2

1 Indefinite integrals

Computational techniques

1. Determine all antiderivatives F(x) off (x) = 3x + e3 x that also satisfy F(O ) = -In1-3 + .:.3
2. Compute the following indefinite integrals using substitution:

a. f (3" + 3-" )dx g. J ✓l:x dx

b. f (e" + e-x + Xe + 2-e)dx h. JX / + 3 ln{x 2

+ 3)dx

c. f 2x.Jx 2
+ 1 dx i. f (ln(33-x
- x))4 dx

d. r 2x. dx 3
j. J e3x
dx
. x~ - 1 e3x + 2

e. rln(l- x) dx k. f (es-2x )2dx

. X - 1

f. f 3( x - l)e" 1
-
2
" dx I. f yey2
y2 dy
e -4

3 . Using integration by parts, compute the following indefinite integrals:

a . Jx • (2x ... 1)4dx
b. jx - ln(l -'- 4x 2 ) dx (Hint: first use the substitution u = 1 + 4x 2 ! )
. x3
.I..J1- x
c. ~==dx (Hint: x 3
2
= x 2 • x!)

4. Using partial fractions, compute the following indefinite integrals:

a. . x 2 - 3x - 2
x - 3 dx c. fx 2
+ 4x
1 dx

1
b. 2
dx
. -x - x 12 T

5 . Compute the following indefinite integrals:

a. Js · er ds f. I ear-bdc (a* 0)
. 1
b. Jv ln vdv g. j dx
2
. x + 4x + 4
2
C. Jx - (3e" - 2) 2 dx
J
h. x ln(x
2
+ 1) dx
x +1

d.
X
dx i. f x -ln(x= - l)dr
. -..1- x'

e.
1
dx j. r
. (x 2 -
X+ 2 d
4x ... 9) 3 x
2
. x - 4x - 3
 3

6. The second derivative of a function F has the equation F "(x) = ln(x). Moreover we
know that F(l) = 1 and F '(1) = 2 . Find F.

7. We know that a function F satisfies F'(x) = e" and that F(l) =0 . Find F.
e 2" -1
(Hint: use the substitution u = ex!)

Applications
8. A company buys fresh shellfish, freezes it and sells it in frozen form. The day price of
lobster depends on the number of lobsters caught that day. When q lobsters are caught
and sold, the marginal revenue is given by MR(q) = 8 - 0.0018q 2 where o $ q $ 60.
a. Determine the revenue when q lobsters are caught and sold.
b. Determine the day price of lobster on a day when 50 are caught and sold.

9. A manager has to decide how many dvd's of a top movie should be ordered. The
marginal revenue for the sale of q dvd's is given by MR(q) = ✓400 - 20q for
5 < q < 20. For most movies, 15 dvd's are ordered. What is the additional revenue to
be expected when 20 dvd's for this specific top movie are being ordered and sold?

10. The marginal propensity to save is given by MPS= ds = 0.3 - O~ where Y denotes the
dY vY
income and S the savings. Moreover, nothing is saved when the income equals 81
monetary units. Find an expression for the savings.

11. A company can choose two types of machines to produce a certain good. For the first
type, the fixed costs amount to 110 monetary units; for the second type, the fixed
costs amount to 230 monetary units. The marginal costs are given by the parabolas
below. (The vertices and the intersection points with the vertical axes are given on the
figure.)

q
1

For which production amounts is the first type of machine the cheapeSt ?
 4

Solutions

Computational techniques

3x - 3 - x
2. a.
ln3
+C g. ~lnx✓lnx + C
Xe+l
b. ex - e -x + - - + 2 -e x + C 1
h. (ln(x2 + 3))2 + C
e+l 4
c.
2
~(x + 1).Jx + 1 + C
2
i. _!5 (ln(3 - x))5 + C

4 1
d. ½inlx - 11 + C j. 1n(e3 x + 2) + C
3
e. ½<ln(l - x))2 + C k . _ _!e10-4x +c
4

f. -3 e x2-2x + C I. ½in ler2 - 41 + C

2

5 1 6
3. a. _!_x(2x+1) - --(2x+1) +C
10 120

b. ~ ( I + 4x2 ) • ln (I + 4x 2 )-i 2
(I + 4x ) + C

c. x2 ✓l+x2 - ~(l +x
2
).J1+x 2 +C
2
(x + 1)
4. a. In
x+2
I +C I c. .!4 lnl-x-
X +4
1+ C

b. .!1njx + 31 + C
7 x-4

I 2
f. .!.ear+b + C
5. a. - es +C
2 a
1 2 1 2 -1
b. -v Inv - -v + C g . --+C
2 4 x+2

c.
2
(~x-¾)e x + 12(x-l)ex + 2x +C
2
h. ~ (ln(x2 + 1))2 + C

d. -.J1-x2 +C i. ~(x
2
-1)-Ln(x - I)- ~(x
2 1
- l)+C

-I
e. .!1nlx + 11 + C j. i +C
2 x +3 4(x +4x+9)
2
A ppl/cati on s
8. a. TO(q) "' 6q-0.0006q ' (C • 0 s; ,.,e no lobster, no,even,,.,\)
b.6.5

10. S ao 0.3Y-0.2fl - 22.S

ll. !t ie$$ than 10 units of the ~ood are beir.g p,oduced.

 6

2 Sepa rable diffe renti al equa tions of the

first orde r

Techni que of separa tion of variabl es

1. Solve the equations below : provide an equation in explicit form except for exercise f .

a. y ' = 4y(y - 2)

b. _r_ = x
y'

c. {x2 + x - l)y' = (6x + 3)y

d. y '+ 4x = xy 2
e. y '- (x + 4)(2 - y) = 0 en y(0) = 1

f. yy' - 1 = x - 2y' en als x = 1 is y = o

1
g. x(6y + l)y ' = y(3y + 1) en y(l) = -
6

h. yy' =x + 1 en y(0) =- 3

i. (y + l)dx + ./xdy = 0 en y(4) = 0

j. x 2 ye2 x - y '(In y) 2 = 0

Linear differe ntial equati ons: y ' + ay b

2. Solve : y' + 2y = 3 with y'(O) = 2.
3. The demand function qd(p) for a certain product satisfies q;, = - 5 and qd(lO) = 80.
The correspon ding supply function q 5 (p) satisfies q~ = 7 and q 5 (20) = 8 . Find the
equilibriu m price, i.e. the price for which qd = Q5 •

4. The demand function qd(p) for a certain product satisfies q;, = 0 .5 (110 - qd) and
qd(10) = 300 e-5 + 110. The correspon ding supply function for that good q 5 (p)
satisfiesq ~ = 0.S(q5 -10) and q 5 (5) = e 2 ·5 + 10. Find the equilibriu m price, i.e. the
price for which qd = q s.
 7

Math ema tical mod ellin g and diffe rent ial equa tions
the demand
5. The unit price of a certain product changes with time. Suppose that
n is given by
function qc1(P) is given by qd(P) =-Sp + 120 and the supply functio
q5 (p) = 7p - 132. Suppose furthe r that the speed at which the
price changes is
when time is
proportional to qd - q5 • The propo rtiona lity factor is equal to 0.02
expressed in month s. At time t =
0, the price is equal to€ 53.
a. Find p(t) .
of the static
b. Show that in the long run the price is equal to the equilibrium price
marke t model .
c. How many month s does the price exceed € 25?
factor 0.02 is
d. What does it mean in economic terms that the propo rtiona lity
positiv e?

the scene of a
6. A team of the police crimin al invest igation depar tment is called at
the temperature
suspicious death . At their arriva l on the scene, at 8 pm, they find that
the crime scene,
of the body is 25.5°C. At 10 pm, when ending their invest igation of
tempe rature has
the tempe rature of the body has dropped to 22.5°C. The ambie nt
a precision of
been consta nt throug hout at 20.5°C. Estimate the time of death (with
of 36.5°C at the
1 minut e), assum ing that the victim had a normal body tempe rature
is proportional
time of death . It is known that the change in tempe rature of a corpse
to the differe nce betwe en the ambie nt tempe rature and its own.

is diluted . The
7. A tank conta ins 400 liters of water in which 10 kg of a toxic substance
water per minute.
mixtu re in the tank is furthe r diluted by pump ing in 10 liters of pure
of the tank. The
Concu rrently , an equal amou nt of conta minat ed water flows out
mixtu re is homogeneous
conte nts of the tank is being stirred contin uously so that the
after t minutes.
at all times . Denot e by A(t) the amou nt of poison (in kg) in the tank
a. Find a differe ntial equat ion with initial condit ion for A(t).
n A(t).
b . Solve the differe ntial equat ion and sketch the graph of the functio
tank?
c. How long does it take until there is only 1 kg of poison left in the

ing equations:
8. The price evolu tion for a certai n good is determ ined by the follow
dp dp dp )
qd =11 - 0.3p + 2dt, Q5 =-8.S + p - 4 dt, dt =0.l(q d - qs

(p is the unit price, qd the amou nt requested, qs the quant ity offered and t
the time)•

a . Find a differe ntial equat ion for the evolut ion of the price p.
b. Deter mine the gener al solutio n .
.
c. Make a sketch of the corres pondi ng graph and describe it in words
time t = O •
d . Deter mine the partic ular solutio n where fore qs is equal to 18 at
ov~ (in other words
e . Change the const ant term in the first equat ion of the proble m ab.
in the long run .
the value 11) such that the price is equal to 12 mone tary units
 8

9 . A student, carrying a virus, returns to the campus, home to 1000 students, and starts
infecting his fellow students . Denote by S(t) the number of infected students, t days
after his return . The speed at which the number of infections grows is proportional to
the product of the number of infected and the number of non-infected students. The
proportionality factor is 0 .001. How long does it take before 280 students have been
infected?

10. In the artificial lake, created by the Gebel Aulia dam in Egypt, a certain type of water
hyacinth flourishes. The lake has a surface area of 200 km 2 • In 1959, 20 km 2 was
covered by the hyacinth. By 1963, this had already grown to 100 km 2 • Calculate at
which time 75% of the lake's surface area was covered by flowers, assuming that the
covered area grows logistically.

11. In a certain growth model, one assumes that the growth ratio per individual at a given
time is proportional to the size of the population at that time.
a. Find a differential equation for this growth model.
b . Find the solution that satifies the initial condition y(0) = Yo·
c. Sketch the solution when y 0 = 1000 and when the proportionality factor is given
by 0.000 001.

12. The price evolution for a certain product is governed by

dp dp ( )
qv = 500 - 2p + k dt , qA = - 100 + 3p, dt = 0 .02 qv - qA •
For which values of the parameter k does the price evolve towards a finite limit value?
Find the limit value as well.
 9

Solut ions

Techn ique of separ ation of variab les

2
1. a. Y =--,....8.. f. Y
1
I 4y X
7
t 2X 3
1 + Ce "

1 1 r-- -
b. y = C X g. Y = - - 1- - ✓1 t 3x
6 6

h . Y = -✓x + 2x + 9
2
C. Y = C(X2 + X - 1)3

2
x2 + 2
d. y = -2Ce-__,,,......
2 1
i. Y = e◄-2.lx - 1
1 - Ce /(

- Kl 1J(1s,2-1sno1s),.l• .c
-- ◄x
e. y =2 -e 2
j. y=e

Linea r differ entia l equat ions: y ' + ay b

2. Y = 3 - e - 21<
2
131
3. -
6
4. 9 .27

Mathe matic al mode lling and differ ential equat ions

5. a . p(t) = 21 + 32e-0· r
24

b. They are both equal to€ 21.

c. 8.66 months .
d . The unit price increases when the demand exceeds supply.

6 . Su28 pm.

1
7. a . : + A = 0 . A(O) = 10
40
-t
40
b . A = 10e
c. About 92 minutes.

8 . a. p' = - 0 .325p + 4.875

b . p = Ce o.J2sr + 15

c. Increasi ng/ decreasi ng at decreasing rate or constant, limit 15.

 10

d. p = Se-0.32sr + 15
e. Take the const ant term to be 7. 1

9 . After abou t 6 days.

10. In the year 1965 .

11. a. dy = ky 2
dt

b. y = Yo
l - ky0 t

C. y

5000

400 800

12. Fork < SO; the limit value is 120.

 11

3 Definite integrals

Meaning
8 II

1. A function f satisfies: rf(x)dx 10 and J f(x)dx 14. Compute:

·2 2
2 2

a. Jf( x )dx c. J f(x)dx

:I 2

-2

b. Jf(x)dx
s

Calculation ,o f definite integrals

2. Compute the following definite integrals:
25 2

a. f }x dx g. J xex
0
2
dx
4
e

b.
-1

f 1
: dx
h. j (ln:)2 dx

-5 1

900 5

c. f (45-0.21.jq- 0.0lq)dq i. J8dx- x

1
400
9 1
x- 4 r
d.
I
4
--dx
..Jx
j.
j
0
2
X
2 X+3
+ 3X + 2
dx

3 2
e. f x(x 2
- 1)3 dx k. J/x lnxdx
-3 1
-1
2

f.
dx I. JxJx+S dx
J0 8x + 1 -5

3. Determine the value(s) of a for which :

6
a

a. J(x+2)dx = 6 b. J(ax +S) dx = 48

0
0
ab b

4. Show that J~t = J~t •

a
 12

I
5. Give an equation for the function defined by f(x) = f t . ex1 dt which does not involve
0

an integral sign.

Calculation of areas and other applications

6 . Find the area of the (finite) region bounded by the graphs of the functions f (x) = x 3
and g(x) = -(x - 1) 2 + 1.

7. Calculate the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of the functions p(t) = !e and

q(t) = e-1 , the t -axis and the line t = 2.

8. Compute the consumers' surplus and the producers' surplus at market equilibrium if
the (inverse) demand and supply functions are given by the following equations:

pd = 2 100 - 20q - q2
{ Ps = 2q2 + 500

9. For a certain product, the (inverse) demand function is given by the equation
p = el-O.lq + 1 and the inverse supply function by the equation p = 3 - ei-o.iq . Find
the total surplus, i.e. the sum of the consumers' and producers' surplus (you don't need
to compute these separately!) at market equilibrium.

2
10. Compute the Gini coefficient for the Lorenz curve y = -2 - -x - 1.

11. A researcher models the Lorenz curve for the income of a certain country by a function
of the form

y(x) =a (4 ~ x2 - p).
a. Determine the constants a and P.
b. Which percentage of the total income is earned by the top 50% according to
income?
c. Compute the Gini coefficient for this country .

12. According to information about the first three years of production and according to
geological research, the management of an oil extraction company concludes that, t
years after the start of the extraction, the oil will be pumped up at a speed equal to

R(t) = lOOt + 4 0 ~ t ~ 15.

t 2 + 25
The speed R in this case is expressed in units of 1000 barrels per year. Compute
15
_!__ JR(t)dt and interpret the result in the given context.
10
5
 13

Solu_tu ,.ns

M ea n i n g
1. a. 0
b. - 14
C. 4

Ca lcula tion of de finite i ntegra ls

2 . a . 18 e" - 1
g . - 2 - :::: 26.7991

b. - 10 In 5 ~ - 16.0944 1
h. -
3
C. 16590 i. rn ( i ) == 0.8473

14
d. 3 == 4 .6667 j. In ( ~) == 0.9808

e. 0 k. -4 ✓2 8✓
2 1n 2 - - 2 + -==
2 4 04942
3 9 9 .
7 8
f. ln: == 0.3542 I. - ~~ == - 13.8667

3. a . a = 2, a - -6
b . a=l

4 . Use propertie s of the logarithm ic function.

1 1 1 1
5. f(x ) = -e"- - e"+ - w hen x* 0 . For X = 0,wehav e f(x ) = -.
X X
2
X
2 2

Calcul ation of areas and other applica tions

37
5
· 12

3e ~
2
7. == 0 .4165
2e
20
28 00
a. cs =
2
J° (2100 - 2oq - q - 1300) dq "" [caooq
2 q l
3
- 1oq
2
>]
0
- ~ ::: g 333 .33
0
20
3
2 ] 32000
PS = J (1300 - 2q 7 - S00)dq = [ (800q - 2 g_ ) =- ::: 10666 .6 7
3 0
3
0

9. 20 · (e - 2) ~ 14.37
 14

10 2/ [x (/x 1))dx -2\(x:

0
o 2 1n(2 x),x ){ • 02274
11. a. a = 12,/J = 0.25
b . 80%
c. 7 - 6 ln(3) ~ 0.4083
IS

12.
1
~ · JR(t)dt = / 0 -[sO -ln (t 2
+ 25) + 4t]:
5 1
= 10 -[50 -ln (250) - 50 •1n(50) + 60 - 20~
s
= Sln(S) + 4 =:: 12.047
In the period oft= 5 until t = 15, the average speed at which tine oil is pumped up
is 12047 barrels per year.
 15

4 Linear algebra
Use of matrices

1. A certain school education consists of four years. 55% of the first-year students
succeeds, 25% does a retake and 20% choose a different school education. In the
second year, 73% succeeds and 22% does a retake with 5% leaving the school. In tine
third year, 90% succeeds and 10% does a retake, in the fourth and final year 96%
succeeds while 4% does a retake. If xi is the number of students in year i at the start
of an academic year, calculate the numbers Yt of those students who will be in year i
the following year and write the result as a matrix equation.

2. A certain country is divided in three bureaucratic regions: two correspond to cities,

denoted by K and L, and one to the countryside, denoted by P. Migration between the
three regions (in percentages) in the 10-year-period from 1980 to 1990 is shown in
the following diagram.

(J ~
n.1

0.9 0.85

a. The population sizes in the year 2010 in K, L and P are respectively 1 000 000,
2 000 000 and 7 000 000. Set up three equations to calculate the corresponding
population sizes x, y and z in the year 2020.
b. Write the vector t[x y z] as a product of a matrix and of the vector
t[106 2 -106 7 -106 ].
c. Make a prediction for the population sizes in the year 2040 based on these data.
You may assume that the transition percentages remain the same.

3. Three brands share the market of a certain good. Currently, brand A is the market
leader with 70 % of the customers. Brands Band C have a market share of 15% each.
A survey shows that over a period of one year 50 % of the customers of brand A are
faithful to their brand, that 20 % of them change to B and 30 % to C. 10% of the
customers of B change to A and 20 % to C. All the customers of C continue buying C.

a. Find a matrix giving the yearly transitions and a matrix describing how the
customers are distributed over the three brands originally.
b. How will the customers be distributed over the three brands after 1 year?
c. Calculate the state of the market in 10 years' time.
 16

Systems of linear equations

4. Solve the following system using the method of Gauss-Jordan:

L
2x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 1
4x2 + 2x3 + x~ = 2
+ 4x2 + X 3 + x" = 3

5. Three weekly magazines try to seduce readers: Krack, Gumo and Elha. Currently, Krack
has 37% of the market, Gumo 28% and Elha 35%. The customers may change from
one magazine to another from week to weiek. 10% of the customers buying Krack one
week change to Gumo one week later and 90% continue buying Krack, 20% of those
reading Gumo one week change to Krack and 10% changes to Elha, 10% of the Elha-
readers change to Krack and 10% to Gumo. Find out what the market shares were last
week.

6. Cars are mainly produced in Europe, the United States and the Far East. Assume that
over an arbitrary period of 10 years 5% of the owners of a European car change to an
American car and 10% to a car made in the Far East. During the same period 10% of
the owners of an American car change to a European one and 10% to a car made in
the Far East. 5% of the owners of a car made in the Far East change to a European car
and 5% to an American car.
a. Now 60% of the cars are European, 10% are made in America and 30% in the Far
East. Determine the market shares in 10 years' time.
b. In question a you observed that the market shares change. Can you find initial
percentages that remain unchanged after a period of 10 years?

7 . A parcel has the form of a cuboid. The picture below shows a rope of 1.9 m wound
around this parcel in three different ways.

