan.

Fi
g:combi
nedf
oot
ing

3. St r
aporCant i
leverf ooting:Astrap( orcantil
ever)footi
ngconsistsoftwoi solatedf ooti
ngs
connectedwi thastructur alst
raporabeam ( lever).
Thest r
apconnect st hetwof ooti
ngssucht hattheybehaveasoneuni t
.Thest rapi sdesigned
asar igidbeam.
Thei ndivi
dualfootingsar esodesi gnedthatt heircombinedl
ineofactionpassest hr
ought he
resultantofthetotall oad.Ast r
apf ooti
ngismor eeconomicalthanacombi nedf ootingwhen
theallowablesoilpr essureisrel
ati
v el
yhighandt hedi
stancebet
weent hecolumnsi sl
ar ge.

Fi
g:st
rapf
oot
ing

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page6
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

4. MatorRaf tFoundations:Amatorr aftf oundat

ionisalar
geslabsupporti
nganumberof
columnsandwallsundertheentir
estruct
ureoral ar
gepartoft
hestr
ucture.Amati
srequi
redwhen
theallowabl
esoilpressur
ei slow orwher et hecolumnsandwal l
sar esoclosethati
ndiv
idual
footi
ngswouldoverl
apornear l
ytoucheachot her.

5. Wallfoundati
on/Stri
pFoot i
ng:Wallf
oundat
ion/Stri
pFooti
ngisprovi
dedf
oraload-
beari
ng
wall
.AWallfoundati
on/Stri
pFootingi
salsoprovi
dedf orar
owofcol umnswhi
charesoclosel
y
spacedt
hattheirspreadfooti
ngsover
lapornearlytoucheachother
.Insuchacase,i
tismore
economi
calt
oprovi
deast r
ipfoot
ingt
hant
opr
ovi
deanumberofspr
eadf
oot
ingsi
nonel
i
ne.Ast
ri
pfoot
ing
i
salsoknownasconti
nuousfooti
ng
.
2.Deepf
oundat
ion:
Thedept
hisequal
toorgr
eat
ert
hani
tswi
dth.
I
ncasebearingcapacit
yofthesoili
sv er
ypoorandspaceisrest
ri
ctedtoall
owforspr eadfoot
ings,
t
hestr
uctur
ehast obet akendeepintothesoi
l.Theremaybeothercondi
ti
onsaffect
ingstabil
i
tyof
t
hestr
uctur
eandast oensurest
abil
it
yanddurabil
it
yofthest
ruct
ure,t
hefoundat
ionmayhav etobe
t
akendeepintot
hegr ound.

Ty
pesofdeepf
oundat
ions:
1.
Pil
efoundat
ions
2.
Wellorcai
ssonfoundat
ions

1.Pi
lefoundat
ion:
Int
histypeoff
oundat
ionthel
oadsaret
akent
oagreat
erdepthofhardrock
st
rat
abymeansofv ert
icalmember
scall
edpil
e,whi
chmaybeoft
imber,concr
eteorst
eel.
Pi
l
efoundationsareadoptedinthef oll
owi ngconditi
ons:
1.Whent heloadbeari
ngst r
ataisv eryweakt osupporttheloadtransmitt
edbyt hestr
ucture.
2.Api l
ef oundati
onisadoptedt oreducet hediffer
enti
alset
tlementofast r
ucture.
3.Pil
ef oundationsar
erequiredf orthetransmissionofastructur
alloadthroughdeepwat ertoa
fi
rm st r
atum.
4.Pil
esar eadapt edt
oresiststhehor i
zontalforcesinaddit
iontosupportthev er
ti
call
oadsi ntal
l
str
uct uresandearthr
etainingstructuresthataresubject
edt owindloadandear t
hquake
forces.

Ty
pesofpil
efoundations
1.Endbearingpiles
2.Fri
cti
onpile
3.Combinedendbear i
ngandf
ri
cti
onpi
l
e.
4.Sheetpi
les
5.Anchorpiles

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page7
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

6.
Compact
ionpi
l
es

(i
)EndBear i
ngpil
es:Bear
ingpil
esarethosewhicharedrivenint
othegrounduntilahar dstr
atum i
s
reached.Suchpil
esactaspill
arssupport
ingthesuper-
str
uctureandtr
ansmi t
ti
ngt heloaddownt o
thelevelatwhichitcanbesafelybornebytheground.Thusbear i
ngpiles,bythemsel v
esdonot
supporttheload,rat
hertheyactasamedi um totransmittheloadfrom thef oundationtothe
resi
sti
ngsub-st
rat
um.

(i
i
)Fr i
cti
onpi les:Whenpi l
esarer equi
redtobedrivenatasitewheret hesoili
sweakorsof tt
oa
considerabledept h,theloadcarri
edbyapi lei
sbornebyt hefr
ict
iondevelopedbet
weenthesidesof
thepileandt hesur roundingground( ski
nfri
cti
on).Insuchcasesthepi leisnamedasfri
ctionor
fl
oati
ngpi l
e.Thusf r
ict
ionpi l
esaredriveni
nthetypeofsoilwhosestrengthdoesnoti
ncreasewith
depthor, wherer ateofincreasei
nst r
engthwit
hdepthisverysl
ow.

(
ii
i)Combi
nedendbearingandf
ri
ctionpil
e:
 Thi
spil
etransf
erst
hesuper
-imposedloadboththr
oughsidefr
ict
ionaswell
asendbeari
ng.
 Suchpi
lesaremorecommon, especi
all
ywhentheendbeari
ngpil
espassthroughgr
anul
arsoi
l
s.

(
iv)Sheetpiles:Sheetpil
esdiff
erfrom bear
ingorf ri
cti
onpi l
esi nthattheyarerar
elyusedtofurnish
v
erticalsupportbutareusedt ofunct
ionasr et
aini
ngwal l
.Sheetpilesareusedforret
aini
ngsoilthat
i
sl i
abletoescapel at
eral
lywhensubj ect
edt opr essureort oencl osethearearequir
edforsome
f
oundat i
onandpr otecti
tfrom t
heactionofrunningwat erorleakage.

