Course Title :: Techniques and Management of E-waste

Course Code :: ID6101

recycling
Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes

• Understanding the design, analysis, and emerging problem (India)

• Economic and Environmental Perspectives
• Apply and develop the model for recycling
• Processing the waste metals/ nonmetals recovery
• Assess the overall sustainability of e-waste
• Save and Conserves natural resources
• e-factor concepts

• Introduction and general concepts to e-waste and e-waste management; Principle and standards for the disposal; Life cycle and Performance
assessment and Understanding (5L, 1T)

• Health Effects of E-waste Pollution; Global Trends of E-waste Pollution and Its Impact on Environment (5L, 1T)

• E-waste: Global Scenario, Constituents, and Biological Strategies for Remediation (5L, 1T)

• Materials Recycling Considerations (3L, 1T); Processing Techniques (4L, 1T); Emerging Technologies Bioremediation Approaches (6L, 1T)
L – 42
T – 12 • e-factor concept in green chemistry (3L, 1T); Case studies: implementation of e-waste recycling (4L, 4T)

• Recycling Processes and Plastic in e-waste is an emerging problem for India: Implications for Future Prospect (7L, 1T)

• Tutorial will include research paper analysis and discussion

1. Hugo Marcelo Veit and Andréa Moura Bernardes, “ Electronic Waste: Recycling Techniques” Springer 2015.Mohammad Alhawari, Baker Mohammad,
Hani Saleh, Mohammed Ismail, "Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Wearable Devices", Springer 2018

2. Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi and Ajit Varma, “Electronic Waste Pollution: Environmental Occurrence And Treatment Technologies”, Springer 2019
Tu 5 –7 pm Th 5–7 pm Mode – Online (Teams)
 Tentative Course Evaluation

1. Assignment/ Term Paper/ Course Project - > 25 marks

2. Mid Semester -> 25 marks
3. End Semester – 50 marks
 Electronic Waste (India)
- Dr. S. Chatterjee Scientist-E

• E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams

• It is growing in India at the rate of 10%

• Growth of Information and Communication Technology sector has enhanced the usage of the electronic equipment exponentially

• Major recycling of e-waste is carried out in the non-formal sector using primitive and hazardous methods.

• Adequate legislative measures and cost-effective, environmentally friendly, technological solution would be needed to address the issue.

• Hazardous and toxic substances found in e-waste include lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in printed circuit boards (PCBs)

• Lead is primarily found in all electronic products/ assembly, cathode ray tubes (CRT) etc

• Cadmium is found in monitor/ CRTs while there may be mercury in switches and flat screen monitors

• Mercury is also found in CFL, relays and some other specific products

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
Source: Meity, Central pollution control board and world bank group
Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
 TYPES OF E-WASTE

• Large household appliances (refrigerators/freezers, washing machines, dishwashers)

• Small household appliances (toasters, coffee makers, irons, hairdryers)
• Information technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment (personal computers, telephones,
mobile phones, laptops, printers, scanners, photocopiers)
• Consumer equipment (televisions, stereo equipment, electric toothbrushes)
• Lighting equipment (fluorescent lamps)
• Electrical and electronic tools (handheld drills, saws, screwdrivers)
• Toys, leisure and sports equipment
• Medical equipment systems (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)
• Monitoring and control instruments
• Automatic dispensers.

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

E-WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES
• e-waste
• Extended producer responsibility
• Act • Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation
• Authorization • Extended Producer Responsibility Plan
• Bulk consumer • Facility
• Central pollution control board • Form
• Collection centre • Historical e-waste
• Component • Manufacturer
• Consumables • Orphaned products
• Consumer • Part
• Channelization • Producer
• Dealer • Producer Responsibility Organization
• Deposit refund scheme • Recycler
• Dismantler • Refurbishment
• Disposal • Refurbished
• And-of-life • Schedule
• Environmentally sound management of e-waste • State Pollution Control Board
• Electrical and electronic equipment • Target
• e-retailer • Transporter
• State Government in relation to an Union territory

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016

T1. M/s Trishyiraya Recycling India Pvt. Ltd., Plot No.A-7, Phase-I, MEPZSEZ, Tambaram, Chennai-600 045 (740
MTA)
T2. M/s. TES AMM Private Limited, Plot No.A-18, SIPCOT Industrial Growth, Centre Oragadam, Panruti ‘A’ Village,
Sriperumpudur, Kanchipuram District Tamil Nadu – 630 304 (30000 MTA)
T3. M/s Victory Recovery & Recycle Technologies India Pvt.Ltd., 672/2, Doubal Dragon Industrial Park, Kannur
Village & Post Kottaiyur, Thiruvallur, District - Tamil Nadu - 602 108 (6000 MTA)
T4. M/s Ultrust Solutions (India)Pvt.Ltd., S.F.No.297/1B, Pappankuppam,
T5. Village : Gummidipoondi Taluk, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu (15000 MTA)
T6. M/s INAA Enterprises, Plot No.AC31/24, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Thirumudivakkam, Sriperumpudur, Taluk,
Chennai-600 044 (300 MTA)
T7. M/s. SEZ Recyclers, Acenue, Mahindra World City Develpers Ltd., Industrial Park, Thenmelpakkam,
Kancheepuram District.
T8. M/s. Tritech Systems, Porur Village, Ambattur Taluk, Thiruvallur Distirct
T9. M/s. Shri Raaam Recycling, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Gummidipoondi, Tiruvallur Taluk & Tiruvallur District. M/s.
GreenR2 Re-Processors Pvt. Ltd., plot No. 19, TASS Industrial Estate,
Ambattur, Chennai- 98
T10.M/s. Abishek Enterprises., Ambattur Village & Taluk, Thiruvallur Dt.
AUTHORIZED e-WASTE RECYCLERS IN AND AROUND CHENNAI
 Tackling the e-waste problem

Level 1 Waste reduction (such as extending product durability)

Level 2 Waste re-use (such as remanufacturing products for a second life)

Level 3 Waste recovery (such as raw material recycling)

Level 4 Waste landfill (as the last resort).