In the first case 0.6 m is left for the knot. In the second case one has 0.2 m for the
knot and in the third case 0 .5 m. Find the dimensions of the parcel.

8. The druid Panoramix has to prepare his well-known magic potion making the Gauls
from the village of Asterix and Obelix invincible. For four persons he needs the following
ingredients: 0.49 litre of beech nut oil, 0 .31 litre birch sap and 0.1 litre of mistletoe
sap. However, there is no time left to fetch these ingredients from the wood.
Fortunately Panora mix has three stone bottles in his cellar containing mixture~ of th_ese
ingredients. The fluid in the first bottle is made of 0.5 litre beech nut oil, 0.4 litre birch
sap and 0 .1 litre mistletoe sap. For the fluid in the second bottle 0.3 litre of beech ~ut
oil, 0.5 litre birch sap and 0.2 litre of mistletoe sap was used . The label of the third
bottle states that it contains 0.75 litre of beech nut oil, 0.2 litre of birch sap and 0.05
litre of mistletoe sap.
 17

a. How much of each mixture must the druid use to prepare his magic potion for four
persons?
b. For how many warriors can he make his magic potion?

9. Solve:

1
I -1 I·
1
- 3
X y z
1 2 3
+ - + = 6.
X y z
2 3 4
+ - + - = 9
X y z

10. Show that the system

2x + y - z = -4
4x + y - Sz = -6
{
X - 2z = -1

has no solution consisting of positive numbers only.

Determinants, eigenvalues and eigenvectors

11. How many solutions does the system below have? Discuss in terms of the value of the
parameter k :

rk - l)x +
(2k - l)x -
2ky
2y
+ (2k + l)z = 7
z = 5.
(Sk - 3)x + (3k - 3)y + 2kz = 12
12. Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices.

A=G !] B = [~ ~1] C= G -1
-1]
-3 2 [0.3 0.1 0.1]
D = [; -5
-6 !] E = [~ 2
0 il F = 0.2 0.4 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.3

13. a. Explain why the matrix A from the previous exercise is diagonalizable.
Perform the diagonalization.
b. Same question for matrix E from the previous exercise.
 18

14. A certain population of anim als Is divided into three age groups: class (from b'rth
1
t year), class 2 (from J year to 2 years) and class 3 (from 2 t 3 I to
anl I years O years) These
m as never grow older t han 3 years, so these t hree classes cover the full po~ulat·
At thi s moment there are 9000 animals In class 1 10 000 In I 2 . ion.
3 J th f ' c ass and 5000 in class
• n e course o a year, 3 0 % of t he animals In class l. die and the same holds for
0
SO Vo of the animals in class 2. Furtherm ore, l.Q.Q.lyiduals in class 1 bring forth
O4

;~=~~ge
young ones on averag_e p_e~ year, individuals In class 2 bring forth 0.6 young ones ~n
per year and md1v1duals in clast lbring forth 1..1 _young...2r1es on average per

a. Compute
. how many individual animals will populate the three age groups in 2 years,
t Ime.
b. Find out whether there exists an equilibrium population, i.e. , find out whether t here
is a population for which the number of individuals in each age group is constant.
c. If possi~le, calculate numbers for the animals in the three age groups that change
proportionally year after year so that the relative percentages remain constant.

Powers of matrices
15. A student home houses 200 students. Research has shown that students who watch
at least 2 hours of television one day will watch less than 2 hours the day after. Of
those students that watch less than 2 hours one day, 25% watches at least 2 hours
the next day. Suppose that 120 students in the student home have watched at least
2 hours of television today.
a. According to the research, how many students in the home will watch at least 2
hours of television tomorrow? How many will watch less than 2 hours tomorrow?
b. How many students will watch at least, respectively less than, 2 hours of television
the day after tomorrow? In three days' time?
c. Suppose that 158 students in the home watch less than 2 hours of television today.
How many will have watched less than 2 hours of television the day before
yesterday?
d . Is there an equilibrium distribution? If so, which?
e. How do the numbers evolve in the long run?

16. A country is divided into three regions A, B and C. Every yeares5% of th e inhabitants
t from A to C. Of the
of region A move house to B and the same percen ages mov .
inhabitants of B 15% move to A and 10% move to C. Finally, of the inhab~tan~s of~•
' o, f th ntry's population lived in
10% move to A and 5% to B. Suppose that 2 0 ,o o e cou
A and 30% in Bat the beginning of the year 2012. . . of
th
a . How will the population be distributed over the three regions at e beginning
the year 2014? ?
How will the population be distributed over the three regions in the long run . .

: : Suppose that the coun~ry ha_s 6 mllihlon 1~haa~~a~:~i:~dh~:: :~ist;~tt~:r ;~';,~~~:

constant. How many inhabitants s ou 1 e
numbers for all regions remain unchanged?
 19

17. Albinism is a common occurrence in populations of dwarf rabbits. If a population at a

certain point in time consists of a dwarf rabbits with albinism and p dwarf rabbits with
pigment, then half a year later, the population consists of 2a + p rabbits with albinism
and 8a + 9p rabbits with pigment. We observe a population of dwarf rabbits consisting
of only 4 animals, all with pigment. Find a formula for the number of animals with
albinism in this population after a period of n years.

18. When it comes to studying, a student is observed to have the following habits. If he
studies tonight, there is a 70% chance he will not be studying tomorrow and a 30%
chance he will be. If he does not study tonight, there is a 60% chance he won't be
studying tomorrow either. In the long run, what is the percentage of nights the student
is actually studying?
 20

~ alutions

Use of matrices
1 . Matrix eq uatio n :
0.25 0 0
0.55 0.22 0
[ 0 0.73 0.10
0 0 0.90

x = 0. 9 -1 000 000 + 0.1 · 2 000 000 + 0 .1 · 7 000 000

2. a. y = 0.05 •1000000 + 0.85 • 2 000 000 + 0.1 · 7 000 000
i z = 0.05 · 1 000 000 + 0.05 · 2 000 000 + 0.8 · 7 000 000

1
b. [:] [i;5 o~~5~:~]·[~~~~ ~~~ ]
z
=
0.05 0.05 0.8 7 000 000

C.
l= 2 3
0.9 0.1 0 .1 [1000000
2
0 .05 0 .85 0 .1 • 000 000
[ 2952000]
938 625 I so in other words 2 952 000
[
1
0.05 0.05 0.8 7 000 000 4 109 375
inhabitants in K, 2 938 625 inhabitants in Len 4 109 375 in Pin the year 2040.

3. a. Current state of the market and transition matrix per year:

from
A B C
0.70]
[0.5 0.1
~]
0.15 A
[ 0 .15
to B 0.2 0.7
C 0.3 0.2

b. 36.5% for brand A, 24. 5% for brand B and 39% for brand C.
c. 1.47% for brand A, 3 .98% for brand Band 94.55% for brand C.

Systems of linear equations

x 1 = 1-2.Sk
x = O.S+ k
4.
{
x: = _ _k
2 5
(with k any number)
X4 = k

5. 30% for Krack, 30% for Gumo and 40% for Elha .
6 . a. 53.5% European cars, 12.5% American cars and 34% cars from the Far East.
b. 30% European cars, 20% American cars and 50% cars from the Far East.
7. The parcel has a height of 0 .1 m, width of 0.15 m and length of 0 .3m.
8. a. 0 .2 litre from bottle 1, 0 .3 litre from bottle 2 and 0.4 litre from bottle 3.
b. For 10 warriors.
 21

l
\
J...
l
9. '\ (J... any number except O and 1.5)
3 2J..
-
'
1
J...

10. The solutions of the system are of the form

x - 2k - 1
y = - 3k - 2 (k any number)
iz =k

For negative values of k we have that the z-coord inate of the solution is not positive.
For values of k ~ O we have that they-co ordinate of the solution is not positive.