(v)Anchorpi
l
es:Whenpilesar
eusedtoprov
ideanchor
ageagai
nsthor
izont
alpul
lfr
om sheet
pil
ingwall
sorotherpul
l
ingfor
ces,
theyar
etermedasanchorpi
l
es.

(v)Compact
ionpi
l
es:Whenpil
esar
edr
iveni
ngr
anul
arsoi
lwi
tht
heai
m ofi
ncr
easi
ngt
hebear
ing
capaci
tyoft
hesoi
l,t
hepi
lesar
eter
medascompact
ionpi
l
es.

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page8
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page9
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

MASONRY
I
ntr
oduct
ion
 Theter
m masonryi
susedtoindicatethear
tofbuildi
ngthestr
ucturesinei
therst
onesorbr
icks.
I tmaybedefi
nedastheconst
ructionofbui
ldingunit
sbondedtogetherwit
hmor tar
.
 Themasonryi
susedfortheconstruct
ionoffoundati
ons,wal
l
s,columnsandot hersi
mil
ar
component
sofastruct
ure.

Dependinguponthetypeofmater
ial
used,
masonr
ycanbebr
oadl
ydi
vi
dedi
nthef
oll
owi
ng
cat
egor
ies:
1.Stonemasonr y
2.Bri
ckmasonr y
3.Reinfor
cedmasonry
4.Hollowconcret
eblockmasonr
y
5.Loadbearingwall
masonry

DEFI
NITI
ONOFTERMSUSEDI
NMASONRY:
Fol
l
owi
ngar
esomeoft
het
echni
cal
ter
msused
i
nmasonrywor
k.

Bed:
Thel
owersur
faceofabr
ickorst
onei
neachcour
se.

Cour
se:
aCour
sei
sahor
izont
all
ayerofmasonr
y

Bond:I
tisat
erm appl
iedtot
heov
erl
appi
ngofbr
icksorst
onesi
nawal
li
nal
ter
nat
ecour
ses,
tobi
nd
thewhol
ewallt
ogether.

Bedj
oint
:thehor
izont
all
ayerofmor
taruponwhi
cht
hebr
icksorst
onesar
elai
disknownasabedj
oint
.

Per
pends:
Thesear
eimagi
nar
yli
nescont
aini
ngv
ert
ical
joi
ntsoft
hemasonr
y.

Str
etcher
:Whenthebrickorst
onebl
ockisl
aidi
nsuchawayt
hati
ntheel
evat
ioni
tsl
engt
hadd
thi
cknessisv
isi
ble,
iti
ssaidasst
ret
cher
.

Header
:Whenthebri
ckorbl
ockofst
onei
slai
dinsuchawayt
hati
tsbr
eadt
handt
hicknessi
svi
sibl
e,
i
tissai
dasheader
.

Quoi
ns:t
heexter
iorangl
eorcor
nerofawall
isknownasquoi
n.Thest
onesorbr
icksf
ormi
ngt
he
quoi
nsareknownasstonequoi
nsorquoi
nbricks.
Thi
sbr
ickorst
onebl
ocki
susedatt
hecor
neroft
wowal
l
smeet
ingatr
ightangl
es.

Br
ickBat
:Iti
sahal
fbr
ickcutal
ongi
tsl
engt
h.

Queencl
oser
:Iti
sthenamegiventothehal
fbri
ckwhi
chi
spr
ovi
dedj
ustneart
hequoi
ntodi
spl
ace
per
pendstopr
ovidet
herequi
redlapatj
oint
s.

Ki
ngcl
oser
:Iti
sabr
ickcuti
nsuchawayt
hatt
hewi
dthofoneofi
tsendsi
shal
fthatofaf
ull
bri
ck.

Bev
eledcl
oser
:Iti
ssi
mil
art
oki
ngcl
oserwi
tht
heonl
ydi
ff
erencet
hatt
hewhol
elengt
hoft
hebr
icki
s
Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page
10
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

bev
eledf
ormai
ntai
ninghal
fwi
dthatoneendandf
ull
widt
hatt
heot
her
.

Frog:I
tisadepr
essi
ononthetopfaceofabri
ck.Fr
ogprov
idesarecessf
ort
hemor
tarwhi
chon
sett
ingfor
msakeyandpreventst
hedispl
acementoft
hebri
ckabove.

BackandBacki
ng:Thei
nter
nal
sur
faceoft
hewal
li
scal
l
edbackandt
hemat
eri
alusedont
heback
i
scall
edbacki
ng.

FaceandFaci
ng:Theout
erorexposedf
aceoft
hewal
li
scal
l
edf
aceandt
hemat
eri
alusedont
he
facei
scal
ledfaci
ng.

Hear
ti
ng:
Thei
nter
iorpor
ti
onofwal
lbet
weent
hef
aceandbacki
scal
l
edhear
ti
ng.

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page
11
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

BRI
CKMASONRY

Const
ruct
ionofbrickuni
tsbondedtogetherwit
hmortari
ster
medasbr
ickmasonr
y.Twoessent
ial
componentsofbr
ickmasonryare:
1)Bricks.2)Mor
tar

Br i
cks:Bricksaretheproduct
softheclay.Iti
sdef
inedasasmal l
,sol
i
dbuil
dinguni
tint
heshapeofa
rectangularblockcomposedofinorganic,nonmet
all
icsubst
ancesofminer
alori
ginandhar
denedby
heat.Themai nconsti
tuent
sofbr
icksare:
Sili
ca-(50-60%)
Alumi na( cl
ay)–(20-
30%)Li me–( 10%)
I
r onoxi de–( 5-
6%)Magnesi a-
(<1%)

Ty
pesofBricks
Br
icksusedinmasonr
yar
eoft
wot
ypes:

1.
Tradi
ti
onalBri
cks
2.
Modularbr
icks

Tr
adi
ti
onalBr
ick:
Thesearethosewhicharenotstandardi
zedinsize.
Thedimensionsoftradi
ti
onalbri
cksvaryfrom 20to25cm i
nlengt
h,10to13cm i
nwi
dthand
5-7.
6cm inthi
ckness(hei
ght).
Thecommonl yadoptedsizeoftr
adit
ionalbri
ckis23cm X11.4cm X7.
6cm.
Theaverageweightofabr i
ckwil
lbeabout3t o3.5kg.

Modul
arBricks:
Ifbricksarelarge, i
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoburnt hem properl
yandt heybecomet ooheav
ytobe
placedwi thasi nglehand.
Ont heot herhandi fbri
cksaresmal l
, morequantit
yofmor t
ari
sr equi
red.
HenceBI Shasr ecommendedt hebricksofunifor
m size.Suchbricksareknownasmodul
ar
bricks.
Standar dsizeoft hesebri
cksar e19cm x9cm x9cm
Nomi nalsize(i
ncludingmor t
arj
oi ntt
hickness)ofthesebricksare20cm x10cm x10cm

Mor
tar
:
Mort
aractsasacementingmateri
alandunit
estheindi
vidualbr
ickunit
stogethert
oactasa
homogeneousmass.
Mort
arisahomogeneousmi xt
ureproducedbyuni
form mixingofabinderwit
hsandandwater
tomakeapasteofrequi
redconsi
stency.

Fol
l
owi
ngarethety
pesofmor
tarusedi
nmasonr
y
Mudmor t
ar
Cementmortar
Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page
12
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Li
memortar
Composi
temor
tar

Mr
s.Vi
dyaV,
AsstPr
of.
,Ci
vi
lDept
,GAT Page
13
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

BondsinBrickwor k
Abondi sanar rangementofl ay er
sofst onesorbr i
cksbywhi chnocontinuousver t
ical
j
ointsar eformed.
Bondi sthei nterlacementofbr i
cks,for
medwhent heylaythoseimmediatelybel
oworabov et
hem.
Bondsofv arioust ypesar edisti
nguishedbyt heirelevat
ionorfaceappearance.
I
tisessent ialtoel iminatecont i
nuousv ert
icalj
ointsinthefaceofthewall.
Thebonddi stributet heloadcomi ngont hest r
uctureev enl
yandpreventstheformat i
onof
av er
ticalcrack.
Awal lhavingcont inuousv er
ticalj
ointdoesnotactasahomogeneousmasst odistri
but
e
thesuperi mposedl oads.

Ty
pesofBondsi
nbr
ickmasonr
y

Foll
owingarethety
pesofbondspr
ovi
dedi
nbr
ickwor
k.
1.Str
etcherbond
2.Headerbond
3.Engli
shbond
4.Fl
emi shbond

1.St
retcherbond:
 Ast r
etcheristhelongerfaceoft hebr i
ckasseeni ntheel evat
ion.
 Inthebr i
ckofsize190mm×90mm ×90mm, 190mm ×90mm f aceisthestr
etcher.
 Instr
etcherbondmasonryal l
thebricksarearrangedi nst
retchercour sesasshowni nFi
g.8.4.
 Howevercar eshouldbetakentobreakv ert
icaljoint
s.
 Thistypeofconstr
ucti
onisusefulfortheconst r
uct i
onhalfbri
ckthickpar t
it
ionwall
.
 Wallsconstr
uctedwithst
retcherbondsarenotst abl
eenought ostandal oneincaseoflongerspanandhei
ght
.
Thusneedsuppor
ti
ngst
ruct
uresuchasbr
ickmasonr
ycol
umnsatr
egul
ari
nter
val
s.
 St
ret
cherbondsar
ecommonl
yusedi
nthest
eelorr
einf
orcedconcr
etef
ramedst
ruct
uresast
heout
erf
aci
ng,
out
erf
aci
ngofcav
itywal
l
s,boundar
ywal
l
s,gar
denset
c.

2.HEADERBOND:
 Aheaderi
stheshor
terf
aceoft
hebr
ickasseeni
ntheel
evat
ion.
 Inastandar
dbrickiti
s90mm ×90mm f
ace.I
nheaderbondbr
ickmasonr
yal
lthebr
icksar
e
arr
angedintheheadercour
ses.
 Thi
sty
peofbondi
susef
ulf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionofonebr
ickt
hickwal
l
s.

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 14
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

 I
nheaderbonds,
all
bri
cksi
neachcour
sear
epl
acedasheader
sont
hef
acesoft
hewal
l
s.
 WhileStr
etcherbondi
susedfort
heconstr
uct
ionofwall
sofhal
fbr i
ckthi
cknesswhereas
headerbondisusedfort
heconst
ruct
ionofwall
swi
thful
lbr
ickt
hicknesswhichmeasures
18cm.
I
nheaderbonds,theover
lapi
skeptequalt
ohalfwi
dthofthebr
ick.Toachi
evet
his,t
hree
quar
terbr
ickbat
sar eusedinal
ternat
ecoursesasquoins.

3 Engl
i
shBond:
 Engli
shbondi nbri
ckmasonryhasonecour seofstretcheronl
yandacourseofheaderaboveit,
i
.e.i
thastwoal t
ernati
ngcoursesofstr
etchersandheader s.
 Header sarelaidcent
eredonthestretchersincoursebelowandeachalternat
erowisvert
ical
l
y
al
i
gned.
 Tobr eakthecont i
nui
tyofver
ti
caljoints,quoincl
oserisusedinthebegi
nningandendofa
wal
lafterfi
rstheader
.
 Aquoi ncloseisabr i
ckcutl
engthwisei ntotwohalvesandusedatcornersinbri
ckwal
ls.

4.
Flemi
shBond/Dut
chbond
 I
tiscr
eat
edbylayi
ngal
ter
nateheader
sandstr
etcher
sinasi
ngl
ecourse.
 Thenextcour
seofbrickislai
dsuchthatheaderli
esint
hemi ddl
eofthestr
etcheri
nthe
cour
sebel
ow,i
.e.t
heal
ter
nateheader
sofeachcoursear
ecent
eredonthest
ret
cherofcour
se
Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 15
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

below.
 Everyal t
ernat ecourseofFlemi shbondst ar
tswithheaderatt hecor ner.
 Thet hicknessofFl emishbondi smi nimum onefullbri
ck.
 Thedi sadv antageofusi ngFl emishbondi sthatconstr
uct ionofFl emishbondi sdiffi
cultand
requi
r esgr eaterskil
ltolayitpr operlyasallvert
icalmortarj oint sneedt obeal ignedverti
cal l
y
forbestef fects.
 Forthebr eakingofv erti
caljointsint hesuccessivecourses,cl oser sareinsert
edi nalternate
coursesnextt othequoi nheader .
 Inwal l
shav ingtheirt
hicknessequal tooddnumberofhal fbr icks, batsareusedt oachievet he
bond.
 Flemishbondshav ebetterappear ancebutar eweakerthanEngl ishbondsf orloadbearingwal l
construction.
 Thus,i fthepoi nti
nghast obedonef orbri
ckmasonr ywal ls,t henFl emishbondmaybeused
forbet t
eraest heti
cv i
ew.Ifthewal lshav etobeplaster
ed, theni tisbettertouseEnglishbond.

DIFFERENCEBETWEENENGLI SHBONDANDFLEMI SHBOND:

Diff
erencebetweenEngl ishbondandFl emishbondar easfollows:
1.Engl i
shbondi smuchst r
ongert hanFl emishbondf ort
hewal lst
hickermorethan1½bri
ck.
2.Flemi shbondshowsmor eat t
ractiveandpleasi
ngappear anceofmasonr ywork.
3.Flemi shbondiseconomi calasitusesbr okenbrickbats,alt
houghitrequi
ressomeext
ra
mortarforadditi
onaljoi
nts.
4.UsesofFl emishbondi sabi tdif
ficultt
hanEngli
shbond.
5.Flemi shbondr equi
resmor eskil
ledLabourandsuper vi
sion.

Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesofBr
ickMasonr
yov
erSt
one

Masonr y.Advant
ages:
1.Sinceshapeandsi zeofbricksar
euni f
orm,itdonotneedski ll
edLabourfort
heconst ruct
ion.
2.Bricksareli
ghtinweightandhencehandlingt hem iseasy.
3.Bricksareeasil
yavail
ablearoundci
tiesandt heirtr
ansportat
ioncosti
slessbecausetheir
weightisless.St
onesar etobebroughtfrom quar r
ieswhicharelocat
edonlyafewpl aces.
4.I
tispossi bl
etouseal l
typesofmortarinbri
ckmasonr y.Forunimport
antbui
ldi
ngsev enmud
mort arcanbeused.

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 16
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

5.
Thi
nnerwal
l
scanbeconst
ruct
edwi
thbr
icksbuti
ti
snotsowi
thst
ones.
6.
Iti
seasytofor
m openingsfordoor
sandwi ndows.
7.
Deadloadofbri
ckmasonr yisl
ess.
8.
Inbri
ckmasonrymortarjoi
ntsaret
hinandhenceconstr
uct
ioncosti
sreducedconsi
der
abl
y.
9.
Bri
ckmasonryhasbetterfi
reandweatherr
esist
ancecomparedt
ostonemasonry.

Disadv antages:
1.Strengthofbr i
ckmasonr yislessthant hatofstonemasonry.
2.Dur abil
i
t yofbrickmasonr yisless.
3.Bri
ckmasonr yneedsplasteringandpl aster
edsurfaceneedscol
ourwashi ng.St
onemasonr ydon’
t
needt hem andhencemai nt
enancecosti smor ei
nbrickmasonry.
4.Bri
ckmasonr yabsorbswat erandtherear epossibi
li
tyofdampness.Ther ei
snosuch
problem inst onemasonr y.
5.Mor ear chitect
uralef
fectscanbegi veni nstonemasonrycompar edtothatinbri
ckmasonry.
6.Stonemasonr ygiv
esmassi veappear anceandhencemonument albuil
dingsarebui
l
tinstonemasonr
y.

STONEMASONRY
Theconstruct
ionofst onesbondedt oget
herwi t
hmor t
aristermedasstonemasonr ywherethe
stonesar
eav ail
abl
ei nanabundancei nnature,oncutt
inganddressi
ngtothepropershape,t
hey
provi
deaneconomi calmateri
alfortheconstr
uctionofvar
iousbui
ldi
ngcomponentssuchaswalls,
columns,
footi
ngs,arches,l
i
ntel
s,beams.

Uses:
1)Buil
dingfoundations,wall
s,pi
ers,pi
l
lar
s,andar
chi
tect
ural
wor
ks.
2)Lint
els,Beams, beamsAr ches,domes
3)RoofsandRoofcov er
ings.
4)CladdingWor ks
5)Dams, l
ighthouses,monument alstr
uctur
es.
6)Pavingjobs
7)Rail
waybal last
,blackboards

Sel
ectionofstoneforstonemasonr
y:
1)Av ail
abil
i
ty
2)Easeofwor ki
ng
3)Appear ance
4)Str
engt handstabil
i
ty
5)Polishi
ngcharacter
ist
ics
6)Economy

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 17
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Ty
peofwor
k St
onesused

HeavyEnggwor
kssuchasbui
l
ding Fi
negr
ainedgr
ani
teandgnei
ss
pi
ers,br
eakwat
ers,
monument
setc.
Masonrywor
kini
ndust
ri
alar
eas Grani
te,Quar
ti
ze,
compact
exposedt
osmokeandfumes sandstone.
Faci
ngwor
kofbui
l
dings Mar
ble,
Grani
teorsandst
one
Gener
albui
l
dingwor
k Li
mest
oneandSandst
one

Car
vingsandor
nament
alwor
ks Fi
negr
ainedgr
ani
te,
mar
bleand
sof
tst
one
Fi
rer
esi
stantmasonr
y Compactl i
mestoneand
sandstone.
Fl
oorpav
ing Marble,sl
ate,
sandst
oneand
Grani
te

Characteri
sti
cs/Requir
ementofgoodst onemasonr y
 Thest onest obeusedf orstonemasonr yshoul dbehar d,t
oughanddur able.
 Thepr essureacti
ngonst onesshouldbev ert
ical.
 Thest onesshouldbeper fectl
ydressedaspert her equirements.
 I nordertoobtainunifor
m distr
ibuti
onofl oad,undert heendsofgi rders,rooftr
ussesetclar
ge
fl
atstonesshouldbeused.
 Themor tartobeusedshoul dbegoodqual it
yandi nt hespecifiedf
aces.
 Theconst r
ucti
onwor kofstonemasonr yshoul dber aiseduniforml
y.
 Thepl umbbobshoul dbeusedt ocheckt hev erti
calit
yofer ectedwall
.
 Thest onemasonr ysectionshouldalwaysbedesi gnedt otakecompr essionandnotthetensi
le
str
esses.
 Themasonr ywor kshouldbepr oper
lycuredaf terthecompl et
ionofwor k,foraperi
odof2t o3
weeks.

Classif
icati
onofStoneMasonry
Dependi nguponthearr
angementofstonesint
heconst
ructi
on,degr
eeofrefi
nementusedi
n
shapingt hest
oneandfini
shi
ngadopted,thest
onemasonrycanbeclassi
fi
edasfol
lows

Rubbl
eMasonr
y Ashl
arMasonr
y
1.
Cour
sedSquar
eRubbl
e 1.
Ashl
arf
ine
2.
Uncour
sedSquar
eRubbl
e 2.
Ashl
arr
ought
ool
ed
3.
Random Rubbl
e 3.
Ashl
arr
ock/
quar
ryf
aced
4.
DryRubbl
e 4.
Ashl
archamf
ered
Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 18
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

5.
Polygonal
Rubbl
e 5.
Ashl
arblockincour
se
6.
Fli
ntRubble 6.
Ashl
arfacing

A.Rubbl
eMasonr
y
 Inthist
ypeofconstructi
on,thest
onesofirr
egularsi
zeareused.
 Thest onesareobtai
nedf r
om quarr
yaretakeninuseinthesameform ort
heyar
ebr
okenandshapedi
nsui
tabl
e
sizesbymeansofhammerast heworkproceeds.
 Sincestonesofi
rregularsi
zeareused,t
hemasonr ywil
lhavewidej
oint
s.

Thest
rengt
hofr
ubbl
emasonr
ymai
nlydependsont
hreef
act
ors
♦ Thequali
tyofmort
ar.
♦ Theuseoflongthr
oughst
onesatfr
equenti
nter
val
s.
♦ Theproperfi
l
li
ngofthemort
arbet
weenthespacesofst
ones.

Foll
owingpointsshoul dbet akeninmi ndf oradoptingRubbl eMasonr y:
1.Widthofthefacest oneshoul dnotbel esst hanthehei ghtoft hecour
se.
2.Allt
hestonesshoul dbewet tedbeforelayingandst onesfrom opposit
efacesshoul
dbondwitheach
other
.
3.Thebackingshoul dhav esuf f
ici
entbondwi thfacing.Thest onesonthefaceshoul
dhaveful
lj
oint
s
foraspecifi
eddistancefrom t heface.
4.Suffi
ci
entheader sshouldbeusedi neachcour se.
5.Theheightofstoneshoul dnotexceedi tsleasthor i
zontaldimension.
6.Thestonesshoul dbepl acedont heirwidestsi desot hattheymaynotactasedges.Furt
heredged
stoneswithinsuff
icienttail
sshoul dnotbeused.
7.Chipsshouldnotbeusedi nbedj ointsforset t
ingthest ones.

1.Un-
cour sedSquar eRubbl eMasonr y
 Thi
stypeofmasonr yisbuiltpracti
call
ywi t
houtanydressi
ng.
 Thi
sist hepoorestf orm ofstonemasonr y.
 Thest onesusedar etakendi r
ectl
yf r
om quar r
y.
 Lar
gerst onesarelaidonf latbeds.
 Thestonest obeusedf orfaceshoul dhav eunif
orm col
orandgreatersi
ze.
 Bondst onespr ovidedt ointerl
ockthet wof acesshoul
dextendupt othefullt
hicknessoft
he
wal
l i
fthewal l
islesst han60cm i nthickness.
 Ali
neofheader sov erl
appingeachot herf oralengt
hofatleast15cm arel
aidri
ghtt hr
ought
he
wal
l f
ormor ethan60cm t hickwalls.
 Inthi
scaset het hicknessofj oint
sshoul dnotexceed12mm

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 19
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Pol
ygonal
rubbl
emasonr
y

Ci
vi
lDepar
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, Page
GAT 20
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