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

 Effects of E-Waste constituent on health

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
Source: Intech
Source: Intech
Solvent casting and leaching technique
C. violaceum
Mechanical Processing

• Comminution
• Size classification
• Gravity separation
• Magnetic separation
• Electrostatic separation
Comminution

• Size reduction
• Grinding
• Breaking of materials
• Degree of liberation
 Size separation

• Sieving

The main factors concerning the material are:

• Density
• Particle Size Distribution
• Particle Shapes
• Particle Surfaces

The key factors concerning the equipment are:

• Sieve area
• Percentage of perforated area
• Hole diameter
• Hole shapes
• Sieve thickness
Density Separation

• Gravimetric separation
• Physical Process – Rate of Sedimentation/ Terminal velocity of particles

The main processes known for density separation are: dense medium separation,
suspensions, jigs, air and flowing film concentrators.

Separation by Dense Medium (liquid) Separation via Suspensions

 Jigs

• Hydraulic separation process

• Fluid stream
• Pulse freq. 50 to 300 cycles per minute

Flowing Film Concentrators

Magnetic Separation

• Separation and/or concentration of materials. Both in the production of minerals and in the recycling of waste
from electrical and electronic equipment and others types of scrap.
• Two factors
• Particles behavior of different materials – exposed to the same magnetic field and forces acting on them
• The responses of different particles to the applied field result in the attraction or repulsion of the same
field.

Magnetic susceptibility
• It determines the type of response of a material to an external magnetic field
• The magnitude interaction between material and external magnetic field
Diamagnetic materials

• Induced magnetic field opposes the external magnetic field

• Generating a repulsion of low intensity
• These materials are repelled by the external magnetic field
• Eg Cu. Hg,

Paramagnetic materials

• Atomic magnetic dipoles tendency to align themselves parallel to external magnetic field
• Weakly attracted to the magnets
• Eg Cr, Pa

Ferromagnetic materials

• Strong interaction between their atomic magnetic dipole

• Internal alignment in the same direction as the applied magnetic field
• The materials undergo a major influence from the external magnetic field
• Eg Co, Ni
Magnetic Separation

• High intensity Magnetic separation (HIMS)

• High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS)

• Dry Separators
• Low intensity
• High intensity
• High Gradient
• Wet Separators
• Low intensity
• High gradient
Electrostatic Separation

• Difference in electrical conductivity between component of a mixture under the electric field
• Electric field intensity to separate an electrically charged particle and particles with superficial or induced polarization
• Electrification by contact or friction
• Surface of the particles in the charging mechanism
• Transfer of electrons occurs when two particles of different materials and rubbed against each other
• Static charge

• Electrification by Ion bombardment

• Very high voltage difference between the electrode and the rotor generates a charge transfer between both
• It usually grounded rotating drum and two electrode

• Eddy current
• Conductive particles of non-ferrous materials to create a magnetic field around the particles
• It usually grounded rotating drum and two electrode
Today's class will be the quantification of E-Waste (State wise) last ten years

1.Electronic products: Smart Phone, Television, Refrigerator, DVD players, Laptop/Notebook, Desktop, etc.,

2.Item, Year, Obsolete, Reused, Stored, Recycled, Landfilled

3.Economic assessment of E-waste

4.Top E-waste Management companies (list max. 4)

low dielectric constants (<5) and are not good solvents for charged large dielectric constants; they do not participate in hydrogen bonding
species such as anions

high dielectric constants; participate in hydrogen bonding moderately higher dielectric constants than the nonpolar solvents,
don’t participate in reactions; serve only as the medium
Leaching Processes

• Solid materials exposed to a liquid, some constituents will dissolve to a greater or lesser extent
• The degree of dissolution of individual constituents by the contacting liquid leads to a leachate/ percolate or
extract composition

Leaching Solutions and Conditions (WEEE)

• Acid and Alkaline leaching

• Particle size
• Solvent
• Temperature
• Stirring
Leaching Using Supercritical Fluids
Estimated Quantity of E-Waste
(product wise)

Item Year Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled

Unit (Number)
2016-2017 1050000 262500 144812 798805 162907
2017-2018 1207500 301875 159862 914952 179322
Television 2018-2019 1295000 323750 174300 982590 194810
2019-2020 1347500 336875 185150 1024713 208075
2020-2021 1400000 350000 206937 1072348 232452
2016-2017 192500 21175 20831 164927 18619
2017-2018 210000 23100 22775 180049 20815
Refrigerator 2018-2019 242500 26675 25234 207432 22334
2019-2020 295000 32450 28287 251172 23017
2020-2021 325000 35750 31050 276657 25150
2016-2017 495132 148540 55800 325937 109143
2017-2018 534743 160423 61380 353687 123458
DVD players 2018-2019 577522 173257 67518 383572 138471
2019-2020 623724 187117 74270 412530 141287
2020-2021 673622 202087 80211 445756 153483
2019-2020

2018-2019

2017-2018

2016-2017

2019-2020

2018-2019

2017-2018

2016-2017

2019-2020

2018-2019

2017-2018

2016-2017

500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000

Numbers of Product

Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled