MATHEMATICS JEE SOLUTIONS

Part-2
Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Methods of Differentiation
Application of Derivatives
Determinants
Matrices
Vectors
3-Dimensional Geometry
Heights and Distances
Mathematical Induction
 8
Functions 8.1

Chapter Functions

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. For domain, |x| – x > 0 ⇒ |x| > x. π π 1
6. − ≤ sin −1 (2 x) ≤ ⇒ − ≤ 2 x ≤ 1
This is possible, only when x ∈ R . – 6 2 2
log 2 ( x + 3) log 2 ( x + 3)  1 1
2. Here f ( x) = = exists if,
⇒ x ∈ − ,  .
 4 2
2
x + 3 x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)

Numerator x + 3 > 0 ⇒ x > – 3 ... (i)
7. According to formula, total number of functions = nn

and denominator (x + 1) (x + 2) ≠ 0

Here, n = 10. So, total number of functions = 1010.

⇒ x ≠ –1, –2  ...(ii) −1− | −1 | −1 − 1
8. f (−1) = = = −2

Thus, from (i) and (ii); we have domain of f(x) is | −1 | 1

(–3, ∞) – {–1, –2}. 0; x ! I

9. 5x? + 5- x?*
- 1: x! I
3. f ( x) = x − x 2 + 4 + x + 4 − x

Case-I: When x ! I

clearly f(x) is defined if
x 2 - 12x + 35 = 0


4+x≥0 ⇒ x≥–4
] x - 5g] x - 7g = 0


4–x≥0 ⇒ x≤4

x (1– x) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1
` x = 5, x = 7

\ Domain of f = (–∞, 4]∩[–4, ∞) ∩ [0, 1] = [0, 1].
Case-II: When x Y
!I

4. f(x) = sin–1[log2(x/2)] x 2 - 12x + 35 =- 1

Domain of sin–1 x is x ∈ [–1, 1] x 2 - 12x + 36 = 0

1 x ] x - 6g2 = 0


⇒ – 1 ≤ log2(x/2) ≤ 1 ⇒ ≤ ≤2 ⇒1≤x≤4
2 2
x = 6 but x Y
!I

\ x ∈ [1, 4].
` No solution from here.
5. f(x) is to be defined when x2 – 1 > 0
Hence 2 solutions.

⇒ x2 > 1, ⇒ x < – 1 or x > 1 and 3 + x > 0
1
10. y = : ymax = 1.

\ x > – 3 and x ≠ –2 ^ x - 1h2 + 1

\ Dr = (–3, –2) ∪ (–2, –1) ∪ (1, ∞).

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. f is one-one because f(x1) = f(x2) 2. We have f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)

⇒ 2x1 + 3 = 2x2 + 3 ⇒ x1 = x2
⇒ f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = 0
x−3
⇒ f(x) is not one-one
Further f −1 ( x) =
∉ N (domain)
2

For each y ∈ R there exists x ∈ R such that

when x = 1, 2, 3 etc.

f(x) = y. Therefore f is onto.

\ f is into which shows that f is one-one into.

Hence, f : R → R is onto but not one-one.
8.2 Mathematics
2 1
3. Number of surjection from A to B = ∑ (−1) y=
2− r 2
Cr ( r ) 4 7. Q
r =1
2 − sin 3 x
1 1
= (−1) 2−1 2C1 (1) 4 + (−1) 2−2 2C2 (2) 4 = – 2 + 16 = 14
\ 2 − sin 3x =
⇒ sin 3 x = 2 − ,
y y

Therefore, number of surjection from A to B = 14.
Now since,

Trick: Total number of functions from A to B is 2 of 4
1 1
−1 ≤ sin 3x ≤ 1 ⇒ − 1 ≤ 2 − ≤ 1 ⇒ − 3 ≤ − ≤ −1

which two function f(x) = a for all x ∈ A and y y

g(x) = b for all x ∈ A are not surjective. 1 1
⇒ 1≤ ≤ 3 ⇒ ≤ y ≤ 1.
y 3

Thus, total number of surjection from A to B

= 24 – 2 = 14. 8. f(x) = a cos (bx + c) + d...(i)
4. Total number of one-one onto functions = 3!
For minimum cos(bx + c) = – 1
5. f(–1) = f(1) = 1 \ function is many-one function.
from (i), f(x) = – a + d = (d – a),

Obviously, f is not onto so f is neither one-one nor
for maximum cos (bx + c) = 1
onto.
from (i), f(x) = a + d = (d + a)
2
1+ x
\ Range of f(x) = [d – a, d + a].
6. Let y = ⇒ x2y = 1 + x2
x2
1 π 2 
2
⇒ x (y – 1) = 1 ⇒ x =
2 9. f ( x) = sec  cos x
y −1 4
We know that, 0 ≤ cos2 x ≤ 1
1

Now since, x2 > 0 ⇒ >0
y −1 at cos x = 0, f(x) = 1 and at cos x = 1, f ( x) = 2


⇒ (y – 1) > 0 ⇒ y > 1
\ 1≤ x ≤ 2

⇒ y ∈ (1, ∞).

⇒ x ∈[1, 2 ] .
1 + x2 1 1
Trick: y = 2 = 1 + 2 .
10. f ( x) = 1 +
x x 2
 1 3
1 x+  +

Now since, 2 is always > 0 ⇒ y > 1  2 4
x

⇒ Range = (1, 7/3].

⇒ y ∈ (1, ∞).
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. gof (x) = g{f(x)} = g(2x – 1) = (2x – 1)2. 1 5  π π  π 

=  − 2 cos  2 x +  cos + cos  2 x +   = 5/4
2 2  3 3  3 
2. fog(x) = f{g(x)} = f(x2 + 1) = (x2 + 1 +1)2 = (x2 + 2)2

⇒ fog(–3) = (9 + 2)2 = 121.
(for all x). \ gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(5/4) = 1 [Q g(5/4)
=1 (given)]. Hence, gof(x) = 1 for all x.
3. f(x) = sin2x + sin2(x + p/3) + cos x cos (x + p/3)
4. g(x) = x2 + x – 2 ⇒ (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = [f(x)]2 + f(x)
1 − cos 2 x 1 − cos(2 x + 2π/3)

= + – 2.
2 2
1 1
+ {2 cos x cos( x + π / 3)}
Given ( gof ) ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2
2 2

1 \ 1 [ f ( x)]2 + 1 f ( x) − 1 = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2

= 2 [1 − cos 2 x + 1 − cos(2 x + 2π/3)
2 2
+ cos( 2 x + π / 3) + cos π / 3]
⇒ [f(x)]2 + f(x) = 4x2 – 10x + 6

⇒ f(x) [f(x) + 1] = (2x – 3) [(2x – 3) + 1]
= 2 ; 2 - &cos 2x + cos b 2x + 3 l0 + cos b 2x + 3 lE
1 5 2r r

⇒ f(x) = 2x – 3.
 Functions 8.3
8. Here g(x) = 1 + n – n = 1, x = n ∈ Z
y / 1+ y2
5. f [ g ( y )] =
2
1 + n + k – n = 1 + k, x=n+k
 y 
1−  
(where n ∈ Z, 0 < k < 1 )
2
 1+ y 
−1, g ( x) < 0
y 1 + y2 
= × = y.
Now, f ( g ( x)) =  0, g ( x) = 0
1+ y2 1 + y2 − y2  1, g ( x) > 0

 2x − 3 
Clearly, g(x) > 0 for all x. So, f(g(x)) = 1 for all x.
2 −3
 x−2 
6. f [ f ( x)] = =x 5
 2x − 3  9. Here f (2) =
  − 2 4
 x−2  5
2× +1
5 4
7. g ( x) = 1 + x and f ( g ( x)) = 3 + 2 x + x ...(i) Hence (fof) (2) = f(f(2)) = f   =
=2.
 4  3× 5 − 2
4
⇒ f (1 + x ) = 3 + 2 x + x
10. g(f(x)) ≤ f(g(x)) ⇒ g(|x|) ≤ f[x]

Put 1+ x = y ⇒ x = (y – 1)2
⇒ [| x |] ≤ |[x]|.

then, f(y) = 3 + 2 (y – 1) + (y – 1)2 = 2 + y2
This is true for x ∈ R .

therefore, f(x) = 2 + x2.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1  x π
r

Period of cos 4x is 2 . Hence, period of |sin 2x| will
1. f ( x) = 2 cos ( x − π) = 2 cos  −  r
3 3 3 be 2 .

Now, since cos x has period 2p
Trick: Q sin x has period = 2p ⇒ sin 2x has period
2π
 x π 2π = = p.
⇒ cos  −  has period
= 6π 2
3 3 1
r
3
Now, if f(x) has period p then |f(x)| has period 2
 x π r

⇒ 2 cos  −  has period = 6p.
⇒ |sin 2x| has period = 2
3 3
2. Q sin x has period = 2p 4. f ] xg is odd & f ]0 g = 0

2π f ] xg has period 2 & f ]0 g = f ]2g = f ]4g

rx
⇒ sin 2 has period = π = 4

& ]4g = 0
f
5. f ] xg = e x + cos ] xg & even function.
2 2

Q cos x has period = 2p
Also, f ] xg is into.

rx 2π

⇒ cos 3 has period = =6
π πx   πx 
6. f ( x) = sin   + cos  
3  n −1   n 
rx

⇒ 2 cos 3 has period = 6  πx  2π

Period of sin   = π = 2 ( n − 1) and period

Q tan x has period = p  n −1   
 
 n − 1 
rx π

⇒ tan 3 has period = = 4
π  πx  2π

of cos   = = 2n
4  n  π
 

L.C.M. of 4, 6 and 4 =12, period of f(x) = 12. n

2 (1 − cos 4 x)
Hence period of f(x) is L.C.M. of 2n and 2(n – 1)
3. Here | sin 2 x |= sin 2 x =
2
⇒ 2n(n – 1).
8.4 Mathematics

 ax −1  9. f ( x) = log( x + x 2 + 1) and
7. We have: f ( x) = x  x 
 a +1

 1  f (− x) = − log( x + x 2 + 1) = − f ( x) , so f(x) is an odd
 a− x −1   ax −1  function.
f (− x) = − x  − x  = − x  
 a +1  1 + 1  10. In option (a),
 ax 
 1− ax   ax −1  a− x + 1 1 + a x ax +1
f (− x) = = = − = − f ( x)
= − x  x  = x  x  = f ( x) a− x −1 1 − a x ax −1
1+ a   a +1
So, It is an odd function.

So, f(x) is an even function.

In option (b),
8. f ( x) = x 4 + 15
a− x −1 (1 − a x ) (a x − 1)
f (− x) = (− x) = − x = x = f ( x)
⇒ f (− x) = (− x) 4 + 15
a− x + 1 1+ ax (a x + 1)

= x 4 + 15 = f(x) So, It is an even function. In option (c),

⇒ f(–x) = f(x) a− x − a x
f (− x) = = − f ( x) . So, It is an odd function.

⇒ f(x), is an even function a− x + a x

In option (d), f(–x) = sin(–x) = – sin x = – f(x). So, It

⇒ f(x), is symmetric about y-axis.
is an odd function.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. Clearly, f : R → R is a one-one onto function. So, it 3. f(x) = x – [x]. Since, for x = 0 ⇒ f(x) = 0
is invertible.
For x = 1 ⇒ f(x) = 0
y+5
For every integer value of x, f(x) = 0

Let f(x) = y then, 3x – 5 = y ⇒ x = .
3
y+5 x+5
⇒ f(x) is not one-one ⇒ So f –1(x) is not defined.

⇒ f −1 ( y ) = . Hence, f −1 ( x) = .
3 3 4. Given f(x) = 2x(x – 1) ⇒ (x(x – 1)) = log2f (x)
2. f(x) = 3x – 4 = y 1 ± 1 + 4 log 2 f ( x)
2
⇒ x − x − log 2 f ( x) = 0 ⇒ x =


⇒ y = 3x – 4 2
y+4 1 + 1 + 4 log 2 f ( x)

⇒x =
Only x = lies in the domain
3 2
y+4 x+4 1

⇒ f −1 ( y ) = ⇒ f −1 ( x) = .
−1
\ f ( x) = [1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x].
3 3 2
5. A function is invertible if it is one-one and onto.

EXERCISE - 1
Definition, Value of Function, Graphs 1 - tan 2 θ
= f (tan 2 θ) =
= cos 2θ.
1. Given f (x) = cos(log x) & f (y) = cos(log y) 1 + tan 2 θ
3. f (xy) = sinlog xy = sin (log x + log y) ....(i)
Then f (x) .f (y) - 2 : f ` y j + f (xy)D
1 x

f (x/y) = sinlog (x/y) = sin (log x - log y) ....(ii)
= cos(log x) cos(log y) - 2 :cos `log y j + cos(log xy)D
1 x

` f (xy) + f (x/y) = 2sinlog x cos log y

1
Hence required value of the function is
= cos(log x)cos(log y) - 2 [2 cos(log x) cos(log y)] = 0.

2sin log x coslog y - 2sinlog x coslog y = 0
2. f [f (cos 2θ)] = f :1 + cos 2θ D
1 - cos 2θ
 Functions 8.5
4. f (x + 1) - f (x) = 8x + 3 13. f ]- 1g = f ]1 g = 1; ` function is many-one function.

& [b (x + 1) 2 + c (x + 1) + d] - (bx 2 + cx + d) = 8x + 3 Obviously, f is not onto so f is neither one-one nor
onto.
(
& 2b) x + (b + c) = 8x + 3
14. | x | is not one-one; x2 is not one-one;

& 2b = 8, b + c = 3 & b = 4, c =- 1.
x 2 + 1 is not one-one. But 2x - 5 is one-one because
5. We have f (x + y) + f (x - y)
f (x) = f (y) & 2x - 5 = 2y - 5 & x = y
= 2 6a x + y + a -x - y + a x - y + a -x + y@
1

Now f ] xg = 2x - 5 is onto. ` f ] xg = 2x - 5 is
= 2 6a x (a y + a -y) + a -x (a y + a -y)@
1

bijective.
1
= 2 (a x + a -x) (a y + a -y) = 2f (x) f (y) y2 - 4
15. Let f ] xg = f ^ yh &
x2 - 4
= 2
f (a) a/(a - 1) a2
2
x +4 y +4
6. f (a + 1) = (a + 1) /a = 2 = f (a 2)
a -1
x2 - 4 y2 - 4
7. f (x) = f (- x) & f (0 + x) = f (0 - x) & 2
-1 = 2 - 1 & x2 + 4 = y2 + 4
x +4 y +4

is symmetrical about x = 0.
& x = ! y, ` f ] xg is many-one.

` ]2 + xg = f ]2 - xg is symmetrical about x = 2.
f
Now for each y ! ^- 1, 1h,

ax + b
8. y = cx - a & x (cy - a) = b + ay

there does not exist x ! X such that f(x) = y.
ay + b
& x = cy - a = f (y) .
Hence f is into.
2 2 16. A function is invertible if it is one-one and onto.
9. Let f (x) = x 2 - 1 = x +2 1 - 2 = 1 - 2 2
x +1 x +1 x +1 2x
17. For – 1 < x < 1, tan -1 = 2 tan -1 x
2 1 - x2
a x 2 + 1 2 1; ` 2 #2
x +1
Range of f ] xg = b - 2 , 2 l .
r r
2
So 1 - 2 $ 1 - 2 ; ` - 1 # f (x) 1 1
x +1

` Co-domain of function
Thus f(x) has the minimum value equal to –1.

= B = b- 2 , 2 l.
One-One, onto, Bijective Functions r r

10. Since the mapping is many-one into.
11. Let x1, x2 ! R, then f ] x1g = cos x1, f ] x2g = cos x2, so
Periodic, Even, Odd functions

f (x1) = f (x2) 18. Let f(x) be periodic with period T.

cos
& x1 = cos x2 & x1 = 2nπ ! x2 Then, f ] x + T g = f ] xg for all x ! R

& x1 ! x2, so it is not one-one. & x + T - 5x + T ? = x - 5x?, for all x ! R


Again the value of f-image of x lies in between –1 to
& x + T - x = [x + T] - [x]
& 5x + T ? - 5x? = T for all
1

& f [R] = " f (x): - 1 # f (x) # 1) ,


x ! R & T = 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
So other numbers of co-domain is not in f-image.

The smallest value of T satisfying
f 5R? ! R, so it is also not onto. So this mapping is
f ] x + T g = f ] xg for all x ! R is 1.
neither one-one nor onto.
12. We have f (x) = (x - 1) 2 (x - 2) 2 (x - 3) Hence f ] xg = x - 5x? has period 1.

and f ]1 g = f ]2g = f ]3 g = 0 & f ] xg is not one-one.
19. It is a fundamental concept.
For each y ! R, there exists x ! R such that f(x) =
y. Therefore f is onto. Hence f: R $ R is onto but
not one-one.
8.6 Mathematics
a -x + 1 1 + a x ax + 1 1
20. In (a), f (- x) = -x = x =- x 28. f (x) = log | sin x | & sin x ! 0
a -1 1-a a -1

=- f (x) & ! nπ + ]- 1gn 0
x

So, it is an odd function. & x ! nπ. Domain of f ] xg = R - " mπ, n ! I , .

-x x
a -1 1-a 3

In (b), f (- x) = (- x) =- x 29. f (x) = + log10 (x3 - x) .
a -x + 1 1 + ax 4 - x2
ax - 1

=x = f (x)
ax + 1 So, 4 - x 2 ! 0 & x ! ! 4 and


So, it is an even function.
x 3 - x > 0 & x ] x 2 - 1g > 0

In (c), f ]- xg = -x =- f ] xg
a -x - a x

a + ax

So, it is an odd function. – + – +

In (d), f (- x) = sin (- x) =- sin x =- f (x) –1 0 1

` D = ^- 1, 0h , ^1, 3h - " 4 , i.e.,

So, it is an odd function.

21. Here, f (x) = log a 1 - x k
1+x
D = ^- 1, 0h , ^1, 2h , ^2, 3h .

and f (- x) = log a 1 + x k = log a 1 - x k
1-x 1 + x -1
30. The quantity under root is positive, when
=- log a 1 - x k =- f (x) & f ] xg is an odd function.
1+x


-1 - 3 # x #- 1 + 3 .
22. f (x) = sin_log (x + 1 + x 2 ) i
31. The function f ] xg = log ] x 2 - 6x + 6g is defined
when log ] x 2 - 6x + 6g $ 0
2

& f (- x) = sin[log (- x + 1 + x )]

& 2 - 6x + 6 $ 1 & ] x - 5g] x - 1g $ 0
( 1 + x 2 + x)
& f (- x) = sinlog e ( 1 + x 2 - x) o x
( 1 + x 2 + x)

This inequality holds if x # 1 or x $ 5. Hence, the
& f (- x) = sinlog<
1
F domain of the function will be (- 3,1] , [5,3)
(x + 1 + x 2 )
& f (- x) = sin 7log (x + 1 + x 2 ) -1A
32. Here x 2 > 1, therefore x ! (- 3,- 1),(1, 3) .

33. For it must x - x > 0
& f (- x) = sin 7- log (x + 1 + x 2 )A

x > x but x = x for x positive and x > x for x
& f (- x) =- sin 7log (x + 1 + x 2 )A
negative. So, domain will be ^- 3, 0h .
& ]- xg =- f ] xg
f 34. f (x) = x 2 - 1 + x 2 + 1 & f (x) = y1 + y2
f ` ] xg is odd function.
Domain of y1 = x 2 - 1 & x 2 - 1 $ 0 & x 2 $ 1

Domain range
x ! ^- 3, 3h - ^- 1, 1h and Domain of y2 is real

23. Domain of f ] xg = R - !3 +, and range {1, –1}. number, ` Domain of f ] xg = ^- 3, 3h - ^- 1, 1h .
24. 5x? = I (Integers only). 35. f (x) = e 5x - 3 - 2x 2
& 5x - 3 - 2x 2 $ 0 or
-1 1
(x - 1) a x - 2 k # 0
25. - 1 # 5x # 1 & 5 # x # 5 . 3

Hence domain is : 51 , 15 D. ` D ! 61, 3/2@ .
-

26. Domain of function = : 2 , 2 D

- 5 11 36. f ] xg = a cos ]bx + cg + d …..(i)
- 5 11 For minimum cos ]bx + cg =- 1

+ 3
` mid-point = 2 2 2 = 2
from (i), f (x) =- a + d = (d - a)
27. x - 6x + 7 = ] x - 3g - 2
2 2

For maximum cos (bx + c) = 1

Obviously, minimum value is – 2 and maximum 3.
from (i), f (x) = a + d = (d + a)
Hence range of function is 6- 2, 3h.
` Range of f ] xg = 6d - a, d + a@.

 Functions 8.7
37. As shown in graph 46. Let f ] xg = y & x = f ^ yh . Now,
-1

& Range is (- 1, 0] .
y = x + 5 , ^ x ! - 5h
2x - 1

O (1,0) (2,0)
xy + 5y = 2x - 1 & 5y + 1 = 2x - xy .
5y + 1
& x (2 - y) = 5y + 1 & x = 2 - y

y=–1
5y + 1 5x + 1
& f -1 (y) = 2 - y ` f -1 (x) = 2 - x , x ! 2

38. f ] xg = cos ] x/3g
47. Given (gof) a 3 k - (fog)a 3 k
-5 -5
We know that - 1 # cos ] x/3g # 1.

= g & f a 3 k 0 - f & g a 3 k 0 = g (- 2 ) - f a 3 k
-5 -5 5

39. f ] xg =
x+2
x+2
= 2 - 1 = 1.
- 1, x < - 2
f ] xg = ) 48. (fog) x = 2 [g (x)] and (g + g) x = 2[g (x)] .
1, x > - 2
` Range of f(x) is "- 1, 1 , .
49. gof (x) = g {f (x)} = [| cos x |] .

40. Since maximum and minimum values of cos x - sin x 50. fof (x) = f {f (x)} = (x 2 + 1) 2 + 1 = x 4 + 2x 2 + 2.
α` x + 1 j
are 2 and - 2 respectively, therefore range of αx
f ] xg is 6- 2 , 2 @.
α f (x) α 2 .x
51. f (f (x)) = f (x) + 1 = αx = αx + x + 1
` x + 1 + 1j
Composite function , Inverse function
41. We have f (x) = ax + b, g (x) = cx + d and α 2 .x

` x = ( α + 1) x + 1
f (g (x)) = g (f (x))
or x ((α + 1) x + 1 - α 2) = 0


& f (cx + d) = g (ax + b)
or (α + 1) x 2 + (1 - α 2) x = 0 .


& a [cx + d] + b = c [ax + b] + d

This should hold for all

& ad + b = cb + d & f (d) = g (b) .
y+2 x. & α + 1 = 0, 1 - α 2 = 0, ` α =- 1.

x+2 3
42. y = x - 1 & x = y - 1 + 1 = y - 1 = f (y)
52. ^ gof h] xg = sin x and f ] xg = sin 2 x
43. Let f ] xg = y & x = f ^ yh .
& g ]sin 2 xg = sin x ; ` g ] xg = x .
-1

y+5

Hence f (x) = y = 3x - 5 & x = 3 53. f [f (x)] = [a - " f (x) ,n] 1/n = [a - (a - x n)] 1/n = x
y+5
& f -1 (y) = x = 3
54. a e x = y + 1 + y 2
x+5 ` x - y = 1 + y2
e
` f -1 (x) = 3

Also f is one-one and onto, so f -1 exists and is given

Squaring both the sides,
x+5 _e x - y i = _1 + y 2 i
2
by f -1 (x) = 3 .
44. Given f ] xg = 3x - 4. e 2x + y 2 - 2ye x = 1 + y 2 & e 2x - 1 = 2ye x

Now let y = f -1 ] xg & f ^ y h = x
e 2x - 1

& 2y = & 2y = e x - e -x
ex

& 3y - 4 = x & 3y = x + 4
e x - e -x
x+4 -1 x+4 Hence, y = 2 .

&y= 3 & f (x) = 3 .
x 55. Given f: ^2, 3h $ ^0, 1h and f ] xg = x - 5x?
45. f (x) = 1 + x . Let y = f (x) & x = f -1 (y)
x y ` ] xg = y = x - 2 & x = y + 2 = f -1 ^ y h
f
` y = 1 + x & y + yx = x & x = 1 - y
& f -1 ] xg = x + 2.

y x
& f -1 (y) = 1 - y & f -1 (x) = 1 - x
8.8 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 2
Definition, Value of Function, Graphs 10 + x
9. e f (x) = 10 - x , x ! (- 10,10)
1. The given expression is
& f (x) = log a 10 - x k
10 + x

2 2 1< x2 x2 F
cos (log x ) cos (log y ) - coslog + coslog RS V
2 2 y2 SS10 + 200x 2 WWW
& fa k = log SSS
200x 100 + x W
= 2 6cos(log x 2 + log y 2) + cos(log x 2 - log y 2)@
1 200x WW
100 + x 2
SS10 - 100 + x 2 WW
- 2 :coslog 2 + cos(log x 2 - log y 2)D
1 x2 T X

; E
10 (10 + x) 2
= log 10 (10 - x)
= 2 :coslog x 2 y 2 - coslog 2 D .
1 x2

= 2 log a 10 - x k = 2f (x)
10 + x

2. As log x is defined for only positive values of x.
` f (x) = 2 f a k & k = 2 = 0.5.
1 200x 1
But log x2 defined for all real values of x except 0
100 + x 2
also log |x| is also defined 6 real x except 0. Hence
log x 2 and 2 log x are identical functions. 10. Which is step function.

3. φ ] xg = a x & φ ^ p h = a p
Y

` φ (p)] 3 = [a p] 3 = a3p = φ (3p)

[ }x=1/2 X
O
4. f ]- 1g =
-1 - -1 -1 - 1
= 1 =- 2.
-1
5. f (2x) = 2 (2x) +| 2x |= 4x + 2 | x |, 11. Here, f (θ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3θ)
f ]- xg =- 2x + - x =- 2x + x ,
= sin θ (sin θ + 3 sin θ - 4 sin3 θ) = 4 sin 2 θ (1 - sin 2 θ)
f (x) = 2x +| x | & f (2x) + f (- x) - f (x) = 4 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = (sin 2θ) 2

= 4x + 2 | x |+| x |- 2x - 2x -| x | = 2 x .
f ` ]θg $ 0 for all real θ
One-One, onto, Bijective Functions

6. Given f (x + ay, x - ay) = axy …..(i) 12. It is obvious.

Let x + ay = u and x - ay = v 13. Width of both interval is same, which can mapped
by these function y = 1 - x and y = 1 + x.
u+v u-v
14. a f ]0 g = f ]- 1g = 0 hence f(x) is many one. But

Then x = 2 and y = 2a

Substituting the value of x and y in (i), we obtain there is no pre-image of -1. Hence f(x) is into
x2 - y2 function. So function is many-one into.
u2 - v2
15. Let x, y ! N such that f ] xg = f ^ yh
f (u, v) = 4 & f ( x , y) = 4 .
2 2
7. f (x) = cos[r ] x + cos[- r ] x
Then f (x) = f (y) & x 2 + x + 1 = y 2 + y + 1

f (x) = cos (9x) + cos (- 10x) = cos (9x) + cos (10x)
(
& x - y) (x + y + 1) = 0 & x = y or
= 2 cos a 2 k cos ` 2 j
19x x
x = ^- y - 1 h g N

f ` 2 j = 2 cos a 4 k cos ` 4 j ;
r 19r r f
` is one-one.

f` 2 j = 2 #
π -1 # 1
Again, since for each y ! N , there does not exist
=- 1
2 2 x ! N ` f is into.
1 1
8. f (x) = + 16. f (x1) = f (x2) & x12 = x 22 & x1 = x2, [if X = R+]
x + 2 2x - 4 x - 2 2x - 4
1 1 f
& is one-one. Since R f = R + 3 R = Y; ` f is not
f (11) = + onto.
11 + 2 18 11 - 2 18
1 1 3- 2 3+ 2 6 17. The total number of injective functions from a set

= + = 7 + 7 =7 A containing 3 elements to a set B containing 4
3+ 2 3- 2
elements is equal to the total number of arrangements
of 4 by taking 3 at a time i.e., 4 P3 = 24.
 Functions 8.9
18. f l (x) = 2 + cos x 2 0 . So, f ] xg is strictly Domain range
monotonic increasing so, f(x) is one-to-one and onto. sin -1 (3 - x)
24. f (x) =
19. f: N $ I log 6| x |- 2@
f (1) = 0, f (2) =- 1, f (3) = 1, f (4) =- 2, f (5) = 2 Let g (x) = sin -1 (3 - x) & - 1 # 3 - x # 1

and f ]6 g =- 3 so on

Domain of g(x) is [2, 4]
and let h (x) = log 6| x |- 2@ & x - 2 > 0

1 0
2 –1 |
& x |2 2 & x 1- 2
3 1
–2

or x > 2 & (- 3,- 2) , (2,3)
4
5 2
we know that
6 –3
f (x)
In this type of function every element of set A has (f/g) (x) = g (x) 6x ! D1 + D2 - " x ! R: g (x) = 0 ,

unique image in set B and there is no element left in

` Domain of f (x) = (2, 4] - {3} = (2,3) , (3, 4]
set B. Hence f is one-one and onto function.
25. y = sin -1 8log3 ` 3 jB & - 1 # log3 ` 3 j # 1
Periodic, Even, Odd functions x x

20. f ] xg = log ^ x + x 2 + 1 h and 1 x

& 3 # 3 # 3 & 1 # x # 9 & x ! [1,9]
f ]- xg =- log ^ x + x 2 + 1 h =- f ] xg
f ] xg is odd function.
26. For x =- 3, 3, x 2 - 9 = 0

Therefore log x 2 - 9 does not exist at x =- 3, 3.

21. g (x) = x3 + tan x + : x P+ 1 D
2

Hence domain of function is R - "- 3, 3 , .

g (- x) = (- x) 3 + tan (- x) + ;
(- x) 2 + 1 E

P 27. f (x) = log | log x |, f ] xg is defined if log x > 0 and
g (- x) =- x - tan x + : P D
2
3 x + 1

x > 0 i.e., if x > 0 and x ! 1
g ] xg + g ]- xg = 0 because g(x) is a odd function


(a| log x |2 0 if x ! 1)
` ;x3 + tan x + : x P+ 1 DE + ;- x3 - tan x + : x P+ 1 DE = 0
2 2


& x ! (0,1) , (1,3) .
& 2;
(x 2 + 1) E x2 + 1
= 0 & 0 # P 1 1 because
P
28. The function sec -1 x is defined for all
x ! 6- 2, 2@

x ! R - ^- 1, 1h and the function
1

x - 5 x?
5 is

&0# P 11&P25

defined for all x ! R - Z. So the given function is
22. f(x) = sin ( [a] x )

defined for all x ! R - {(- 1, 1) , (n | n ! Z)} .
2r
29. We have f (x) = :log10 a

⇒ Period =
5a?
=π 5x - x 2 kD1/2
4 …..(i)

[a] = 4

From (i), clearly f(x) is defined for those values of x

⇒ a ∈ [4, 5).
for which log10 :
5x - x 2 D
4 $0
1
23. f(x) = [x] +
,x∉Ι
&a
2 5x - x 2 k 0
a 5x - x k $ 1
2

1 4 $ 10 & 4

⇒ f(–x) = [–x] +
2 & x 2 - 5x + 4 # 0 & (x - 1) (x - 4) # 0

1

= –[x] – 1 +
Hence domain of the function is [1, 4].
2
 1
= –  [ x] +  = – f(x) odd function.

 2
8.10 Mathematics
]Z] 1 1
]] 2 (- x - 1), x 1 - 1 37. f (x) = 1 +
a x + 2 k + 34
1 2
]]
30. f (x) = ][ tan -1 x, - 1 # x # 1 ;
]]
& Range = (1, 7/3] .
]] 1 (x + 1), x 2 1
38. f ] xg = 2 - sin 3x , sin 3x ! 6- 1, 1@
]2 1
\
Z] 1
Hence f ] xg lies in : 3 , 1D.
]]- , x 1 - 1 1
]] 2
]]
f l (x) = []
1 ,- 1 1 x 1 1 39. f ] xg = sin 2 ] x 4g + cos 2 ] x 4g = 1. Hence range = {1}.
]] 1 + x
2

]] 1 π
]] , x 2 1 40. sin -1 x + cos -1 x = 2 holds x lying in [0, 1].
2
\
1 1 1 41. f(x) = loge (3x2 – 4x + 5)
f l (- 1 - 0) =- 2 ; f l (- 1 + 0) = =
1 + (- 1 + 0) 2 2
11
1 1 1
3x2 – 4x + 5 ≥
f l (1 - 0) = = ; f l (1 + 0) = 2 3
1 + (1 - 0) 2 2

` f l (- 1) does not exist; ` domain of ⇒ ln (3x2 – 4x + 5) ≥ ln 11

3
f l (x) = R - {- 1}
[Q ln is an increasing function]
31. f ] xg is to be defined when x 2 - 1 > 0 11
∴ Range is ln , ∞

2
& x > 1, & x < - 1 or x > 1 and 3 + x > 0  3 
x
` > - 3 and x !- 2 42. Domain of f(g(x)): Range of g(x) ≡ Domain of f(x)
` D f = ^- 3, - 2h , ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 3h .

⇒ – 5 ≤ |2x + 5| ≤ 7

32. log &

5x - x 0 2
5x - x 2

⇒ 0 ≤ |2x + 5| ≤ 7
6 $ 0& 6 $ 1 or x 2 - 5x + 6 # 0
or ] x - 2g] x - 3g # 0. Hence 2 # x # 3.

⇒ –7 ≤ 2x + 5 ≤ 7

33. f (x) = x - x 2 + 4 + x + 4 - x
⇒ – 12 ≤ 2x ≤ 2

Clearly f ] xg is defined, if 4 + x $ 0 & x $ - 4

⇒– 6 ≤ x ≤ 1

4-x $ 0 & x # 4 43. f(x) = 4x + 2x + 1

x (1 - x) $ 0 & x $ 0 and x # 1
Let 2x = t > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

` Domain of
∴ f(x) = g(t) = t2 + t + 1, t > 0

f = (- 3, 4] + [- 4,3) + [0,1] = 60, 1@ .

2
 1 3  1 1
g(t) =  t + 2  + 4 ⇒  t + 2  > 2

 
1
34. Clearly - 1 # # 1 , which is
1 + ex  1 1
2
 1
2
3

⇒ t +  > ⇒  t +  + >1

always true  2 4  2  4
Range is (1, ∞).

& Domain = R
Composite function , Inverse function
35. To define f ] xg, 9 - x 2 > 0 & - 3 < x < 3 ...(i)
f (x) - 3

- 1 # (x - 3) # 1 & 2 # x # 4 ...(ii) 44. f [f (x)] = f (x) + 1

From (i) and (ii), 2 # x 1 3 a xx -
+ 1 k- 3
3
x - 3 - 3x - 3 3 + x

= x-3 = x-3+x+1 = 1-x
a x + 1 k+ 1

i.e., [2,3).
36. f (x) = sec ` 4 cos 2 x j
π
Now f [f (f (x))] = f a 1 - x k
3+x

We know that, 0 # cos 2 x # 1 at cos x = 0, f ] xg = 1

and at cos x = 1, f ] xg = 2 ;
b3 + x l- 3
1-x 3 + x - 3 + 3x
= 3 + x + 1 - x = x.
` 1 # x # 2 & x ! 61, 2 @.
=
b 3 + x l
1-x +1
 Functions 8.11
1-x
1-1+x 1
53. 2 (gof)(x) = 2x 2 - 5x + 2 or
45. Since fof (x) = f (f (x)) = f a 1 + x k =
1-x
1 - x = x,6x 1
1+1+x 2
2 g [f (x)] = 2x - 5x + 2
` 7" f ] xg,2 + " f ] xg, - 2A = 2 62x 2 - 5x + 2@
` fof = I & f is the inverse of itself.

e x - e -x e 2x - 1
46. y = e x + e -x + 2 & y = e 2x + 1 + 2 & f (x) 2 + f (x) - (4x 2 - 10x + 6) = 0

& e 2x = y - 3 = 3 - y & x = 2 log e c 3 - y m

1-y y-1 1 y-1 - 1 ! 1 + 4(4x 2 - 10x + 6)

` f (x) = 2
& f -1 (y) = log e c 3 - y m & f -1 (x) = log e a 3 - x k .
y - 1 1 /2 x - 1 1/2
2
- 1 ! 16x - 40x + 25 - 1 + (4x - 5)

= =
2 2
47. Given f (x) = 2 x (x - 1) & x (x - 1) = log 2 f (x)
= 2x - 3

& x 2 - x - log 2 f (x) = 0

54. f (x) = (1 + x) 2 and g (x) = x 2 + 1 and

1 ! 1 + 4 log 2 f (x) fog (- 3) = f [g (- 3)] = f [9 + 1] = f [10]

&x = 2 & fog (- 3) = f [10] = [11] 2 = 121 .

1 + 1 + 4 log 2 f ] xg

Only x = 2 lies in the domain. 55. (fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = a (cx + d) + b and
1
(gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = c (ax + b) + d given that,
` f -1 (x) = 2 [1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x ] .


(fog) (x) = (gof) (x) and at a = 1, b = 2
2x + 1
48. Let y = f (x) & y = 1 - 3x & y - 3xy = 2x + 1
cx
& + d + 2 = cx + 2c + d & c = 1 and d is
y-1 y-1
& x = 3y + 2 & f -1 (y) = 3y + 2
arbitrary.
x-1 56. Here g (x) = 1 + n - n = 1, x = n ! Z
& f -1 (x) = 3x + 2
49. Let y = x 2 + 1 & x = ! y - 1
1 + n + k - n = 1 + k, x = n + k

& f -1 (y) = ! y - 1 & f -1 (x) = ! x - 1

(where n ! Z, 0 < k < 1 )
Z]- 1, g (x) 1 0
& f -1 (17) = ! 17 - 1 = ! 4 and
]]
]
f -1 (- 3) = ! - 3 - 1 = ! - 4 , which is not Now f (g (x)) = [] 0, g (x) = 0

]]
] 1, g (x) 2 0

possible. \
Clearly, g ] xg > 0 for all x. So, f ^ g ] xgh = 1 for all

50. By definition of composition of function,
x.
g (f (x)) = (sin x + cos x) 2 - 1

57. f (a - (x - a)) = f (a) f (x - a) - f (0) f (x) ...(i)

& g (f (x)) = sin 2x
Put x = 0, y = 0 ; f (0) = (f (0)) 2 - [f (a)] 2 & f (a) = 0

We know sin x is bijective only,
[a f (0) = 1] . From (i), f ]2a - xg =- f ] xg .
when x ! 8- 2 , 2 B
r r

Thus g(x) is bijective if 58. Since g and f are inverses, g ]3 g = 5 and so
r r -r r g ]3 g + g ^ f ]2gh = 5 + 2 = 7.
- 2 # 2x # 2 & 4 # x # 4 .
59. All three statements are fundamental concepts
51. (fog)(x) = f " g (x) , = f (log 1) = e o = 1 = log e e.
60. f: N → N
52. (fofof)(x) = (fof)(f (x)) = (fof)a k
x
1 + x2
f(x) = x + (–1)x – 1
RS VW
SS a 2 k W
x x −1 , x → Even natural
W
⇒ f(x) = 
=fe o
S 1+x WW x 1 + x2
= f SS 2 W x +1 , x → Odd natural
SS x WW 1 + x 2 1 + 2x 2
S 1 + 1 + x 2 W
T X x +1 , x → Odd natural
x ⇒ f –1(x) =  x − 1 ,
1 + 2x 2  x → Even natural
=fa 2 k
x x
= = .
;1 + x 2 E
2
1 + 2x 1 + 3x 2
∴ f –1(x) = x + (–1)x – 1.
1 + 2x
8.12 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
∴ Period of f(x) is 4. For periodic function f(x) range
1. 7x – x – 6 ≥ 0
2 can be calculated for x ∈ [0, 4]

⇒ x2 – 7(x) + 6 ≤ 0 x  1

If x ∈ [0, 1) ; f(x) = , f(x) ∈ 0, 4  ;
4

(x – 1) (x – 6) ≤ 0
x 5 3 

⇒ x ∈ [1, 6] and sin x + cos x ≥ 0
If x ∈ [1, 2) ; f(x) = + 1 , f(x) ∈  , 
4 4 2 
 3π   7 π 

⇒ 1, ∪ ,6 . x 2 3 
 4   4 
If x ∈ [2, 3); f (x) ; f(x) ∈  4 , 4  ,
4  
 1 x  1 
2.  x +  = 2
If x ∈ [3, 4) ; f(x) = – 1, f(x) ∈  − , 0 
 2 4  4 
1 3 5  1 1  2 3  5 3 
⇒2 ≤ x + < 3 ⇒ ≤ x < . ∴ Range ∈  − ,  ∪  ,  ∪  ,  .

2 2 2  4 4  4 4  4 2 

( x 2 + x + 2)( x + 1) 5. f and g are 2 distinct functions [–1, 1] → [0, 2] onto

3. f(x) = 2 ; x ∈ R – {0} functions
( x + x + 1)( x + 1)

So f and g are either –x+ 1 or x + 1
x2 + x + 2

f(x) = ; x ∈ R – {0, –1}
Case I:
x2 + x + 1

f(x) = –x + 1 ; g(x) = x + 1
x2 + x + 2
y = 2 1− x
x + x +1 f ( x) 1− x 1−

h(x) = = ; h(h(x)) = 1 +x =x
g ( x) 1+ x 1− x

⇒ (y – 1)x2 + (y – 1)x + y – 2 = 0 1+
1+ x

y ≠ 1, D≥0
x −1
1− x 1−

(y – 1)2 – 4(y – 1)(y – 2) = 0

h(1/x) = ; h(h(1/x)] = x +1 = 1
1+ x x −1 x

⇒ 1 < y ≤ 7/3 1+
x +1

at x = 0, we get y = 2   1 
h(h( x)) + h  h    = |x + 1/x| > 2 as domain does

and y = 2   x 

not contain point x = ± 1
x2 + x + 2

⇒2 = 2
Case II:
x + x +1

f(x) = 1 + x; g(x) = 1 – x

⇒ x(x + 1) = 0
1+ x

⇒ x = 0, –1 but x ≠ 0, –1 1+

h(x) =
1+ x
; h(h(x)) = 1− x = − 1

so y ≠ 2 1− x 1 +x x
1−
1− x
 7
Range 1,  − {2} .

 3   1 

h(h(1/x)) = – x; h(h( x)) + h  h    = |–x – 1/x|
x
tan  
  x 
4. Period of e 4 is 4
= (x + 1/x) > 2.
 (1 − 2 [ x])  x −1

⇒ cos π =   0∀x∈R 6. g(x) = x and h(x) = x
 2 

⇒ f(x) . g(x) . h(x) = – 1.
 π[ x] 

Period of sin   is 4
 2 
 Functions 8.13
7. f(–x) = – [ax + bx + cx] – 5; f(–x) = – [f(x) + 5] – 5
7 3

So this equation should be independent from x

f(–x) = – f(x) = – 10
∴ coff. of x3 and x will be zero.

put x = 7

[a]2 – 5[a] + 4 = 0 ; 6{a}2 –5{a} + 1 = 0

f(7) = – 17

[a] = 1, 4 ; {a} = 1/2,1/3

so f(7) + 17 cos x = – 17 (cos x – 1) ∈ [–34, 0]
4a − 7
a = 1+ 1/2, 4 + 1/2, 1 + 1/3, 4 + 1/3
8. f(x) = 3 x3 + (a – 3) x2 + x + 5

⇒ f ′(x) = (4a – 7) x2 + 2(a – 3) x + 1 = 3/2, 9/2, 4/3, 13/3

D ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R
Sum = 3/2 + 9/2 + 4/3 + 13/3 = 6 + 17/3 = 35/3

4(a – 3)2 – 4 (4a – 7) ≤ 0 11. 21 x

⇒ a2 + 9 – 6a – 4a + 7 ≤ 0
22 y
a2 – 10a + 16 ≤ 0
23 z

⇒ (a – 8) (a – 2) ≤ 0 or a ∈ [2, 8]
Case Ι Case ΙΙ Case ΙΙΙ

⇒ f′(x) is always + ve for a ∈ [2, 8].
f(21) = x T F F

9.
f(22) ≠ x F T F

f(23) ≠ y F F T

Case Ι f(22) = x, f(23) = y

then f(21) = x is not true

Case ΙΙ f(23) = y, f(22) = z, f(21) = x not possible

Case ΙΙΙ f(22) = x, f(23) = z, f(21) = y
∴ f–1(x) = 22
1− x
Period of e

−sin 2
x
is π 12. f(x) = ⇒ f ′(x) = 0 at x = 1 ± 2
1 + x2

and that of tan 2x is π/2 for x ∈  − 2 + 1, 1 + 2  f is bijective function


Number of solutions in [0, π] is 2
hence f is invertible.

so number of solution in [0, 10 π] = 20 1− x
2 = y
10. f(x) = ([a]2 –5[a] + 4) x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – tan 1+ x
x(sgn x)

x>0

f(x) = ([a]2 –5[a] + 4) x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – tan
x


x<0
or x2y + x + (y – 1) = 0

f(x) = ([a]2 –5[a] + 4) x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x + tan −1 ± 1 − 4 y ( y − 1) −1 ± 4 y − 4 y 2 + 1
x
or x = =
2y 2y

Given that function is even function ∀ x ∈ R
 −1 + 4 x − 4 x 2 + 1
 , x≠0

So f(x) – f(–x) = 0 ∀ n ∈ R
f (x) = 
–1
2x
1 , x = 0 as f (1) = 0


2x3 ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4) – 2x (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) = 0
8.14 Mathematics

−1 ± 5 x3 + 1 16. y
13. x = 1, = 33 2 x − 1
2 2
x3 + 1
Let f(x) = ⇒ f –1(x) = 3 2 x − 1
2

Equation becomes f(x) = f – 1(x)

⇒ f(x) = x
x
3/2 O ½ 3/2
x3 + 1

⇒ =x
2

⇒ x3 – 2x + 1 = 0
17. 11

⇒ (x – 1) (x2 + x – 1) = 0

|
−1 ± 5

⇒ x = 1,
2

Allter:
3

Let y = 2x −1

⇒ y3 – 2x + 1 = 0 and x3 – 2y + 1 = 0

⇒ (y3 – 2x + 1) – (x3 – 2y + 1) = 0

⇒ (y – x) (y2 + xy + x2 + 2) = 0

⇒ y = x or y2 + xy + x2 + 2 = 0

|
| | x

⇒ y = x or (x + y)2 + x2 + y2 + 4 = 0 O 2
3

Putting y = x in y = 2 x − 1, we get

For 4 distinct solution

x3 – 2x + 1 = 0
n ! ^0, 11h

−1 ± 5

Which yields the values x = 1,
2
` Number of integral values of n is 10.
14. Let f ] xg = x 4 $ 3 x - 2 $ 2 x - 5 $ 5 x - 1
18. Let f ] xg = a0 x n + a1 x n - 1 + a2 x n - 2 + ... an
Now, f ] xg =- f ] xg (Given)


Putting in given equation and comparing coefficients
& ] xg # 0
f

of power of x,
& x 4 $ 3 x - 2 $ 2 x - 5 $ 5 x - 1 # 0,

which is possible when x 4 = 0
we get f ] xg = x + b, where b is constant

x
` =0 ` f ]20g - f ]14g = 6
19. f ] xg = ]e xg2 + 1 +
1
15. Given h b 2 l = 6
-1
1 + ]e xg2
-1

h ] xg = Ax5 + B sin x + C ln b 1 - x l + 7

1+x Let ]e xg2 + 1 = t

1

y = t + t where t > 1
& h ]- xg =- Ax5 - B sin x + C ln b 1 + x l + 7
1-x

` ] xg + h ]- xg = 14

minimum value of = 3 - 1 = 2
h
20. Clearly P ] xg - x3 = 0 has roots 1, 2, 3, 4.
& b 2 l + h b 2 l = 14
1 -1
h
` ] xg - x3 = ] x - 1g] x - 2g] x - 3g] x - 4g
P
` b 2 l + 6 = 14
1
& ] xg = ] x - 1g] x - 2g] x - 3g] x - 4g + x3
h
P
& b2l= 8 Hence P ]10g = 9 $ 8 $ 7 $ 6 + 1000 = 4024
1
h
 Functions 8.15
21. Given f ] xg $ f ^ yh = f ] xg + f ^ yh + f ^ xy h - 2
24. sgn c; Em = 1
5
1 + x2
1

put y = x
1 + x 2 # 15 & x 2 # 14

f ] xg .f b x l = f ] xg + f b x l + f ]1 g - 2
1 1

` Number of integral values of x are 7.

put x = 1, y = 1 25. For f (x) to be injective and surjective
f ]1 g $ f ]1 g = 2f ]1 g + f ]1 g - 2
f ]0 g = 0 and 2a = 0
-b

f ]1 g - 3f ]1 g + 2 = 0
2
y-axis
^ f ]1 g - 1 h^ f ]1 g - 2 h = 0 & f ]1 g = 1 or f ]1 g = 2

but f ]1 g ! 1 & f ]1 g = 2 (as in this case f ] xg = 1
f (x)

for all x )

Hence f ] xg $ f b 1x l = f ] xg + f b 1x l
x-axis
O
Let f ] xg = x n + 1

f ]2g = 2 + 1 = 5 & n = 2
n
` 2 - 3k + 2 = 0 and k 2 - k = 0 & k = 1
k
` f ] xg = x 2 + 1 & f ]3 g = 10
OR
22. Corresponding to a root xi D > 0 & f ]0 g = 0 & k = 0


6 - xi is also the root y-axis

` sum of roots = 6 # 4 = 24
23. A B
1
x1 2
x-axis
3 O
x2 .
x3
.
.
13

f _ xi + 1 i = 2 + f _ xi i

Number of functions form A to B is 9.

EXERCISE - 4
Single option correct 2. q2 − 4 pr = 0, p > 0

⇒ f(x) = log (px3 + (p + q) x2 + (q + r) x + r)
1. f(x) = log1/2   1  
 − log 2 1 + 4  − 1
Let g(x) = px3 + (p + q) x2 + (q + r) x + r
  x  

⇒ g(x) = (x + 1) (px2 + qx + r)
1
⇒ – log2 1 + 1/4  – 1 > 0

Discriminant of px2 + qx + r is q2 – 4 pr = 0
 x 

Domain (x + 1) (px2 + qx + r) > 0
⇒ – ∞ < log2 1 + 1  < – 1
2
 x 
1/4
 q 
⇒ p(x + 1)  x +
>0
 2 p 
1 1
⇒ 0 < 1 + 11/4 < 1 ⇒ −1< 1/4
<−
⇒x ≠ –
q
and x > – 1
x 2 x 2 2p
⇒ x ∈ φ (null set).
` x ! R - <d - 3, - 1@ , (- 2F
q

2p
8.16 Mathematics
x − [ x] {x} 1 7. f(6{x}2 – 5{x} + 1)
3. f(x) = = =1–
1 + x − [ x] 1+ {x} 1+{x}
⇒ f((3{x} – 1) (2{x} – 1))

Q {x} ∈ [0, 1)
⇒ (3{x} – 1) (2{x} – 1) ≤ 0
 1 1 1 

⇒ f(x) ∈ 0,  . or {x} ∈  , 

 2 3 2
x −| x|
4. f(x) = e x − e |x| . if x ≥ 0,
∴x∈
 1 1
∪ n + 3 , n + 2 .
e +e n ∈1
e x − e− x 1 1
f(x) = = − 8. f : (e, ∞) → R
2e x 2 2(e x ) 2

⇒ f(x) = ln(ln (ln x))
1 1   1
= 1 − x 2  ; f(x) ∈
0, 2   ...(i)
2  (e ) 
D : ln (ln x) > 0

or ln x > 1 or x > e
f(x) ∈ 0, 1 

 2
R : (– ∞, ∞)
ex − ex

if x < 0, f(x) = x = 0 ...(ii)
⇒ one-one and onto function.
e + e− x
 1 9. f(x) = 2[x] + cos x;
∴ range of f(x) is (i) ∪ (ii) = 0, 

 2
f(x) = cos x x ∈ [0, 1)
5. Here 2 – log2 (16 sin x + 1) > 0
2
= 2 + cos x x ∈ [1, 2)

⇒ 0 < 16 sin x + 1 < 4
2
= 4 + cos x x ∈ [2, 3)
−1 3 = 6 + cos x x ∈ [3, 4).

⇒ ≤ sin2 x <
16 16

for x ∈ [0, 1) f ′(x) = – ve

⇒ 1 ≤ 16 sin x + 1 ≤ 4
2

x ∈ [1, 2) f ′(x) = – ve

⇒ 0 ≤ log2 (16 sin2 x + 1) < 2

x ∈ [2, 3) f ′(x) = – ve
⇒ 2 ≥ 2 – log2 (16 sin x + 1) > 0
2

x ∈ [3, 4) f ′(x) = + ve

⇒ log 2
2 ≥ log 2 (2 – log2 (16 sin x + 1)) > – ∞
2

⇒ function is not one-one

⇒2 ≥ y > – ∞
if x ∈ [0, 1) range : [1, cos 1)

x ∈ [1, 2) range : [2 + cos 1, 2 + cos 2)

Hence range is y ∈ (– ∞, 2].

not onto function.
6. (a) 1 + sin x is always positive
x x 10. f(2) = f(31/4) = 0 many one
sin 2 + cos 2 can be negative

f (x) ≠ − 3 ∴ Into.

& Not identical
11. f(x) = |x – 1| f : R+ → R;  g(x) = ex,
x

(b) x, 2 : not identical

g : [–1, ∞) → R

(c) x can be negative
fog(x) = f[g(x)] = |ex – 1|
_ x 2 i cannot be negative

D : [–1, ∞); R: [0, ∞)

& not identical x
12. x ∈ (2, 4) ⇒   = 1
2

(d) ln x3 + ln x2 = 5 ln x

so ⇒ f(x) = x – 1 ⇒y=x–1

& identical function
⇒ x = y + 1
⇒ f–1 (x) = x + 1.
 Functions 8.17
2x + 1 2x + 1 1
x + 1 > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (–1, ∞)...(1)
13. y = = = >0
x ( 2 x + 3 x + 1) x ( 2 x + 1) ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
2

and ax2 + bx + c > 0
1
By quadratic inequations

if x ≠ − .
2

ax2 + bx + c > 0 if

a > 0 and b2 – 4ac < 0 for all x ∈ R.

By sign scheme, the solution is
b

x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (0, ∞)
The vertex is at x = − which has to be excluded
2a

The answer is (d). due to the given condition b2 – 4ac ≤ 0 ...(2)
14. (i) Consider x = 0, then f(0) = 0,
∴ The domain is

b R - &- 2ba 0l + ^- 1, 3h
1 +1
e −e

Also f(–1) = =0
e−1 + e1

The answer is (c).

∴ For x = 0, –1, f(x) has the same value 0.
16. The polynomial solution of

Thus, f(x) is not one-one function.
1 1

(ii) Take some value of x ∈ R, for which f(x) = 1
f(x) f   = f(x) + f   is
x x
e x − e− x

Then, 1 = ....(1)
f(x) = xn ± 1, (n ∈ N) ...(1)
e x + e− x

We will solve this equation.
But f(3) = 28 = 23 + 1
e x − e− x
⇒ n = 3 and positive sign is taken in (1).
Case I: For x > 0. Equation (i) becomes 1 =
e x + e− x
∴ The solution is

⇒ ex + e–x = ex – e–x ⇒ 2e–x = 0.

f(x) = x3 + 1

There is no solution.

⇒ f(4) = 64 + 1 = 65
Case II: For x < 0, equation (1) becomes
The answer is (b).
e− x − e− x
1 = x − x = 0.  1 
e +e 17. af(x + 1) + b f   =x
 x +1

It is absurd. Thus, there is no solution.
Put x + 1 = t
Case III: For x = 0, equation (1) gives
1
1−1
∴ a f(t) + b f   = t – 1 ...(1)

1= ≡0 t 
1+1 1

Replace t by ,

This is not possible. t

Thus, there is no value of x ∈ domain R for which 1 1
a f   + bf(t) = − 1 
...(2)
t  t
image point 1 (unity) belongs to codomain R.
1

∴ f(x) is not-onto function. Eliminate f   from (1) and (2):

t 

Hence, f(x) is neither one-one nor onto function. 1 
(a2 – b2) f(t) = a (t – 1) – b  − 1 .


The answer is (c). t 

Put t=2
15. log (ax3 + (a + b)x2 + (b + c)x + c)
⇒ ( a 2 − b2 ) f ( 2 ) = a + b

= log(x + 1)(ax + bx + c)
2 2
2a + b

= log(x + 1) + log(ax2 + bx + c)
∴ f(2) =
2 ( a 2 − b2 )

The conditions for domain of f(x) are

The answer is (b).
8.18 Mathematics
18. As given f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)...(1)   1  1
And f  f    =


Putting x = 1, y = 1, we obtain   x  x

f(2) = (f(1))2 = 22...(2) 1 dy 1

∴ y = x+ ; = 1− 2 = 0 ,

Put x = 1, y = 2 in equation (1) x dx x

f(3) = f(1) f(2) = 2.22 = 23...(3)
The critical points are x = 1, –1

Repeat this process.
But x > 0
n

⇒ x ≠ –1.

∴ L.H.S. = ∑ f (a + k )
k =1

∴ y least = 1 + 1 = 2 The answer is (b)

= f(a) f(1) + f(a) f(2) + .....+f(a) f(n)
1 1

or L.H.S. = f(a) (2 + 22 + 23 + .....2n) 21. As y =
[cos (2x + 2) + cos 2] – (1 + cos (2x + 2))
2 2

By using the above results. 1

∴ y = – (1 – cos 2) = – sin 1 = (constant)
2
2
2 ( 2n − 1)
∴ Graph of the function is a straight line parallel to

or L.H.S. = f(a)  ...(4)
2 −1 the x-axis.

Also, R.H.S. = 16 (2n – 1) ...(5)
π
When x = 2 , y = + 0 – cos2  + 1 = –sin2 1
r
On comparing (4) and (5), we obtain
2 

f(a) = 8

∴ The line represented by the function passes

The answer is (a)
π 2 
19. Put y = 0 in the given equation. through the point  , − sin 1
2 

f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)
The answer is (d).

⇒ f(x + 0) = f(x) f(0) 2
 1  1

⇒ f(0) = 1 22. As f  x +  =  x +  − 2
 x  x

Put y = –x in the given equation 1

⇒ f(y) = y2 – 2, y = x +

∴ f(0) = f(x) f(–x) or 1 = f(x) f(–x) x
1
But A.M. ≥ G.M.

⇒ f(–x) =
f ( x) 1
x+ 1
x ≥  x. 1  ≡ 1
2

f (−x)
⇒  

∴ F(–x) = 2  x
1 + ( f ( − x ))
2

1

or x + ≥2
1 x
f ( x)
=
1 For x > 0, y = x + 1 ≥ 2

1+ x
( f ( x )) 2
1
For x < 0, y = x +
; Put x = –z
f ( x) x

or F(–x) = 2 = F(x)
1 + ( f ( x )) 1 1

⇒ z > 0, y = x + ≡ –z –

⇒ f(x) is an even function. x z
1

The answer is (b) or – y = z + ≥ 2 as above

z
 1− x 
⇒ y ≤ –2
20. f(f(x)) = f  
1+ x 

Hence, f(y) = y2 – 2 for all y given by |y| ≥ 2
1− x
1−
The answer is (a).
= 1 +x = x
1− x 1
1+
1+ x
 Functions 8.19
23. g(x) = cos x 1
( x −2)
27. 22 x + 64 3 − 2−1 (72 + 22 x ) ≥ 0

⇒ g(–x) = cos (–x) = cos x

∴ g(x) is an even function ...(1) 22 x + 4 x−2 − 36 − 2−1.22 x − ≥ 0

h(x) = log ( x + x 2 + 1 )
22 x +

22 x
− 36 −
22 x
≥0
16 2
⇒ h(–x) = log ( − x + x 2 + 1 )


Let 22x = y
= –log ( x + x 2 + 1 )
y y

y+ − 36 − ≥ 0
= –h(x) 16 2

∴ h(x) is an odd function ...(2)
or 16y + y – 576 – 8y ≥ 0 9y ≥ 576

f(x) = g(h(x))
y ≥ 64 22x ≥ 26

⇒ f(–x) = g(h(–x)) \ x ≥ 3 or [3, ∞).
= g(–h(x)) [using (2)] 28. Put x = r and x =- r to get
= g(h(x)) [using (1) ] 2f ]rg + f ]- rg = cos r =- 1
...(1)
2f ]- rg + f ]rg = cos ]- rg =- 1

∴ f(x) is an even function.
...(2)

The answer is (a).

` Solving (1) and (2) we get
π
24. f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2 = 2 sin  x −  + 2 f ]rg = 3
-1
 6
29. We have 2f (xy) = [f(x)]y + [f(y)]x

Since f(x) is one-one and onto, f is invertible.

Putting y = 1
 π

Now fof –1 (x) = x ⇒ 2 sin  f −1 ( x) −  + 2 = x
\ 2f (x) = [f(x)]1 + [f(y)]x
 6

f(x) = [f(1)]x [Q f(1) = K]
 −1 π x
⇒ sin  f ( x) −  = − 1

\ f(x) = Kx
 6 2

x  π n n K n −1
⇒ f–1 (x) = sin–1  2 − 1 + 6
∑ f ( n ) = ∑ K n = K 1 + K 2 + ..... + K n a =
.
  K −1
n =1 n =1

x 30. Since fundamental period of f(x) is π, therefore

Because − 1 ≤ 1 for all x ∈ [0, 4]
2 [a] = 1 ∴ 1 < a < 2.

Hence (b) is the correct answer. Multiple options correct
25. f(x) is defined on [0, 1] ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 31. y = f(x) = sin {[x + 5] + {x – {x – {x}}}} = sin {x –

Now f(2 sin x) shall be defined, if 0 ≤ 2 sin x ≤ 1 {[x]}}= sin {x – 0} = sin {x} = sin x

1 ba 0 < x < r l


⇒ 0 ≤ sin x ≤ 4
2
∴ x = sin y or f–1 (x) = sin–1x.
–1

 π  5π 

⇒x ∈ ∪ 2nπ, 2nπ + 6  ∪ 2nπ + 6
, (2n + 1)π  
 32. (a) Domain of f and g both are ‘R’.
n∈1

Hence (a) is the correct answer. 1 − tan 2 (tan −1 x)

f(x) = cos (2 tan x) = –1
1 + tan 2 (tan −1 x)
26. Since f(x) is an odd function,
1 − x2
 x2  = = g(x).
  = 0 for all x ∈ [– 10, 10]
1 + x2
a
(b) Domain of f and g both are ‘R’
2
x 2 tan(cot −1 x)

⇒0 ≤ < 1 for all x ∈ [–10, 10]
g(x) = sin (2 cot–1x) =
a
1 + tan 2 (cot −1 x)

⇒ a > 100. Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
8.20 Mathematics
1 4
2x2× = | sin x | = 4 |cosec x|
x
= 1
= = f(x) this is a periodic function.
1+ 2 1 + x2
x  1  1
π
(d) f(x) =  x +  +  x −  + 2[− x]

  2   2
(c) Domain of f and g are R – nπ,(2n + 1)  , n ∈ I

 2
 1  1 1  1 

f(x) = tan x + cot x = tan x +
1 =  x + −  x +  + x − −  x −  
 2  2  2  2
tan x
+ 2 (– x – {– x})
sec 2 x cos x
=- & x + 2 0 –  x −  – 2 { – x}
= = 1 1
tan x sin x.cos 2 x
 2
1
Since {.} is a periodic function hence this function is
=
cos x sin x periodic.
= 2 cosec 2x = g(x).
2 sin b 4 + x l → Periodic
r
37. (a) sin x + cos x =
(d) Domain of f :
sgn (cot–1x) > 0 ⇒ sgn (cot–1x) = 1
(b) cos x → period 2π
⇒ cot–1 x > 0 ⇒ x∈R

Domain of g:
π {}
x → period π So period of cos x +
x
π
= 2π {}
[1 + {x}] > 0 ⇒ [{x}] > 0
(c) cos πx → period 2

⇒ 0 ≤ {x} < 1 ⇒ x∈R
1
now, f(x) = e

ln(sgn cot −1 x )
= sgn(cot–1x) {2x} → period
2

(∴ 0 < cot–1 x < π) = 1 so period of cos πx + {2x} = 2

g(x) = eln(1 + {x}) = [1 + {x}] = 1 + [{x}]
(d) ln {x} → period 1

∴ 0 ≤ {x} < 1 = 1
sin 2x → period π

∴ f(x) and g(x) are identical functions.
ln {x} + sin 2x → no period.
0 x<0
33. f(x) = )
-x x
38. Put x = 1
e -e x $ 0
 5π 

range = (- ∞, 0] ∴ many one into. 2 f(1) + 1 f(1) – 2f  2 sin
 = –1
 4 
34. f(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] – 3 = {[x] + 2} {[x] – 1}

⇒ 3f(1) – 2f (1) = –1 ⇒ f(1) = –1

So, x = 1, 1.1, 1.2, ... ⇒ f(x) = 0

Now put x = 2
∴ f(x) is many one
1 r

only integral values will be attained
2 f(2) + 2f   – 2f (1) = 4 cos2 π + 2 cos 2
2

∴ f(x) is into.
1
36. (a) f(x) = sgn (e–x)
⇒ 2 f(2) + 2f   – 2 f(1) = 4
2

e–x > 0 for every real x 1
⇒ f(2) + f   = 1
...(i)

every constant function is a periodic function. 2

(b) Let T > 0 be a rational number then f(x + T)
Now put x = 1/2, we get
1 x ∈ Q 1
=  = f(x) 4 f   + f(2) = 1
...(ii)
0 x ∉ Q 2

∴ f(x) is periodic function
from (i) and (ii),

16 1
8 8 f   = 0 and f(2) = 1.


(c) f(x) = + = 2
1 + cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos 2 x
 Functions 8.21
39. Clearly h(x) = 2a 43. f : R → [–1, 1]

so neither one-one nor onto. −1 , −1 ≤ x < 0
π  
⇒ f(x) = sin  [ x]  =  0 , 0 ≤ x < 1
sin ^r 5x?h

2   1 , 1≤ x ≤ 2
40. f(x) = !x+ =0,x∉Ι 

Many - one function into function
π   π 

Also f(x + 4) = sin  [ x + 4] = sin  2π + [ x]
2   2 

π 

(a) By graph fundamental period is one = sin  [ x]
2 

(b) f(–x) = 0 = f(x) ∴ even function
= f(x) and hence periodic.

(c) Range y ∈ {0} 44. If f ] xg < 0 then f ] xg =- f ] xg
 {x}  Hence, - f ] xg > - f ] xg is not possible

(d) y = sgn  sgn  – 1, x ∉ Ι

 {x}  If f ] xg > 0 then f ] xg = f ] xg

y = sgn (1) – 1 ⇒ y = 1 – 1 Hence, f ] xg > - f ] xg

y = 0, ∉ Ι Identical to f(x) & 2f ] xg > 0 & f ] xg > 0 & x 2 - 4x + 3 > 0

41. (a) f(x) = sin x + cos x & x ! ^- 3, 1h , ^3, 3h .

 0 x=0

f (–x) = cos x – sin x neither odd nor even 

(b) f (x + π) = cos (sin (x + π)) + cos (cos (x + π))
45. f(–x) =  − x 2 sin πx( ) x ∈ ( −1, 1) − {0} = – f(x)

− x x |x| > |

⇒ f(x + π) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x) = f(x)

odd function
π  π   π 
f  x +  = cos  sin  x +   + cos  cos  x +  
 x 2 + ( x + 2) 2 x ≤ −1
 2   2    2  
46. y = |f(x)| + f(x + 2) =  x 2 + (− x − 1) −1 < x ≤ 1 ;
= cos (cos x) + cos (sin x) = f(x)  x −1− x −1 x >1

r

fundamental period = 2 .
2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 x ≤ −1
 2
y = | f(x) | + f(x + 2) =  x − x − 1 −1 < x ≤ 1.
 −2 x >1

x
a −1
47. f(x) = n x   Q f(x) = f(–x)
x (a + 1)
1− ax ax −1

⇒ =

(c) f(x) = cos (3 sin x), x ∈ [–1, 1] – 3 ≤ 3 sin x ≤ 3 (− x) n (1 + a x ) x (a x + 1)
n

⇒ cos (3) ≤ cos (3 sin x) ≤ 1 1
⇒ (–x)n = – xn ⇒ n = − .
3

∴ Range is [cos (3 ), 1]
48. (a) f(x) = e 1/2 ln x
= x , D:x>0
2 x(sin x + tan x)
42. f(x) =
g(x) = x, D:x≥0
x
2   +1 r
π (b) tan (tan x) D : x ≠ ± (2n +1) 2

if x = nπ, f(nπ) = 0
cot (cot x) D : x ≠ ± nπ

(c) f(x) = cos2 x + sin4 x = cos2 x + (1 – cos2 x)2

= 1 – cos2 x + cos4 x
 −x    x

if x ≠ nπ   = − 1 +   
= sin2 x + cos4 x
π
   π

g(x) = sin2x + cos4x

∴ f(–x) = – f(x) odd function
| x|

f(0) = f(π) hence many one.
(d) f(x) = , D:x≠0
x

⇒ g(x) = sgn (x), D : x ∈ R.
8.22 Mathematics

 x − 1, x is even 53. [2 cos x] + [sin x] = – 3

49. f(x) =  , which is clearly are one-one
 x + 1, x is odd
–2 ≤ 2 cos x ≤ 2 ⇒ [2 cos x] = 2, 1, –1, –2
and onto.

– 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ [sin x] = 1, 0, –1
50. f : [2, ∞) → Y

Equation holds true for [2 cos x] = – 2 and [sin x] =
f(x) = x2 – 4x + 5 f(x) = (x – 2)2 + 1 –1
For given domain by graph range is [1, ∞)
1
For function to be onto codomain y = [1, ∞)
⇒ – 1 ≤ cos x < – and – 1 ≤ sin x < 0
2
or y = [2, ∞)  2π 4π 

⇒ x ∈  ,  and x ∈ (π, 2π)
 3 3 
4π
⇒ x ∈  π, 

 3 
f(x) = sin x + 3 cos x
 π
f(x) = 2 sin  x + 
51. f(x) = (x – x) Q(x) + ax + bx + c
3 2
 3

f(0) = 1 = c

f(1) = a + b + c = 3

f(–1) = a – b + c = –1

⇒ a = 0, b = 2, c = 1 ⇒ g(x) = 2x + 1 4π π 5π
<x+ <
3 3 3
52. Domain D ∈ [–1, 1]
 π 3
 −1 1
⇒ −1 ≤ sin  x +  < −
 tan x≠0  3 2

(a) f(x) =  x many -one
 1 x=0  π
⇒ – 2 ≤ 2 sin  x +  < –
3
 3
Hence range is  −2, − 3  .

54. f(x) = x − 1 + 2 3 − x

D : x – 1 ≥ 0 and 3 – x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ [1, 3]
1 1

Range: f ′(x) = − –=0
2 x −1 3− x

(b) g(x) = x3 one - one 7

or f ′(x) = 0 at x =
5
 7−   7+ 
f ′   > 0 and f ′   < 0
 5   5 
7
⇒ maxima at x = ; Range:  2 , 10  .

5

(c) h(x) = sin 2x many - one  4 − x2 
55. f(x) = sin log  

 1− x 
4 – x2 > 0 or x ∈ (–2, 2)

4 − x2

and > 0 D: (–2, 1) R: [–1, 1].
1− x

 πx 

(d) k(x) = sin   one-one function.
 2 
 Functions 8.23
Comprehension type
Passage - 1 (Question. 56 - 58)

Now g(x) = sin πx + g { } = sin π x + 8 ·
x
2
x
2
0≤x<2
56. Number of one-one functions = 0

g(x) = sin πx + 4x ; 0 ≤ x < 2
57. Total number of function = 35 = 243

⇒ g′(x) = π cos π x + 4 ↑.

Number of into function = 3 + 3(25 – 2) = 93

so g(0) = 0 and g(2–) = 8

Total number of onto function = 243 – 93 = 150.

so, g(x) ∈ [0, 8)
58. ⇒ g(6) ≤ g(7) ≤ g(8)
 1 1  1 

so range of f(g(x)) is  , ≡  ,1 .
g(6) g(7) g(8) No. of maps  1 + 64 1   64 
1 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 Passage - 3 (Question. 62 - 64)
2 2, 3, 4, 5 4
3 3, 4, 5 3 62. g(f(x)) is not defined if
4 4, 5 2
(i) – 2 + a > 8 and (ii) b + 3 > 8
5 5 1
a > 10 and b > 5
2 2 2, 3, 4, 5 4
63. x ∈ [– 1, 2]
3 3, 4, 5 3
4 4, 5 2
⇒ –1≤x≤2
5 5 1
⇒ –2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4
3 3 3, 4, 5 3
⇒ – 2 + a ≤ 2x + a ≤ 4 + a
4 4, 5 2
⇒ – 2 + a ≤ – 2 and 4 + a ≤ 4 i.e. a = 0
5 5 1

b can take any value.
4 4 4, 5 2
5 5 1 64. If a = 2, b = 3
5 5 5 1 2 x + 2 : x ≥ −1

f(x) =  2
Passage - 2 (Question. 59 - 61) 3 x + 3 : x < −1

 π range of f(x) is [0, ∝].

 sin 2 x 0≤ x<
2
⇒ 0 ≤ 2x < π ⇒ 0 ≤ sin 2 x ≤ 1

π
Passage - 4 (Question. 65 - 67)
0 ≤x<π
59. f(x) = 

2 65. Since period of f(x) is 2(10 – 2) = 16
 − sin 2 x 3π
π≤x< ⇒ 2π ≤ 2 x < 3π ⇒ θ ≤ − sin 2 x ≤ 1
 2
∴ f(0) = f(16) = f(32) = .... f(160) = 5
 3π
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
 2
∴ there are at least 11 values of x for which

f(x) = 5 f(0) = f(4) = f(16)

so range [0, 1].

due to symmetry in one period length f(x) = 5
60. f(x) = log2 [3x – 3[x] ] = log2 [3{x}]

one solution other then 0, 16, 32, ...

period 1.

∴ atleast minimum possible number of values of

so 0 ≤ {x} < 1

x is 10 + 11 = 21

0 ≤ 3{x} < 3
66. Obvious by definition.

⇒ [3{x}] = 0, 1, 2
67. If 1 is a period, then f(x) = f(x + 1), ∀ x ∈ R

so range {log21, log22} = {0, 1}

⇒ f(2) = f(3) = f(4) = f(5) = f(6) which contradicts
61. As g(x) is periodic with period 2 so f(g(x)) is periodic

the given hypotheses that f(2) ≠ f(6)
with period 2.

∴ 1 cannot be period of f(x).
8.24 Mathematics
Passage - 5 (Question. 68 - 70)
⇒ c=0

(which is not true) ∴ f(0) = 2 and f(2) = 0.
68. f : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞)
72. Obvious

f(x f(y)) = x2 ya (a ∈ R)
73. (a) If putting ƒ(x) = 0 then, we get

Put x = 1, we get f(f(y)) = ya
x = 1, 2, ..., 11 (many one)
1 1 and ƒ(x) is a polynomial function of degree odd

Put f(y) = , we get f(1) = . ya and put y =
x ( f ( y )) 2 defined from R to R which is always onto.
1 we get (f(1))3 = 1 Hence ƒ(x) is many one-onto
5

∴ f(1) = 1 (b) ƒ′(x) = > 0 ∀ x ∈ Dƒ (one-one)
(3 x + 4) 2

for y = 1, we have f(x(f(1)) = x2
2x + 1

∴ f(x) = x2 thus a = 4. y =
3x + 4
n n n 1− 4y
69. ∑ f ( r ) nC =
r
∑ r2 n
Cr = ∑ (r (r − 1) + r ) Cr
n x =
3y − 2
r =1 r =1 r =1

= n(n – 1)2n – 2 + n.2n– 1. 2

⇒y≠
3
70. Since f(x) = x2 ∴ 2x2 = ex
{}
∴ Range of ƒ is R– 2 ⊂ co-domain (into)

3

Hence ƒ(x) is one-one - into

(c) Putting x = 0, π, 2π ...

we get same value of ƒ(x) equal to 2 (many-one)
Matching Column Type 1

ƒ(x) = esin x + sin x
⇒ ƒ(x) ≥ 2 ∀ x ∈ R
71. (a) y = sin e

π π

Range of ƒ is [2, ∞) ⊂ co-domain (into)
 
 2πt +  + 2 sin  3π +  + 3 sin (5πt )

Hence ƒ(x) is many one into
 3   4

(d) ƒ(x) = log [(x+1)2 + 2]
 2π 3π 5π   2 2
L.C.M.  , ,
 = L.C.M. = 1, ,  = 2
at x = 0 and –2 we get same value of ƒ(x)
 2π 2π 2π   3 5

equal to log 3 (many-one)

(b) y = {sin πx} period = 2

ƒ(x) ≥ log2 ∀ x ∈ R

Range of ƒ is [log2, ∞) ⊂ co-domain (into)

Hence ƒ(x) is many one-into.
74. (a) x2 – x + π – 2 < 0
1 ± 4π − 7
 1 x =
2
For x ∈  0, 2  function is one-one

  1 − 4π − 7 1 + 4π − 7

∴ <x<

For x ∈ (0, 2) and x ∈ (0, 8) 2 2
function is many-one
∴λ=1

(b) 2[x] = x + 2{x}.
 π 
sin x sin π x
(i) x is an integer, then the equation because
1 4 4

(c) y = 
+ 
2x = x + 0 i.e. x = 0 is a solution
2  cos π x π 
(ii) if x ∉ I, the equation becomes
 cos x 
 4 4  2[x] = [x] + {x} + 2{x}
1

(d) Since f(x) is bijective,
i.e. {x} = [x]
3

∴ f(0) = 0 or 2 but f(0) = 0 [ x]
∴ 0 < < 1 ⇒ 0 < [x] < 3
3
 Functions 8.25
∴ possible values of [x] are 1, 2  1

⇒ f(x + 1) + f(x) = f  x + 
1 1 4  2
if [x] = 1, then {x} = 3 ∴ x = 1+ =
3 3
1
2 8 ⇒ f(x + 1) + f  x −  = 0

If [x] = 2, then {x} = ∴x=  2
3 3

∴ there are 3 solutions  3
⇒ f  x +  = – f(x)


(c) Let x = cos θ, y = sin θ  2

∴ x + y = cos θ + sin θ 3


∴ maximum value of x + y is 2 ⇒ f(x + 3) = – f  x +
 = f(x)
 2
 1  1
(d) f  x +  + f  x −  = f(x)

∴ f(x) is periodic with period 3
 2  2

Numerical Type Similarly f ] xg = 3 x

/ f] i g = 363 &
n n
2e 2x 2e 2 - 2 x / 3i = 363
1. f (x) + f (1 - x) = 2x + 2 - ex
e +e e +e i=1 i=1

= ; 2x

e 2x
+ 2
e 2x
E & ]3 + 3 + ... + 3 ng = 363
2
e + e e + e 2x + 1
3 ]3 n - 1g
= 2 ; 2x - 1 E= 2
2x - 1
e 1 & = 363
+ 2
e + 1 1 + e 2x - 1 3 - 1 = 242 & 3 n = 243
n

f b 100 l + f b 100 l + f b 100 l + ..... + f b 100 l

1 2 3 99
&n=5
= & f b 100 l + f b 100 l0 + & f b 100 l + f b 100 l0 + .....
1 99 2 98 Single Options Correct

x 2 - 5x + 6
+ f &b 100 l + f b 100 l0 + f b 2 l
49 51 1 4. - 1 # #1
x2 - 9
2e x 2 - 5x + 6
(
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ----- 49 times) + e + e -1 # 0
x2 - 9
98
= + 1 = 99 . 1
x+3 $ 0
2. Given that x d (- 3, 3) ..... (1)
a+a = 1 .....(i) 2
x - 5x + 6
b+b = 2 .....(ii) and +1 $ 0
x2 - 9
af x) + af b x l = bx + x
( 1 b
.....(iii) 2x + 1
x+3 $ 0
1
x d (- 3, - 3) , ;- 2 , 3 l
Now replace x by x in (iii) 1
.....(2)
& af b 1x l + af (x) = x + bx .....(iv)
b
after taking intersection
x d ;- 2 , 3 l
adding equations (iii) & (iv) 1

& ^a + ah f ^ x h + ^a + ah f b x l = x (b + b) + (b + b) x
1 1
x 2 - 3x + 2 > 0
x d ^- 3, 1h , ^2, 3h
from (i) & (ii) put a + a = 1 & b + b = 2

& f (x) + f b x l = 2x + x
1 2
x 2 - 3x + 2 ! 1

& f (x) + f b x l = 2 b x + 1x l
1
3! 5
x!
2
f (x) + f b 1x l after taking intersection of each solution
& 1 = 2.
x+ x ;- 1 , 1 l , (2, 3) - ' 3 + 5 , 3 - 5 1
2 2 2
3. f ^ x + yh = f ] xg f ^ yh 5. Given that f: R " R be defined as
f ]2g = ^ f ]1 gh = 3 2
2
put x = y = 1 f (x) = 2x - 1 .....(i)
put x = 2, y = 1 f ]3 g = ^ f ]1 gh = 33 h
3
and g: R - {1} " R be defined as
8.26 Mathematics
1 Since x is not +ve integer.
x- 2
g (x) = x - 1 ∴ For, x = 0, f (x) = 0
2x - 1 For, x < 0, f (x) ∈ (0, 2)
g (x) = 2 (x - 1) .....(ii) So, clearly f (x) is not onto as its range only belongs
replace x with g(x) in (i) to get the required composite to (0, 2) not to R.
-2
]x - 1g2
function is Now, f ' (x) = , which is always less than
f (g (x)) = 2g (x) - 1 zero.
from (ii)
⇒ f (x) is decreasing.
f (g (x)) = 2 c 2 (x - 1) m - 1
2x - 1
∴f (x) is one-one.
f (g (x)) = c
4x - 2 - 2x + 2 m Hence, f(x) is injective but not surjective.
2 (x - 1)
9. For f ] xg =
x
x the curve has graph as shown
f (g (x)) = x - 1 is 1 + x2
y

y=1
x
O
(0, 0)

Which is onto but not one-one for, f: R $ :- 2 , 2 D

1 1

10. f ] xg + 2f b 1x l = 3x replace x by x
x=1
1
Hence we can say that f ^ g ^ x hh is one-one but not
onto.
f b x l + 2f ] xg = x
1 3

6. Let 3 x = t
& ] xg = x - x as f ] xg = f ]- xg & x = ! 2
2
t(t – 1) + 2 = |t – 1| + |t – 2| f
t 2 – t + 2 = |t – 1| + |t – 2| 11. If f(x) and g(x) are inverse of each other then,
1

g′(f(x)) = ; g′(f(x)) = 1 + x5
f ′( x)

7/4

Here x = g(y)

⇒ g′(y) = 1 + [g(y)]5 ⇒ g′(x) = 1 + {g(x)}5.
1 a 1 2 12. 2y = x + z
2 ⇒ 2 tan–1 y = tan–1 x + tan–1 (z)

 2y   x+z 

t = a is the only positive solution tan–1  2  = tan  1 − xz 
–1

1− y   
& 3x = a
& x = log3 a & S is a singleton set x+z x+z

⇒ =
1 1 − y2 1 − xz
7. Given, f (x)1 = x , f2(x) = 1 – x, f3(x) = 1
1-x
⇒ y2 = xz or x+z=0 ⇒ x=y=z
Now, ( f2o J of1)(x) = f3(x)
13. f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 1, x ≥ 1
⇒ f2(J( f1(x))) = f3(x)

f : [1, ∞) → [1, ∞) is a bijective function
& 2 b J b 1x ll = 1 - x & 1 - J b x l = 1 - x
1 1 1
f
⇒ y = (x – 1)2 + 1 ⇒ (x – 1)2 = y – 1
& b 1x l = 1 - 1 - x = 1 - x
1 -x
J
⇒ x=1± y − 1 ⇒ f –1(y) = 1 ± y −1

& b 1x l = x - 1 =
x 1
⇒ f –1(x) = 1 + x − 1 {∴ x ≥ 1}
J 1
1- x

so statement 2 is correct
` ]xg = 1 - x = f3 ]xg
1
Now f(x) = f –1(x) ⇒ f(x) = x ⇒ (x – 1)2 + 1 = x
J

⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 2
8. We have, f(x) = 2x
so statement-1 is correct
x-1
 Functions 8.27
1
∴ x ∈ (–∞ , 0) Ans.
14. f(x) =
| x | −x y −3
15. y = 4x + 3 ⇒ x =
⇒| x | – x > 0 4

⇒ |x|>x y −3

⇒ f–1 (y) = g(y) = .
4

⇒ x<0

Single Option Correct

1.

F: [0, 3] → [1, 29]

f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1
f(X) = Y ⇒ f is onto but it will not effect on

f ′(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 6(x2 – 5x + 6) mapping of function Hence (b) is wrong

= 6(x – 2) (x – 3)
For option A and B other explanation can be given

in given domain function has local maxima, it is else if Y is a singleton set then the function f is
many-one constant function and hence is trivially onto (unless
X = φ). But in such a case, even if A consists of just

Now at x = 0 f(0) = 1
one point, f(a) is entire set Y and so f–1(f(a)) is the

x = 2 f(2) = 16 – 60 + 72 + 1 = 29 entire set X, which could be much bigger than A. So

x = 3 f(3) = 54 – 135 + 108 + 1 = 163 – 135 = 28 A and B are wrong even if f(X) = Y

Has range = [1, 29]
For option (c)

Hence given function is onto
2. f(x) = x2; g(x) = sin x

⇒ gof (x) = sin x2


⇒ gogof (x) = sin (sin x2)

f(X) ⊂ Y (range ≠ co-domain)

⇒ (fogogof) (x) = (sin (sin x2 ))2 = sin2 (sin x2)

Now sin2 (sin x2) = sin (sin x2) f(X) is a proper subset of Y (so that f is not onto),

⇒ sin (sin x2) = 0, 1 then for B = Y option (c) is wrong because f –1(Y) = X
r but f(f –1(Y)) = f(X) ≠ Y.
⇒ sin x2 = nπ, (4n + 1) 2 ; n ∈ I

For option (d)
⇒ sin x2 = 0

⇒ x2 = nπ ⇒ x = ± nπ ; n ∈ W

3. For option (a)

If B = Y, then f(f–1(Y)) is the range of the function f.
If this is equal to Y, then function must be onto, thus
f(X) = Y is necessary condition
Hence (d) is correct.

f–1 (f(a)) = A ∪ A′ ≠ A  − x, x ∈ Q
4. y = (f – g) (x) =  Which is one-one and

Hence A is wrong x, x ∉Q
onto function 

For option (b)
5. g(f(x)) = (sin x + cos x)2 – 1 = 1 + sin 2x – 1 = sin 2x
8.28 Mathematics

r r
⇒ 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 2 9. g(f(x)) = x ⇒ g′(f(x)) f ′(x) = 1 ...(i)
 π π
if f(x) = 1 ⇒ x = 0, f(0) = 1
∴ gof(x) is invertible in  − 4 , 4 

 
substitute x = 0 in (i), we get
1

g′(1) = ⇒ g′(1) = 2
f ′(0)
1 x/2 1

⇒ (f ′(x)) = 3x2 + e ⇒ f ′(0) = )
2 2

Multiple Options Correct 10.
6. (i) f(–x) = –f(x) so it is odd function
1

(ii) f ′(x) = 3(log(sec x + tan x))2 sec x + tan x
( )

(sec x tan x + sec2x) > 0
 π
A = {x |x2 + 20 ≤ 9x} = {x |x ∈ [4, 5]}

(iii) Range of f(x) is R as f − 
 2

Now, f ′(x) = 6(x2 – 5x + 6)
π
⇒–∞ ⇒ f  ⇒∞
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 3
2
1 1
f(2) = –20, f(3) = –21, f(4) = –16, f(5) = 7
7. cos 4θ = ⇒ 2cos2 2θ – 1 =
3 3
from graph, maximum of f(x) on set A is f(5) = 7
2 2
⇒ cos2 2θ = ⇒ cos 2θ = ± Matching Column Type
3 3
x
2 1 + cos 2θ 11. E1: x - 1 > 0

Now f(cos 4θ) = =
2 − sec 2 θ cos 2θ ⇒ x ! ^- 3, 0h , ^1, 3h
1
=1+ E2: - 1 # ,n
cos 2θ
 1 3 1 x

⇒ e # x-1 # e

⇒ f  = 1±
 3 2 1 1

⇒ e #+ x - 1 # e
Integer Type
1 1
e - 1 # x - 1 # e - 1
8. f ] xg + f ]1 - xg =
4x 41 - x
+
4 x + 2 41 - x + 2
⇒ ]x - 1g ! b - 3, 1 - e E , ; e - 1 , 3 l
e 1
4
4x 4 x

x ! b - 3, e - 1 E , ; e - 1 , 3 l
= x + 4 1 e
4 +2 +2
4x 4x 4

= x +
Now x - 1 ! ^0, 3h - !1 + 6x ! E1
4 + 2 4 + 2.4 x x

4x 2
⇒ ,n b x - 1 l ! ^- 3, 3h - !0 +

= x + x
4 + 2 2 + 4x
1
=
sin -1 b ,n b x - 1 ll ! :- 2 , 2 D - !0 +
x r r
so, f b 40 l + f b 40 l + ... + f b 40 l - f b 2 l
1 2 39 1

= 19 + f b 2 l - f b 2 l = 19
1 1

 9
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.1

Chapter Inverse Trigonometric Functions

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1

−1   π  π  π π 2π
1. sin sin  −   = − Q− < sin −1 x <  7. sin −1 x + sin −1 y =
  3  3  2 2 3

2. sin -1 bsin b 2r - 3 ll = sin -1 bsin b - 3 ll =- 3 .

r r r π π 2π

⇒ − cos −1 x + − cos −1 y =
2 2 3
3. The principal value of π
⇒ cos −1 x + cos −1 y =
.
sin -1 ;sin b r - 3 lE = sin -1 bsin b 3 ll = 3 .
2r r r 3

π
−1  1 1 8. θ = sin −1 x + cos −1 x − tan −1 x = − tan −1 x
4. Put cot   = θ ⇒ cot θ = 2
  2 2
r r 6 @
4 # tan # 4 for x ! - 1, 1
-1
2
We know -
−1
∴ sin θ =
. Put cos x = φ, then x = cos φ
5
r -1 r r r -1 3r
2 5
& 4 > - tan x > - 4 ` 4 < 2 - tan x < 4 .
Also Q tan φ =
, ∴ x = cos φ = .
5 3
−1
 −1 1  1
5π  5π  9. sin(cot x) = sin  sin = .
 −1  2
5. cos −1  cos  + sin  sin   1+ x 1 + x2
 3 3
−1 π
  π    π  10. tan x( x + 1) + sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 =
= cos cos  2π −   + sin −1 sin  2π −  
−1 2
  3     3 
tan −1 x( x + 1) is defined, when x( x + 1) ≥ 0 ...(i)

π π

= − = 0.
3 3
sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 is defined, when
−1 −1 11π
6. Given equation is 2 cos x + sin x=
6
0 ≤ x( x + 1) + 1 ≤ 1 or 0 ≤ x( x + 1) ≤ 0 ...(ii)
11π
⇒ cos −1 x + (cos −1 x + sin −1 x) =

From (i) and (ii), x(x + 1) = 0 or x = 0 and –1.
6
−1 11π π −1 4π
and both satisfy the given equation
⇒ cos
x= − ⇒ cos x = , which is not
6 2 3
Hence, number of solutions is 2.
−1
possible as cos x ∈[0, π] .

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
 −1  3
−1  3  1 1
1. tan sin   + cos   +
  5  13   1 1 π
 2. tan
−1
+ tan −1 = tan −1 2 3 = tan −1 1 = .
2 3 1 1 4
 −1 3 2 1− .
= tan  tan
+ tan −1  2 3
 4 3
1 2 1 4 2 1
3. sin −1 + sin −1 = sin −1  1 − + 1− 
 3 2  3 3
+ 3 9 3 9
 −1 4 3 
= tan  tan
 5 + 4 2
3 2 = sin −1 
 1− .  
 4 3  9 
 −1 17 12  17 5+4 2
= tan  tan
× = . Therefore, x =
.
 12 6  6 9
9.2 Mathematics

−1 −1 3 12 3 x
4. Given, sin C = sin + cos −1
\ 2x = 1 − x2 −
5 13 2 2
3 5
\ sin −1 C = sin −1
+ sin −1  5x  3
2
5 13 \   = (1 − x 2 ) or 28x2 = 3

 2 4
−1  3 25 5 9 
= sin  1− + 1− 
 5 169 13 25  3 1 3  1 3

⇒x= = ,  not − .
28 2 7  2 7
−1  56  56
= sin   ⇒C= . x y
 65  65  x2   y2  
9. We have cos −1  . − 1 − 2  1 − 2   = α
12 3 63 a b  a   b 
5. tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1  
5 4 16
48 + 15 63 xy  x2   y2 
= π + tan −1
+ tan −1 ⇒
− 1 − 2  1 − 2  = cos α
20 − 36 16 ab  a   b 

(xy > 1) xy
2
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
∴  − cos α  = 1 − 2 − 2 + 2 2

 ab  a b a b
63 63
= π − tan −1
+ tan −1 = π.
16 16 x2 y 2 2 xy x2 y 2 x2 y 2
2 2 + cos 2 α − cos α = 1 − 2 − 2 + 2 2
4 a b ab a b a b
1 1 16 
6. α = sin −1  1 − + 1 − 
5 9 3 25  x2 2 xy y2

⇒ − cos α + 2 = 1 − cos 2 α = sin 2 α.
a2 ab b
8 2 3   8 2 + 3
= sin −1  +  = sin −1  
 15 15   15  10. θ = tan −1 a (a + b + c) + tan −1 b(a + b + c)
bc ca
8 2+3 π

Since < 1, ∴α < c(a + b + c)
15 2 + tan −1
ab
π 4 π 1 π
β =  − sin −1 + − sin −1  = (π − α ) >
2 5 2 3 2 2 a+b+c
Let s =

abc

⇒ α < β.
x y
∴ θ = tan −1 a 2 s 2 + tan −1 b 2 s 2 + tan −1 c 2 s 2
7. cos −1 + cos −1 = θ
2 3
⇒ θ = tan −1 (as ) + tan −1 (bs ) + tan −1 (cs )

  2 2
x y x y

⇒ . − 1 −  1 −  = cos θ
⇒ i = r + tan -1 b 1 - asbs l + tan -1 as ] As as.bs > 1g
2 3  4   9 as + bs

( xy − 6 cos θ) 2 = (4 − x 2 )(9 − y 2 )
]a + bgs
= r + tan -1 f a + b + c p + tan -1 cs
1- c
⇒ 9 x 2 − 12 xy cos θ + 4 y 2 = 36(1 − cos 2 θ)


= 36 sin 2 θ. = r - tan -1 cs + tan -1 cs
3 =r
8. sin −1 2 x = sin −1 − sin −1 x
2
 3 3
= sin −1  . 1 − x 2 − x 1 − 
 2 4
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. 2 tan −1 (cos x) = tan −1 (cosec2 x) 6. For x < 0, LHS > 0 and RHS < 0 & they are not
equal. If x > 0, the angle on the L.H.S. is in the
⇒ tan −1  2 cos x  = tan −1  1 
second quadrant while the angle on the R.H.S. is
 1 − cos 2 x   sin 2 x  2 × (angle in the first quadrant) and these two may
be equal. By taking can of both side we see that they
2 cos x 1 π are equal

⇒ 2
= 2
⇒ 2 cos x = 1 ⇒ x = .
sin x sin x 3
7. Let x = tan θ. Then
2. sin −1
x = 2 tan −1
x 2x 2 tan θ

sin −1 2
= sin −1 2
= sin −1 (sin 2θ)
2x 1+ x 1 + tan θ

⇒ = x ⇒ x3 – x = 0
1+ x 2 2x
\ 2 tan −1 x + sin −1
2
= 2θ + sin −1 (sin 2θ)
1+ x

⇒ x( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = {−1, 1, 0} . Z] - r -r
]]- r,
]] 2 <i# 4
 π −1  −1  π ]] -
3. sin  − 2 tan x + 2 tan x  = sin = 1.
  = [] 4i, 4r < i < r 4
 2  2 ]]
]] r
a a ]]r, # i < r
4. Let cos −1 = θ ⇒ cos θ = 4 2
\
b b
\ The given function

= π= constant if i ! b 2 , 4 D , ; 4 , 2 l .
π 1 a π 1 a -r -r r r
tan  + cos −1  + tan  − cos −1 

 4 2 b   4 2 b 
i.e., x ! ^- 3, - 1@ , 61, 3h.

, b where t = tan 2 l
1+ t 1− t i

= +
1− t 1+ t 1
8. tan −1 x + tan −1 = tan −1 3 (As y ! N )
y
]1 + t 2g 2 2b

=2 = = a . 1
1 - t2 cos i or tan −1
= tan −1 3 − tan −1 x
y
−1 −1 2x
5. Since, 2 tan x = tan (for x < 1 ) 1 3− x
1 − x2 or tan −1 = tan −1

y 1 + 3x
2
10
−1 1  −1 1  −1 5 ⇒ y = 1 + 3 x =- 3 + 3 - x


∴ 4 tan = 2  2 tan = 2 tan 3− x
5  5  1
1−
25
& 3 - x is a divinor of 10. As x, y are positive
20 integers, x = 1, 2 and corresponding y = 2, 7
10 120
= 2 tan −1 = tan −1 24 = tan −1
24 100 119
\ Solutions are (x, y) = (1,2), (2,7).
1−
576 9. α = 2 tan −1 ( 2 − 1)
−1 1 1 120 1 π
So, 4 tan
− tan −1 = tan −1 − tan −1 = 2 tan −1 tan
5 239 119 239 8
120 1 π π 1
− = 2 × = = cos −1
8 4 2
= tan −1 119 239

120 1 π π 7π
1+ . β = 3. − = 1 1
119 239 4 6 12 \ β > α. Also, 3
<
2
(120 × 239) − 119 1 1 π
= tan −1
⇒ cos −1
> cos −1 =
(119 × 239) + 120 3 2 4
1
π So, γ > α. Again cos −1   belongs to the first
= tan −1 1 = .  3

4 quadrant and β is in the second quadrant. ∴ β > γ.
9.4 Mathematics
a b a3 b3
10. Let tan −1 = θ, tan −1 = φ =
+
b a b a
1− 1+
a b a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2

⇒ \ tan θ = , tan φ =
b a
 a 3 [ a 2 + b 2 + b] b3 [ a 2 + b 2 − a ] 

= a 2 + b2  + 
a3 1 a b3 1 b  (a 2 + b 2 ) − b 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) − a 2 
cosec2  tan −1  + sec2  tan −1 
2  2 b  2  2 a
(rationalized)
3 3
a b a3 b3

= + = + = a 2 + b 2 [a{ a 2 + b 2 + b} + b{ a 2 + b 2 − a}]

 θ  φ 1 − cos θ 1 + cos φ
2 sin 2   2 cos 2  
 2  2 = a 2 + b 2 [ a 2 + b 2 (a + b)] = ( a 2 + b 2 )(a + b).

EXERCISE - 1
1. Let θ = tan -1 x & x = tan θ
7. cos -1 b cos 6 l = cos -1 &cos b r + 6 l0
7r r
1 1
cos
` θ= =
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + x2
cos -1 b - cos 6 l = r - cos -1 cos 6 = r - 6 = 6
r r r 5r

1 -1

Hence cos θ = cos(tan x) =
1 + x2 1
8. Let cos -1 x = θ & x = cos θ & sec θ = x
2. tan^sec -1 1 + x 2 h = tan^sec -1 1 + tan 2 θ h 1 1
& tan θ = sec 2 θ - 1 = - 1 = x 1 - x2

(Putting x = tan θ) x2
Now sin cot -1 tan θ = sin cot -1 ` x 1 - x 2 j
1
]Z]
π
]] tan θ, 0 # θ < 2 Again, putting x = sin α
-1
= tan (sec sec θ) = ][ = x
]]- tan θ, - π < θ < 0
sin cot -1 ` x 1 - x 2 j = sin cot -1 c sin α m
] 2 . 1 1 - sin 2 α
-1 o
\ -1 o o
3. sec [sec (- 30 )] = sec (sec 30 ) = 30
= sin cot -1 (cot α) = sin α = x

4. The principal value of
1 π
sin -1 b - 2 l = sin -1 sin ]- 30°g =- 6 .
1 π 9. sin -1 5 + cos -1 x = 2

1 π
` -1 5 = 2 - cos -1 x = sin -1 x
sin
5. Let tan -1 2 = α & tan α = 2
1
and cot -1 3 = β & cot β = 3
x ` =5.

sec 2 (tan -1 2) + cosec 2 (cot -1 3)

10. a = b & sin a = sin b
2
sec
= α + cosec 2 β = 1 + tan 2 α + 1 + cot 2 β & 1 - x 2 = 3x

1 -1
= 2 + (2) 2 + (3) 2 = 15
& 1 - x 2 = 9x 2 & 10x 2 = 1 & x = ,
10 10
1-x 1 1
6. We have tan -1 1 + x = 2 tan -1 x `x=
10
& -1 :1 + tan θ D = 2 θ
1 - tan θ 1
tan
11. sin -1 a 2 k =- sin -1 a 2 k =- 6 .
-1 1 π
(Putting x = tan θ)
12. cot :cot -1 a 25 kD = cot :cot -1 a 25 kD = 25 .
π 7 7 7
& tan > H = θ2
-1
tan 4 - tan θ
π r 3r
1 + tan 4 tan θ 13. We have 2 # x # 2
& -1 tan ` 4 - θ j = 2 & 4 - θ = 2
π θ π θ -r r -r r
tan & 2 # x-r # 2 & 2 # r-x # 2

π
& θ = 6 = tan -1 x & x = tan 6 =
π 1 & sin -1 "sin ]r - xg, = r - x.
3
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.5
14. It is given that r # x # 2r 2 2 2
Squaring both sides we get x + y + z + 2xyz = 1.
& - r $ - x $ - 2r & r $ 2r - x $ 0 1
Trick : Put x = y = z = 2 , so that
cos
& -1
"cos ]2r - xg, = 2r - x
1 1 1
r r
15. Since 3r < 10 < 3r + 2 & 0 < 10 - 3r < 2 cos -1 2 + cos -1 2 + cos -1 2 = π
-r Obviously (d) holds for these values of x, y, z.
& 2 < 3r - 10 < 0
x-1 x+1 π
& -1 "sin ]3r - 10g, = 3r - 10
sin 24. We have tan -1 x + 2 + tan -1 x + 2 = 4
RS x - 1 x + 1 VW
16. We have, SS W
& tan -1 SS x +x - 2 + x + 2 WW = π
tan -1 a 1 + x k = tan -1 1 - tan -1 x = 4 - tan -1 x SS1 - a

1-x π 1 ka x + 1 k WW 4
S x + 2 x + 2 WW
π T X
Since 0 # x # 1 & 0 # tan -1 x # 4 2x (x + 2)
&; 2 E = tan π
4

-r r r
& 0 $ - tan -1 x $ 4 & 4 $ 4 - tan -1 x $ 0 x + 4 + 4x - x 2 + 1
2x (x + 2) π
& 4 $ tan -1 a 1 + x k $ 0
π 1-x & 4x + 5 = tan 4 = 1

5
17. Let sin -1 x = y. Then x = sin y & 2x 2 + 4x = 4x + 5 & x = ! 2
-π 25. cos -1 1 - x + sin -1 1 - x = sin -1 x + cos -1 x = π
Since - 1 # x # 0, therefore 2 # sin -1 x # 0 2
-π a+x a-x π
and so 2 # y # 0 We have cos y = 1 - sin 2 y 26. Given equation is tan -1 a + tan -1 a = 6
cos
& y = 1 - x 2 , for 0 # y # π …..(i) JK a + x a - x NO
K + O π

r r
Now - 2 # y # 0 & 2 $ - y $ 0 & tan KK aa + x aa- x OOO = 6
-1 K

K1 - a . a O
& ^- y h = 1 - x 2
cos {from (i)} L P
2a 2 π 1
& 2 = tan 6 = & x2 = 2 3 a2
& - y = cos -1 1 - x 2 & y =- cos -1 1 - x 2
x 3
2π
18. :sin a tan -1 4 kD = :sin asin -1 5 kD = a 5 k = 25
3 2 3 2 3 2 9 27. sin -1 x + sin -1 y = 3
r r 2r
19. sin -1 asin 3 k = sin -1 c - 2 m =- 3
5r 3 r & 2 - cos -1 x + 2 - cos -1 y = 3
2r r
& cos -1 x + cos -1 y = r - 3 = 3 .
20. Given, tan -1 x = sin -1 ;
3
E
28. cos -1 a 17 k + 2 tan -1 a 5 k
10 15 1
& x = tan 'sin -1 ; E1= tan {tan -1 3}
3

= cos -1 a 17 k + cos -1 a 1 + 1/25 k
10 15 1 - 1/25

& x = 3.
cos a 17 k + cos -1 a 12
-1 15
13 k
21. tan a90 o - cot -1 3 k= cot .cot -1 3 = 3
1 1 1 =

3 3 cos
= c
-1 15
#
17 13
12
- 1 - a 15 k2
17 1 - a 12 k2 m
13
22. Let cot -1 4 = θ & cot θ = 4 and
= cos -1 b 221 l .
1 1 4 140
sin θ = = =5
2
1 + cot θ 1 + ( 9/16)
3 1 3 1
3 5 4 5 29. sin -1 5 + tan -1 7 = tan -1 4 + tan -1 7
Hence cot -1 4 + sin -1 13 = sin -1 5 + sin -1 13
= tan -1 c 1 - (3/4) # (1/7) m
(3/4) + (1/7)
= sin -1 : 5 . 1 - 169 + 13 . 1 - 25 D
4 25 5 16

= sin -1 : 5 . 13 + 13 . 5 D = sin -1 : 65 D = sin -1 65
4 12 5 3 48 + 15 63 tan
= a 25 k = tan -1 1 = π
-1 25
4
-1 -1 π
23. Given that cos -1 x + cos -1 y + cos -1 z = π 30. tan (1 + x) + tan (1 - x) = 2
& cos -1 (x) + cos -1 (y) + cos -1 (z) = cos -1 (- 1)
π
& tan -1 (1 + x) = 2 - tan -1 (1 - x)
& cos -1 (x) + cos -1 (y) = cos -1 (- 1) - cos -1 (z)
& tan -1 (1 + x) = cot -1 (1 - x)
cos
& -1
_ xy - 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 i = cos -1 "]- 1g] z g, & tan -1 (1 + x) = tan -1 a 1 - x k

1
& xy - (1 - x 2) (1 - y 2) =- z 1
& 1 + x = 1 - x & 1 - x2 = 1 & x = 0

2 2
(
& xy + z) = (1 - x ) (1 - y )
9.6 Mathematics
31. x + y = tan -1 33 & y = tan -1 33 - tan -1 3 37. tan -1 (x) + tan -1 (y) + tan -1 (z) = π
33 - 3 30 tan
& -1
x + tan -1 y = π - tan -1 z
= tan -1 1 + 99 = tan -1 100 & y = tan -1 (0.3) .

x+y
32. sin asin -1 2 + cos -1 2 k = sin 2 = 1.
1 1 π
& 1 - xy =- z & x + y =- z + xyz
33. The given equation may be written as x
& + y + z = xyz Dividing by xyz, we get
2π 1 1 1
tan -1 x + cot -1 x + cot -1 x = 3 yz + xz + xy = 1.
2r r r
Note: Students should remember this question as a
& cot -1 x = 3 - 2 = 6 & x = 3 .
1 1 formula.
34. a cot -1 2 = cos -1
5 38. Given that A = tan -1 x
Hence given equation can be written as
2 tan A 2x
1 π
Now x = tan A & sin 2A = = .
sin -1 x + cos -1 = 2 1 + tan 2 A 1 + x 2
5 1
1 39. cos (2 sin -1 x) = 9

&x= .
5 1
& cos (sin -1 2x 1 - x 2 ) = 9

35. cos b cos 3 l + sin bsin 3 l
-1 5r -1 5r 1
& cos (cos -1 1 - 4x 2 + 4x 4 ) = 9

= cos -1 ;cos b 2r - 3 lE + sin -1 ;sin b 2r - 3 lE

r r 1 1 8
& 1 - 2x 2 = 9 & 2x 2 = 1 - 9 = 9
r r 4 2
= 3 - 3 =0 x & 2 = 9 & x =! 3
36. We know that 4 sin -1 x + cos -1 x = π 40. We have tan -1 (cos x) = tan -1 (2 cosec x)

& tan -1 a k = tan -1 (2cosec x)

& 3 sin -1 x + sin -1 x + cos -1 x = π
2 cos x
1 - cos 2 x
r r
& 3 sin -1 x = r - 2 = 2
2 cos x
2 = 2 cosec x & 2 cos x = 2 sin x or
r 1 sin x
& sin -1 x = r/6 & x = sin 6 = 2 .

sin x = cos x
π

&x= 4.

EXERCISE - 2

π
statement-1 is true
1. y = sin −1 2 x + . For domain sin–1 2x + r ≥ 0
6 6 m

1−
 m   n
1 tan −1   + tan −1 


r r
⇒ – 6 ≤ sin–1 2x ≤ 2 ⇒ – ≤ 2x ≤ 1  n m
2 1 + 
 n
1 1

⇒– ≤ x ≤ m m π
4 2 = tan −1 + tan −1 1 − tan −1 = .
n n 4
1
2. 5 4. (tan–1 x)2 – 3 tan–1 x + 2 ≥ 0
1 -1
1 - 25 -7
(tan–1 x – 1) (tan–1 x – 2) ≥ 0
2. 1 = 17
2. 5
we know that
1+ 1 .1
1 - 25  π π

tan–1 x ∈  − , 
 2 2

3. Using properties
so tan–1x ≥ 2 (not possible)
r

∴ tan–1 x + cot–1 x = 2
or tan–1x ≤ 1
a x
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, tan1]

⇒ = ⇒x= ab
x b
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.7
5. f(x) = sin (|x – 1| – 2). For domain – 1 ≤ |x – 1| – 2
–1 r r
11. sin–1 x + sin–1 y = 2 – cos–1 x – cos–1 y + 2
≤1

⇒ 1 ≤ |x – 1| ≤ 3 2r

= π – (cos–1 x + cos–1 y) = 3

⇒ x – 1 ∈ [–3, –1] ∪ [1, 3] ⇒ x ∈ [–2, 0] ∪ [2, 4]
6. π ≤ x ≤ 2π
r
⇒ cos–1 x + cos–1 y = 3

cos–1 cos x = 2π – x
12. tan2 (sec–1 2) + cot2 (cosec–1 3)
π −1 3  −1 3 −3
7. = cot  + sin  = tan sin = .
2 5 5 4
⇒ tan2 (tan–1 3 ) + cot2 (cot–1 8)
  50π   31π  
⇒ 3 + 8 = 11.
8. sec sin −1  − sin −1
 + cos cos  − 
 9 9   13. (sin–1 x + sin–1 y)2 = π2
  50π   31π  
⇒ sin–1 x + sin–1 y = ± π
= sec  − sin −1  sin
−1
 + cos cos  
 9 9   r

⇒ sin–1 x = sin–1 y = 2
 −1  4π  −1  4π  
= sec  − sin  − sin  + cos  − cos  

 9 9  r

or sin–1 x = sin–1 y = – 2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 2.
 4π 4π 
= sec  + π −  = sec π = –1. 2
 9 9  14. Hint: y = cos −1 x
9. tan2(sin–1x) > 1 1+ x
2

either tan (sin–1x) > 1 Now, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

1+ x

⇒ sin–1 x > tan–1 1
15. ∴ –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ...(1)
1

⇒ sin–1 x > sin–1
x ∈ R...(2)
2
1 1
x ≤ –1

⇒x > ⇒ <x<1
2 2
or x ≥ 1...(3)

or

By (1) ∩ (2) ∩ (3)

tan(sin x) < –1 ⇒ sin x < tan (–1)
–1 –1 –1

⇒ x ∈ {–1, 1}.
 1 
⇒ sin–1x < sin–1  − 
r
16. θ = sin–1 x + cos–1 x – tan–1 x = 2 – tan–1 x
2
1
Domain x ∈ [–1, 1] But given x ≥ 0
⇒ –1 < x < −

2
− 2
⇒ x ∈ [0, 1]
2

so x ∈ (–1, 1) –  , .
 2 2  r

⇒ θ = 2 – tan–1 x = cot–1 x

10. f(x) = cot −1 ( x + 3) x + cos −1 x 2 + 3x + 1

for x ∈ [0, 1]

for domain π π

⇒ ≤θ< .

x(x + 3) ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ x2 + 3x + 1 ≤ 1 4 2

⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [0, ∞)  π  3 π
17. sin −1  tan  − sin −1   − = 0

and x + 3x + 1 ≥ 0
2
and x + 3x ≤ 0
2  4  x 6

⇒ x ∈ [–3, 0] 3 π 3 3

⇒ sin–11 – sin–1 = ⇒ =

Taking intersection x 6 2 x

∴ x ∈ {–3, 0}.
⇒ x =2

x = 4.
9.8 Mathematics
2π π π 5π  1 π
18. x = + + = 25. sin–1 x + cot–1   =
3 4 3 4  2 2
1  5π   1 π
y = cos  sin −1  sin  

⇒ sin–1 x + cos–1 =
2  8  5 2
1
1 5π   3π

⇒ x= .

= cos   π −   = cos . 5
2 8  16
19. Domain of f(x) is x ∈ { –1, 1} 26. Since x . x + y > 1 , then the equation is equal to
y x−y
π π π
f ( −1) = − − +π=  x x+ y 
2 4 4
 y+ x−y  3π
−1
π
+ tan   = π + tan −1 ( −1) =
⇒ f (1) = π + π + 0 = 3π .
x
1 − × x + y  4
2 4 4  y x − y 
1
20. By property if x < 0 tan–1 = cot–1 x – π
x
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
1 1

∴ tan–1 x + tan–1 = tan–1 x + cot–1 x – π = –π 27. Since –1<x<0, − π < sin −1 x < 0 .
x x 2
1 π Let sin–1x = a i.e. sin a = x. Then
⇒ tan–1 x + tan–1 =− .
x 2 x
tan α =
21. 4 – x ≥ 0 and
2
–1 ≤ x – 5 ≤ 1
2 1 − x2
x

x2 ≤ 4  and  4 ≤ x2 – 5 ≤ 6 ⇒ α = tan −1

1 − x2

So x = 4 which satisfy the given equation
2
x
⇒ sin −1 x = tan −1

So x = ±2 number of solution = 2. 1 − x2
22. tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 = cosec–1 x
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

⇒ π + tan (–1) = cosec x
–1 –1
28. We have
r

⇒ π – 4 = cosec–1 x   
 2 − 3 −1 12
sin −1 cot  sin −1   + cos + sec −1 2  
3r    4  4  

⇒ 4 = cosec–1 x  
   3 − 1 
−1 3 −1 1
 π π = sin −1 cot  sin −1 
 + cos 2 + cos 
⇒ no solution.  − ≤ cosec −1 x ≤  .
   2 2  2  
 2 2
   3 − 1 
−1  3 − 1
23. = sin −1 cot  sin −1   + cos  
   2 2   2 2   

= sin −1 [ cot 90°] = sin −1 0 = 0. .

Hence (a) is the correct answer.
29. a sin -1 x - b cos -1 x = c .....(1)

e = |ln x|
–x
bπ
b sin -1 x + b cos -1 x = 2
.....(2)
24. cosec (cos x) is defined if
–1

(1) + (2) ]a + bg sin -1 x = 2 + c

bπ


cos x ≥ 1 or
br

cos x ≤ – 1 2 + c = br + 2c ,
2 ]a + bg
-1
or sin x
= a+b

] g ra - 2c
⇒ cosx = ±1
x b r + 2 c
cos -1 x = 2 - ]
2 a + bg
= ]

⇒ x = nπ 2 a + bg
πab + c ]a - bg
` a sin -1 x + b cos -1 x =
a+b
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.9
3π -1 π
30. cos -1 p + cos -1 1 - p + cos -1 1 - q = 4 cos
` 1-q = 4

` cos -1 p + cos -1 1 - ^ p h + cos -1 1 - q = 3π/4

2 1
` 1-q =
2
-1 3π 1
cos
` p + sin -1 p + cos -1 1 - q = 4 q
` = 2
r 3r
` 2 + cos -1 1 - q = 4

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type 1

⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1
2 1 + x2
1. Period of e–sin x is π and that of tan 2x is π/2
1

⇒ θ = sin–1
1 + x2

Case II: x < 0
π 

Let cot–1 x = θ ∴ θ ∈  , π
2 

⇒ cot θ = x
1

∴ sin θ =
1 + x2
1

⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1

so number of solutions in (0, π) is 2 1 + x2
1

Number of solutions in [0, π] is 2
⇒ π – θ = sin–1
1 + x2

so number of solution in [0, 10π] = 20
1
2. cos–1x + cos–1y + cos–1z = π
⇒ θ = π – sin–1
1 + x2

– 1 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1
Therefore,

let x = cos A, y = cos B, z = cos C  −1 −1 1
 cos tan sin sin , if x ≥ 0
1 + x2

where 0 ≤ A, B, C ≤ π L.H.S. = 

cos tan −1 sin  π − sin −1 1 
, if x < 0

A+B+C=π   
  1 + x2 

x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C 1

= cos tan–1 sin sin–1 ;
+ 2 cos A cos B cos C 1 + x2
 1 + cos 2 A 
= ∑
 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
x ∈ R = cos tan–1
1
 2
1 + x2
3 1 1
= + (–1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C)

2 2
Let φ = tan–1
1 + x2
+ 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1.
1
3. Case I: x ≥ 0
As ∈ (0, 1]
1 + x2

Let cot x = θ
–1

 π
 π ∴ φ ∈  0, 

∴ θ ∈  0,   4
 2

⇒ x = cot θ 1 1 + x2

∴ tan φ = ∴ cos φ =
1 1 + x2 2 + x2

∴ sin θ =
1 + x2
9.10 Mathematics
 2 1 − x2   1 − x2  1 k
k (k + 1)
4. sec tan −1 
 2 x 
−1
 = sec tan 

=
x  x
8. ∑ r3 =
2
r =1

k
⇒ cot -1 e1 + 2
/ r3 o = tan-1 c 1 + k]1k + 1g m
k=1

= tan–1(k + 1) – tan–1k
n
 1 ∞
∞  k  
10
 1 ∑  π ∑ cot −1 1 + 2
∑ r  
3

∑ f  r  = 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 54
n =1  k =1  r =1  
r=2
∞ n
 1 1/ 4 1
−1 3 sin 2θ  π = ∑   =
= .
1 3
5. sin  = n =1 4
 5 + 4 cos 2θ  2 1−
4
9. cos -1 ] xg + cos -1 ]2xg + cos -1 ]3xg = π

Taking sin on both side
3 sin 2θ

or cos -1 ]2xg + cos -1 ]3xg = π - cos -1 ] xg
=1
5 + 4 cos 2θ

⇒ 3sin 2θ = 5 + 4 cos 2θ cos
= -1
]- xg

 1 − tan 2 θ  or cos -1 7]2xg]3xg - 1 - 4x 2 1 - 9x 2A

6 tan θ
]- xg

⇒ = 5 + 4   -1
1 + tan 2 θ  1 + tan 2 θ  cos
=

tan2 θ – 6 tan θ + 9 = 0 or 6x 2 - 1 - 4x 2 1 - 9x 2 =- x


⇒ tan θ = 3 or ]6x 2 + xg2 = ]1 - 4x 2g]1 - 9x 2g

6. Given equation is |cos x| = sin–1 (sin x) –π ≤ x ≤ π or x 2 + 12x3 = 1 - 13x 2

or 12x3 + 14x 2 - 1 = 0


& a = 12; b = 14; c = 1
b
& - a - c = 14 - 12 + 1 = 3
10. tan -1 ]3xg + tan -1 ]5xg = tan -1 ]7xg + tan -1 ]2xg
or tan -1 ]3xg - tan -1 ]2xg = tan -1 ]7xg - tan -1 ]5xg

or tan -1 c m = tan -1 c m
3x - 2x 7x - 5x

1 + 6x 2 1 + 35x 2
x 2x

or =
1 + 6x 2 1 + 35x 2
& = 0 or 1 + 35x 2 = 2 + 12x 2
x

Number of solution = 2 1 1
x
& = 0 or x = or -
7. sin−1x + cos−1 (1 − x) = sin−1 (− x) 23 23

2sin−1x + cos−1 (1 − x) = 0 11. f ] x g = -1 -1
sin x 2 tan x
+ + ] x + 2g2 - 3

here x ∈ [0, 1] Domain of f ] xg is 6- 1, 1@.


for x ∈ [0, 1] 2sin−1 x ∈ [0, p] Also f ] xg is an increasing function in the domain.

Therefore, p = fmin ] xg
 π

and cos–1(1– x) ∈ 0, 
= f ]- 1g =- 2 + 2 b 4 l + 9 - 3 = r + 6.
2 r r


There sum is equal to zero when both terms equal to Therefore, the range of f ] xg is 6- r - 2, r + 6@.

zero it gives x = 0 is only solution. Hence, ^ p + q h = 4.

 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.11
n ]n + 1g l
12. ^cot -1 xh^tan -1 xh + b 2 - 2 l cot -1 x - 17. Tn = cot -1 b 4 +
π
4
3 tan -1 x - 3 b 2 - 2 l > 0
π JK
n n K 1 ONO
-1 K 4 OO
Sn = / Tn = / tan KK

x b tan -1 x - 2 l + 2 cot -1 x - 6
π
KK 1 + n b n + 1 l OOO
-1
cot
& n=1 n=1
L 4 4 P
- 3 b tan -1 x - 2 l > 0
π

Sn = / tan b 4 l - tan b 4 l
n
-1 n + 1 -1 n

&-^cot -1 xh2 + 5 cot -1 x - 6 > 0 n=1

(a tan -1 d n = tan -1 x - tan -1 y 2

x-y
& ^cot -1 x - 3h^2 - cot -1 xh > 0

1 + xy
& ^cot -1 x - 3h^cot -1 x - 2h < 0

S3 = 2 - tan -1 b 4 l = tan -1 ]4g = tan -1 b b l
r 1 a

-1

& 2 < cot x < 3

Hence a = 4 and b = 1
18. Graphs of y = sin -1 ]sin xg and y cos x meet
cot
& 3 < x < cot 2 [as cot -1 x is a decreasing
function] & Hence, x ! ^cot 3, cot 2h
exactly at three points in 60, 3r@

cot
& -1
a + cot -1 b = cot -1 ]cot 3g + cot -1 ]cot 2g = 5
13. Let tan -1 u = α or tan α = u
 3
2
tan -1 v = β or tan β = v
| |
2
 |
| | x
 2  O 2 5 3
2

tan w = γ or tan γ = w
-1 2

tan ^α + β + γ h = 11 - s 3
s -s

2
0 - ]- 11g 11
Hence number of points of intersection are 3
1 - ]- 10g 11

= = =1
19. x ! : 2 , 2 D & 1 + x = 3 & x = 3 - 1
-r r r r
` α + β + γ = tan ]1 g = 4 -1 π

x !:2, 2 D& 1+r-x = 3 & x = 3 +1
r 3r 2r
& 3 cosec 2 ^tan -1 u + tan -1 v + tan -1 wh = 6
r

14. 3 cos -1 b x 2 - 5x - 2 l = r
11 r 2r
` Answer = 3 - 1, 3 + 1.

cos -1 b x 2 - 5x - 2 l = 3 20. Since sin -1 ] x 2 + x + 1g + cos -1 ]mx + 1g = 2

11 r r

11 1 then, x 2 + x + 1 = mx + 1
x 2 - 5x - 2 = 2

& 2 + ]1 - mgx = 0
x
& 2x 2 - 10x - 12 = 0

& 2 - 5x - 6 = 0 . Hence, x = 6 or x =- 1
x x
& = 0 or x = m - 1

a3 + b3 = 215.
sin -1 ] x 2 + x + 1g will exists if - 1 # x 2 + x + 1 # 1.

15. Since logr x > 0 & x > 1 & 2 + x # 0 &- 1 # x < 0

x
2x
For exactly two solution
For x > 1, sin -1 = r - 2 tan -1 x
1 + x2

-1 # m - 1 < 0 & 0 # m < 1
log 1 ^r - 2 tan -1 x + 2 tan -1 xh = log 1 ]rg =- 1

r r
a
` = 0 and b = 1.
21. Given, cos -1 ] x 2 - 5x + 6g = 2 cot -1 1
16. Here,

r - 4 + 8 - 2r + 6 - 2r + 10 - 3r = 20 - 6r
cot
& -1
]x 2 - 5x + 6g = 2 # r 4 = 2
r

` a = 20; b =- 6 & a + b = 14.
x & 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
& ] x - 2g] x - 3g = 0


` x = 2, 3

i.e., 2 values
9.12 Mathematics
22. a x = 0, 3 , - 3 satisfy the Q.E 2k + 2 - 2k - 2
/ tan-1 e o
3
24.

` It is an identity k=1 2 + k2 - 1
= / b tan -1 k 2 1 - tan -1 k 2 1 l
3

` a - sin -1 ]sin 2g = 0
+ -

k=1
& a = sin -1 sin 2 = r - 2

= r - tan -1 d
1
n = r + tan -1 2
-1 2 2

b = tan tan 1 = 1
` = 2 & n2 = 2
n
c 2 - 2c + 1 = 0 & c = 1

` E = cot ^b + ch + cot a 25. m 2 - 2m $ 6 ]m - 2g, where m = cosec -1 x
r

= cot 2 + cot ]r - 2g = 0

]m - 2g. b m - r
l
6 $0
x
23. Here x + x + x + x + ... 3 = 1 - x ; x < 1
2 3 4

-6 ` x ! ^- 3, - 1@ , 62, 3) & m =- 1, n = 2

and - 6 + 6x - 6x 2 + ... 3 = 1 + x ; x < 1
So, ]m + ng = 1

So, that tan -1 b 1 - x l + cot -1 b 1 + x l = 2
x -6 r

x -6

& 1-x = 1+x
& 2 + x =- 6 + 6x
x
& 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
x
& ] x - 2g] x - 3g = 0 & x = 2, 3.


But - 1 < x < 1 (Given)

So, we conclude that there is no solution.

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct  2 
= cot −1  2 + 2 1 − sin x 

π 1 π 1
1. tan  + cos −1 x + tan  − cos −1 x x ≠ 0  −2 sin x 
4 2  4 2 
1 π −1  1 − cos x  −1  x
let θ = cos–1 x 2 θ ∈ [0, π] –   = cot 

 − sin x 
= cot  − tan 
2
2 2
π  π  π −1  x

= tan  + θ + tan  − θ
4  4  = − tan  − tan 
= π + tan −1 tan x
2  2 2 2
1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ  1 + tan 2 θ  x  π π π x
+
= 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ = 2  
since ∈ ,  = + .
 1 − tan 2 θ  2  4 2 2 2

2 2 2 3. sin– 1sin 5 = 5 – 2π
= cos 2θ =
−1
=

⇒ x2 – 4x – 5 + 2π < 0
cos cos x x

 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x  π
2. cot −1  <x<π
( (
⇒ x − 2 − 9 − 2π )) ( x − ( 2 + ))
9 − 2π < 0

 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x  2

Rationalize the term in the bracket
(
⇒ x ∈ 2 − 9 − 2π , 2 + 9 − 2π )
4. Clearly, (b) also satisfies (i), (ii), (iii) but not
(iv) but (a) satisfies all the condition.
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.13
8. f(x) = cot x –1
 x2 x3   x 4 x6 
5. sin–1  x − + − ... + cos −1  x 2 − + + ...
 2 4   2 4   π

R+ →  0 ,  ;
r  2
= 2

g(x) = 2x – x2 R→R
−1  x   x2  π

f(g(x)) = cot (2x – x2), where x ∈ (0, 2)
+ cos −1 
–1
⇒ sin  
 1 + ( x / 2)  2 =
 1 + ( x / 2)  2

and 2x – x2 ∈ (0, 1]
2
2x 2x π π
= ⇒ 2x + x3 = 2x2 + x3 hence f(g(x)) ∈  ,
.
2 + x 2 + x2 2
4

x = 0, 1. But ∴ |x| > 0 So x = 1 is the only answer.
  π
cos −1  sin  x +  
6. Given that cot −1 ( cos α ) − tan −1 ( cos α ) = x ...(i) 9. f(x) = e
  3

We know that, cot -1 ^ cos α h + tan -1 ^ cos α h = π2

Domain –1 ≤ sin b x + 3 l # 1 ; + 2 # x + 3 # 2

r r r 3r

...(ii) r 7r

⇒ 6 #x# 6

On adding equations (i) and (ii), we get

π  π x  4 − 2 cos x 
2 cot −1 ( cos α ) = + x ⇒
cos α = cot  + 
 4 2 g(x) = cosec–1  3

2
4 − 2 cos x 1
x x x
⇒ ≥ 1 or cos x ≤
−1 cot − sin
cos 3 2

⇒ cos α = 2 ⇒ cos α = 2 2
x x x  π 5π 
1 + cot cos + sin ⇒x∈  , 

2 2 2 3 3 
 π 7π 
α
Domain of h(x): x ∈  ,
 3 6 
2
1 − sin x 1 − tan

⇒ cos α = ⇒ 2 = 1 − sin x
1 + sin x α 1 + sin x   π 
cos −1  −1,
3
1 + tan 2
⇒ h(x) = cos −1  sin  x +  
  3 

2  range of h(x):
2 e = e

Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get [eπ/6 , eπ]
 α  2 x2 − 1 
sin x = tan2  
 2 10. 2.cos–1x = cot–1  
 2 x 1 − x 2 
7. Given that, sin–1 x = 2 sin–1 α

Let cos–1x = θ
r r
Since , – 2 ≤ sin–1 x ≤ 2  cos 2θ 

2θ = cot–1  
r r  2 cos θ sin θ 

⇒ – 2 ≤ 2 sin–1 α ≤ 2

Case I: If cosθ > 0, x > 0 ⇒ 0 < x < 1, then
r r

⇒ – 4 ≤ sin–1 α ≤ 4
2θ = cot–1cot 2θ = 2θ (identity)
 π  π
Case II: cos θ < 0, which not satisfy the equation.

⇒ sin  −  ≤ α ≤ sin  
 4 4
1 1

⇒– ≤α≤
2 2
1

⇒ |α| ≤ .
2
9.14 Mathematics
 1 − x2  14. < an > is 1, 2, 22, ... 2n–1
−1 π
11. sin 1 − x + = cot −1 
2

2  x  < bn > is 1, 1 , 1 , ..., 1

2 22 2n−1
 
Let θ = sin–1 x, − π ≤ θ ≤ π , x ≠ 0, θ ≠ 0
 
2 2 1

tr = cot–1(2ar + br) = tan–1  1 
r −1
r  2.2 + r −1 

so sin–1cos θ + 2 = cot–1cot θ  2 
 2r −1 
π  π = tan  ( r −1) ( r −1)
–1


sin–1sin  − θ + = cot–1cotθ  2.2 .2 + 1
2  2

Case I: If 0 < θ ≤ 2 then 0 < π − θ < π

r  2.2r −1 − 2r −1 

2 2 = tan–1   = tan 2.2 – tan 2
–1 r–1 –1 r–1
 1 + 2.2r −1.2r −1 
π π π

⇒ −θ+ = θ ⇒ θ = n
2 2 2
Now nlim
→∞
∑ tr = (tan–12 – tan–11)
r =1

sin θ = 1 = x
π
+ (tan–1 2.2 – tan–1 2) + ...+ (tan–1 2.2n–1 – tan 2n–1)

Case II: If − ≤θ<0
2 π π π

= tan–1∞ – tan–11 = − =
r r r 2 4 4

⇒ 0 < –θ ≤ 2 ⇒ 2 ≤ 2 – θ < π 15. We have

π  π    2 − 3 
12
then π –  2 − θ + 2 = π + θ
sin −1 cot  sin −1 
 + cos −1 + sec −1 2  
   4  4  

π+θ=π+θ  

π   2 
 3 − 1 −1 3 −1 1  
− ≤ θ < 0 ⇒ –1 ≤ sinθ < 0 ⇒ –1 ≤ x < 0

2 = sin −1 cot  sin −1   + cos + cos
  2 2  2 2
   
12. Q α > 0 ⇒ (α, sin–1α) lies in 1st quandrant

= sin-1 [cot (15° + 30° + 45° )]

⇒k > 0

= sin-1 [cot 90°] = sin–1 0 = 0

Also the extreme point on the graph of y = sin–1 x is
 π
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
1, 
2 5r 2
r 16. We have (tan–1x)2 + (cot–1x)2 = 8

⇒1 + 2 – k < 0
2
r π  5π

⇒k > 1 + 2 ⇒ (tan–1x + cot–1x)2 – 2 tan–1x  − tan −1 x =

2  8

 π  2 2

⇒ k ∈  1 + , ∞ . ⇒ π − 2 π tan −1 x + 2(tan −1 x) 2 = 5π

 2  4 2 8
2( x 2 + 1) + 1 1 3r 2
13. Let y = 2
=2+ 2
⇒ 2(tan-1 x)2 – ptan–1 x – 8 = 0
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
r

⇒ tan–1 x = – 4 ⇒ x = – 1

⇒2 < y ≤ 3

Hence (a) is the correct answer.
5 5

Now, sin–1sin y ≤ π – ⇒ π–y≤π–
2 2
5

⇒y ≥
2
2
⇒ 2x + 3 ≥ 5

x2 + 1 2

Now it can be solved.
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.15

(
17. We have, A = 2tan-1 2 2 − 1 ) r
20. cot–1x + cot–1y + cot–1 z = 2

= 2 tan-1 (1.828) ⇒ A > 2 tan-1 3 ⇒ A > 2r π  π
3 ⇒ ∑  − tan −1 x =

3
2  2
 1  1  1 
Also, 3 sin-1   = sin −1 3. − 4   

 3  3  3 
 ⇒ ∑ tan

−1
x = π ⇒ tan (∑ tan x) = 0 −1

 23 
= sin-1   = sin-1 (0.852)
 27  ⇒ ∑ tan tan −1
( x ) = ∏ tan ( tan x ) −1

⇒ x + y + z = xyz
3
−1  1  −1 

⇒ 3 sin   < sin  
Hence (b) is the correct answer.
 3 2
 
21. Let I = (sec–1 x)2 + (cosec–1 x)2
−1  1  π
⇒ 3 sin   <
= (sec–1 x + cosec–1 x)2 – 2sec–1 x. cosec–1 x
 3 3
π2 π 
 3  3
= − 2 sec −1 x  − sec −1 x
Also, sin −1   = sin-1 (0.6) < sin −1  
4 2 
 5  2 
2
(
= π + 2 sec −1 x )
2
π
−1  3  − π sec −1 x
⇒ sin   <
4
 5 3
 1 −1  3  π π 2π  2
π2  π  π
2
Hence, B = 3 sin-1   + sin   < + + ( ) π
2
= + 2  sec −1 x − 2 sec −1 x +    −
3 5 3 3 3 4 4  4  8
 

Hence (c) is the correct answer. 2
 −1 π π2 π2
 π = 2  sec x −
 + ⇒ I ≥
−1
0 ≤ tan −1 x <  4 8 8
 tan x, if 2
18. Since |tan x| = 
-1

Hence (d) is the correct answer.
 − tan −1 x, if π
− < tan −1 x < 0
 2 22. Graphs of y = sin-1 (sin x) and |y| = cos x meet exactly
 tan −1 x, five times in [–2π, 3π]
if x≥0
=  −1
 − tan x, if x<0

⇒ |tan-1x| = tan-1 |x| ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ tan |tan-1 x| = tan tan-1 |x| = |x|

Similarly it can be shown that options (c) and (d)
are also correct. However (b) is not correct for if we
take x = – 1, cot |cot–1x| = 1, which is not equal to – 1,
Hence (d) is the correct answer.

Hence (b) is the correct answer. 23. Given, [sin-1x] + [cos-1x] = 0 and x ≥ 0

(
19. 2 sin-1x = sin-1 2 x 1 − x
2
)
⇒ [sin-1 x] = 0, [cos-1x] = 0

⇒ x ∈ [0, sin 1) , x ∈ (cos 1, 1]
 π π

Range of right hand side is  − , 
⇒ x ∈ (cos 1, sin 1).
 2 2
π π π π
Hence (d) is the correct answer.

⇒− ≤ 2 sin −1 x ≤ ⇒ − ≤ sin −1 x ≤
2 2 4 4
−1 −1  1  −1  1 
 1 1  24. tan (1) + cos  −  + sin  − 

⇒ x ∈ − 2 2
, .
 2 2
π 2π π 3π

Hence (c) is the correct answer.
= + − = . Hence (c) is the correct answer.
4 3 6 4
9.16 Mathematics
25. tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1 3x – tan–1 x 2
(b) f(x) = r sin–1 (sin x) = 2x ,

r
2x 2x

⇒ =
2−x 2
1 + 3x 2
x ∈ [–1, 1]

⇒ 4x3 – x = 0 Not bijective y ∈ : -r2 , r
2D
1

⇒ x = 0, ±
2
(c) f(x) (sgn x) (ln ex)

None of which satisfies 1 < x < 2.
 x , x ∈ (0,1]

Hence (a) is the correct answer. 
= 0 ,
x=0
 − x , x ∈[ −1, 0)
Multiple Options Correct 

26. (a) f(x) = eln(sec–1 x) = sec–1x, x ∈ (–∞, – 1] ∪ (1, ∞)

g(x) = sec–1x, x ∈ (–∞, – 1] ∪ [1, ∞)

non-identical functions

(b) f(x) = tan (tan–1 x) = x, x ∈ R

g(x) = cot (cot–1 x) = x, x ∈ R
Not bijective

identical functions
(d) f(x) = x3 sgn x

 1 x>0

(c) f(x) = sgn (x) =  0 x = 0

 −1 x < 0

 1 x>0

⇒ g(x) = sgn(sgn x) =  0 x = 0

 −1 x < 0  x3 , x>0
 

Identical functions =  0
, x=0
 3

(d) f(x) = cot2 x . cos2 x, x ∈ R – {n π}, n ∈ I − x , x<0

Not bijective.

g(x) = cot2 x – cos2 x
1 1 + t2

= cot x (1 – sin x) = cot x. cos x
2 2 2 2
30. sin cot cos tan t = sin cot
–1 –1 –1 =
1 + t2 2 + t2

x ∈ R – {n π}, n ∈ I
1 + 2t 2

Identical functions
Similarly cos tan–1 sin cot–1 2t =
2 + 2t 2
3r
27. sin–1x + sin–1y + sin–1z = 2 ⇒ x = y = z = 1
1  sin cot −1 cos tan −1 t   1 + 2t 2 
9
so  . 
⇒ x100 + y100 + z100 – 101 = 0. 2  cos tan −1 sin cot −1 2 t   2 + t 2 
x + y + z101
101

1 1 + t2 1 + 2t 2
28. f(x) = ln (sin–1(log2 x)) ×
2 2 + t2 2 + t2

Domain 0 < log2 x ≤ 1, x ∈ (1, 2] =
1 + 2t 2
 π

Range  −∞ , ln  2 1 + t2
 2
1 + t2 1
= = 1−
29. f: [–1, 1] → [–1, 1] 2 + t2 2 − t2

(a) f(x) = sin (sin–1 x) = x, x ∈ [–1, 1] 1 1 1 1

0< 2
≤ ; ≤ 1− 2 <1
t +2 2 2 t +2

Bijective function y ∈ [–1, 1]
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.17
∞ 4n
1 − x2
31. tan–1
1+ x
33. ∑ tan −1 n4 − 2 n2 + 2
n =1

since 0 < x < 1
{ }
k
= lim ∑ tan −1 ( n + 1) − tan −1 (n − 1) 2
2
k −∞
 sin θ  θ n =1

= tan–1  (let cos–1 x = θ 0 < θ < )
 1 + cos θ  2
{
= lim tan −1 ( k + 1) + tan −1 k 2 − tan −1 1 − tan −1 0
k −∞
2
}
= tan tan θ
–1
π π π 3π

= + − −0=
2 2 2 4 4
θ  π θ 1  3+ 2 
Q ∈  0,  = = cos −1 x ...(1)
Also tan 2 + tan 3 = π + tan–1 
–1 –1

2  4 2 2  1 − 3.2 

Since xy = 6 > 1
θ

also cos θ = 2 cos2 –1
2
=
3π
4
and sec −1 − 2 =
3π
4
. ( )
θ 1 + x (taking cos–1 on both side)
cos = 1 1
2 2 34. tan x = ,−
2 2
θ  1+ x θ  π
cos–1 cos = = cos −1 
 since 2 ∈  0, 4  1
2  2 
If tan α =
2
θ  1+ x
⇒ x = nπ ± α

⇒ = cos −1  ...(2)
2  2 
n ∈ z.
θ 1+ x r

similarly sin = 35. If – 1 ≤ x < 0, then – 2 ≤ sin–1 x < 0.
2 2

θ θ 1− x
Also 0 < 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) < 2π
−1sin sin = = sin −1 ...(3) r
2 2 2
∴ – 2 < sin–1 x + 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) < 2π
θ 1+ x
∴ there is no solution in this case.

also = tan −1 ...(4)
2 1 x
  π
32. Let θ = cos–1x f(x) = θ + cos–1  cos  θ −  
thus x can not be negative ...(i)
 3 
r

Now if x ≥ 0, then 0 ≤ sin–1x ≤ 2
 π π
θ + θ − 3 3
<θ≤π 3r

⇒ 2 ≤ cot–1 (y2 – 2y) < π
=
 π π
⇒ y2 – 2y ≤ – 1
θ − θ + 0≤θ≤
 3 3
⇒y = 1
 −1 π 1
2 cos x − 3
−1 ≤ x <
2

since for y = 1, we have 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) = 2 cot–1 (–1)
 3r
=  = 2
 π 1 r
 ≤ x ≤1
∴ sin–1 x = 2
 3 2
r
i.e. x = 1 ∴ the solution is x = 1, y = 1

(i) f(2/3) = 3
1 π

(ii) f(1/3) = 2 cos–1 − .
3 3
9.18 Mathematics
36. Domain of f(x) = ln cos–1 x is x ∈ [–1,1) −3
Also cot 2θ =


\ [α] = – 1 or 0. 4

 1 π so sin θ + cos θ = 1 + sin 2θ = 3 = 3 2

37. (a) sin  tan − 1 3 + tan − 1  = sin = 1
 3  2 5 10

π 3  3 3  −1  3  
(b) cos  − sin − 1  = cos  cos − 1  =
−1
As cot −   ∈ (0, π), sin 2θ will be positive .
2 4  4 4   4  
40. (a) cos ^tan -1 ^tan ]4 - πghh
1 63 

(c) sin  sin − 1
8  cos
= ]4 - rg = cos ]r - 4g =- cos 4 > 0
4
(b) sin ^cot -1 ^cot ]4 - πghh

63
]4 - πg =- sin 4 > 0 (as sin 4 < 0)
−1

Let sin =θ sin
=
8
(c) tan ^cos -1 ^cos ]2π - 5ghh

63 1
]2π - 5g =- tan 5 > 0 (as tan 5 < 0)

so sin θ = if cos θ =
8 8 tan
=
(d) cot ^sin -1 ^sin ]r - 4hh = cot ]r - 4g =- cot 4 < 0

we have cos θ = 1 + cos θ = 3

2 2 4 41. f ] xg = sin -1 sin kx + cos -1 ]cos kxg

θ Let g ] xg = sin -1 sin x + cos -1 ]cos xg

1 − cos
θ 2 = 1 ]Z] r

sin = ]] 2x, 0 # x # 2
4 2 2 2 ]]
g ] xg = ][r, 2 < x # 2
] r 3r
1
− 1 63  1 ]]
Now log 2 sin  sin
 = log 2 ]]
4 8  2 2 ]] 4r - 2x, 3r < x # 2r
2
3 \
=−
g(x) is periodic with period 2π and is constant in the
2
continuous interval :2nr + 2 , 2nr + 2 D
r 3r
5 5
(where n ! I ) and f ] xg = g ]kxg .
−1
(d) cos
= θ cos θ =
3 3
1 −1  4π  
So, f(x) is constant in the interval
38. cos  cos cos  2π +  
: 2nr + r , 2nr + 3r D
 2  5 
k 2k k 2k
 1 4π  2π r 3r r r r
= cos  ×  = cos
Thus, 4 = 2k - 2k or k = 4 or k = 4
2 5  5
 3π   3π  42. The given relation is possible when

= cos  π −  = − cos  
 5  5 a 2 a3
a - 3 + 9 + ... = 1 + b + b 2 + ...

2π  π 2π   π a 2 a3

and cos = sin  −  = sin  
Also, - 1 # a - 3 + 9 + ... # 1 and
5 2 5 10
- 1 # 1 + b + b 2 + ... # 1

1  3
39. Let cot −1  −  = θ a 1
2  4 & b < 1 & a < 3 and
a = 1-b
1+ 3

expression = sinθ + cosθ = 2 (sin(θ + π/4)) 3a 1

or a + 3 = 1 - b , there are infinitely many
1  3 
= 2 sin  cot −1  −  + cot −1 (1)
solutions
2  4  

or 3a - 3ab = a + 3 or 2a - 3ab = 3
= 2 sin  π − tan −1 1 + π − 1 cot −1 3 
2a - 3 3
2 2 2 4
or b = 3a and a = 2 - 3b
1 4
= 2 sin  π − tan −1 (1) − tan −1 

 2 3
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.19
Comprehension type
n=0
Passage - 1 (Question. 43 To 45) r -r r r

sin–1 x = 2 y { 2 ≤ 2 y ≤ 2 ⇒ –1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
43.

When y = 1, x = 1

y = –1, x = –1

n = –1
r

sin–1 x = – 2 y

When y = 1, x = –1 y = –1, x = 1

Other values of n and y are out of range.
44. Clearly π – x.
1. (0, 1) and (– 1, 2)
45. = tan (t), t = – x ∈ [–1, 1]
–1

2. (1, 1), (1, –1), (–1, 1), (–1, –1)
3. one one onto
Passage - 3 (Question. 49 To 51)
49. A = (tan– 1 x)3 + (cot– 1 x)3

A = (tan– 1 x + cot– 1 x)3

– 3 tan– 1 x cot– 1 x (tan– 1 x + cot– 1 x)
3
 π π
Passage - 2 (Question. 46 To 48) ⇒ A =   − 3 tan − 1 x cot − 1 x .

 2 2
 cos −1 x 

(i) sin   =1 π3 3π π 
 y 
⇒A = − tan − 1 x  − tan − 1 x
8 2 2 
cos −1 x π 2

⇒ = 2nπ + and y ≠ 0 π3 3π  −1 π
y 2
⇒A = −  tan x − 
32 2 4
r π3 π3

⇒ cos–1 x = (4n + 1) 2 y

as x > 0 ≤ A<
r 32 8

when n = 0 ⇒ cos–1 x = 2 y
50. B = (sin– 1 t)2 + (cos– 1 t)2

when y = 1, x = 0

B = (sin– 1 t + cos– 1 t)2 – 2 sin– 1 t cos– 1 t
r

{0 < 2 y < π y = 2, x = –1 ⇒ 0 < y < 2}
π2 π 

B= − 2 sin − 1 t  − sin − 1 t 

when 4  2 

n = 1 or > 1 π2  π
2

B= + 2  sin − 1 t − 
5r 8  4

cos–1 x = 2 y or more(reject)

n = – 1 or < – 1 π2 π2 π2

Bmax = + 2. =
−3π 8 16 4

cos–1x = y or more(reject)
2 π3 π2 λ π
51. l = µ= =
32 4 µ 8
 −1 
(ii) cos  sin x  = 0
λ − µπ π − 7π
 y  = −π=
µ 8 8
sin −1 x π  λ − µπ   7π  π

⇒ = (2n + 1) cot − 1 cot  = cot − 1 cot  − =
y 2  µ    8  8

and y ≠ 0
9.20 Mathematics
Passage - 4 (Question. 52 To 54) a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) c (a + b + c)

= + +
bc ac ab
 4x  −1  x
52. sin − 1  2  + 2 tan  − 2 
 x + 4  ( a + b + c )3 / 2 ( a + b + c )3 / 2

= and xyz =
abc abc
 x 
 2. 
⇒ x + y + z = xyz
= sin − 1  2  − 2 tan − 1 x
  x 2  2
⇒ tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1z = π
   + 1
 2 
Hence θ = π
x x
(b) Let α = tan–1(cot A) ⇒ β = tan–1(cot3 A)
= 2 tan − 1 − 2 tan − 1 = 0
2 2
cot A + cot 3 A
x ⇒ tan(α + β) =

Here ≤1 1 − cot 4 A
2

| x | ≤ 2 ⇒ –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 π

R.H.S. is negative ⇒ π < α + β <
2
−1 6x π cot A tan 2 A
53. cos 2
=− + 2 tan − 1 3 x
⇒ tan (α + β – π) = =−
1 + 9x 2
1 − cot 2 A 2
π 6x π  tan 2 A 

⇒ − sin − 1 2
= − + 2 tan − 1 3 x
⇒ α + β = π – tan–1  
2 1 + 9x 2 2 

6x
G.E. = π independent of A.
⇒ sin − 1
= π − 2 tan − 1 3 x
1 + 9 x2 1

(c) If x < 0, then {cos– 1(2x2 – 1) + 2cos–1 x}
2
2 . 3x
⇒ x = cosθ , π/2 < θ < π
⇒ sin − 1
2
= π − 2 tan − 1 3 x
1 + (3 x) 1
{cos– 1(2x2 – 1) + 2cos–1 x

Above is true when 3x > 1 2
1
1 1 

= {cos– 1(cos 2θ) + 2cos–1 x}
⇒ x>
x ∈  , ∞ 2
3 3 
1

= {cos– 1(cos 2θ) + 2cos–1 x}
54. (x – 1) (x + 1) > 0 ⇒ x > 1
2
2

\ sin  1 tan −1  2 x  − tan −1 x 

1
2   
= {–2θ + 2π + 2θ} = π
 1 − x2   2
 3  12   16 
= sin : 2 ^- r + 2 tan -1 xh - tan -1 xD
1 (d) sin −1   − cos −1   + cos −1  

 5  13   65 
= sin b - 2 l =- 1.
r
−1  3−1  12 
−1  16 
= sin   − cos   + cos  

5 13 65
Matching Column Type
a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c)  2 2
55. (a) Let x = , y= , −1  3  5 5  3 
bc ac
= sin  . 1 −   −
1−   
 5  13  13  5 

c (a + b + c)  16 

z= , x, y, z > 0 + cos −1  
ab  65 

⇒ θ = tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z  3 12 5 4   16 
= sin −1  . − .  + cos −1  
 5 13 13 5   65 

Now,
 16   16  π

x+y+z = sin −1   + cos −1   = .

 65   65  2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.21
3 1 1
56. (a) sin -1 x - cos -1 x = cos -1 2 if −
<a< , then
3 3
π 3 f (a + 3h) − f (a ) 3
` 2 - 2 cos -1 x = cos -1 2
lim =
h→0 3h 1 + a2

3 3
` -1 2 = 2 cos1 x
sin ⇒ f ′(a) =

1 + a2
1
x
` = 2 1   1
f  + 6 h − f  
(b) 6sec ^tan -1 2h@ + 6cosec ^cot -1 3h@
2 2 2   2 12
= hlim
= f ′ (1 / 2) =
→0 6h 5
= 7sec ^sec -1 5 hA + 7cosec ^cosec -1 10 hA
−1
(c) cos– 1 (4x3 – 3x) = cos (cos 3θ) = 3θ − 2π
2 2


= 5 + 10 = 15 (Q 2π / 3 < θ π)
= –2π + 3cos–1x
(c) sin -1 x - cos -1 x = sin -1 ]3x - 2g

\ [a + b + 2] = [–2π + 3 + 2] = –2
(d) f(x) = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) = cos–1 (cos 3q)
` x ! : 3 , 1D
1

 π
` 2 - cos -1 x - cos -1 x = 2 - cos -1 ]3x - 2g

r r  3θ, 0<θ<
3
= 
π 1
` 2 cos -1 x = cos -1 ]3x - 2g
2π − 3θ, <θ<
 3 2
` 2x 2 - 1 = 3x - 2
 1
−1
 3 cos x, 2
< x <1
1
= 
x
` = 1 or 2
2π − 3 cos − 1 x, 0 < x < 1
(d) sin -1 ]sin 5g
 2

` sin -1 ^sin ]5 - 2rgh = 5 - 2r =- 1.28

 −3 1
 , < x <1
1 − x 2 2
\ f ′(x) = 

1
57. (a) sin– 1 (3x – 4x3) = π − 3 sin − 1 x if < x <1  3 , 0< x< 1
2  1 − x2 2

\ lim+ f(3x – 4x3) = lim (π − 3 sin − 1 x)

1
x→
1 x→ +
2
a = lim1 f ′ ( x) = − 2 3

2 x→ +
= π − 3 lim sin − 1 x 2
1
x→ +
2 b = lim1 f ′ ( x) = 2 3
\ a + b – 3 = – 3.

\ a = p \ [a] = 3 x→ −
2

 3 x − x3 
(b) f(x) = tan − 1 
2
= 3 tan − 1 x,
 1 − 3x 
1 1
when − <x<
3 3
9.22 Mathematics

4. To evaluate: tan c 1 sin -1

Numerical Type 63 m
4 8
1. 50 tan d 3 tan
1 -1 1
n 63
-1
2 + 2 cos 5
1
Let 4 sin -1 8 = i

+ 4 2 tan b 2 tan -1 2 2 l
1 63
& sin -1 8 = 4i

= 50 tan b tan -1 2 + b 2 tan -1 2 + tan -1 2 ll

1 1 63
& sin 4i = 8
+ 4 2 tan b 2 tan -1 2 2 l
1 1
& cos 4i = 8

= 50 tan b tan -1 2 + 2. 2 l + 4 2 #
1 r 1 1
& 2 cos 2 2i - 1 = 8
2
= 50 b tan tan 2 l + 4
-1 1
& cos 2 2i = 16
9

= 25 + 4 = 29 3
& cos 2i = 4
Single Options Correct 3
& 2 cos 2 i - 1 = 4
2. Let S = ^tan -1 xh3 + ^cot -1 xh3
7
& cos 2 i = 8
= ^tan -1 x + cot -1 xh3 - 3 tan -1 x $ cot -1 x (tan -1 + cot -1 x)
7
= 8 - 2 tan -1 x b 2 - tan -1 x l
r 3 3r r & cos i =
2 2
1
= 2 b tan -1 x - 4 l + 32
3r r 2 r3 & tan i =

7
r3 7
Now, 32 # S < 8 r3
5. 2r - bsin -1 b 5 l + sin -1 b 13 l + sin -1 b 65 ll
4 5 16
r3 7
= 32 # Kr3 < 8 r3

= 2r - b tan -1 b 3 l + tan -1 b 12 l + tan -1 b 63 ll
4 5 16

1 7
32 # K < 8
= 2r - b tan -1 b 16 l + tan -1 b 63 ll
63 16

/ tan-1 c 22r + 1 6+ 32r + 1 m
k r
3. Sk = r 3r
r=1 2
= r- 2 = 2
RS VW
6 r (3 - 2)
6. We have, cos -1 b 3x l + cos -1 b 4x l = 2
k SS WW 2 3 r
= / tan SS 2r + 1
-1 2r + 1 W
SS 2 c1 + b l m WWW
3
r=1
2
T r r+1 X cos
& -1
b 3 l = r - cos -1 b 2 l
2 $ 3 - 3r $ 2r + 1 4x 2 3x
= / tan -1 > 2r + 1 2r + 1 H
k

2 c1 + b 3 l m cos
& -1
b 3 l = sin -1 b 2 l
r=1 2 4x 3x
RS r V
SS b 3 l - b 3 l WWW bcos -1 b 43x ll = cos bsin -1 b 32x ll
r+1
k cos
&
2 2 W
= / tan -1 SSS rW
SS1 + b 3 l $ b 3 l WWW
r+1
r=1
2 2 3 4 3 9x2 - 4
]3xg
T X
& 4x = 1- 2 & 4 = 3
k
= / ;tan b 2 l - tan b 2 l E
-1 3 -1 3
r+1 r
Squaring both sides, we get
r=1
9 9x2 - 4 145 145
16 = & x2 = 144 & x = 12
= tan -1 b 2 l - tan -1 b 2 l
3 k+1 3 9
7.
Now S3 = lim ;tan -1 b 32 l - tan -1 b 32 lE
k+1

k"3

= 2 - tan -1 b 2 l
r 3

= cot -1 b 2 l
3
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.23
x = sin (sin 10) = 3p – 10
–1
 x  5 π
12. Since, sin −1   + cosec −1   =
 5  4 2

 x  4 π
⇒ sin −1   + sin −1   =

 5  5 2

y = cos -1 ]cos 10g = 4r - 10
 x π  4
⇒ sin −1   = − sin −1  

 5 2  5
Now, y – x = 4p – 10 – 3p + 10 = p
−1 1  x  4
<x< ⇒ sin −1   = cos −1  

8.  5  5
3 3

x = tan θ −1  x  −1  3 
⇒ sin   = sin   ⇒ x = 3

−π π  5 5
< θ <
6 6
x
tan–1y = θ + tan–1 tan 2θ = θ + 2θ = 3θ 13. f(x) is defined if –1 ≤ –1 ≤ 1 and cos x > 0
2
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 3x − x3
y = tan 3θ = y= . x r r
1 − 3x 2
or 0 ≤ ≤ 2 and – 2 < x < 2
1 − 3 tan 2 θ 2
9. 2y = x + z
r r

or 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 and – 2 < x < 2

⇒ 2 tan–1 y = tan–1 x + tan–1 (z)
 π
 2y   x+ z
∴ x ∈ 0,  .
tan −1 
= tan −1   2
2
1 − y   1 − xz 
y
x+z
x+z 14. Given that, cos–1 x – cos–1 = α ⇒ cos–1

⇒ = 2
2
1− y 1 − xz
 xy y2 

⇒ y2 = xz or x + z = 0 ⇒ x = y = z 
+ 1 − x2 1 −  =α
 2 4 
 5 −1  3 
10. Since cosec–1   = tan  
3 4 xy y2
3 2
⇒ + 1 − x2 1 − = cos α
 3 2 4 + 3 2 4
cot  tan −1 + tan −1  = cot tan–1
 
 3
4 1− 1  2
 2 ⇒ 2 1 − x 2 1 − y = 2 cos α – xy

  17   4
  12  
On squaring both sides, we get

= cot tan–1   = cot  tan −1  17   = 6
  1    6   17
 4(1 − x 2 )(4 − y 2 ) = 4 cos2α + x2y2 – 4xy cos α

  2  
4
y−3 y−3
⇒ 4 – 4x2 – y2 + x2y2 = 4 cos2α + x2y2 – 4xy cos α
11. y = 4x + 3 ⇒ x = ⇒ f–1 (y) = g(y) = .
4 4
⇒ 4x2 – 4xy cos α + y2 = 4 sin2α

Single Option Correct  24 − 1

⇒ cot  tan −1

23  1 + 24 
1. cot ∑ cot 1
(1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n)
 −1 25  25
n =1
⇒ cot  cot

  =

⇒ cot ∑cot (1 + n(n + 1)) –1 23  23

( n + 1) − n  2 1/ 2


cot ∑ tan–1
1 + n (n + 1)   x cos cos −1
 x   
  
  1 + x2   
23 2. 1 + x2   − 1

⇒ cot ∑ ( tan −1 (n + 1) − tan −1 n)  
  + sin  sin −1
1  

n =1 
2 
  1 + x  

cot(tan 24 – tan–1 1)
–1  
9.24 Mathematics

/ cos n +r 2 - / cos b 2nk++23 r l

n n
2 1/ 2
 
2  x2 1 
= 1+ x  +  − 1
= k=0 k=0
 1 + x 2 
/ b1 - cos b 2nk++22 r ll
n
 1 + x2  
k=0

cos b n + 2 r l · sin b n + 2 r l
= 1 + x 2 . x Hence (c) is correct. n+3 n+1
]n + 1g cos b + l -
r
sin b n + 2 l
n 2 r
3. sin cot–1 (1+x) = cos (tan–1 x)
=

cos r· sin b n + 2 r l
n+1

If α = cot–1 (1 + x) and β = tan–1 x
]n + 1g -
sin b n + 2 l
1 1 r

Then = ⇒ x = – 1/2
x2 + 2 x + 2 1 + x2
cos b r + n + 2 l · sin b r - n + 2 l
r r
 x 2 x3   x 4 x6  ]n + 1g cos b n + 2 l -
r
4. sin  x − + ... + cos −1  x 2 − + + ...
sin b n + 2 l
r
 2 4   2 4 
=
cos r· sin b r - n + 2 l
r

= 2
r ]n + 1g -
sin b n + 2 l
r

−1  x2
]n + 1g cos b +
 π r l b r l
 x 
⇒ sin −1 
 + cos  2 = n 2 + cos n + 2
 1 + ( x / 2)   1 + ( x / 2)  2 =
n+1+1
]n + 2g cos b +
r l
2
2 x = 2 x
= cos b n + 2 l
n 2 r
2 + x 2 + x2 = n+2


2x + x3 = 2x2 + x3
(a) f (4) = cos b 4 + 2 l = cos b 6 l = 2
r r 3
x = 0, 1 But ∴ |x| > 0. so x = 1 is the only answer.
(b) a = tan c cos -1 bcos b 8 llm = tan 8
Multiple Options Correct r r

(k + 1) x - kx
f p
n
r
5. Sn (x) = / tan -1

1 + kx. (k + 1) x tan 4 =
r 2 tan 8
&1=
2a
k=1
2 r 1 - a2
n 1 - tan 8
= / (tan -1
(k + 1) x - tan -1 kx) ⇒ a2 + 2a – 1 = 0.
k=1
nx (c) sin b7 cos -1 b cos 7 ll
r
= tan -1 (n + 1) x - tan -1 x = tan -1 f p
1 + (n + 1 ) x 2
= sin b7 # 7 l = sin r = 0
r

Now (A)
10x 1 + 11x 2
S10 (x) = tan -1 e o= - tan -1 e o lim f ]ng = limcos b n + 2 l = cos ]0 g = 1
r (d) r
1 + 11x 2
2 10x n"3 n"3

/ tan-1 d 1 + ^x + jh1^x + j - 1h n
n
x
(B) lim cot (Sn (x)) = cot f tan e op = x
-1 7. fn (x) =
j=1
n"x x2
r 3x fn ]xg = tan -1 ]x + ng - tan -1 ]xg

f n' ]xg =
(C) S3 (x) = & = 1 & 4x 2 - 3x + 1 = 0 1 1
1 + ]x + ng2 1 + x2
4 1 + 4x 2 ⇒ -
has no real root. fn(0) = tan-1(n) ⇒ tan2 (tan-1n) = n2

/ tan2 ^fj ]0gh = / j2 = 5.66.11 = 55

5 5
n (a) (since 0

(D) For x = 1, tan (Sn (x)) = which is greater
n+2 j=1 j=1

1 is not in domain so a and b are wrong)

than for n $ 3 so this option is incorrect.
(b) f n' ]0 g = - 1 ⇒ 1 + fn ]0 g =
2 1 1
1 + n2 1 + n2
/ 2 sin b kn ++ 12 r l sin b kn ++ 22 r l
n

sec2 (fn(0)) = sec2 (tan-1(n)) = 1 + n2.

6. f ]ng =
k=0

Hence (1 + fn’(0)).sec2(fn(0))= c m (1+b2)=1

1
/ 2 sin2 b kn ++ 12 r l
n

k=0 1 + n2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 9.25

/ ^1 + fi'h]0g) sec2 ^fi ]0gh = / 1 = 10

10 10 10
1 1
So f 2 k/
-1 -
p
sin b 6 l · ]- 1gk
i=1 i=1
sec
= =0
7 r

lim fn ]xg = lim tan -1 c 1 + x ]n + xg m = 0

n
1 1
f 2
-1 -
7r p = sec -1 ]1 g = 0
x"3 x"3

sin b 6 l
sec
=
lim tan ^fn ]xgh = 0 & lim sec2 ^fn ]xgh = 1
11. sin -1 e / x i + 1 - x / b 2 l o
x i
3 3
x"3 x"3

i=1 i=1
6 6 4 4
8. α = 3sin–1 > 3sin–1 and β = 3cos–1 > 3cos–1
= 2 - cos -1 e / b - 2 l - / (- x) i o
x i
3 3
11 12 9 8 r

i=1 i=1
r 3r
⇒ α > 2 and β > π ⇒α+β> 2
b- x l
JK x NO
KK x2 2 OO x 2
Numerical Type KK 1 - x - x x OO = 1 - x + x
K 1- 2 O 1+ 2
L P
9. 2 r x2 x2 x x
cos -1 = tan -1
2 + r2 2 1-x - 2-x = 1+x - 2+x
x2 x x2 x
1-x 1+x 2-x - 2+x
- =
x (1 + x) - (1 - x) 2x + x2 - 2 + x
 2 +  = or x = 0
 1 - x2 4 - x2
 x2 + 2x - 1 x2 + 3x - 2
=
1 - x2 4 - x2
2
⇒ x + 2x + 5x + 5x - 2
3 2

JK N
KK 2 # r OOO f’(x) > 0
(f(0) = -2 and f(1/2) = 9/8 so one root in b0, 2 l
2 O
sin -1 d n = sin -1 KK
2 2r K 1
O
r 2 OO

2 + r2
K 1 + d 2 n OO
KK

⇒ 2 roots
L P

= r - 2 tan -1 d n
r 12. f(x) = cos–1 (cos x) ∈ [0, 4π]

2
c As, sin -1 c m = x - 2 tan -1 x, x $ 1 m
2x 10 − x x

1 + x2
and f ( x) = =1−
10 10

and tan -1 r = cot -1 d n

2 r
2

` Expression = 2 d tan n + 1 d r - 2 tan 1 n

3 -1 r - r
2 4 2

+ cot d n
-1 r

so, 3 solution.
2
 sin θ   sin θ 
= b 2 - 4 l tan -1
3 2 r r r 13. tan −1  = sin −1 
+ + cot -1
2 4 2  cos 2θ   cos θ 

= d tan n+ r
-1 r
+ cot -1
r df
4
∴ f(θ) = tan θ ∴ =1
2 2 d tan θ
r r 3r Matching Column Type

= 2 + 4 = 4
r
14. sin–1 (ax) + cos–1y + cos–1 (bxy) = 2
= 2.35 or 2.36

r
(a) a = 1, b = 0 ⇒ sin–1(x) + cos–1(y) + cos–1 (0) = 2
7r kr l b 7r ]k + 1g r l
/ sec b 12
10. sec -1 e 4 o
10
1
+ 2 sec 12 + 2 ⇒ sin–1x + cos–1y = 0
k=0

⇒ cos–1y = – sin–1x
sec -1 e - 4 / sec b 12
7r kr l
+ 2 co sec b 12 + 2 lo
10
1 7 r kr

⇒ cos–1 y = cos–1 1 − x 2
k=0
9.26 Mathematics

⇒ x2 + y2 = 1 π 

r
(b) sin–1 (x) + cos–1y + cos–1 (xy) = 2
∴ θ ∈  , π
2 

⇒ cos–1 (y) + cos–1(xy) = cos–1x.
⇒ cot θ = x
2
(
2 2 2
⇒ cos–1 xy − (1 − y ) (1 − x y ) = cos–1x.
)
∴ sin θ =
1
1 + x2

⇒ xy2 – (1 − y 2 )(1 − x 2 y 2 ) = x
1

⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1
⇒1–x –y +xy = 0
2 2 2 2
1 + x2

⇒ (1 – x2) (1 – y2) = 0 1
r
⇒ π – θ = sin–1

(c) sin (x) + cos y + cos
–1 –1 –1
(2xy) = 2 1 + x2
1
⇒ cos–1 2 xy 2 −
(1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y )  = cos
2 2 2 −1
x.
⇒ θ = π – sin–1
1 + x2

Therefore,

⇒ 2xy2 – (1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y ) = x
2 2 2

L.H.S. =

⇒ 2xy2 – x = (1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y )
2 2 2
 −1 −1 1
, if x ≥ 0
 cos tan sin sin

⇒ 4x y + x – 4x y = 1 – y – 4x y + 4x y
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4  1 + x2



⇒ x2 + y2 = 1. cos tan −1 sin  π − sin −1 1 
, if x < 0
  
r   1 + x2 

(d) sin–1(2x) + cos–1y + cos–1 (2xy) = 2
1
(
⇒ cos–1 2 y 2 x − 1 − y 2 1 − 4 x 2 y 2 
)( ) = cos tan–1 sin sin–1
1 + x2
; x∈R

1
= cos–1(2x)
= cos tan–1
1 + x2
⇒ 2y2x – 1 − y 2 − 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 4 = 2x.
1

Let φ = tan–1

⇒ 1 – 4x – y + 4x y = 0
2 2 2 2
1 + x2

⇒ (1 – 4x2)(1 – y2) = 0. 1

As ∈ (0, 1]
Subjective Type 1 + x2

15. Case-I: x ≥ 0  π

∴ φ ∈  0, 
 2

Let cot–1 x = θ
1
 π
∴ tan φ =

∴ θ ∈  0,  1 + x2
 2

⇒ x = cot θ 1 + x2

∴ cos φ =
2 + x2
1

∴ sin θ = 1 + x2
1 + x2 1 + x2

∴ L.H.S. = cos cos–1 2
= = R.H.S.
2+ x 2 + x2
1

⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1
1 + x2

1

⇒ θ = sin–1
1 + x2

Case-II: x < 0

Let cot–1 x = θ
 10
Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.1

Chapter Limits, Continuity & Differentiability

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
Aliter: lim f ]xg = lim ]1 - hg = 1
1 1
h $ 0 1 - ]1 - hg
1. lim = lim =3
x $ 1- 1-x x $ 1- h$0

and lim
1 1
= lim 1 + h - 1 = 3 and lim f ]xg = lim 2 - ]1 + hg = 1
x $ 1+ 1-x h$0 x $ 1+ h$0

1 Hence limit of function is 1.

Hence lim = 3.
x$1 1-x
xn - 2n
n ]2n + 1g2 4n3 + 4n2 + n 6. lim x - 2 = n.2 n - 1 & n.2 n - 1 = 80 & n = 5.
2.
n $ 3 ]n + 2g^n + 3n - 1 h
lim 2 = lim 3 2
x$2
n $ 3 n + 5n + 5n - 2
]2x - 3g^ x - 1 h # ^ x + 1 h - 1 - 1
n3 c 4 + n + 2 m 7.
]x - 1g]2x + 3g # ^ x + 1 h
4 1 lim = 5.2 = 10 .
x$1
n
= lim =4
n c1 + n + 2 - 3 m
n$3 3 5 5 2
n n x
8. Since lim x =- 1 and
x $ 0-
1 1
3. lim = 2.
n$3 1 x
1+ 1+ n lim x = 1,
x $ 0+

4. lim
3x - a - x + a hence limit does not exist.
x$a x-a
e tan x - 1
3x - a - x + a 3x - a + x + a 9. lim
] x - ag
tan x
= lim # x"
r e +1
x$a 3x - a + x + a 2

2 1
= lim b1 - tan x + l
= = 2
2 2a 2a e 1
r
x" 2
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule
r-
3x - a - x + a 3 1 If x " 2 , tan x " 3 & e tanx " 3
lim x-a = lim -
x$a x $ a 2 3x - a 2 x+a
& LHL = 1
3 1 1
= - = .
2 2a 2 2a 2a r+
If x " 2 , tan x " - 3 & e tanx " 0
5. lim f ]xg = 1
x$f
& RHL = - 1 Hence limit does not exist.
Y
^ x + hh - ^ xh
2 2
x+h- x 1
10.
h $ 0 h^ x + h + x h
y=f(x) lim h = lim = .
h$0 2 x
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital rule,
x+h- x 1 1
lim = lim = .
X h$0 h h$0 2 x + h 2 x
O 1 2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. Here f ]0g = 0

1 1
Since - 1 # sin x # 1 & - x # x sin x # x . We know that lim x = 0 and lim - x = 0
x$0 x$0

In this way lim f ]xg = 0.

x$0
10.2 Mathematics

lim 1 - cos x = lim b 1x-cot x # 1 + cos x l

f ] xg = d
x3 cot x
n, then
3
2. e 1/x - 1
cos x 1 + cos x 8.
x$0 x$0 e 1/x + 1

= lim b sin x l # limcos x # lim ]1 + cos xg = 2 e1/h c1 - m

x 3 1
lim f ]xg = lim d 1/h n = lim
x$0 x$0 x$0 e1/h - 1 e1/h
=1
x ^e x - 1 h 2x ^ e x - 1 h x $ 0+ h$0 e +1 h$0
e1/h c1 + 1/h m
1
3. lim 1 - cos x = lim x e
x$0 x$0
4. sin2 2
Similarly lim f ]xg =- 1.
^ x/2h
x $ 0-
2

= 2 lim > x Hb x l = 2.
x
e -1 Hence limit does not exist.
x$0 sin2 2

log :1 - 2 sin2 2 D
x
log 6]x - 1g + 1@
logcos x
9. lim = lim
4. lim x-1 = 1. x$0 x x$0 x
x$1
2
2 x
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule, - >2 sin2 2x + f 2 sin 2 p + ...H
2
1 = lim x =0
x$0
log x
lim = lim 1x = 1
x$1 x - 1 x$1 Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule

= 2. lim b x l . lim x = 0.
2 2
x.2 sin x sin x
5. lim logcos x - tan x
x$0 x2 x$0 x$0 lim = lim 1 = 0.
x$0 x x$0

< lim c1 + 1 m F = e2 .
x/2 2
6. 10.
2 sin 2x
x$3 x/2 lim
x$0 2x = 2.
7. lim kx cosec x = lim x cosec kx
x$0 x$0

x 1 kx 1
x $ 0 sin ]kxg
& k. lim sin x = k lim & k = k & k = ! 1.
x$0

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. Here f ]2 g = 0
f ] xg = ' 1, for x ! 1
x 2 - 4x + 3
lim f ]xg = lim f ]2 - hg = lim 2 - h - 2 = 0
5.
x2 - 1
x $ 2- h$0 h$0

lim f ]xg = lim f ]2 + hg = lim 2 + h - 2 = 0

= 2 , for x = 1
x $ 2+ h$0 h$0

f ]1 g = 2, f ]1 +g = lim
x2 - 4x + 3
Hence it is continuous at x = 2.
x $ 1+ x2 - 1
2. f ^r/2h = 3. Since f ]xg is continuous at x = r/2 ] x - 3g
x $ 1+ ] x + 1 g
= lim =- 1

& lim b r - 2x l = f b 2 l & 2 = 3 & k = 6. =- 1 & f ]1 g ! f ]1 -g

k cos x r k
f ]1 -g = lim
x2 - 4x + 3
x $ r /2
x $ 1- x2 - 1
3. For continuous lim f ]xg = f ]2 g = k Hence the function is discontinuous at x = 1.
x$2

x3 + x2 - 16x + 20
f ] xg = ]
x+1
]x - 2g2 x - 3g]x + 4g
& k = lim 6. .
x$2

^ x2 - 4x + 4h]x + 5g Hence the points are 3, - 4.

]x - 2g2
= lim = 7.
x$2

4. Here lim f ]xg = k, lim f ]xg =- k and f ]0g = k 7. f ]0 +g = f ]0 -g = 2 and f ]0g = 2

x $ 0+ x $ 0-

But f ]xg is continuous at x = 0 , therefore k must Hence f ]xg is continuous at x = 0.

be zero.
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.3

8. f ]0g = 0; f ]0 -g = lim
-h
= lim
-h
=0 10. For x ! [0, 1) , 5x? = 0 and hence f ]xg is undefined.
h$0 e -1/h + 1 h $ 0 1 + 1
e1/h So we leave out x = 0 & 1 and say that f ]xg is
f ]0 +g = lim 1/h
h
= 0.
h$0 e +1 discontinous at all negative integers and at all
9. It is obvious.
positive integers $ 2.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. Statement (d) is true, because differentiable function Now lim f ]xg = lim ]0 + hg = 0 = f ]0 g
is always x $ 0+ h$0

lim f ]xg = lim ]2 - hg = 1 = f ]2 g

2. As Lf' ]2 g ! Rf' ]2 g . x $ 2- h$0

Hence function is continuous in [0,2]

3. lim f ]xg = lim f ]3 - hg = lim 3 - h - 3 = 0
x$3 -
h$0 h$0
Clearly, from graph it is not differentiable at x = 1.
lim f ]xg = lim f ]3 + hg = lim 3 + h - 3 = 0
x $ 3- h$0 h$0
5. Since this function is continuous at x = 0.
a lim f ]xg = lim f ]xg = f ]3 g
Now for differentiability f ]xg = x = 0 = 0 and
- +
x$3 x$3

f ]0 + hg = f ]hg = h
|x – 3|

O x=3 f ]0 + hg - f ]0g h
` lim h = lim h =- 1
h $ 0- h $ 0-
Hence f is continuous at x = 3
f ]0 + hg - f ]0g h
f ]3 - hg - f ]3 g
and lim = lim h = 1.
Now Lf' ]3 g = lim
h $ 0+ h h$0 +

h$0 -h
Therefore it is continuous and non-differentiable.
3-h-3 -0 h
f ]1 + hg - f ]1 g
= lim -h = lim - h =- 1
We have Rf' ]1 g = lim
h$0 h$0
6.
f ]3 + hg - f ]3 g h
Rf' ]3 g = lim
h$0
3+h-3 -0
"]1 + hg - 1 , - 0
h = lim h =1 3
h$0 h$0
= lim =3
` Lf' ]3 g ! Rf' ]3 g. Hence f is not differentiable at h$0 h
f ]1 - hg - f ]1 g "]1 - hg - 1 , - 0
Lf' ]1 g = lim = lim =1
x = 3. Trick: Can be seen by graph it is continuous h$0 -h h$0 -h

` Rf' ]1 g ! Lf' ]1 g & f ]xg is not differentiable at

but tangent is not defined at x = 3.
x = 1.
f ] xg = *
x, 0 # x # 1
4.
1, 1 < x # 2 Now, f ]1 + 0g = lim f ]1 + hg = 0
lim f ]xg = lim f ]1 - hg = lim ]1 - hg = 1
h$0

h$0 h$0
and f ]1 - 0g = lim f ]1 - hg = 0
-
x$1

lim f ]xg = lim f ]1 + hg = 1

h$0

x $ 1+ h$0
` f ]1 + 0g = f ]1 - 0g = f ]0 g & f ]xg is continuous at
Hence function is continuous in (0,2).
x = 1. Hence at x = 1, f ]xg is continous and not

differentiable.
O x=1
10.4 Mathematics
7. Since x - 3 = x - 3, if x $ 3, =- x + 3, Lf' ]xg = Rf' ]xg & dx ^e x + axh = dx b ]x - 1g2
d d

& e x + a = 2b ]x - 1g
if x < 3 ` The given function can be defined as

]Z] 1 2 3 13
]] 4 x - 2 x + 4 , x < 1 At x = 0, e 0 + a =- 2b & a + 1 =- 2b & a =- 3
f ]xg = ][
]
& ^a, bh = ^- 3, 1h .
]] 3 - x, 1 # x < 3
]]
It can be easily seen from the graph of f ]xg = sin x
x - 3, x $ 3
\ 9.
Now proceed to check the continuity and
that it is every where continuous but not differentiable
differentiablity at x = 1. at integer multiples of r and at x = 0.
8. Given f ]xg is differentiable at x = 0. Y

Hence f ]xg will be continuous at x = 0.

X′ X
` lim ^e x + axh = lim b ]x - 1g2 –2π 3π –π 0 π 2π
π π 3π
− −
x $ 0- x $ 0+ 2 2 2
2

& e + a # 0 = b ]0 - 1g & b = 1
0 2
.......(i) Y′

But f ]xg is differentiable at x = 0 , then 10. A continuous function may or may not be
differentiable. So (b) is not true.

EXERCISE - 1
Basics, Sandwich Theorem, Expansions, Algebraic x9 + a9 2a9
Limits 9. lim x + a = 9 & 2a = 9 & a8 = 9 & a = 91/8
^ x + 5 + xh
x$a

1. lim x ^ x + 5 - x h # lim 5x? = lim 51 - h? = lim 0 = 0

^ x + 5 + xh
10.
x$3 x $ 1- h$0 h$0

= lim
x ]5 g 5
= 2. and lim 5x? = lim 51 + h? = lim 1 = 1
xb 1 + x + 1l
x $ 1+ h$0 h$0
x$3 5
Hence limit does not exist.
RS V
lim ]
x-1 1 SS 1 + b + 42 WWW
x - 1g]2x - 5g
2. =- 3 .
x x W
11. lim SSS
x$1

x $ 3S a 5 WWW = 1.
Aliter: Appply L-Hospital’s rule. S 1 + x + x2 W
lim ^ x - 5n?h = lim x - lim 5n? = n - n = 0.
T X
3.
d ]r g
x $ n+0 x $ n+0 x $ n+0
12. dr f = 2rr.
lim f ]xg = lim
0-h -1
4. = lim =- 1
x $ 0- h$0 h + h2 h $ 0 1 + h
n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g b1 + 1 lb2 + 1 l
lim ; E
n n 1
13.
and lim f ]xg = lim
h 1 = lim 6 = 3.
= lim =1 n$3 6n3 n$3
x $ 0+ h$0 h + h2 h $ 0 1 + h
Note: Students should remember that
Hence limit does not exist.
/ n = 1 , lim / n2 = 1
lim x - a = lim ]x + ag = 2a.
x2 - a2 lim
5. n$3 n2 2 n$3 n3 3
f ] xg f' ] x g
x$a x$a

6. Apply the L-Hospital’s rule, lim ] g = lim ] g . and lim

/ n3 = 1 .
x$a g x x $ a g' x 4
n$3 n4
lim f ]xg = 5 - 3 = 2, lim f ]xg = 5 - 3 = 1. f ]ag6g ]xg - g ]ag@ - g ]ag6 f ]xg - f ]ag@
2
7.
14. lim
5x - a?
x $ 3+ x $ 3-

x 65 C1 + 5 C2 x + 5 C3 x2 + 5 C4 x3 + 5 C5 x 4@ 5
x$a

8. lim
x$0 x 63 C1 + 3 C2 x + 3 C3 x2@
= 3. = f ]ag g' ]ag - g ]ag f' ]ag = 2 # 2 - ]- 1g]1 g = 5.
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.5
2
m2
2 < 1+ 2 +
c2 d2 F =
m #
1 = 2 . Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
^a - b h
2 1+ n 2
n
x x2 a2 - b2
15.
x $ 3 ^c - d h
lim 2 2 = 2
c - d2
< 1+ 2 + 1+ 2F
2 2
a b 1 - cos mx m sin mx m2 cos mx m2
lim 1 - cos nx = lim n sin nx = lim 2 = 2.
x x x$0 x$0 x $ 0 n cos nx n
]x - 1g]2x + 3g 2x2 + x - 3 e sin x - 1 e sin x - 1 sin x
16. lim 2 = lim = 2. 24. lim = lim sin x # x
x$3 x x$3 x2 x$0 x x$0

b1 + 1 l
2
e sin x - 1 sin x
n 1 = lim sin x # lim x = 1 # 1 = 1.
17. lim 4 = 4. x$0 x$0
n$3
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
a + 2x - 3x
18. lim
x $ a 3a + x - 2 x e sin x - 1 cos x e sin x
lim x = lim 1 = 1.e° = 1.
x$0 x$0
a + 2x - 3x a + 2x + 3x
= lim # #
x $ a 3a + x - 2 x a + 2x + 3x 1 + sin x - 1 - sin x

3a + x + 2 x 25. Apply L-Hospital’s rule, lim x
x$0
3a + x + 2 x
cos x cos x 1 1
3a + x + 2 x 2 = lim + = 2 + 2 = 1.
x $ a 3 ^ a + 2x + 3x h
= lim = . x$0 2 1 + sin x 2 1 - sin x
3 3
2 # 9 sin2 3x
]3xg2
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule. 26. lim = 18
x$0

3 + ^2/xh - ^1/x2 h 3
sin a - cos a
27. lim
x $ 3 2 - ^3/x h - ^3/x h
19. lim 2 = 2 .
a $ r/4 a - r/4
Z] _
x-2 2-h-2 ]] 2 d sin a. 1 - cos a. 1 n bbb
20. lim x - 2 = lim 2 - h - 2 =- 1 ] 2 2 b`
= lim ][ bb
ba - r l
x $ 2- h$0
a $ r/4]
]] bb
x-2 2+h-2 4
and lim x - 2 = lim 2 + h - 2 = 1 \ a
sin b a - 4 l
x $ 2+ h$0
r
Hence limit does not exist. = 2 lim = 2 #1 = 2.
Trigonometric, Exponential, Logarithmic Limits, a $ r/4
ba - r l
4
L’hospital Rule
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
b2 + 1 l b 4 - 1 l
40 5

x x 2 40 .45
21. lim = 45 = 25 = 32. sin a - cos a cos a + sin a
b2 + 3 l a ^r/4h
45
x$3 2 lim = lim 1
x a $ r /4 a $ r /4

1 1
2x - 1 2 x log 2 = + = 2.
22.
x $ 0 ]1 + xg
lim = lim 1 2 2
1/ 2
- 1 x $ 0 ]1 + xg-1/2
2 logsin x
28. lim tan x logsin x = lim cot x
f ] xg f' ] x g
r r
x$ x$
(a lim = lim ] g 2
2 2

x $ a g ] xg x $ a g' x 1
= lim sin x cos x = 0 (Applying L-Hospital’s rule)
= 2 log 2 = log 4. 2
r - cosec x
x$ 2
Z] _
]] 2 sin2 mx bbb
1 - cos mx ] 2 b ]Z] 2 tan 2x b_
23. lim
x $ 0 1 - cos nx
= lim ][
x $ 0] 2 nx b
` ]] 2x - 1 bbb 1
] 2 sin 2 bb 29.
tan 2x - x
= lim []
\ a
lim
x $ 0 3x - sin x x $ 0] sin x `bb = 2 .
]] 3 - x bb
SRSZ]] mx b _2
WWW
V \ a
SS]] sin 2 bbb m2 x2 1 4 W Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule
SS][ mx b` 4 . ]Z _2 . 2 2 W
= lim SS]] 2 bb ]] sin nx bbb n x WWW
x $ 0S ] 2 b WW
SS\ a ]][ nx bb` WW
tan 2x - x 2 sec2 2x - 1 2 - 1 1
lim 3x - sin x = lim 3 - cos x = 3 - 1 = 2 .
SS ] 2 b W x$0 x$0
T \ a X
10.6 Mathematics
rx
sin 180 2 ]a + bg sin ]a + hg + ]a + hg2 cos ]a + hg
sin x° r = lim
30. lim x = lim x = 180 h$0 1
x$0 x$0

= 2a sin a + a2 cos a.
&` x = rx radian 0 .
°
180
x cos x - sin x - sin x
cos ax - cos bx 38. lim = lim 2 sin x + x cos x
31. lim x$0 x2 sin x x$0
x$0 x2
(By L-Hospital’s rule)
2 sin b 2 l x. sin b 2 l x
a+b b-a
b2 - a2 - cos x 1
= lim = 2 = lim 3 cos x - x sin x =- 3 ,
b
x$0 a + b
l 2 2 bb-al x$0
2 x. a + b . b - a . 2 x
(Again by L-Hospital’s rule)
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule, 1 - x -1/3 1
39.
x $ 1 ^1 - x h^1 + x -1/3h
lim -1 / 3 = 2.
cos ax - cos bx - a sin ax + b sin bx
lim = lim 2x Aliter: Apply L-Hospital rule.
x$0 x2 x$0

= lim
- a2 cos ax + b2 cos bx b2 - a2
= 2 . ^1 + nx + n C2 x2 + ... higher powers of x to x n h - 1
x$0 2 40. lim x = n.
x$0

cosec2 i - 4 Aliter: Apply L-Hospital rule.

32. lim = lim cosec i + 2 = 4.
x $ r/6 cosec i - 2 x $ r /6

33. lim x logsin x = limlog ]sin xgx = log 9xlim ]sin xgxC 41. Put cos -1 x = y and x " 1 & y " 0.
x$0 x$0 $0

x]sin x - 1g
= log ; lim ]1 + sin x - 1g
1- x 1 - cos y
sin x - 1 E
x$1^ cos -1 xh2 y $ 0
lim = lim
x$0 y2
= log e 6e lim x]sin x - 1g@ = log e 1. ^1 - cos y h
y $ 0 ^1 + cos y h
Now rationalizing it, we get lim
x$0

= lim b a x- 1 l - lim b b x- 1 l
ax - bx x x
34. lim x
1 - cos y 1 1 1 1
x$0 x$0 x$0 = lim $ lim = 2 #2 = 4.
y$0 y2 y $ 0 1 + cos y

= log a - log b = log ^a/bh .

x b x - 2x l
2 tan 2x
35. Expand sin x and then solve.Aliter: Apply 42. lim tan x =- 2.
x$0

L-Hospital’s rule 2 sin i

5 cos i -
x3 3x2 i 5-2 3
sin x - x + 6 cos x - 1 + 6 43. lim = 3+1 = 4.
i$0 tan i
lim = lim 3+
x$0 x5 x$0 5x 4 i
^ 2 - sec x h cos x ]1 + cot xg
6x
- sin x + 6 - cos x + 1 sin x 44.
cot x 62 - sec2 x@
= lim = lim = lim 120x lim . tan x
x$0 20x3 x$0 60x2 x$0 x $ r /4

cos x 1
= lim 120 = 120 . 1 ]2 g
x$0
sin x ]1 + cot xg 2 1
x $ r/4 ^ 2 + sec x h
sin x - x = lim = = 2.
36. lim Expand sin x, then 2+ 2
x$0 x3
x 3 x5 Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
- 3! + 5!
= lim ;- 31! + 5x! - ...E = 3! = 6 .
2

2 ; 3 sin b 6 + h l - cos b 6 + h lE
-1 -1 r r
= lim 3
x$0 x x$0
45.
3 h ^ 3 cos h - sin h h
lim
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule. h$0

37. da 6a2 sin a@ = 2a sin a + a2 cos a

d
sin b 6 + h l - 2 cos b 6 + h lF
4 < 3 r 1 r
3 2
h ^ 3 cos h - sin h h
= lim
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule, h$0

]a + hg2 sin ]a + hg - a2 sin a 4 sin h 1 4

^ 3 cos h - sin h h 3
lim = lim . h . = .
h$0 h h$0 3
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.7

lim f ]xg = a = a2 and f ]0g = 1.

46. Let y = x & log y = x log x
x
sin2 ax 2
]axg2
57.
x$0

Hence f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 0, when a ! 0.

` limlog y = lim x log x = 0 = log 1 & lim x x = 1.
y$0 x$0 x$0

1
47. Let tan -1 2x = i & x = 2 tan i and as x " 0, i " 0 lim f ]xg = 2 , lim f ]xg = 2 and
r -r
58.
x $ r /2- x $ r /2 +
1
fb 2 l = 2 .
x tan i 1 r r
& lim -1 = lim 2 = 2.
x $ 0 tan 2x i$0 i
lim f ]xg = lim d
Continuity 2 sin2 2x n
]2xg2
59. 4=8
48. Since limit of a function is a + b as x " 0, therefore x $ 0- x $ 0-

lim f ]xg = lim 16 + x + 4 = 8. Hence a = 8.

to be continuous at a function, its value must be x $ 0+ x $ 0+

60. lim f ]xg = 1 + 1 = 2, lim f ]xg = 0, f ]0g = 2.

a + b at x = 0 & f ]0g = a + b. x $ 0- x $ 0+

61. As we are given f ]xg = sin x, if x ! nr

49. lim f ]xg = f ]0g = lim ]1 + xg1/x = e.
x$0 x$0
i.e., x ! 0, r, 2r, ... = 2 otherwise
50. Since lim f ]xg ! f b 2 l .
1
` lim g " f ]xg, = lim g !sin x + = lim ^sin2 x + 1h = 1
x $ 1/2

f ]ag = 0
x $ 0+ x $ 0+ x $ 0+
51.
Similarly, lim g " f ]xg, = 1.
]a - hg2
lim f ]xg = lim b xa - a l = lim & a - a0 = 0
2 x $ 0-

lim f ]xg = lim f ]4 - hg = lim

4-h-4
h$0
62.
- -
x$a x$a
+a
4-h-4
]a + hg2 0
x $ 4- h$0 h$0

and lim f ]xg = lim &a - a =0 h

x$a +
h$0 = lim - h + a = a - 1.
h$0
Hence it is continuous at x = a.
= lim f ]xg = lim f ]4 + hg = lim
4+h-4
+b = b+1
4+h-4
f ]0g = 0 lim f ]xg = lim e -1/h = 0 and
x $ 4+ h$0 h$0
52.
x $ 0- h$0
and f ]4g = a + b
lim f ]xg = lim e 1/h
=3 Since f ]xg is continuous at x = 4
x $ 0+ h$0

Hence function is discontinuous at x = 0. Therefore lim f ]xg = f ]4g = lim f ]xg

x $ 4- x $ 4+

& a - 1 = a + b = b + 1 & b =- 1 and a = 1.

lim f ]xg = x2 sin x , but - 1 # sin x # 1 and
1 1
53.
63. For any x ! 1, 2 we find that f ]xg is the quotient
+
x$0

x"0
of two polynomials and a polynomial is everywhere
Therefore, lim f ]xg = 0 = lim f ]xg = f ]0g
x $ 0+ x $ 0- continuous. Therefore f ]xg is continuous for all
Hence f ]xg is continuous at x = 0.
x ! 1, 2 Check continuity at x = 1, 2.
54. f ]0 -g = lim k ^2x - x2h = 0; f ]0 +g = lim cos x = 1
x $ 0- x $ 0+ 64. Since f ]xg is continuous at x = 0, therefore
` f ]0g = cos x = 1
]27 - 2xg1/3 - 3
f ]0g = lim f ]xg = lim
x $ 0 9 - 3 ]243 + 5xg
1/ 5 ,
Hence no value of k can make f ]0 -g = 1. x$0

b Form 0 l
55. lim f ]xg = lim 6]1 + 2xg 1 / 2x 2
@ =e . 2 0
x $ 0- x$0
1 ]27 - 2xg-2/3 ]- 2g
f ]0g = 0, lim f ]xg = lim f ]xg = lim x ; 2 E = 0.
sin x2 = lim 33
56. = 2.
x $ 0+ x$0 x$0 x
- x$0
- 5 ]243 + 5xg-4/5 ]5 g
10.8 Mathematics

lim ]cos xg1/x = k & lim x log ]cos xg = log k

1 70. For continuity at x = 0, we must have
65.
x$0 x$0

f ]0g = lim f ]xg = lim ]x + 1gcot x = lim $]1 + xg x .

1 x cot x
1
& lim x limlog cos x = log k x$0 x$0 x$0
x$0 x$0
b x l 1
= lim $]1 + xg x .
1 lim
x $ 0 tan x
1 e = e.
& lim x # 0 = log e k & k = 1. x$0
x$0

66. Given function is continuous at all point in ^- 3, 6 h Differentiability

and at x = 1, x = 3 function is continuous. If 71. f ^0 +h = lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 + hg

h$0 h$0

function f ]xg is continuous at x = 1, then = lim ]0 + hg

- e -1/0 + h e1/4 - e -1/h
1/0 + h
e
-1/0 + h = lim h 1/h =0
h$0 e 1/0 + h
+e h$0 e + e -1/h
lim f ]xg = lim f ]xg & 1 + sin 2 = a + b
r
and f ^0 -h = lim f ]0 - hg = lim - h
e -1/h - e1/h
x $ 1- x$1 + =0
h$0 h$0 e -1/h + e1/h
` a + b = 2 .....(i) and f ]0g = 0; ` f ]0 + 0g = f ]0 - 0g = f ]0g

If at x = 3 , function is continuous, then Hence f is continuous at x = 0.

lim f ]3 g = lim f ]xg & 3a + b = 6 tan 12

3r At remaining points f ]xg is obviously continuous.
x $ 3- x$3 +

Thus it is everywhere continuous.

` 3a + b = 6 .....(ii)
f ]0 - hg - f ]0g
From (i) and (ii), a = 2, b = 0. Again, Lf' ]0g = lim -h
h$0

67. If function f ]xg is continuous at x = 0, then

-1/h
e - e 1/h
h. -1/h -0
= lim e + e 1/h =- 1
f ]0g = lim f ]xg h$0 -h
x$0
e1/h - e -1/h
Given f ]0g = k; f ]0 g = k = lim x b sin x l f ]0 + hg - f ]0g
1 h
x$0 Rf' ]0g = lim h = lim e1/h + e -1/h = 1
h
h$0 h$0

f ]0g = k = 0, b - 1 # sin x # 1 l; ` k = 0
1
a Lf' ]0g ! Rf' ]0g ` f is not differentiable at
68. If f is continuous at x = 0, then x = 0.
lim f ]xg = lim f ]xg = f ]0 g & f ]0 g = lim f ]xg 72. x # x2 & x ]1 - xg # 0 & x ]x - 1g $ 0
x $ 0+ x $ 0+ x $ 0-

cos 2 50 - h?
r RSx : x # 0
k = lim f ]0 - hg = lim SS
h$0 h$0 50 - h? & x # 0 or x $ 1, ` h ]xg = SSSx2 : 0 < x < 1
cos 2 5- h? cos 2 5- h - 1?
r r SS
x : x$1
T
k = lim
h$0 5- h? = lim
h$0 5- h - 1? h ]xg is continuous for every x.
cos b - 2 l f ]hg - f ]0 g
r
73. (c) f ' ^0 +h = lim = lim h sin b h l = 0
1
k = lim -1 ; k = 0 h$0 h h$0

f ]0 g - f ]- hg
h$0

69. f ]5 g = lim f ]xg = lim

x2 - 10x + 25 f ' ^0 -h = lim h
2 h$0
x $ 5 x - 7x + 10
- h sin ]1/hg
x$5

= lim - h sin b h l = 0
2
1
]x - 5g2 5-5 = lim h
x $ 5 ] x - 2g] x - 5g
= lim = 5 - 2 = 0. h$0 h$0

& f ] xg is differetiable at x = 0
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.9
f ]1 + hg - f ]1 g 5k - h? sin r ]k - hg - 5k? sin rk
74. We have Rf' ]1 g = lim 77. f' ]k - 0g = lim -h
h$0 h h$0

"]1 + hg - 1 , - 0
3 ]- 1g ]k - 1g sin rh - k # 0
k-1
= lim =3 = lim -h
h$0 h h$0

f ]1 - hg - f ]1 g "]1 - hg - 1 , - 0 ]- 1g ]k - 1g sin rh
= ]- 1gk . ]k - 1gr.
k-1
Lf' ]1 g = lim -h = lim -h =1 = lim -h
h$0 h$0 h$0

` Rf' ]1 g ! Lf' ]1 g & f ]xg is not differentiable at f ] xg - f ^ y h

78. # lim x - y or f' ]xg # 0
x = 1. Now, f ]1 + 0g = lim f ]1 + hg = 0
lim
x$y x-y x$y

& f' ]xg = 0 & f ]xg is constant, As f ]0g = 0

h$0

and f ]1 - 0g = lim f ]1 - hg = 0
h$0 ` f ]1 g = 0.
` f ]1 + 0g = f ]1 - 0g = f ]0g & f ]xg is continuous at
f ]1 g = f b 2 l = f b 3 l = ... = lim f b n l = 0
1 1 1
79.
x = 1. Hence at x = 1, f ]xg is continous and not n$3

differentiable. Since there are infinitely many points in x ! ^0, 1h

where f ]xg = 0 and lim f b n l = 0 & f ]0g = 0
75. Here, when - 1 # x # 1, 0 # x sin rx < 1 1

& f ]xg = 5x sin rx? = 0 for - 1 # x # 1,

n$3
And since there are infinitely many points in the
i.e., f ]xg is constant function (equal to zero) in neighbourhood of x = 0 such that
6- 1, 1@ . & f ]xg is differentiable in ^- 1, 1h . & f ]xg remains constant in the neighbourhood of
x = 0 & f' ]0g = 0.
76. We have, f ]xg = * Clearly, f ]xg is
e -x, x $ 0
f ] x + hg - f ] x g
ex , x < 0 80. f ' ] xg = lim h
continuous and differentiable for all non zero x. h$0

f ]xg = lim e x = 1, lim f ]xg = lim f ]xg e -x = 1

f ] xg .f ]hg - f ] xg
Now, xlim
$0 -
x$0 x$0 x$0+ +
= lim h
Also, f ]0g = e° = 1. So, f ]xg is continuous for all x
h$0

f ] xg . 6 f ]hg - 1@
= lim
(LHD at x = 0 ) = b dx ^e xhl = 1 h
d h$0

sin ]3hg .g ]hg .3

= lim f ] xg
x=0

(RHD at x = 0 ) = b dx ^e -xhl =- 1
d h$0 3h
So, f ]xg is not differentiable at x = 0. sin ]3hg
x=0
= 3f ] xg . lim 3h .g ]hg
Hence f ]xg = e - x is everywhere continuous but
h$0

= 3f ] xg .g ]0 g
not differentiable at x = 0 .

EXERCISE - 2
Basics, Sandwich Theorem, Expansions, Algebraic y n n .c y m
1 x n

n cxm .
Limits = y lim >d1 + c x m n H
1. lim f ]xg = 1 = lim f ]xg . n$3 y
x $ 1- x $ 1+

= ye 0 = y, <a x < 1 & c x m $ 0 as n $ 3F

n
2. On rationalising, we get
x2 + 1 - x2 1 y y
lim = lim = 0.
x $ 3 x2 + 1 + x x $ 3 x2 + 1 + x
6. lim a2 x2 + ax + 1 - a2 x2 + 1
3. It is a fundamental concept. x$3

^1/xh - ^1/ah a-x -1 -1 = lim

ax
x $ a ax ] x - ag
4. lim x-a = lim = lim ax = 2 . x$3 a2 x2 + ax + 1 + a2 x2 + 1
x$a x$a a

We have lim ^ x n + y n i
a a 1
= y lim d1 + c x m n
n 1/n
5.
1/n = lim = 2a = 2 .
y x$3 2a 1 2 1
n$3 n$3 a +x+ 2 + a + 2
x x
c m . 1 .c x m
n n
y

= y lim <1 + c x m F
n x n y

n$3 y
10.10 Mathematics
12. On rationalization
7. lim 8 x + x + x - x B = lim
x+ x+ x -x
x$3 x$3
x+ x+ x + x 4x
^ x2 + 8x + 3 + x2 + 4x + 3 h
lim
x$3
x+ x
= lim
x$3
x+ x+ x + x
4
= lim = 2.
c 1+ x + 2 + 1+ x + 2 m
-1/2
1+x 1 x$3 8 3 4 3
= lim = 2. x x
x$3
1 + x -1 + x -3/2 + 1
xn - an
We have f ]xg + g ]xg + h ]xg = x - 4x2 + 17 - 4x - 2
2 13. We know that, lim x - a = na n - 1
8. x$a
x + x - 12
x2 - 8x + 15 ]x - 3g]x - 5g ` lim x - 5 = k ]5 gk - 1 ; But given
xk - 5k
= 2
x + x - 12
=
]x - 3g]x + 4g x$5

]x - 3g]x - 5g xk - 5k
` lim 6 f ]xg + g ]xg + h ]xg@ = lim ]
2 lim x - 5 = 500,
x $ 3 x - 3g] x + 4g
=- 7 . x$5
x$3

` k ]5 gk - 1 = 500; k ]5 gk - 1 = 4 ]5 g4 - 1, ` k = 4 .
1+ 2+x - 3
9. We have lim x-2 14. On rationalising, the given limit
x$2

^1 - x2 - 1 - x2h
^ 1 - x2 + 1 + x2 h
1+ 2+x-3 = lim
x $ 2 _ 1 + 2 + x + 3 i] x - 2g
= lim x$0

-2 -2
2+x-2 = lim = =- 1
1 - x2 + 1 + x2 1 + 1
x $ 2 _ 1 + 2 + x + 3 i] x - 2g
= lim x$0

] x - 2g 15. lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 - hg = lim f ]0 - hg = 0

h$0 h$0
x $ 2 _ 1 + 2 + x + 3 i^ 2 + x + 2 h] x - 2g
x $ 0-
= lim

1 1 and lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 + hg = lim - ]0 + hg = 0

^2 3 h4 8 3
= = . x $ 0+ h$0 h$0

` lim f ]xg = 0, `a xlim f ]xg = lim f ]xgj .

^log x hn
lim x ^log x h = lim :Form 3 D
- +
n $0 x$0
10. m
-m
3
x$0
x
n ^log xh
]n - 1g 1
4 ^- 1/hh + 5 ^- 1/hh + 8
x $ 0+ x $ 0+
2
4x2 + 5x + 8
x 16.
4 ^- 1/hh + 5
= lim (By L-Hospital’s rule) lim 4x + 5 = lim
x $ 0+ - mx -m - 1 x $-3 h$0

n ^log xh ^1/hh 4 - 5h + 8h2

n-1
b Form 3 l 4 1
^1/hh]- 4 + 5hg
= lim -m
3 = lim = - 4 =- 2 .
x $ 0+ - mx h$0

n ]n - 1g^log xh
]n - 2g
f ^2h + 2 + h2h - f ]2 g f' ^2h + 2 + h2h]2 + 2hg
1
x (ByL-Hospital’s rule) 17.
f ^ h - h + 1h - f ]1 g h $ 0 f' ^ h - h + 1 h]1 - 2hg
lim = lim
^- m h x
= lim 2 -m - 1 h$0
2 2
x $ 0+

n ]n - 1g^log xh
n-2 6#2
b From 3 l
= 4 # 1 = 3.
= lim 3
x $ 0+ m2 x -m
RS V
SS x b1 + 1 l x b3 + 4 l WWW
.............. ]x + 1g]3x + 4g x x W
= lim SSS
x 2 ] x - 8g
18. lim WW
b l
.............. x$3 x $ 3S 3 8 WW
n! S x 1 - x
x $ 0+ ]- mg x
= lim n -m = 0 T X
RS V
SS b1 + 1 lb3 + 4 l WW W
(Differentiating N r and D r ntimes). 1 x x W
= lim SSS x WW = 0.
b1 - l8
]2x - 3g]3x - 4g
x $ 3S WW
S x
lim ]
4x - 5g]5x - 6g
11. T X
x$3

]10gn ;b 1 l - 1E
n

x2 b2 - x lb3 -
3 4l 1 - ]10g n
10 1
n $ 3 1 + ]10g
x 6 3 19. lim n + 1 = lim =- 10
]10g c1 + n + 1 m
= lim = = . n$3 1
x b 4 - x lb5 -
6 l 20 10
n+1
x$3 2 5 10
x
` a = 1.
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.11
1 ]1 - cos 2xg
lim 2 ;b1 - 3 l + b 3 - 5 l + b 5 - 7 l + ...
1 1 1 1 1 1
20. 2 sin x
n$3
26. lim x = lim x
x$0 x$0

+ c ]2n - 1g - ]2n + 1g mE
1 1
sin x sin x
So, lim x = 1 and xlim x =- 1
x $ 0+ $ 0-

= lim 2 :1 - 2n + 1 D = 2 .
1 1 1
n$3 Hence limit does not exist.

lim b xx ++ 11 - 2x - b l = 0
2
21. e ax - e b x e ax - 1 - e b x + 1
x$3 27. lim x = lim x
x$0 x$0
x2 ]1 - ag - x ^a + bh + 1 - b
& lim =0 e ax - 1 e bx - 1
x$3 x+1 = a lim a x - b lim = a.1 - b.1 = a - b.
x$0 x$0 bx
Since the limit of the given expression is zero,
28. Let A = lim b x + 1 l
x + 2 x+3
x$3
therefore degree of the polynomial in numerator ] x + 3g
1 lx + 1E ]x + 1g =
= lim b1 + x + 1 l = lim ;b1 + x +
1 x+3
1 e
must be less than denominator. x$3 x$3

'a lim b1 + x +
1 l x+1
` 1 - a = 0 and a + b = 0 & a = 1 and b =- 1. 1 =e
x$3

] x + 3g "1 + ^3/xh,
= 1 3.
1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + ... - 2n
22. and lim ]x + 1g = lim
x $ 3 "1 + ^1/x h,
lim
n$3 n2 + 1 + 4n2 - 1 x$3

n :b n - n + n - ... l - 2D
1 2 3 29. Apply L-Hospital’s rule, we get
-2 -2
= lim = 1+2 = 3 .
n; 1 + 2 + 4 - 2 E
n$3 1 1 1 1
]1 - xg2
n n cos x - 1 - x - sin x -
1
lim = lim =- 2 .
]x + 1g10 + ]x + 2g10 + ... + ]x + 100g10 x$0 2x x$0 2
sin x + log ]1 - xg
23. lim
x$3 x10 + 1010
Aliter: lim
x2
x10 ;b1 + 1x l + b1 + 2x l + ... + b1 + 100
x l
E
10 10 10 x$0

b x - x + x - ... l b - x - x - x - x - ... l
3 5 2 3 4
= lim = 100.
x10 ;1 + 10 E
10
x$3 10 3! 5! 2 3 4
x = lim + lim
x$0 x2 x$0 x2

ba sin x = x - x + x - ... and

Trigonometric, Exponential, Logarithmic Limits, 3 5

L’hospital’s Rule 3! 5!
2
e x - cos x
log ]1 - xg =- x - 2 - 3 - .. l
24. lim Now expanding e x and cos x, we
2

x$0 x2 x2 x3

3x2 b
4 1 1l
2! + x 2! - 4! + ... 3 - x2 b + 1 l - x ...
4
3 1
get lim =2 2 - x 3! 3 4
x2 1
x$0 = lim =- 2 .
x$0 x2
Aliter: Apply L-Hospital’s rule
1
2 30. Putting x = t , the given limit
2xe x + sin x 2 sin x 1 3
lim 2x = lim e x + lim 2x = 1 + 2 = 2 .
x$0 x$0 x$0
sin t
-1 1-1
25. Let f ]xg = log x & f' ]xg = x = lim tt - 1 = 0 - 1 = 0, which is given in (a).
1
t$0

Therefore, given function = f' ]ag + kf' ] e g = 1 1

x2 sin x - x
Aliter: lim
1- x
& a + e = 1 & k = e b a l Aliter: Apply
x$3
1 k a-1
x2 c x - 3! 3 + ... m - x
1 1 1
, :a x $ 0D
x 1
L-Hospital’s rule to find both the limits. = lim
1- x
x$3
10.12 Mathematics

b x - 1 + ... - x l xe x - log ]1 + xg 0
6x 37. Let y = lim , b 0 form l
= lim x$0 x2
x$3 1- x
Applying L-Hospital’s rule,
1 1
6 x - terms containing powers of x 1
e x + xe x - 1 + x 0
, b 0 form l
= lim = 0.
x$3 x -1 y = lim
x$0 2x
JK sin x NO
y = lim 2 ;e + e + xe + ] + g2 E
KK 1 + x OO 1 x 1
b x + sin x l = lim
x x
31. lim KK OO = lim 1 = 1 1 x
x$3 x - cos x x$3 K 1 - cos x O x$3 x$0
x
y = lim 2 51 + 1 + 0 + 1? = 2
L P 1 3
;a lim sin and lim x both are equal to 0E
x$0
x cos x
x$3 x 1

38. Let y = lim b1 + mx l = lim b1 + mx l

x$3
1 x 1 mx. m
32. Given limit = lim b 1 - tan x l
1 + tan x 1/x x$3 x$3

& y = e1/m, c a lim b1 + x l = e m .

x$0
1 x
"]1 + tan xg1/ tan x ,
]tan xg/x x$3
e
log x n - 5x?
2
5x?
= lim ]tan xg/x = -1 = e .
x $ 0 "]1 - tan xg1/ tan x , e log x n
5x? x $ 3 5x? x $ 3 5x?
39. lim = lim - lim = 0 - 1 =- 1.
x$3
sin x n]n - 1g
n ]n - 1g + 1 n n 1
1- ] - g
lim f ]xg = lim lim c = lim c ]n - 1g m
x - sin x x n2 - n + 1 m
33. = lim 40.
x$3 x$3 x + cos2 x x $ 3 cos2 x n$3 n2 - n - 1 n$3 n -1
1+ x
n]n - 1g
c1 + m
1
1-0 b sin x cos x l
2
n ]n - 1g e
= 1 + 0 = 1, a x " 0, x " 0 as x " 3 = lim 2
n]n - 1g = -1 = e .
c1 - m
1 e
n ]n - 1g
n$3

]1 + xg1/x = e x log]1 + xg = e x b x - 2 + 3 - .... l

1 1 x2 x3
34.
f ]xg = cot -1 ' 1 and
3x - x3
41.
x x 2
x x 2
1 - 3x2
= e1 - 2 + 3 - ... = ee - 2 + 3 - ...
g ]xg = cos -1 ' 1
1 - x2
= e <1 + b - x + x - ... l + 1 b - x + x - ... l + ...F
2 2 2 1 + x2
2 3 2! 2 3
Put x = tan i in both equations
= e :1 - 2 + 24 x2 - ...D
x 11
f ]ig = cot -1 '
3 tan i - tan3 i
1 = cot -1 !tan 3i +
]1 + xg1/x - e + ex
1 - 3 tan2 i
2 = 11e .
f ]ig = cot -1 cot b 2 - 3i l = 2 - 3i & f' ]ig =- 3 .... ] i g
` lim 24 r r
x$0 x2
]cos x - 1g ]1 - cos xg
. b sin x l
x
and g ]ig = cos -1 ' 1 = cos -1 ]cos 2ig = 2i
35. lim 2 sin a. x sin x =- 2 sin a. 1 - tan2 i
x$0 x2
1 + tan2 i
2 sin2 ^ x/2h
= lim - 2 sin a. =- sin a. & g' ]ig = 2 .....(ii)
4b 2 l b x l
x$0 x 2 sin x
f ]xg - f ]ag f ]xg - f ]ag m
lim d n = lim c 1
Now g ]xg - g ]ag g ]xg - g ]ag m
sin ^e - 1h x-a
lim c
lim f ]xg = lim
x-2 x$a x$a

x $ 2 log ] x - 1g
36. x$a x-a

= f' ]xg . ] g =- 3 # 2 =- 2 .
x$2
1 1 3
sin ^e t - 1h
, "Putting x = 2 + t ,
g' x
t $ 0 log ]1 + tg
= lim
sin -1 ]x + 2g b 0 form l
42. y = lim ,
sin ^e - 1h e - 1 t
t t x $- 2 x 2 + 2x 0
log ]1 + tg
= lim . t .
t$0 et - 1 Using L-Hospital’s rule
sin ^e - 1h 1 1
b + t + ... l # >
b1 - 1 t + 1 t2 - ... l H
t
= lim 1
& y = lim f p & y = - 41+ 2 =- 12 .
1! 2!
1 - ]x + 2g2
t$0 et - 1 2 3

= 1.1.1 = 1, ^a As t " 0, e t - 1 " 0 h.

x $- 2
2x + 2
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.13
Continuity x x x x x
2 cos2 2 - 2 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2
43. It is obvious. 50. f ] xg = x x x = x x
2 cos2 2 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 + sin 2
44. It is obvious that x is continuous for all x.
= tan b 4 - 2 l at x = r, f ]rg =- tan r
r x
4 =- 1.
0+h -0
Now, Rf' = lim h =1
h$0 51. It is obvious. (By definition of limits)

Lf' ]xg = lim

0-h -0 Z] 1
-h =- 1 ]] e x - 1
52. Given f ]xg = [] e 1x + 1
h$0
] ,x!0
Hence f ]xg = x is not differentiable at x = 0. ]]
] 0 , x=0
\
f ]xg is continuous at x = 2 , then
r
45. 1
e x - 1 e3 - 1
& lim = 3 =- 1
ex + 1 e + 1
1

lim f ]xg = f ]0g or m = lim r - 2x , b 0 form l

x $ 0+
1 - sin x 0
1
x $ r /2 x $ r /2
e x - 1 e- 3 - 1
& lim 1 = -3 =- 1
Applying L-Hospital’s rule x$0 e x + 1
- e +1

- cos x cos x So, lim f ]xg exists at x = 0, but at x = 0 it is not

m = lim -2 & m = x$
lim 2 = 0. x$0
x $ r /2 r /2
continuous.
46. If f ]xg is continuous at x = 0, then
f ]xg = lim c
2x - sin -1 x m
53. = f ]0g, b 0 form l
0
2x + tan -1 x
f ]0g = lim f ]xg = lim sin 2x , b 0 form l
2- x+4 x$0

0
x$0 x$0
Applying L-Hospital’s rule,
Using L-Hospital’s rule,
d2 - n
1
f ]0g = lim
1 - x2
d- n
1 2-1 1
= 2+1 = 3
c2 + m
1
f ]0g = lim
2 x+4 1 x$0

2 cos 2x =- 8 . 1 + x2
x$0

1 sin -1 x
2-
Trick: f ]0g = lim
47. Function is continuous at x = 2 . x 2-1 1
= 2+1 = 3.
x$0 tan -1 x
f ]xg = 7x2 + e 2 - x A and f ]2 g = k
1 -1 2+ x
48.
x
If f ]xg is continuous from right at x = 2 then 54. x is continuous at x = 0 and x is

lim f ]xg = f ]2 g = k discontinuous at x = 0

x $ 2+

& lim 7x2 + e 2 - x A = k & k = lim f ]2 + hg ` f ]xg = x + x is discontinuous at x = 0.

1 -1 x
x $ 2+ h$0

]2 x + 2 -xg log e 2 E
& k = lim 8]2 + hg2 + e 2 - ]2 + hg B f ]0g = lim f ]xg = lim b 2 -x 2 l = lim ;
x -x
1 -1
55.
h$0 x$0 x$0 x$0 1

& k = lim 64 + h2 + 4h + e -1/h@

-1 = ]2° + 2°g log e 2
h$0

= ]1 + 1g log e 2
& k = 64 + 0 + 0 + e - 3@-1 & k = 4 .
1 = 2 log e 2 = log e 4.

f ]xg = x p sin x , x ! 0 and f ]xg = 0, x = 0

1
1 + kx - 1 - kx 56.
49. L.H.L = lim x =k
Since at x = 0, f ]xg is a continuous function
-
x$0

R.H.L = lim ^2x2 + 3x - 2h =- 2

` lim f ]xg = f ]0g = 0 & lim x p sin x = 0 & p > 0.
+
x$0
1
Since it is continuous, L.H.L & k =- 2. x$0 x$0
10.14 Mathematics
f ]xg - f ]0 g Differentiability
f ]xg is differentiable at x = 0 , if lim f ]1 + hg - f ]1 g
x$0 x-0 59. By definition, f' ]1 g = lim h
h$0
1
x p sin x - 0
-b3 l b 1 +1l
1 1
2 ]1 + hg - 5
exists & lim x-0 exists
x$0 2h - 3 3
= lim h = lim h
h$0 h$0
1
& lim x p - 1 sin x exists & p - 1 > 0 or p > 1
= lim c 3h ]2h - 3g m = lim c 3h ]2h - 3g m
x$0 3 + 2h - 3 2h
If p # 1, then lim x p - 1 sin b x l does not exist and at
1 h$0 h$0

x$0 2 2 -2
h $ 0 3 ]2h - 3g 3 ]- 3g
= lim = = 9 .
x = 0f ]xg is not differentiable
60. Let x < 0 & x =- x & f ]xg = dx
d b x l 1
1 - x = ]1 - xg2
` for 0 < p < 1 f ]xg is a continuous function at
& 6 f' ]xg@x = 0 = 1. Again x > 0 & x = x
x = 0 but not differentiable.
f ]xg = dx b 1 + x l = & 6 f' ]xg@x = 0 = 1
d x 1
]Z] 1 - x 1 ,x < 0 ]1 + xg2
f ]xg = [] 1 + x and f ]xg = * 1 - x
] , x !- 1
57.
]]
1, x =- 1 1+x ,x $ 0 & f' ]0g = 1.
\
Z]1 ,x<0 61. ^ gof h]xg = g 6 f ]xg@ = g 51 - cos x? = e1 - cosx,
]]
f ]2xg = [] 1 - 52x?
1 + 52x?
]] ,x>0 for x # 0
\
Z]1 , , x < 0 ^ gof h ' ]xg = e1 - cosx . sin x, for x # 0
]]
]]
]]1 , 0 # x < 1 ^ gof h ' ]0g = 0 .
]] 2
&f ]2 x g = [ f ]1 + hg - f ]1 g
f' ]1 g = lim
]]0 , 1 # x # 1
]] 2 62. h ;
]] h$0
]]- 1 , 1 # x < 3
] 3 2 As function is differentiable so it is continuous as it
\ f ]1 + hg
is given that lim = 5 and hence
& f ]xg, for all values of x where x < 2 a continous
1 h$0 h
f ]1 + hg
f ]1 g = 0. Hence f' ]1 g = lim = 5.
function and for x = 2 and x = 1 f ]xg be a
1 h$0 h
x - 1, x - 1 $ 0
discontinous function. 63. =*
- x + 1, x - 1 < 0
Z] x x - 1, x # - 1 or x $ 1
]]e ;x # 0 =*
f ]xg = ][1 - x ; 0 < x # 1
] - x + 1, - 1 < x < 1
58.
]] Y
]x - 1 ; x > 1
\ (0,1)

f ]0 + hg - f ]0g
Rf' ]0g = lim
1-h-1
h = lim h =- 1 X
h$0 h$0
(-1, 0) (1, 0)
f ]0 - hg - f ]0g
Lf' ]0g = lim
e -h - 1
-h = lim =1 ]Z]- x - 1, x # - 1
h$0 h$0 -h
]]
]] x + 1 , - 1 < x < 0
So, it is not differentiable at x = 0. = ][
]]- x + 1, 0 # x < 1
]]
Similarly, it is not differentiable at x = 1. ]x - 1 , x $ 1
From the graph. It is clear that f ]xg is not
\
But it is continous at x = 0, 1.
differentiable at x =- 1, 0 and 1.
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.15
64. Let a function be g ]xg = f ]xg - x 2
For 2 < x < 3, f ]xg =+^ x2 - 1h^ x2 - 3x + 2h + cos x

& g ]xg has at least 3 real roots which are x = 1, 2, 3 Lf' ]xg =-^ x2 - 1h]2x - 3g - 2x ^ x2 - 3x + 2h - sin x

& g' ]xg has at least 2 real roots in x ! ^1, 3h Lf' ]2 g =- 3 - sin 2

& g" ]xg has at least 1 real roots in x ! ^1, 3h Rf' ]xg = ^ x2 - 1h]2x - 3g + 2x ^ x2 - 3x + 2h - sin x

& f' ]xg = 2 for at least one x ! ^1, 3h . Rf' ]2 g = ]4 - 1g]4 - 3g + 0 - sin 2 = 3 - sin 2

65. f ]1 g =- 3; f' ]xg > 9 for all x ! ^1, 5h; ` f ]5 g $ 33. Hence Lf' ]2 g ! Rf' ]2 g .

66. We have f' ]xg = lim f ]x + hg - f ]xg = lim f ]xg + f ]hg - f ]xg 68. 1 2 ^1 + x2h - 4x2 2 ^1 - x2h
^1 + x2h2
y' = . =
h h ^1 - x2h2 . ^1 + x2h
1 -c m
2
h$0 h$0 2x
6a f ^ x + yh = f ]xg + f ^ y h@
1 + x2
Z] 2
]] x <1
f ]h g h 2 g ]h g ]] 1 + x2 for
= lim h = lim h = 0.g ]0g = 0 & y' = []
]] - 2
h$0 h$0
] 1 + x2 for x > 1
8a g is continuous therefore hlim g ]hg = g ]0gB \
$0
Hence for x = 1, the derivative does not exist.
67. Since function x is not differentiable at x = 0
69. Since the function is defined for x $ 0 i.e. not
` x - 3x + 2 = ]x - 1g]x - 2g
2
defined for x < 0. Hence the function neither
Hence is not differentiable at x = 1 and 2
continuous nor differentiable at x = 0.
Now f ]xg = ^ x - 1h x - 3x + 2 + cos ^ x h is not
2 2
70. Functionf ]xg = x - 0.5 + x - 1 + tan xdoes not
differentiable at x = 2
have a derivative at the points
For 1 < x < 2, f ]xg =-^ x - 1h^ x - 3x + 2h + cos x
2 2
x = 0.5, 1, 2 ! ^0, 2h .
r

EXERCISE - 3

3f ]xg - 1
lim e f ]xg + o= 3
f 2 ] xg
Numerical Type 2.
x$3

JK 3 lim f ]xg - 1 NOO

f ] x g 1/x ] g
lim ;1 + x + E = e3
KK O=3
f ]xgj2 OOO
1. or K lim f x + x$3
x$0 x KK x $ 3 ` xlim
$3
f] x g
L P
or lim e lim;1 + x +
x$0 x -1 x
E1
= e3
or e y + o= 3
x$0 3y - 1
f] x g y2
lim<1 + 2 F
or lim e x$0 x = e3
x$0
or y3 - 3y2 + 3y - 1 = 0
f ] xg
or lim or ^y - 1h = 0
3
=2
x$0 x2
f ] x g 1/x f] x g f] x g or y = 1
Now, lim ;1 + E = e lim;1 + x - 1E = e lim x = e2
x$0 x$0
2

x$0 x
10.16 Mathematics
n2 + n - 2
2
e -x /2 - cos x or
3. lim 4 = 10
x$0 x3 sin x
^ 2 h ^ 2 h
d1 - x /2 + x /2 n
2
or n2 + n - 42 = 0
1! 2!
or ]n + 7g]n - 6g = 0 or n = 6
= lim
x3 b x - 3x! l
3
x$0

n ]n + 1g ]n + 2g]n - 1g
b x l-b x l
4 4 6. Sn = 2 and Sn - 1 = 2
8 28 1
n ]n + 1g
= lim = 12
x b1 - 3! l
2
x S 2
n + 2g]n - 1g
$]
x$0 4
` S -n 1 = 2
n

4. It is obvious n is even. Then,

= b n - 1 lb n + 2 l
n n+1

lim ^21 + 3 + 5 + ... + n/2 terms $ 32 + 4 + 6 + ... + n/2 termsh]n + 1g

1

` Pn = b 1 $ 2 $ 3 $ 4 $$$ n - 1 lb 4 $ 5 $ 6 $$$ n + 2 l
2

n$3
2 3 4 5 n 3 4 5 n+1

= lim _2 4 $ 3 i
n]n + 2g ]n2 + 1g
1

= b 1 lb n + 2 l
n2
4 n 3
n$3 ` lim Pn = 3
n$3
n]n + 2g
f ] xg f ] xg
2
n
4]n2 + 1g 4]n2 + 1g
g ] xg = ; E is continous if ; E = 0 for
= lim 2 $3
n$3 7.
a a
b1 + 2 l 6f ]xg ! ^1, 30 h, for which we must have a > 30 .
lim
1
lim n
=2 4c1 +
1
m .3
4 c1 + 2 m
n$3 n$3
n2 1
n Hence, the least value of a is 6.

= 2 4 3 4 = ]6 g4 sgn ^ x2 - 3x + 2h is discontinuous when

1 1 1
8.

D % ]cos rxg1/r x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 or x = 1, 2. 5x - 3? = 5x? - 3

n

5. L = lim =- lim r=2

is discontinuous at x = 1, 2, 3, 4. Thus, f ]xg is

x$0 x$0 2x
(Using L’Hospital’s rule)
discontinuous at x = 3, 4 .
% ]cos rxg
n

Now, both sgn ^ x2 - 3x + 2h and 5x - 3? are

Let y = 1/r

r=2

/ b 12 ln ]cos rxgl
n
or ln y = discontinuous at x = 1 and 2.
r=2

or y dx =- / tan ]rxg Then f ]xg may be continuous at x = 1 and 2.

n
1 dy

But f ]1 g =- 2 and f ]1 +g =- 1 + 0 - 3 = 4.
r=2

or - Dy = y / tan ]rxg
n

Thus, f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 1.

r=2

or D % ]cos rxg1/r =- y / tan ]rxg

n n

r=2 r=2
Also, f ]2 g =- 1 and f ]2 +g = 1 - 1 = 0.
y $ / tan ]rxg
n

or L = lim r=2 Hence, f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 2 also.

x$0 2x

= 2 52 + 3 + 4 + ... + n?
1

1 n ]n + 1g
= 2: 2 - 1D

n2 + n - 2
= 4
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.17
x 2n $ f ] x g + x 2m $ g ] x g
RSax2 + bx , for - 1 < x < 1
SS 12. lim h ]xg = lim lim = g ]1 g
SS a - b - 1 x $ 1- x$1 n$3
- ^1 + x2nh
SS , x =- 1
x 2n $ f ] x g + x 2m $ g ] x g
2
f ]xgS a + b + 1
SS
lim h ]xg = lim lim = f ]1 g
9.
SS 2 ,x = 1 x $ 1+ x$1 n$3
+ ^1 + x2nh
SS
a lim h ]xg exists f ]1 g = g ]1 g
SS 1
Sx , for x > 1 or x < - 1
x$1
T
Thus, f ]xg - g ]xg = 0 has a root at x = 1.
f ] x + hg - f ] xg
10. f' ]xg = lim h f] x g
h$0

# e t dt
f ]xg + f ]hg + 2xh ]x + hg - 3 - b f ]xg + f ]0g - 3 l
1 1
f^ y h
= lim h
13. Given x =1
# ^1/th dt
h$0

f ]hg - f ]0g
+ 2x2 = f' ]0g + 2x2
y
= lim h
or e f]xg - e f^y h = ln x - ln y
h$0

3f ]hg - 1 f ]h g - 3 f ]hg - f ]0 g or e f]xg - ln x = c or f ]xg = ln ]ln x + cg

1
lim = lim = lim
Since f b e l = 0, we have c = 2.
h$0 6h h$0 2h h$0 2h 1
f' ]0g 2
= 2 =3 ln ]x + 2g ; x $ k
Now, f ^ g ]xgh = *
ln ^2 + x2h ; 0 < x < k
` f' ]0g = 3 ` f' ]xg = 3 + 2x2
4 4
For continuity at x = k,
ln ]k + cg = ln ^ k2 + ch , i.e., either k = 0 or k = 1
f ]xg = m + 3 x + 3 or f ]0g = m = 3
4 2x3 1

a k > 0, k = 1
` f ]xg = 3 + 3 x + 3 or f ]2 g = 3
2x3 4 1 25
tan ]tan xg - sin ]sin xg
Z] 14. f ]0g = lim tan x - sin x
]] x p sin b 1 l + x2 , x > 0 x$0

tan ]tan xg - sin ]sin xg

]] x
11. a f ]xg = [] x p sin b 1 l - x2 , x < 0
] = lim
]] x x$0 tan x c 1 - cos x m 3
]] x x
x2
]0 , x=0
\ tan ]tan xg - sin ]sin xg
Z] = 2 lim
]]- x p - 4 sin b 1 l - ^ p - 2h x p - 3 cos b 1 l x$0 x3
]] x x
b tan x + tan x + 2 tan5 x + ... l - b sin x - sin x + sin x ... l
3 3 5
]]
]]- px p - 3 cos b 1 l = 2 lim
3 15
x3
3! 5!
]] x x$0

]]
]]+ p ^ p - 1h x p - 2 sin b 1 l + 2, b tan x + sin x l
3 3

= 2 lim fc tan x - sin x m + + ... p

]] x x>0
3 3!
f" ]xg = []- x p - 4 sin b 1 l - ^ p - 2h x p - 3 cos b 1 l
] x$0
x3 x3
]] x x
]]
= 2 2 lim cb x lc
tan x 1 - cos x m 1 1 m
+ 3 + 6 = 2: 2 + 2 D = 2
1 1
]] px cos b x l
]] p - 3 1
x$0 x2
]]
]]+ p ^ p - 1h x sin b x l - 2,
]] p-2 1
x<0
]]
] 0, x=0
\
] g
RHL = LHL = f 0 = 0 since sin 3 and cos 3 lie
between - 1 to 1, for p $ 5, RHL = 2 LHL =- 2.
f ]0g = 0 (at x = 0). For p ! [5, 3), f" ]xg

is continuous except at x = 0.
10.18 Mathematics
m = Lim ]cot xgsin x ]30 formg

f ] xg = *
1 ,x#0
15. x"0

ln ]cot xg
-1 , x > 0
ln ]mg = Lim ]sin xg . ln ]cot xg = Lim cosec x

f ] xg = *
1 ,x<0 x"0 x"0

-1 , x $ 0 cosec 2 x 1 cosec x

= Lim cot x cosec x. cot x = Lim 2
x"0 x " 0 cot x
f ] xg = *
-1 , x # 0
sin x
1, x > 0
= Lim =0
x"0 cos 2 x
f ] xg = *
-1 , x < 0
Hence m = e0 = 1

1, x $ 0
Z]1 , x > 0
Hence l + m = 1 + 1 = 2.
20. min ] x 2 + 4x + 7g = 3
]]
f ]xg = []1 , x < 0
]
]]
max & r4 , 3 0 = 3
2
]- 1 , x = 0
\
Z]- 1 , x > 0
` lim :3. sinz z D = 3
-1
]]

f ]xg = []- 1 , x < 0
] z"0
]]
]1 x = 0
\ 21. f ] xg is discontinuous in [1, 7] at two points viz.
Hence, there are six functions.
x = 5, 7.
1 - cos x 22. For 2 points of discontinuity p > 0 and
16. Given Lim =1
x"0 e ax - bx - 1
x 2 + px + 1 $ 0 6 x ! R

bsin x l
2

2

& Lim ax - - = 1 p2 - 4 # 0
x"0 e bx 1
x2 p ! 6- 2, 2@

Lim ax =2
e - bx - 1
` p ! ^0, 2@
x"0

x2

Lim 2 2 =2
x"0 ax a x
Hence number of integers are 2.
1 + 1! + 2! + ... - bx - 1
2x 23. 3
] x - 1g is non-derivable at x = 1 and |x| is

Applying L’ Hospital rule, Lim a - b
x"0

non-derivable at x = 0.
2

For limit to exist a - b = 0 and = 2 & a =! 1
a2 24. lim g ] xg = 0 .

If a = 1 & b = 1; a =- 1 & b =- 1 x"0

` a 2 + b 2 = 2.
As g ] xg is continuous at

4f ] xg - 12 2 ^2f ] xg - 6 h x = 0, g ]0 g = 0 = g' ]0 g

17. Lim = G = Lim = G= 1
tan ^2f ] xg - 6 h x " 0 tan ^2f ] x g - 6 h
& f ' ]0 g = 0
x " 0- -

1
18. b1 + b 2 + b3 + ... + b n = 0 = p
25. f ]0 g = 10 lim cb 10
6 lt
+ 1 m = 10
t

3 b1 - b 1 + tan x ll
1 - tan x t"3

lim f ] xg = x 2 + 4x + c = c
6 tan x
x " 0 sin 2x ]1 + tan xg

Lim sin 2x = Lim =3
x"0 x"0

Hence, m = 3 and n = 1.

c = 10
19. l = Lim ]sec xg]cosec xg ]13 formg
x"0 f ] xg = x 2 + 4x + 10 = ] x + 2g2 + 6
= Lim cosec x]sec x - 1g = e Limb sin 2x l
1 - cos x 2
e x"0 x"0 = e0 = 1
minimum value = 6
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.19

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
sin ^sgn x h lim n2 _ x1/n - x n + 1 i = lim n2 $ x n + 1 _ x n - n + 1 - 1 i
1 1 1 1
6.
lim < F = lim : sin 1D
sgn ]xg
1. 1 =0
n$3 n$3
x $ 0+ x$0 +

sin ^sgn x h
1 x n]n + 1g - 1 n2
= lim < F n ]n + 1g
lim x n + 1 $ $
sgn ]xg
1
n ]n + 1g
n$3
-
x$0

sin ]- 1g D
= lim : -1 = 1 $ log e x $ 1 = log e x
x $ 0-

= lim 5sin 1? Hence, the given limit is 0.

= lim x a b x l c
x a sin b x sin x b x c m b - c
x $ 0- 7. lim c x
x $ 0 sin x x$0 sin x c
2 sin 2x
x +2+ x = lim x a + b - c
2. The given limit is lim
b2 + sin 2x l e sin x
x$0
x$3
x This limit will have non-zero value if a + b = c.

lim ;x tan x - b 2 l sec xE = lim

r 2x sin x - r
=
0+2+0 8. 2 cos x
]2 + 0g # (a value between 1e and e)
x $ r /2 x $ r /2

b 0 form l
sin x ! ^- 1, 1 hC Hence, limit does not exist
0
9a xlim
$3
52 sin x + 2x cos x?
SR 0, if 0 < x < 1 = lim
5x? SSS
2 x $ r /2 - 2 sin x
3. = S 1 , if - 1 < x < 0 & l does not exist
x2 SS x2 (Applying L’ Hopital’s rule) =- 1
T
We know that cos -1 c
1 - x2 m
2 = )
2 tan -1 x, x $ 0
6x2@
2 ==
0, if 0 < x < 1 9.
& m exists and is equal to 0 1+x - 2 tan -1 x, x # 0
x 0 if - 1 < x < 0
x sin ^ x - 5x?h or lim x cos -1 c 2 m = lim
1 1 - x2 2 tan -1 x
x =2
4. lim x-1 x$0 + 1+x x$0 +

x$1

]1 - hg sin ^1 - h - 51 - h?h and lim x cos -1 c 2 m = lim :

2 tan -1 x D =- 2
1 1 - x2
]1 - hg - 1
Now, L.H.L. = lim x$0 - 1 + x x$0 x +

h$0

]1 - hg sin ]1 - hg 10. Since the highest degree of x is 1/2, divided

= lim -h =- 3
h$0
numerator and denominator by x . Then we have
]1 + hg sin ^1 + h - 51 + h?h 2
R.H.L. = lim
h$0 ]1 + hg - 1 limit =
2
or 2 .

]1 + hg sinh 11. cosec 2 $ 1 when x $ 1 or :cosec 2 D = 1

rx rx
= lim h =1
h$0

Hence, the limit does not exist. ` limit = 1

x 2 tan b 1x l - x 12. f ]xg = lim n ^ x1/n - 1h = lim

x1 / n - 1
n $ 3 1/n
5. lim n$3
x $-3 1- x
xm - 1 1
= lim (where n is replaced by m)
d n
1 1 tan y m
2 . tan y - y
m$0

1 y y -1
Put x = y , so lim 1 = lim y+1 = ln x
1+ y y$0
or f ^ xy h = ln ^ xy h = ln x + ln y = f ]xg + f ^ y h
y$0 -

1-1
= 0 + 1 = 0.
10.20 Mathematics
13. 13 form x^ x + 2h
-1
lim >c x 3- 4x m - e o H
3 -1
2
17.
^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h
-
x$2 x -8 x- 2
L = e lim ncb n + 1 l + sin n - 1 m = e lim n sin n + lim ncb n + 1 l - 1 m
a a
n 1 1 n
n$3 n$3 n$3
-1
= lim > x + 2x + 4 - e o H
2 x- 2
]
x x+2 g x- 2
Consider lim n cb n l - 1 m = lim n dc 1 m - 1 n
a a x$2
n+1 1 + 1/n
= lim ; - 1E = 12
n$3 n$3
x2 + 2x + 4 1
1 x ] x + 2g 8 -1 = 2
Put n = y . Then x$2

] x - 2g x 2 - 1 ] x - 2g x 2 - 1
c 2 m = lim c 2 m
1 - ^1 + y h x $ 2 ] x - 2g x + 1
a 18. lim
lim y dc 1 m - 1 n = lim
1 a
x$2 + x-2 x +1 +

=- a
] x - 2g x 2 - 1
1+y y
= lim c m = 3 = lim c 2 m
y$0 y$0
x2 - 1
(Using binomial) x $ 2+
2
x +1 5 x$2 x - 2 x +1
-

` L = e1 - a
] x - 2g x 2 - 1
c 2 m =- 3
x $ 2 ]2 - xg x + 1
= lim 5
14. Given g ]xg = lim
1 -

=0
b 3 tan -1 2x l + 5
2n
n$3
r Thus, L.H.L ! R.H.L.

or ;b 3 tan -1 2x l E $ 3
2 n
Hence, the function has non-removable discontinuity
r
at x = 2.
or b r tan -1 2x l > 1
2
3
19. f ]0g = 0 + 0 + m ln 4 = m ln 4 (1)
r
R.H.L. = lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 + hg
or tan 2x > 3
-1

x $ 0+ h$0
r r
i.e., tan -1 2x < - 3 or tan -1 2x > 5 8 - 4 - 2 + 1h
h h h
= lim
h$0 h2
i.e., 2x < - 3 or 2x > 3 , i.e., 2x > 3
]4 h - 1g]2 h - 1g
= lim
sin ^ x2h h$0 h.h
x $ 0 ln ^cos ^2x - x hh
15. lim
= lim b 4 h- 1 l lim b 2 h- 1 l
2 h h

sin ^ x2h h$0 h$0

= ln 4 ln 2 ` f ]0g = R.H.L ` m = ln 2
= lim
log c1 - 2 sin2 b 2x 2- x lm
2
x$0

sin ^ x2h x2 20. Consider x ! 60, 1@. From the graph given, it is clear
= lim
x2 log c1 - 2 sin2 b 2x 2- x lm
2

that 5cos rx? is discontinuous at x = 0, 1/2 (1)

x$0

;- 2 sin2 b 2x - x lE
2

- 2 sin2 x b 2x 2- x l
2
2

x2
= lim -
2 sin2 b 2x 2- x l
2
x$0

b 2x - x l
2 2
1
1

b 2x - x l
2 2
2 2

2
Now, consider x ! (1, 2] .
2x2 2
^2x2 - xh2 ]2x - 1g2
= lim - = lim - =- 2
f ]xg = 5x - 2? 2x - 3
x$0 x$0

1 - cos ] x + 1g

For x ! ^1, 2 h, 5x - 2? =- 1, and for

] x + 1g
lim c m
x 4 + x2 + x + 1
16.
x $- 1 x2 - x + 1
1 - cos ] x + 1g sin] x + 1g x = 2, 5x - 2? = 0.
] x + 1g
= lim c m =b3l
x 4 + x2 + x + 1 2 lim
x $- 1 2] x + 1 g
x $- 1 x2 - x + 1 Also, 2x - 3 = 0 or x = 3/2.
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.21
Therefore, x = 3/2 and 2 may be the points at which (c) We have gof ]xg = g ^ f ]xgh = g ^5x?h = 0 6 x ! R.

f ]xg is discontinuous. So, gof is continuous for all x.

]Z]1, x = 0
]] (d) We have fog ]xg = f ^ g ]xgh
]] 1
f ]0g, x ! Z
]]0, 0 < x # 2
=*
0, x ! z
=* 2
]]
]] 1 f ^ x h, x ! R - Z 6x @, x ! R - Z
f ]xg[]- 1, 2 < x # 1
2

]]- ]3 - 2xg, 1 < x # 3/2

]]
Which is clearly not continuous.
]]- ]2x - 3g, 3/2 < x # 2
]]
]] 24. From the graph, it is clear that f ]xg is everywhere
] 0, x = 2
\
Thus, f ]xg is continuous when
continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 - 2 , 0, 1.
x ! 60, 2@ - "0, 1/2, 2 , .

21. f ]xg = ]- 1g6x @ is discontinuous when x3 = n, n ! Z,

3
y = x2 − 1

or x = n1/3 . 1− 2 y = x2

f b 2 l = ]- 1g3 =- 1
3 y 2x

For x ! ^- 1, 0 h, f ]xg = ]- 1g-1 =- 1

25. (a) f ]xg = ^e x - 1h e2x - 1
` f' ]xg = 0
= ^e x - 1 h e x - 1 e x + 1
For x ! [0, 1), f ]xg = ]- 1g° = 1
= ^e x + 1h^e x - 1h e x - 1
` f' ]xg = 0
Now, both e x + 1 and ^e x - 1h e x - 1 are
22. f ]xg = ! x + sin ^r 5x?h
differentiable , as g ]xg g ]xg is differentiable when
= ! x + sin(integral multiple of r)
g ]xg = 0 Hence, f ]xg is differentiable
=0
(b) f ]xg = 2
x-1
Hence, f ]xg is continuous for all x.
is rational function in which
x +1
denominator never becomes zero.Hence, f ]xg is
23. (a) Since lim g ]xg = lim g ]xg = 1 and
x $ 1- x $ 1+

g ]1 g = 0, g ]xg is not continuous at x = 1 but differentiable

| x - 3 - 1 |, x < 3
lim g ]xg exists (c) f ]xg = * x
x$1
3
5x? - 2, x $ 3
(b) We have
lim f ]xg = lim f ]1 - hg = lim 51 - h? = 0 3-x-1 ,x < 3
x $ 1- h$0 h$0 =*x
3 3 - 2, 3 # x < 4
and lim f ]xg = lim f ]1 + hg = lim 51 + h? = 1
x $ 1+ h$0 h$0

So, lim f ]xg does not exist and so f ]xg is not =*

x-2 ,x < 3
x$1
x - 2, 3 # x < 4
continuous at x = 1. Hence, f ]xg is differentiable at x = 3.
10.22 Mathematics
a
(d) f ]xg = 3 ]x - 2g3/4 + 3 or f' ]xg = 4 ]x - 2g-1/4
9 ` = 2 & a = 4 2 , b = 8.
2 2
Which is non-differentiable at x = 2. Here, f ]xg So, a 2 + b 2 = 32 + 64 = 96
is continuous and the graph has vertical tangent
f ]xg = lim ^sin2 ]rxgh + :x + 2 D
1
30.
n
at x = 2; however, the graph is smooth in the n$3

Now, g ]xg = lim ^sin2 ]rxgh is discontinuous when

n
neighborhood of x = 2. n$3

26.
x
is always differentiable (also at x = 0) . sin2 ]rxg = 1
1+ x
Also, ]x - 2g]x + 2g ]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g is or rx = ]2n + 1g r
2
not differentiable at x = 1, 3. So, f ]xg is not
or x = ]2n2+ 1g , n ! z
differentiable at x = 1, 3
Thus, g ]xg is discontinuous at x = 3/2.
27. f ]xg = cos r ^ x + 5x?h
Also, h ]xg = :x + 2 D is discontinuous at x = 3/2.
1
cos r ^- x + ]- 1gh , - 1 # x < 0
=*
cos r ]x + 0g , 0 # x < 1 But f ^3/2h = lim ^sin2 ^3r/2hhn + : 23 + 12 D = 1 + 2 = 3
n$3
- cos rx, - 1 # x < 0
=* f ^3/2 + h = lim ^sin2 ((3r/2 + h) n + ;b 2 l + 2 E = 0 + 2 = 2
3 + 1
cos rx , 0 # x < 1 n$3

Obviously, f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 0; Hence, f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 3/2.

otherwise f ]xg is continuous and differentiable in Both g ]xg and h ]xg are continuous at x = 1. Hence

^- 1, 0 h and ^0, 1h . f ]xg is continuous at x = 1.

Multiple Options Correct
28. For x < 1, x2 $ 0 as n $ 3, and for x > 1,
an ]1 + ng - ^1 + n2h
1/x2n $ 0 as n $ 3 . So, 31. Limit = lim 1+n
n$3

Z]log ]2 + xg, , x <1 ]a - 1gn2 + an - 1

]]
x log ]2 + xg - sin x
]] -2n
= lim n+1
n$3

f ]xg = ][ nlim
] , x >1
]] $3 x -2n + 1 = 3 if a - 1 ! 0 If a - 1 = 0, limit
] 2 6log ]2 + xg - sin x@
]] 1
, x =1
\ an - 1
= lim n + 1 = a = b `a=b=1
Thus, lim f ]xg = lim ]- sin xg =- sin 1
n$3

x $ 1+ x$1 log e x positive infinity

32. (a) lim ! + = a value between 0 and 1 = 3
and lim f ]xg = limlog ]2 + xg = log 3. x$3 x
x $ 1- x$1 x x
x $ 2 ] x - 2g] x + 1g
(b) lim 2 = lim
x$2 x - x - 2
l = lim x ;a 2 + x + 2 - bE = lim x ^ 2 a - b h
1 1
+ +

29.
x$3 x x$3 2+h
h $ 0 h ]3 + hg
= lim =3
Hence limit would exist only if b = 2 a
Now, l = lim a 7 2x 2 + x + 1 - 2 xA =
x x
h $ - 1 ] x - 2g] x + 1g
(c) lim 2 =- lim
x$3 h $- 1 x - x - 2 -

] x + 1g -1 - h 1+h
h $ 0 ]- 3 - hg]- hg h $ 0 ]3 + hg]h g
` l = a lim
_ 2x + x + 1 + 2x i
2
= lim = lim =- 3
x$3

log0.5 x negative infinity

(d) lim ! + = a value between 0 & 1 =- 3
x$3 x
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.23
33. Since the greatest integer function is discontinuous
f ] xg = ]
2
3x + ax + a + 1
x + 2g]x - 1g
36.
(sensitive) at integral values of x, for a given limit to
As x " 1, D r " 0.
exist both left-and right-hand limits must be equal.
Hence as x " 1, N r " 0. Therefore
L.H.L. = lim ^2 - x + a 5x - 1? + b 51 + x?h
x $ 1- 3 + 2a + 1 = 0 or a =- 2
= 2 - 1 + a ]- 1g + b ]1 g = 1 - a + b
As x " - 2, D r " 0. Hence as x " - 2, N r " 0.
R.H.L = lim ^2 - x + a 5x - 1? + b 51 + x?h
x $ 1+ Therefore, 12 - 2a + a + 1 = 0 or a = 13
= 2 - 1 + a ]0g + b ]2 g = 1 + 2b Now, lim f ]xg = lim ]
3x2 - 2x - 1 ]3x + 1g]x - 1g 4
x $ 1 x + 2g] x - 1g x $ 1 ] x + 2g] x - 1g
= lim =3
x$0

Now, lim 3x + 13x + 14 = lim ]3x + 7g]x + 2g =- 13

On comparing, we have - a = b. 2

x $ - 2 ] x + 2g] x - 1g x $ - 2 ] x + 2g] x - 1g

f ]xg = lim
x
34. 37. Case I: x ! mr (m is an integer)
n$3 x 2n + 1
Z] 2
]] x, x < 1 1 1
]] 2 lim = =0
]0, x > 1 x$3 1 + n sin2 nr 3
= ][
]]1/2, x = 1 Case II: x = mr (m is an integer)
]]
]- 1/2, x =- 1 1 1
\ lim 2 =1 =1
n $ 3 1 + n sin nx

` f ]1 +g = f ]- 1 -g = 0 ]x - 5g]x - 4g
= lim ]x - 5g = 0
38. x2 - 9x + 20
x - 5x?
lim = lim x-4
f ]1 -g = 1, f ]- 1 +g =- 1
- - -
x$5 x$5 x$5

]x - 5g]x - 4g
= lim ]x - 4g = 1
x2 - 9x + 20
x - 5x?
lim = lim x-5
f ]1 g = 1/2
x $ 5+ x$5 +
x$5 +

Hence, limit does not exist.

tan ! x +
35. (a) We have lim f ]xg = lim
2

x $ 0+ k $ 0+ ^ x2 - 5x?2h 39. Since x2 > 0 and limit equals 2, f ]xg must be a

= lim
tan2 x
= 1 (1) f ] xg
x2 positive quantity. Also, since lim = 2,
x2
+
x$0
x$0

^a x $ 0 +, 5x? = 0 & ! x + = x h denominator " zero and limit is finite. Therefore,

(b) Also, lim f ]xg = lim ! x + cot ! x + = cot 1 (2) f ]xg must be approaching zero or
k $ 0- x$0

^a x $ 0 - . 5x? =- 1 & ! x + = x + 1 & ! x + $ 1h lim 6 f ]xg@ = 60 +@ . Hence, lim 6 f ]xg@ = 0.

x$0 x$0

(c) Also, cot ` xlim f ]xgj2 = cot -1 ]cot 1g = 1. f ] xg f ] xg

lim ; E = lim <x 2 F = 0
-1
-
$0
x $ 0+ x x$0 +
x
f ] xg
and lim ; E
x $ 0- x
f ] xg
= lim <x F =- 1
x$0 -
x2
f ] xg
Hence, lim ; E does not exist.
x$0 x
10.24 Mathematics
40. (a) is wrong as continuity is a must for f ]xg .
f ]1 -g = lim b lim ]1 + x gn l = 1
1
n
n$3 x$1
-

(b) is the correct form of intermediate value theorem.

f ]1 +g = lim c lim 1 + x n m = 0
1
n $ 3 x $ 1+

f x = x2 f ]1 -g ! f ]1 +g
1
y' & Discontinuous at x = 1

(c) as per the graph in figure is incorrect 44. f ]xg = x + x + cos 9x, g ]xg = sin x

Since both f ]xg and g ]xg are continuous everywhere

f ]xg + g ]xg is also continuous everywhere.

1
f ]xg is non-differentiable at x = 0.
y'
Hence, f ]xg + g ]xg is non-differentiable at x = 0.
(d) is wrong if f is discontinuous
41. Given function is discontinuous when a + sin rx = 1. Now, h ]xg = f ]xg $ g ]xg
]cos 9xg]sin xg
=*
, x<0
Now, if a = 1, then sin rx = 0 or x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ]2x + cos 9xg]sin xg, x $ 0

If a = 3, then sin rx =- 2, not possible. Clearly, h ]xg is continuous at x = 0. Also,

h' ]xg = *
cos x cos 9x - 9 sin x sin 9x, x<0
If a = 0.5, then sin rx = 0.5.
]2 - 9 sin 9xg sin x + cos x ]2x + cos 9xg, x > 0
Therefore, x has 6 values, 2 each for one cycle of So, f ]xg $ g ]xg is differentiable everywhere.

period 2. 45. (a) For b = 1, we have

1 3 5 7 9 11 f (g ]0g) = f ^sin ]0g + 1h = f ]1 g = 1 + a

If a = 0, then sin rx =+ 1 or x = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 .
Also, f ^ g ^0 +hi = lim f ]sin x + 1g = f ]1 g = 1 + a
Hence, all the options are correct. x $ 0+

and f ^ g ^0 -hi = lim f ^! x +h = f ]1 -g = 1 + a

42. x $ 0-

Hence, f ^ g ]xgh is continuous for b = 1.