2.
Cour
sedSquar eRubbleMasonr y:
 Thistypeofmasonr yisfurt
herdivi
dedinto1stcl ass, 2ndclassand3rdclassmasonry.
 Iti
scommonl yusedi nvari
oustypesofr esident i
alandpubl i
cbuil
dings,pi
ersandabutmentsof
bri
dges.
 Inthe1stclasscour sedrubblemasonr yallthecour sesarebuil
ttosamehei ghtwi
thminimum
heightbei
ng15cm.
 Thebedsoff acestonear ehammerorchi sel dressed.
 Inagoodwor k,aboutonet hi
rdoffacestonest ailbackint
ohearti
ngf oradist
anceoftwoti
mes
theirhei
ghtfornormal wal
lsandthreetimesf ort hickerwal
ls.
 Thet hi
cknessofjointsshouldnotexceed10mm.
3Random r
ubbl
emasonr
y:
 I
tissl
i
ght
lysuper
iort
hanun-
cour
sedr
ubbl
edmasonr
y.
 Thest
onest
obeusedi
nthi
sty
pear
ehammerorchi
sel
dressed.
 Thest
onesi
neachcour
seneednotbeofsamehei
ght
.
 Al
lthecour
sesshoul
dbeofsamehei
ght
.
 Notmor
ethant
wost
ones,
oneabov
etheot
hershoul
dbeusedi
neachcour
se.
 Thef
aceofst
onesar
eofuni
for
m col
orandappr
oxi
mat
elyequal
insi
ze.
 Thehei
ghtofst
onesshoul
dnotbemor
ethani
tsbr
eadt
horl
engt
hoft
ail
int
othewor
k.
 Smal
lchi
psshoul
dbeusedwhenj
oint
sar
ever
ythi
ck.
 Atl
eastonefour
thofst
onesshoul
dtai
lbacki
ntot
hehear
ti
ngf
orensur
ingpr
operst
rengt
h
t
othework.

4Dr
yRubbleMasonr y
:
 Inthistypeofmasonr
ymor
tari
snotused.
 Itisconstr
uctedi
nsamemannerasor
dinar
yrubbl
emasonr
y.

Ci
vi
lDepar
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, Page
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 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

5Polygonal r
ubblemasonr y:
I
nt hi
st ype,stoneishammerf i
nishedonf acetoanirregul
arpol y
gonal shape.
 I fstonesar eroughl
yshapedt oformr oughfi
tt
ing,suchawor kiscalledroughpickedform andi
f
theyarecar
efull
yshapedt oform cl
osefitt
ingt henitiscalledclose-
pickedfor
m.

6Fl
intrubblemasonr y:
 I nthistype,f
li
ntsorcobbleswhichv aryinwi
dthandt hicknessfrom 7.5cm to15cm andl ength
from 15cm to30cm ar eused.
 Thest onesareextremelyhardbutbr it
tl
e.St
rengthofsuchwal lscanbei ncreasedusinglaci
ng
courseoft hi
nglongstonesorbricksat1t o2m v ert
ical i
nterval
s.

B.Ashl arMasonr y
 Ashl armasonr yconsi stsofcar efullydressedst oneswit
haccuratebeddingandf inejoint
sof
3mm t hi
ck.
 Thi si sthebestt ypeofst oneconst ruction.
 I tisensur edthatt hesi zesofindi vidualst onesar einconf
ormitywit
hthegener al
propor t
ions
oft hewal li
nwhi cht heyarepl aced.
Itisf ur
therdividedi ntothef ol
lowi ngt ypes:
1. Ashl arFine
 I
nt histypeofmasonr y,st onesar ewel ldr essedonal lbedandsi dej
oint
sandt hef acesarerender ed
perfectlyt
r uetothedesi redpat t
ern.
 Thest onesar elaidinr egul arcour sesnotl esst han30cm hei ght.
 Almostal lthecour sesar eofsamet hickness.
 Thef acest onesar elaidheader sandst retchersal ternatel
y.
 Thehei ghtofst onesusedi nnev erlesst hant hei rbreadthandtheirl
engthneverlessthant wicetheir

hei
ght
.

2.AshlarRoughTooled
 Inthi
stypeofmasonr y,t
heexposedfacesofst oneshav
eafinedressedchi
sel
draf
ti
ngal
lar
oundt
he
edges.Thi
smaybeabout25cm i nwi
dth.
 Theporti
onsi nbet
weent hedraft
sinroughl
ytooled.
 Thet hi
cknessofjointsallowedinthi
scasebe6mm.
 Inall
otherrespect
si tconformstothespecif
icati
onsofAshl
arfi
nemasonr y
.

Ci
vi
lDepar
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, Page
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 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

3.Ashl
arRockQuarryFaced
 I
nthi
stypeofmasonry,
theexposedfacebetweenthedraf
tisnott
ooledbuti
slef
tunf
ini
shed.
 Thepr
oject
ionsi
nthespaceencl
osedbychiseldr
aftsshoul
dnotexceed8cm to10cm.

4.Ashl
arChamfer
ed:I
nthi
scaset
heedgesr
oundt
heexposedf
aceofeachst
onear
ebev
eledof
fat
anangl
e45°foradept
hof25mm ormore.

5.Ashl
arFaci
ng:
 I
nt hi
stypeofmasonr y,thefacesofst onesareroughtooled,rusti
corchamf er
edandareprov
idedi
n
faceworkonlybutt hebacki ngmaybemadei nbri
ckwor k,concreteorrubbl
emasonry.
 Thestonesarenotl essthan20cm i nheightand11/ 2timest heheightinwi
dth.
 Onet hi
rdofthel engthofeachcour seshoul dbeofheader s.
 Thebedj oi
ntsofal lt
hest onesaredr essedperf
ectlytr
ueandsquar e.
 Bondstonesshoul drunt hroughthebacki ngwhent hewallisl
esst han80cm inthi
ckness.
 Forgreat
erthicknesst hebondst onesshoul dover
lapeachot herby15cm.

5.
Ashl
arBl
ocki
nCour
se

Ci
vi
lDepar
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, Page
GAT 23
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

I
tissi
milart
oashlarrought
ool
edwi
tht
heonl
ydi
ff
erencet
hati
nthi
scaset
hehei
ghtoft
hecour
sei
s
l
esserbutnotl
essthan20cm.