Deter minan ts, eigen value s and eigen vecto rs

11. We use the determi nant to determi ne for which values of k the system has either
exactly one solution or not. The coefficient matrix of the system is
2k-1 2k
2~;1]·
[
A = 2k - 1 -2
Sk - 3 3k - 3 2k

The determi nant is a function of k. Expression for the determi nant:

2
det(A) = (2k + 2)(2k - 2k)

The determi nant is non-zer o except when k = - 1, k = O or k = 1. This means:

• If k = - 1, k = o and k;,: 1, then the system has exactly one solution ;
• If k = - 1, k = o or k = 1, then the system does not have exactly one solution.
In the second case we haven't answered the question yet. We know that there is not
exactly one solution , but there are still two possibil ities: either no solution or an infinite
number of solution s. To decide between these two possibilities, we solve the system
for these three values of k (perform ing row reductio n of the augmented matrix by the
calculat or). For k = -I and k =O we find that the system has no solutions. For k =I the
system has an infinite number of solution s.

12. A: eigenva lue 5 with eigenve ctors k G], k * 0

eigenva lue -1 with eigenve ctors k [! 1] , k * 0

B: eigenva lue 2 with eigenve ctors k G] ,k * 0

C: no eigenva lues

D : eigenva lue -2 with eigenve ctors k [i] + I[ ~J, (k, I) * (0,0)

eigenva lue 4 with eigenve ctors k Ul, k * 0

 22

E : eigenv alue 1 with eigenv ectors k ml, k ,t, O

eigenv alue 2 with eigenv ectors k [~] , k ,t, O

eigenv alue 3 with eigenv ectors k [i] , *

k O

F: eigenv alue O. 2 with eigenv ectors k [ : 1 J+ l [ JJ ,( *

k, /) (0,0)

eigenv alue 0.6 with eigenv ectors k [!] ,k *O

alues, it is certainly
13. a. Since A is a matrix of size 2 x 2 and it has two differe nt eigenv
diagon alizab le:

0 ] 1 [1
-1 3 1
it is certainly
b. Since Eis a matrix of size 3 x 3 and it has three differe nt eigenvalues,
diagon alizab le:

1.5]
-3
0.5
0.4 0.6
=[
14. a. Trans ition matrix A 0.7 0
Yl
Curre nt situati on X0 = [10
0
9 000
000
5 000
0.5
l
15 320]
In 2 years' time: X2 = A2 · X0 = [ 10 570 .
3 150
1).
b. There is none (because the transit ion matrix has no eigenvalue
rix
Other reason ing: To answe r the questi on, we search for a 3 x 1-mat

solution (0,0,0)
such that A • X = X. This leads to a system with only one (trivia l)
so there is none.
that the system
c. We check wheth er there exists a positiv e value for l such
A . X = ;_x has non-ze ro solutio ns. We search in other words
for the eigenvectors
one (positi ve)
of A corres pondin g to a positiv e eigenv alue of A. This matrix has only
 23
to this eigenvalue are given
eigenvalue: A :::: 1.1. The eigenvectors corresponding
by
1
X = km ] (bO ).

ps that change proportionally

The num bers for the anim als in the three age grou
year afte r year are for exam ple:

=
121]
77 ,[242
154],[363
231],... .
X
[35 70 105

Pow ers of ma tric es

of telev ision tomo rrow , 180 students less

15. a. 20 stud ents will watc h at leas t 2 hour s
than 2 hour s.
s, 155 stud ents less than 2 hours.
b. Day afte r tomo rrow : 45 stud ents at leas t 2 hour
stud ents less than 2 hours.
In thre e days : 39 stud ents at leas t 2 hour s, 161
of telev ision the day befo re yesterday.
c. 128 stud ents have watc hed less than 2 hour s
and 40 stud ents at leas t 2 hours.
d. Yes, if 160 stud ents watc h less than 2 hour s
stud ents at leas t 2 hour s of television
e. 160 stud ents watc h less than 2 hour s and 40
in the long run.

.5% regio n C.
16. a. 33.3 % regio n A, 23.2 % regio n Ban d 43
ts in regio n B and 29% in region C.
b. 54% inha bitan ts in regio n A, 17% inha bitan
in Ban d 1 750 000 in region C.
c. 3 250 000 inha bitan ts in regio n A, 1 000 000

17. Num ber of dwa rf rabb its with albin ism alte
r n year s is equa l to ; -(100n - 1) •

4
18. ii : : 36.3 6%