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 24
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 25
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 26
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

TYPESOFWALLS
• LoadBear
ingwal
l
s
• Par
ti
ti
onwal
l
s
• Cav
itywal
l
s
LOAD-
BEARI
NGWALL
 I
ti sast ruct
uralwal
lthatcarri
esthewei
ghtoft
her oofand upperf
loor
sdowntot he
foundat
ions.
 Thesewal l
ssupport
sstruct
uralmember
ssuchasbeams,slabsandwall
sonabov
efloors
above.
 Concret
eisani dealmateri
altousetosuppor
tthesel
oadsbecausei
tisgoodatr
esi
sti
ng
compressi
onforces.
 Itcanbeext
eri
orwallori
nteri
orwal
l.

Ty
pesofLoadBearingWal l
 PrecastConcreteWal
l
 Retaini
ngWal l
 Ma sonryWall
 PrePanelizedLoadBear
ingMet
alSt
udWal
l
s
 Engineeri
ngBrickWal
l
 StoneWal l

 Ast hehei ghtofthebuil

dingincr eased,requiredt hicknessofwal landresult
ingstressonfoundati
on
willalsoi ncreaseandcausei ttobeuneconomi cal.
 Dependi ngont hetypeofbui ldingandt henumberoff l
oors,load-beari
ngwal l
sar egaugedtot he
appr opriatethicknesstocar r
yt heweightabov et hem.
 Wit houtdoi ngso,i tispossiblet hatanout erwal lcouldbecomeunst ableiftheloadexceedst he
strengthoft hemat er
ialused,pot enti
all
yleadingt othecollapseoft hestr
ucture.
 Thepr i
mar yf unct
ionoft hiswal li
st oencl oseordi vi
despaceoft hebuildi
ngt omak eitmor e
funct i
onalandusef ul.I
tpr ovi
despr i
vacy ,affordssecur i
ty,andgi vesprotecti
onagainstheat,cold,
sunorr ain.

PrecastConcreteWall:
• Thiswal li
saestheti
cal
lypl
easing.
• Thepr ecastwallhassuperi
orstrengt
handknownf
ori
tsdur
abi
l
ity
.
• Itprovidesexcell
entprot
ecti
on
• Andi tiseasytoinstal
l.

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 27
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Retai
ningWal l
•Itpr ovi
deslateralsupport.
•Installi
ngar etai
ningwal l
hasmanyenv i
ronment
albenef
it
sli
ker
educi
nger
osi
onand
protecti
ngareasf rom bei
ngsatur
ated.
• Itisalsoknownasr evetment
.

MasonryWal l
•Itall
owsf orunlimitedar
chit
ectural
expressi
ons.
• Theyprovidestrength&durabil
it
y.
• Masonr ywallalsohelpstocontrolt
hetemperat
urei
nindoorandout
.
• Also,i
tincreasesthefir
eresist
ance.
• Later
alstiff
nessoft hemasonrywal li
sveryl
ow

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 28
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Pr
ePanel
i
zedLoadBear
ingMet
alSt
udWal
l
s

•I ti
susedf orbuil
dingext eri
orwall
.
• Themet alcanbest ainlesssteel
,copper,
aluminum.
•I tsupport
sgr avi
ty,sei smicandwi ndl
oading.
• Heav i
ergaugemet al studsareusedinloadbearingwall
sandstruct
uralappl
i
cat
ions
suchasext eri
orwal ls.
• Lightergaugemet al st udsareusedinnon-loadbear
ingappl
icat
ionssuchassome
i
nt er
iorwall
s,hal
f-wal ls,andpart
iti
ons.

Engineer
ingBri
ckWal l
•Itusesdoubleopen-endedbondbeam bl
ocks.
• I
tisbuil
tusi
ngamol d.
Blockwalli
sreplacedhori
zontal
l
y

St
oneWal l
•Itistr
eatedasastonest
ructur
e.
• Iti
sakindmasonryconstr
ucti
on.
• Thi
swallprov
idesstr
uct
uretoabuil
dingandencl
osesanar
ea.

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 29
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Part
it
ionwall
s:
Aparti
ti
onwall,separatingtwoadj oini
ngroomsmustof tenprov
ideabar r
iertothepassageofsound
fr
om onetoother.
Aparti
ti
onwallshouldf ulf
il
lthefollowingrequir
ements:
 Theparti
tionwal lshouldbest rongenoughtocarryit
sownl oad.
 Theparti
tionwal lshouldbest rongenoughtoresisti
mpacttowhicht heofthebui
ldi
ngisli
kel
y
t
osubj
ectt hem.
 Theparti
tionwal lshouldhav ethecapacityt
osupportsui
tabledecorati
vesurf
ace.
 Aparti
ti
onwal l shouldbest ableandstrongenoughtosupportsomewal l.
 Aparti
ti
onwal l shouldbelight.
 Apar t
it
ionwal lshouldbef ireresi
stant
.

Typesofparti
ti
onwalls:
Brick
Cl
aybl oc
k
Concrete
Glass
AsbestossheetorGIsheetpar
ti
ti
ons
Ti
mberpar t
it
ions

Parti
ti
onsarenon-l
oadbeari
ngwallst
hatseparatespacesi
nbui
ldi
ngs.Aswel
lasspat
ial
div
isi
on,
theycanprovi
de;pr
ivacy
,acoust
icandfi
reseparati
onandfl
exi
bil
it
yoflay
out
.

Part
it
ionwal lscanbesol i
d,ty
pical
lyconstruct
edf rom bri
ckorbl ockwork,orcanbeaf ramed
constr
uction.Framedpart
it
ion wallsare somet imes r efer
red t o asst udwal
ls, and can
be constructed from at i
mber ,st
eeloralumi ni
um fr
ames cl ad with boar
ding such as
pl
asterboard,timber
,metalorf i
bre board.Par
tit
ionwall
smayal sobeglazed.

Theymaybepur pose-desi
gnedand construct
ed or may be modul ar sy
stems, and can
i
ncorpor
ateopeni
ngs,windows,
door
s,duct
ing,pi
pewor
k,socket
s,wi
ri
ng.

Ast heyarenon- l
oadbeari
ng,parti
ti
onwal l
scanpr ovi
degoodf l
exibil
i
ty,part
icul
arl
yiftheyare
l
ightweight
,framedsystems,aswallpositionscanbechangedr el
ati
v el
yeasil
yandi nexpensi
vely
withoutimpacti
ngontheoveral
lst
ructureofabuil
ding.Dependi
ngonthenat ur
eoft heconstr
uct
ion,
i
tmaybepossi bl
etor
e-usesome,orallofthecomponentsofthewal
linadi f
fer
entlocat
ion.

Theymayal
sobemov
abl
e.Mov
abl
epar
ti
ti
onsy
stemsi
ncl
ude:

 Pipeanddr apesy st
emswi t
htel
escopi
corf
ixedhorizont
al andv
ert
ical
component
sthatcr
eat
ea
remov ablepanel system.
 Free-standi
ngscr eens.
 Foldingparti
tions.
 Sli
dingpar t
it
ionswi thtracksatt
achedt
othefloorandceil
ing.

 Movablepart
it
ionsarecommonlyfoundi
nexhibit
ionsspaces,hot
els,
offi
cesandsoon.
 Aparti
ti
onwallmayal sobeapar
tywall
,thati
s,awallt
hatstandsont helandoft
woor
moreowners.I
nt hi
scase,wor
kstothewallmaybesubjecttotherequir
ementsofthePar
ty
Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 30
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Wal
lAct
.

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 31
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

Thespeci fi
cati
onofpar ti
ti
onwal l
swi l
ldependont her equirementsf orweight,cost
,speed
ofinst
all
ati
on,avail
abi
li
ty ofmateri
als, l ongevi
ty, dur abi
li
ty,f
lexibi
l
ity, ease of
reconfi
gurati
on,soundandfir
einsul
ati
onandsurfacefi
nish.Theymayal sober equi
redtoper
for
m
asecondar ystr
uctur
alrol
e,f
orexample,suppor
ti
ngcupboar dsorshelvi
ng.

Cav
ityWal
l
s/Hol
l
owwal
l
 Cavit
ywal
li
sconst
ruct
edwi
tht
wosepar
atewal
l
sforsi
ngl
ewal
lpur
posewi
thsomespaceorcav
itybet
ween
them.
 Theset woseparat
ewallsarecalledasl eavesofcavit
ywal l.
 Theinnerwal
liscal
ledasinternalleafandout erwall
iscalledasext
ernall
eaf .
 twoleavesar
eofequal t
hicknessorsomet imesinter
nal l
eafwit
hmor ethicknessi
spr
ovided.
 Thecav i
tysi
zeshouldbei nbet ween4t o10cm.Thei nter
nalandexternalleav
esshouldhav
eat
l
east10mm t hi
ckness.Thetwol eav esareint
erconnectedbymet al
ties.
 Ingener
al,cav
itywalldoesn’
trequir
eanyf
oot
ingsunderi
t,j
ustast
rongconcr
etebasei
spr
ovi
dedonwhi
ch
cavi
tywalli
sconstr
uctedcentral
ly
.
 Twoleav
esar
econst
ruct
edl
i
kenor
malmasonr
y,butmi
nimum cav
itymustbepr
ovi
dedi
nbet
ween
them.

 Forhalfbr i
ckthicknessl eaves,str
etcherbondi sprovi
ded.Andforonebr ickthicknessormor e
thi
ckness,Engli
shbondorFl emishbondstypeconstructi
onsareprovi
ded.Whilelayi
ngbricks,car
e
shouldbetakenwi thoutfil
li
ngthecav i
tywit
hcementmor t
ar.
 Topr eventmor t
ardr oppingincav i
ty,woodenbat tensareprovi
dedi nthecav i
tywithsuitabl
e
dimensions.
 Thesebat t
ensaresuppor tedonwal lti
esandwhenev erthehei
ghtofnextwall
t i
elocati
onisreached,
thenthebattensarer emov edusingwiresorropesandwallti
esareprovi
ded.
 Twoleavesshoul
dbeconstruct
edsi mul
taneousl
y.Spaci
ngshoul
dbeuni
for
m andi
tisat
tai
nedby
pr
edeter
mini
ngthelocat
ionofwall
ties.
 Damppr
oofcour
sei
spr
ovi
dedf
ort
wol
eav
essepar
atel
y.
 I
ncaseofdoor
sandwi
ndows,
weephol
esar
epr
ovi
dedabov
ethedamppr
oofcour
se.

Advant
agesofCav i
tyWal ls
Fol
l
owingaretheadv antagesofcav i
tywallwhencompar edtosoli
dwal l
s.
 Ca v
itywal l
sgiv ebett
erthermali
nsulat
ionthansoli
dwal l
s.I
tisbecauseofthespace
providedbet weent woleavesofcavit
ywallsisful
lofairandreducesheatt
ransmissi
oni
nto
thebui l
dingfrom outside.
 Economi callytheyarecheaperthansoli
dwal l
s.
 Mo i
st ur
econt entinouteratmosphereisdoesnotallowedtoenterbecauseofhol
lowspace
Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 32
 BUI
LDI
NGMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON-18CV34

betweenleaves.So,theyalsopreventdampness.
 Theyalsoactasgoodsoundi nsulator
s.
 Theyalsoreducet heweightsonf oundat
ionbecauseoft
hei
rlessert
hickness.
 OuterEff
lorescenceisalsoprevented.
Weephol es

Ci
vi
lDepar
tment
, Page
GAT 33