For b < 0, f ^ g ]0gh = f ^sin ]0g + bh = f ]b g = 2 - b

f ^ g ^0 +hi = lim f ]sin x + bg = f ]b g = 2 - b

x $ 0+

and f ^ g ^0 -hi = lim f ^! x +h = f ]1 g = 1 + a

y'

43. f ^0 -h = lim 9xlim ^cos2 xh C n

x $ 0-
-
n$3$0
For continuity at x = 0, we must have 2 - b = 1 + a
= (a value lesser than 1) 3 = 0
or a + b = 1.
f ^0 +h = lim 9xlim ^1 + x nh1/nC = 1
+
n$3$0

Also, f ]0g = 1. So, the function is discontinuous at

x = 0.
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.25
46. f ]xg is continuous for all x if it is continuous at 3 cotc3b 2 - h lm/ cotc2b 2 - h lm
r r

f b r2 l = lim b 2 l
-
48.
x = 1, for which 1 - 3 = 1 - 2 + a or a =- 3. h$0

g ]xg is continuous for all x if it is continuous at

tan 3h

= lim b 2 l
3 - cot 2h

x = 2, for which 2 - 2 = sgn ]2 g - b = 1 - b or

h$0

3 -]tan 3hg]tan 2hg

= lim b 2 l
b = 1. Thus, f ]xg + g ]xg is continuous for all x
=1
h$0

if a =- 3, b = 1 . Hence h ]xg is discontinuous at ; b r + h l E/b

f b r2 l = lim ;1 + cos b 2 + h l E
+ a tan
r 2

h$0
exactly one point for options (a) and (b).
= lim ]1 + tanhg
a coth
b
47. For continuity at x = 1, h$0

= e lim]1 + tanh - 1g = e a/b . Also, f b 2 l = b + 3

r
lim f ]xg = lim ^ x2 sgn 5x? + ! x +h = 1 + 0 = 1
a cot h
h$0 b

x $ 1+ x $ 1+

f ]xg is continuous at x = r/2. Therefore,

lim f ]xg = lim ^ x2 sgn 5x? + ! x +h = 1sgn ]0 g + 1 = 1
x $ 1- x $ 1-

Also, f ]1 g = 1 1 = b + 3 = e a/b or b =- 2 and a = 0

` L.H.L = R.H.L = f ]1 g 49. f ]xg = sgn ]cos 2x - 2 sin x + 3g

Hence, f ]xg is continuous at x = 1. = sgn ^1 - 2 sin2 x - 2 sin x + 3h
Now, for differentiability,
= sgn ^- 2 sin2 x - 2 sin x + 4h
f ]1 + hg - f ]1 g
f' ]1 +g = lim
f ]xg is discontinuous when
h$0 h
]1 + hg2 sgn 51 + h? + !1 + h + - 1
= lim
h$0 h - 2 sin2 x - 2 sin x + 4 = 0 or sin2 x + sin x - 2 = 0
]1 + hg2 + h - 1
i.e., ]sin x - 1g]sin x + 2g = 0 or sin x = 1
h2 + 3h
= lim h = lim h =3
h$0 h$0

f ]1 - hg - f ]1 g Hence, f ]xg is discontinuous.

and f' ]1 -g = lim -h
h$0

]1 - hg sgn 51 - h? + !1 - h + - 1
2
50. Differentiating w.r.t. x, keeping y as constant, we get
= lim -h
f' ^ x + yh = f' ]xg + 2xy + y2
h$0

]1 - hg + 1 - h - 1
2
= lim -h
h$0

h2 - 3h Now, put x = 0. Then,

= lim h =3
f' ^ y h = f l]0g + y2 = y2 - 1
h$0

f' ]1 +g = f' ]1 -g

Hence, f ]xg is differentiable at x = 1, ` f' ]xg = x2 - 1

` f ] xg = 3 - x + c
Now, at x = 2, x3

lim f ]xg = lim ^ x2 sgn 5x? + ! x +h = 4 # 0 + 1 Also, f ]0 + 0g = f ]0 g + f ]0 g + 0

x $ 2- x $ 2-

lim f ]xg = lim ^sin x + x - 3 h = 1 + sin 2

` f ]0g = 0 ` f ]xg = 3 - x,
h $ 2+ h $ 2+ x3
Hence, L.H.L ! R.H.L
f ]xg is twice differentiable for all x ! R and
Hence, f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 2 and then
f' ]3 g = 32 - 1 = 8.
f ]xg is also non-differentiable at x = 2.
10.26 Mathematics
Comprehension Type x - ai
- ]x - aig
Ai = =- 1 for i = m + 1, ..., n
Passage – 1 (Question 51 – 53)
x-a
sin -1 ^1 - ! x +h cos -1 ^1 - ! x +h
and Ai = x - ai = 1 for i = 1, 2, ..., m
We have f ]xg =
i

2 ! x + ^1 - ! x +h Now, lim ] A1 A2 ...Ang = ]- 1gn - m + 1

` lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 + hg
x $ a m-

h$0
and lim ] A1 A2 ...Ang = ]- 1gn - m
+
x$0

sin ^1 - !0 + h +h cos ^1 - !0 + h +h
-1 -1 x $ a m+

2 !0 + h + ^1 - !0 + h +h Hence, lim ] A1 A2 ...Ang does not exist.

= lim
h$0
x $ am
sin -1 ]1 - hg cos -1 ]1 - hg
2h ]1 - hg
= lim Passage – 3 (Question 57 – 59)
h$0

sin -1 ]1 - hg cos -1 ]1 - hg ]Z] a ]1 - x sin xg + b cos x + 5

= lim
h$0 ]1 - h g lim
h$0 2h
]]
]] x2
,x < 0
f ]xg = []3,
]
In second limit, put 1 - h = cos i. Then x=0
]]
P ] xg
]]'1 + b x l1 ,
]] 1/x

sin -1 ]1 - hg cos -1 ]cos ig

x>0
lim = f ]xg = lim ]1 - hg i $ 0 2 ]1 - cos ig
lim \
where P ]xg = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 f ]0g = 3
x $ 0+ h$0

sin -1 ]1 - hg i ]a i > 0g R.H.L. = lim f ]xg

= lim
h$0 ]1 - hg ilim$ 0 2 sin ^i/2 h x $ 0+

P ] h g 1 /h
= sin -1 1 # 1 = r/2 = lim f ]0 + hg = lim f ]hg = lim '1 + b h l1
h$0 h$0 h$0

and lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 - hg Since f is continuous at x = 0, R.H.L. exists

x $ 0- h$0

sin -1 ^1 - !0 - h +h cos -1 ^1 - !0 - h +h For the existence of R.H.L., a0, a1 = 0. Thus,

2 !0 - h +) ^1 - !0 - h +h
= lim
h$0

sin -1 ]1 + h - 1g cos -1 ]1 + h - 1g R.H.L. = lim ^1 + a2 h + a3 h2h

1/h
(13 form)
2 ]- h + 1g]1 + h - 1g
h$0
= lim
h$0
= e lim^1 + a h + a h - 1h^1/hh = e a
2
2 3 2
h$0

sin h-1
cos h -1
r/2 r
$ 0 2 ]1 - hg L.H.L = lim f ]xg = lim f ]0 - hg
= lim h hlim =1 =
h$0 2 2 2 x $ 0- h$0

Passage – 2 (Question 54 – 56)

a ^1 - (- hh sin ]- hg) + b cos ]- hg + 5
]- hg2
Let x be in the left = lim
h$0

a ^1 - h ]hgh + b b1 - 2h! l + 5
2
neighborhood of am . Then x - ai < 0
= lim
h$0 h2
for i = m, m + 1,..., n and x - ai > 0 for
For finite value of L.H.L., a + b + 5 = 0 and
x - ai b
- ]x - aig
i = 1, 2, ..., m - 1 and Ai = =- 1 for - a - 2 = 3. Solving, we get a =- 1, b =- 4.
x-a
i = m, m + 1,..., n Ai = x - ai = 1 for Now, g ]xg = 3a sin x - b cos x =- 3 sin x + 4 cos x
i

i = 1, 2, ..., m - 1 Similarly, if x is in the right which has range 6- 5, 5@ .

neighborhood of am, then x = ai < 0 for Also, P ]xg = a3 x3 + ^log e 3h x2

i = m + 1, ..., n, and x - ai > 0 P" ]xg = 6a3 x + 2 log e 3

for i = 1, 2, ..., m . Therefore ` P" ]0g = 2 log e 3

 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.27
Further, P ]xg = b or a3 x + ^log e 3 h x =- 4
3 2
^1 - a2h x - ]1 + 2abg +
^1 - b2h
or lim x =0
has only one real root, as the graph of x$3 1 1 b
1- x + 2 +a+ x
x
P ]xg = a3 x3 + ^log e 3h x2 meet y =- 4 only for Thus is possible only when

negative value of x. 1 - a2 = 0 and 1 + 2ab = 0

Passage – 4 (Question 60 – 62) ` a = ! 1 or a = 1 ]a a > 0g (1)

f ] x g + x 2n g ] x g ` b =- 1/2 ` ^a, 2bh / ^1, - 1h

F ]xg = lim
n$3 1 + x 2n
]Z] f ]xg , 0 # x2 < 1 b. Divide numerator and denominator by e1/x . Then,
]]
] f ] xg + g ] xg 2
= [] ^1 + a 3h e - x + 8
1
,x = 1 0+8
]] 2 lim = 2 or =2
g ] xg e + ^1 - b h
]] 1
0 + 1 - b3
, x2 > 1 x$0 -x 3
\Z
]] g ]xg , x2 < - 1 or 1 - b3 = 4
]]
]] f ]- 1g + g ]- 1g
]] , x =- 1 ` b3 =- 3 or b =- 31/3
]] 2
= [] f ]xg
Then, a ! R. Therefore, ^a, b3 h / ^a, - 3h
, -1 < x < 1
]] f ]1 g + g ]1 g
]]
]] , x=1
c. lim ^ x 4 - x2 + 1 h - ax2 - b) = 0
]] 2
] g ] xg x>1 x$3
\
If F ]xg is continuous 6x ! R, F ]xg must be made 1
Put x = t . Then
continuous at x = ! 1. For continuity at x =- 1,
lim c c t 4 - t2 + 1 m - 2 - b m = 0
1 1 a
f ]- 1g = g ]- 1g or 1 - a + 3 = b - 1 or a + b = 5
t$0 t
(1) ^1 - t2 + t 4h - a - bt2
or lim = 0 (1)
For continuity at x = 1, t$0 t2

f ]1 g = g ]1 g or 1 + a + 3 = 1 + b or a - b =- 3 (2)
Since R.H.S is finite, numerator must be equal to 0 at

t " 0 . Therefore, 1 - a = 0 or a = 1.
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get a = 1 and

b = 4. f ]xg = g ]xg & x2 + x + 3 = x + 4 or x2 = 1

From equation (1),
or x = ! 1 .
^1 - t2 + t 4h - 1 - bt2
lim =0
Matching Column Type t$0 t2
^1 - t2 + t 4h1/2 - ]1 g1/2
lim ^- 1 + t2hd n= b
63. a. Here, a > 0. if a # 0, then limit = 3. Therefore, t$0 ^1 - t2 + t 4h - 1

^ ^ x2 - x - 1h - ax - b h^ ^ x2 - x + 1h + ax + bh or ]- 1gb 2 l = b or a = 1, b =- 2 or
1 1
^ ^ x2 - x + 1h + ax + b h
lim =0
x$3

^ x2 - x + 1h - ]ax + bg2 ^a, - 4bh / ^1, 2h

or lim =0
x $ 3 ^ x 2 - x - 1 h + ax + b
x7 - ]- ag7
^1 - a h x - ]1 + 2abg x + ^1 - b h
2 2 2
x $- a x - ]- ag
d. lim = 7 or 7a6 = 7 or a6 = 1 or
or lim =0
x$3 ^ x2 - x + 1h + ax + b
a =- 1
10.28 Mathematics
64. a. The given function is clearly continuous at all b. f ]xg = ^log x h]x - 1g1/5
points except possibly at x = ! 1 . As f ]xg is an
Obviously, f ]xg is continuous at x = 1.
even function, we need to check its continuity only
at x = 1. lim f ]xg = lim f ]xg = f ]1 g f ]1 + hg - f ]1 g log ]1 + hg h1/5
x $ 1- x $ 1+ f' ]1 +g = lim h = lim h =0
h$0 h$0

or lim ^ax + bh = lim

1
or a + b = 1 (1) f ]1 - hg - f ]1 g log ]1 - hg]- hg1/5
2
x$1 x f' ]1 -g = lim
- +
x$1 = lim =0
Clearly, f ]xg is differentiable for all x, except
h$0 h h$0 -h

possibly at x = ! 1. As f ]xg is an even function, we Hence, f ]xg is differentiable at x = 1.

need to check its differentiability at x = 1 only.

c. f ]xg = 5cos 2rx? + 'sin b rx l1
2
f ]xg - f ]1 g f ]xg - f ]1 g
lim = lim
x-1 x-1 lim f ]xg = lim 5cos 2rx? + lim 'sin b rx l1
- +
x$1 x$1
x $ 1- x $ 1- x $ 1- 2
1
-1
ax2 + b - 1
or lim x - 1
x
= lim x - 1 =0+1=1
x$1 x$1 +

lim f ]xg = lim 6cos ]2rxg@ + lim 'sin b rx l1

ax2 - a -1 1 2
or lim x - 1 = lim x or 2a =- 1 or a =- 2 x $ 1+ x $ 1+ x $ 1+
x$1 x$1
=0+1=1
Putting a =- 1/2 in (1), we get b = 3/2 or k = 1
Also, f ]1 g = 1 + 0 = 1.
or k = ! 1.
b. If f ]xg = sgn ^ x2 - ax + 1h is discontinuous, then f ]xg is continuous at x = 1.

x2 - ax + 1 = 0 must have only one real root. ]1 + hg

6cos 2r ]1 + hg@ + 'sin b r l1 - 1
f' ]1 g = lim
2
Hence, a = ! 2. +
h
h$0

c. f ]xg = 62 + 3 n sin x@, n ! N, has exactly 11

5cos 2rh? + 'cos b rh l1 - 1
points of discontinuity in x ! ^0, rh . The required = lim
2
h
number of points are 1 + 2 ^3 n - 1h = 6 n - 1 = 11
h$0

cos b 2 l - 1 - 2 sin b 2 l
rh r rh
or n = ! 2
= lim = lim =0
d. f ]xg = || x |- 2 |+ a has exactly three points of h$0 h h$0
2 cos b 2 l
rh
non-differentiability. f ]xg is non-differentiable at
Similarly, f' ]1 -g = 0.
x = 0, x - 2 = 0, or x = 0, ! 2. Hence, the value
d. f ]xg = *
cos 2x, x ! Q r
at 6 .
sin x , x g Q
of a must be positive, as negative value of a allows
f ]xg is continuous when cos 2x = sin x which has
| x - 2 |+ a = 0 to have real roots, which gives r
x = 6 as one of the solutions.

more points of non-differentiability. Hence, it is continuous. Also, in the

r
neighborhood of x = 6 ,
65. a. f ]xg = lim 6cos2 ]2rxg@ + & x + 2 0
n 1
Z]
]]- 2 sin 2x, r - d < x < r
n$3

Obviously, lim f ]xg = 0 + 0 = 0 f' ]xg = []

] 6 6
1+ ]] r r
x$ 2
]cos x, 6 < x < 6 + d
and lim f ]xg = 0 + 1
\
Here, f' b r6 l ! f' b r6 l .
- +
1-
x$ 2

Therefore, f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 2 .

1
Therefore, f ]xg is not differentiable at x = 6 .
r
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.29

Numerical Type Single Options Correct

1. f ] xg
4. lim x - 1 = f' ]1 g^and f ]1 g = 0 h
x"1
f (x) + f ' (x) + t" (x) = x5 + 64

3 f ] xg + f " ] xg + f ''' ] xg = 5x 4
'
2 f (x) + f ''' (x) + f iv (x) = 20x3
"
1
0 f ] xg + f iv ] xg + f v ] xg = 60x 2
'''
1  3  1 1 1 1 3 1 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 ` f v (x) - f " (x) = 60x 2 - 20x3


& 120 - f " (1) = 40 & f " (1) = 80
2. The required limit is Also f (1) + f ' (1) + f " (1) = 65 & f ' (1) =- 15. Ans.

L = limtan ) / tan 1 c 1 + r + r2 m3
1
n
5.
Given that a function is defined as f: R " R
-

f (x) = [x - 1] cos b 2 l r .....(i)

n"3 2x - 1

r=1

& L = limtan ) / tan 1 c 1 + r + r2 m3

n
1
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
-
n"3 r=1 This function is continuous for all x g I

rewrite 1 = ^r + 1h - r in the numerator
Now we have to check for x ! I

For x = n, n ! I

= limtan ) / tan -1 d 1 + r (r + 1) n3
n
(r + 1) - (r)

LHL = lim f (x) = lim [x - 1] cos b
2x - 1 l =
n"3 r=1 2 r 0
x " n- x " n-

use the formula tan -1 b 1 + ab l = tan -1 a - tan -1 b

a-b
RHL = lim f (x) = lim [x - 1] cos b 2 l r = 0
2x - 1
+ +
x"n x"n

also f (n) = [n - 1] cos b 2 l r = 0

2n - 1
= tan e lim / [tan -1 (r + 1) - tan -1 (r)] o
n

n " 3r = 1

= tanlim 7^tan -1 ^2 h - tan -1 ^1 hh + ^tan -1 ^3 h - tan -1 ^2 hh

& LHL = RHL = f (n)

n"3 & f (x) is continuous 6x ! I

+_ tan -1 (4) - tan -1 ^3 hi + f + ^tan -1 ^n + 1h - tan -1 ^n hhA Hence f (x) is continuous for every real x

a nlim ^tan ^n + 1h - tan ^1 hhk
-1 -1
4
6. lim x d' 1 n = A & lim 4 - x ' 1 = A
tan
= 4 4
x - x
"3
x"0 x"0 x
tan
= c lim b tan -1 ^n + 1h - r lm
& 4-0 = A
4
n"3

check when
tan
= br - rl (a) x = A + 1 & x = 5 & discontinuous
2 4
(b) x = A + 21 & x = 5 & continuous
tan
= brl
4 (c) x = A & x = 2 & continuous
L
` =1
(e) x = A + 5 & x = 3 & continuous
1 1 + 3x
3. lim f (x) = lim e x ,n d no ]Z] 5, if x#1
x"0 x"0 1 - 2x ]]
] a + bx, if 1 < x < 3
,n (1 + 3x) ,n ]1 - 2xg 7. Given, f ]xg = []
= lim d
- n ]] b + 5x, if 3 # x < 5
]]
x"0 x x 30, if x$5
2,n ]1 - 2xg
\ –
3,n (1 + 3x) Now, f(1) = 5, f(1 ) = 5, f(1 ) = a + b ...(i)
= lim e o= 3+2 = 5
+
+
x"0 3x - 2x Also, f(3) = b + 15, f(3–) = a + 3b,

` f (x) will be continuous if f (0) = lim f (x) f(3+) = b + 15 ...(ii)
x"0
Also, f(5) = 30, f(5–) = b + 25, f(5+) = 30 ...(iii)
10.30 Mathematics

From (i), (ii) and (iii), clearly, f is not continuous for
x - 1 < :xD # x
2 2 2
any values of a and b.

x -1 <: x D# x
15 15 15
1 + 1 + y4 - 2
8. Consider, lim
y4
y"0
/ 15 - 15 m < lim x b: 1x D + : 2x D + ... + :15
1+ 1+y - 2 1+ 1+y + 2
4 4
lim x c
x$0 x x $ 0+ x Dl
lim
= #
/ 15 m
y"0 y4 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 # lim x c
x $ 0+ x
1 + 1 + y4 - 2
lim lim / 15 - 15x < L # lim / 15
y4 _ 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 i
=
y"0 x $ 0+ x $ 0+

1 + y4 - 1 1 + y4 + 1 L = 120
lim
y _ 1 + 1 + y + 2i
= #
1 + y4 + 1 13. f ] xg = x - π ^e x - 1h sin x
y"0 4 4

SS] x - rg^e - 1h sin x x < 0

1 + y4 - 1 RS -x
lim
y 4 _ 1 + 1 + y 4 + 2 i_ 1 + y 4 + 1 i
=
f ] xg = SSS- ] x - rg]e x - 1g sin x, 0 # x < r
y"0
'
S] x - rg]e x - 1g sin x, x $ r
1 SS

= lim
y " 0 _ 1 + 1 + y 4 + 2 i_ 1 + y 4 + 1 i T
SS] x - rg^e - 1h cos x + ]sin xg^e - 1h]1 g + 1 ]sin xg] x - rg^- e h, x < 0
RS -x -x -x

1 1 f ' ] xg = SS- ] x - rg]e - 1g cos x + ]e - 1g sin x ]1 g + ] x - rg sin xe , 0 # x < r

S

_ 1 + 1 + 0 + 2 i^ 1 + 0 + 1 h 4 2
= = x x x

S]e - 1g]sin xg]1 g + ]e x - 1g] x - rg cos x + ] x - rg sin x.e x, x $ r

SS x
T
x ^5x? + x h sin 5x? f ' ^0 +h = 0
9. We have, lim
x - Hdiff. at x = 0
x " 0-
RSa lim 5x? =- 1 VW f ' ^0 h = 0
x ]- 1 - xg sin ]- 1g SSS x " 0 WW
f ^r +h = 0
Hdiff. at x = r
-

lim = S W
- x SSand lim x =- xWWW -
f ^r h = 0
-
x"0
-
x"0
T X
= – sin 1 & = z ^an empty set h
S
Z]8 + 2x, - 4 # x < - 2
cot x ]1 - sin xg
]]
]] x2, -2 # x #- 1 14. lim
]]
x $ 2 - 8b x -
r l3
10. Here, f ]xg = []
]x, -1 < x < 1
r
2
]] 2
]] x , 1 #x#2
tan b 2 - x l b1 - cos b 2 - x ll
r r
]]
]8 - 2x, 2 < x # 4 = lim
8b 2 - x l
\
b r - xl
r
x$ 2
r 2

2
1 1 1
= 8 $ 1 $ 2 = 16
2

lim 2 e
1 tan x o
15. p=e x " 0+ x = e
f(x) is not differentiable at x = –2, –1, 0, 1, 2 1
log p = 2
⇒ S = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
16. In the neighbourhood of x = 0, f ]xg = log 2 - sin x
` g ]xg = f ^ f ]xgh = log 2 - sin ^ f ]xgh
11. We have,
^1 - x + sin 1 - x h sin b r 51 - x?l
2 = log 2 - sin ^log 2 - sin x h
1 - x 51 - x?

lim
x " 1+
It is differentiable at x = 0, so
]1 - xg + sin ]x - 1g
sin b 2 ]- 1gl ` g' ]xg =- cos ^log 2 - sin x h]- cos xg
r
lim
= ]x - 1g]- 1g
` g' ]0g = cos ^log 2 h
+
x"1

]x - 1g
c1 - sin m]- 1g = ]1 - 1g]- 1g = 0
lim
=
x"1 ]x - 1g
+

e lim n / lnb1 + n l = e # ln]1 + xgdx

2n 2
1 r
17.
12. lim x b: 1x D + : 2x D ... + :15
x Dl
n "3
r=1 0

x $ 0+
27
& e`^x + 1h#ln^x + 1h- 1 -j = e3 ln 3 - 2 =
2

& Now x - 1 < : 1x D # x

1 1 0

e2
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.31
]2 + hg2
18. Given lim b x x++x 1+ 1 - ax - b l = 4
2
rh # r
x$3
= lim
h$0 rh sin 2 ]2 + hg 2 ]2 + hg = r
x2 + x + 1 - ax2 - ax - bx - b f ]2 - hg - f ]2 g
] x + 1g Again, f' ]2 -g = lim
or lim =4
x$3
-h
]1 - agx2 + ]1 - a - bgx + ]1 - bg
h$0

or lim
x$3 ] x + 1g =4
]2 - hg2 cos b 2 r l
-h
or 1 - a = 0 and 1 - a - b = 4 or b =- 4, a = 1 = lim -h
h$0

f ]0 + hg - f ]0g - ]2 - hg2 sin : 2 - 2 - h D

r r
19. f' ]0g = lim h
h$0 = lim h
h$0
r
h2 cos h - 0 ]2 - hg2
= lim h cos b h l = 0 $ sin ; 2 ]2 - hg E
r - rh
= lim h = lim h
h$0 h$0 h$0

So, f ]xg is differentiable at x = 0. ]2 - hg2 rh # r

$ sin ]
f ]2 + hg - f ]2 g 2 2 - hg 2 ]2 - hg
=- lim =- r
f' ]2 +g = lim
rh
2 ]2 - hg
h$0

h$0 h

]2 + hg2 cos 2 r Hence, f ]xg is not differentiable at x = 2.

+h -0
= lim h
e ln]1 + b g = 2b sin2 i or sin2 i =
h$0
1 + b2
20.
2

]2 + hg cos b 2 r
2
+h
l 2b
= lim h
h$0 1 + b2
]2 + hg
= 1 as 2b $ 1 i = ! r/2
sin b 2 - 2 + h l
2
r r
= lim h
h$0

Single Option Correct

lim f' b x l = 2 - f' b x l 2l = 2
1 1
l=1
1. f: ^0, 3h " R x " 0+

f ] xg fb x l
1
f' ]xg = 2 -
= lim b2 - f' b x ll = 1
x 1
(b) lim
dy y x " 0+ b1 l x " 0+
x
dx = 2 - x
dy
x dx = 2x - y (c) lim x2 .f' ]xg
x " 0+

dy y = lim ^2x2 - x.f ]xgh =- C

dx + x = 2 x " 0+
# 1x dx
I.F = e =x Multiple Options Correct
y.x = # 2x dx 2. f : R " R, f (x) = (x2 + sin x) (x – 1), f (1+) = f (1-) =
y.x = x2 + C f (1) = 0
C
y = x + x y' = 1 - 2
C
f g (x) = f (x).g (x), f g : R " R
x

let f g (x) = h (x) = f (x).g (x), h : R " R
fb x l
1
(a)
b 1l
lim f' x = 2 - 1 option (c) h' ] xg = f ' ] xgg ] xg + f ] xgg' ] xg

h' ]1 g = f ' ]1 gg ]1 g + 0,
+
x"0
x
= 2 - x.f b x l
1

(as f (1) = 0, g’(x) exists)

& if g(x) is differentiable then h(x) is also
f' b x lc 2 m
1 -1
x x b1 l
2

differentiable (true)
= 2- 1 =+ .f' x
- 2 x2
x
option (A) If g (x) is continuous at x = 1
10.32 Mathematics

then g (1+) = g(1–) = g(1) & 1 + f ] xg = ! e x or f ] xg = ! e x - 1

h ]1 + hg - h ]1 g Now f ]0 g = 0 ` f ] xg = e x - 1
h' ]1 +g = lim

h
h"0
` f ] xg = e x - 1

] gg ]1 + hg - 0
+

h' ]1 +g = lim
f 1 + h
= f ' ]1 gg ]1 g option (a) is correct and f ' ] xg = e x


h"0 h f ]0 g = 1 option (d) is correct
'
f ]1 - hgg ]1 - hg - 0
+

h' ]1 -g = lim = f ' ]1 gg ]1 g f ] xg ex - 1

g ] xg = x = * x ; x ! 0 4
-h
h"0 +


So h(x) = f (x).g(x) is differentiable at x = 1 (True) 1 ; x=0
h ]1 + hg - h ]1 g g ]0 + hg - g ]0 g
option (B) (D) h' ]1 +g = lim
-h
g' ]0 + hg = lim

h"0 h
h"0 +

f ]1 + hgg ]1 + hg eh - 1
h' ]1 +g = lim
h = f ' ]1 gg ]1 +g lim
= h -1 = 1
h"0 +
h"0 h 2
f ]1 - hgg ]1 - hg
h' ]1 -g = lim = f ' ]1 g.g ]1 -g

option b is correct
-h
h"0 +
4. (a) f (x) = x |x|
& ]1 +g = g ]1 -g
g h h
lim 2

So we cannot comment on the continuity and h"0 h

differentiability of the function. h
= lim h does not exist.
3. since f ] xg = xg ] xg
h"0

(b) f (x) = sin x

lim f ] xg = lim xg ] xg sin h - 0
x"0 x"0 lim does not exist.
x j. `lim g ] xgj
h2
lim f ] xg = `lim
h"0

x"0 x"0 (c) f (x) = |x|

x"0

lim f ] xg = 0 # 1 = 0 ...(1)
h -0
lim =0
h"0 h
f ^ x + y h = f ] xg + f ] xg + f ] xg f ^ y h
x"0
(d) f (x) = x2/3
Now we check continuity of f ] xg at x = a h 2/3
lim =0
lim f ]a + hg = f ]ag + f ]bg + f ]ag + f ]hg h"0 h
f ]xg = x cos ^r ^ x + 5x?hh
h"0
= lim ^ f ]ag + f ]hg^1 + f ]aghh
5.
x = n, f ]xg = n cos ]2nrg = n
h"0
& lim f ]a + hg = f ]ag

f ]n +g = n cos r ]2n + hg = n
` f ] xg is continuous 6 x ! R
h"0

f ]n -g = n cos ^r ]2n - 1g - rhh =- n

lim f ] xg = f ]0 g = 0 `lim
f ] xg = 0 j For n = 0 " limit exists
x"0 x"0

f ' ] xg n =- 1, 1, 2 " discontinuous

` f ]0 g = 0 and lim
1 =1
1 - x ^1 + 1 - x h
x"0
` f ' ]0 g = 1
6. f ] xg = cos b 1 - x l
1
1-x
Now f ^ x + yh = f ] xg + f ^ yh + f ] xg f ^ yh
1 - ]1 + hg]1 + hg
cos b h l
1
using partial derivative (w.r.t. y) x " 1+ lim h
h"0

f ^ x + y h = f ' ^ y h + f ] xg f ' ^ y h
' -^ h2 + 2hh
cos b h l
1
& lim h

put y = 0 h"0

& f ' ] xg = f ' ]0 g + f ] xg f ' ]0 g

& ]2 g # ^- 1, 1 h does not exist

& f ' ] xg = 1 + f ] xg
1 - ]1 - hg51 + h?
cos b h l
1
f ' ] xg
x " 1- lim ]h g
& # dx = # 1 dx
h"0

1 + f ] xg

1 - ^1 - h2h n b 1 l
lim d
& ln ^1 + f ] xgh = x + C ]h g
cos h
h"0

f ]0 g = 0 ; c = 0 ` 1 + f ] xg = e x &0
 Limit,Continuity & Differentiation 10.33
7. f ]xg = x + 3x + 2
3
f ] xg is discontinuous at x = 1, 2 , 3 , 2
f ]0g = 2 & g ]2 g = 0 g ] xg = ^ x + 4x - 7 h^6x 2@ - 3h
f ]- 1g =- 2 & g ]- 2g =- 1 15x - 21 x < 0
f ]1 g = 6 & g ]6 g = 1 ] g
g x = 9x - 21 0 # x # 1
f ]2 g = 16 & g ]16g = 2 6x - 14 1 # x < 2
f ]3 g = 38 3x - 7 2#x< 3
f ]6 g = 111 & g ]111g = 6 0 3#x<2
f' ]xg = 3x2 + 3 3 x=2
(b) h' ^ g ^ g ]xghhg' ^ g ]xgh g' ]xg = 1 g ] xg is not differentiable at x = 0, 1, 2 , 3
x = 236
h' ]1 g g' ]6 g g' ]236g = 1
Numerical Type
2 ln ^ x - a h 0
h' ]1 g 6 # 111 = 1 ; h' ]1 g = 666
1 1 11. lim b form l
ln ^e x - e a h 0
x " a+

(c) h ^ g ^ g ]xghh = x , x = 16
` Using Lopital rule,
h ^ g ]2 gh = h ]0g = 16 d
1
n$ 1
x- a 2 x
RS n VW = 2 lim

SS % b x + n l WW x"a
c x
1
m$ e x $ 1
+

SS r = 1 r WW
ln f ] xg = lim n ln SS n
x 1 e -e a 2 x
8. 2 . n W
n$3 SS % c x 2 + n2 m % b r l WWW ^e x - e a h 0
n W 2 b l
e x"a ^ x - ah 0
Sr=1 r r=1
= a
lim
RS T VW X +

1
de x $
1
% fx + r p - 0n
n
SS W
WW
SS WW 2 2 x
x S r = 1 n = a lim =2
= lim n ln SS n 1
WW e x"a d 1 - 0n +

SS % f r l p % b n l WWW
n$3 SS x 2
+ n
r W
2 x
b
2
Sr=1
T
n r=1 W
X so, lim f ^ g ] xgh = lim = f ]2g
x " a+ x " a+
JK r NO
K x b l + 1 OO = f ]2g = sin 6 = 2

r 1
1 K n
= x lim n ln KK O
x$3 KK b xr l2 + 1 OOO = 0.50

L n P
e x - ]1 - x3g3 `]1 - x 2g2 - 1 j sin x
1 1 1

= x # ln c m dt
1 + tx
3

12. b = lim +
1 + t2 x2 x"0 x sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x
0 2 x x 2 x2
x
x x
Put tx = P ln f ] xg = # ln c 11++PP2 mdt use expansion
]1 + x3g - b1 - x3 l cb1 - x l - 1 m
3 2
0

f ' ] xg 2 sin x
& ] g = ln c m
1+x b = lim + lim
x3 x2 x
f x 1 + x2 x"0 x"0

f ' ]1 g = 0 Sign scheme of f ' ] xg

4x3 x2
b = lim 3 + lim -
x " 0 3x x"0 2x 2
4 1 5
b = 3 - 2 = 6
6b = 5
ln]1 - xg l
For x < 1 f ] xg is increasing Also f ' ]2g # 0
1
eb x -e ln]1 - xg
1 eb1 + x l - 1
& Options; B,C 13. lim a ; = lim e
x - 0+ x x-0 + xa

9. f ]xg = a cos ^ x ^ x2 - 1 hh + b x sin x ln ]1 - xg

ln ]1 - xg + x
x2 + 1 1+
1 x 1
a = 0 b = 1 f ]xg = x sin x x2 + 1 = x sin ^ x3 + xh
= e lim
x-0 xa
; = e lim
+
x-0 x]a + 1g +

a = 1 b = 0 f ]xg = a cos ^ x ( x + 1 h = cos ^ x - xh

b - x - x - x - .... l + x
2 3 2 3

1 2 3
10. f ] xg = 6x 2 - 3@ = 6x 2@ - 3
= e lim
x-0 +
xa + 1
. Thus, a = 1
10.34 Mathematics
14. f ] xg = 2x + 1 + 2x + 1 ; g ] xg = ! x + b3 x5
bx 3 - 6 + ... = 1
f ^ g ] xgh = 2 ! x + - 1 + 2 ! x + + 1 & lim
]a - 1gx + x6 + ...
3
x$0

]] 2 ! x + # 1
Z]
] 2 b 1
& a - 1 = 0 and 1 = 1 ; & a = 1, b = 6 .
]] 4 ! x + ! x + > 1
= []
] 2 6
\
e cos]a g - e
n

4 18. m $ 2 and n $ 2 ; alim $0 am

e ^e cos ]a g
- 1h cos ]a ng - 1 a2n
d n m
n -1

a $ 0 cos ]a g - 1 ]a ng2
= lim #
n
a
] g
cos ]a g - 1
= e # lim d lim c m # lim a2n - m
e cos a - 1 n #
n -1
| | | | n

] g
 1 ½ ½ 1 n
a $ 0 cos a - 1 a$0 a 2n a$0
n
2 a

discontinuous at x = 0 & c = 1 - 2 sin 2
= e # 1 # lim # lim a2n - m
Non differential at x =- 1 , 0, 1 & d = 3
a$0 a 2n a$0
2 2
= e # 1 # b - 2 l # lim a2n - m
1
c
` +d = 4
a$0

15. lim 4 2 .2 sin 2x cos x Now, lim a 2n - m

must be equal to 1.
2 sin 2x sin 2 + cos 2 - cos 2 l - 2 ]1 + cos 2xg
r 3x b 5x 3x a$0
m
x" 2
i.e., 2n - m = 0 or n = 2
16 2 sin x cos 2 x Matching Column Type

lim
x " 2 2 sin 2x b sin
3x xl
19. (i) f1 ]0 g = lim
sin 1 - e -h - 0
2
2
2 - sin 2 - 2 2 cos x
r
'
h"0 h
16 2 sin x cos 2 x
sin 1 - e -h
2

lim 1 - e -h h
2

x " 2 4 sin x cos x b 2 cos x. sin

xl 2 = lim × × h
2 - 2 2 cos x
r
h"0 1-e -h h 2
2

16 2 sin x h h

lim =8 = 1 × 1 × h = 1 × 1 × h
x " 2 8 sin x. sin
x
r
2 - 2 2 = limit does not exist.
⇒ for option (P), (2) is correct.
f ]0g = 0, f b 2 l = 3, f' ]0g = 1.
r
(ii) lim f2 ]xg = lim
16. sin x
x " 0 tan x
-1
x"0
r
sin x x
9 f' ] IIt g cosec t - cot t. cosec t.f ] t gC dt
2 x
g ] xg =
× ×
# I
= lim
x"0 x tan -1 x x
x
x
using by parts = lim 1 × 1 × x
x"0
= limit does not exist
r r r

6 f ] t g. cosec@dt +
2 2 2

= # # cot t cosec tf ] t g dt - # v cot t. cosec tf ] t g dt

⇒ for optiion Q, (1) is correct
= ^ f ] t g cosec t h x2 (iii) lim f3 ]xg = lim 6sin (log e ]x + 2g)@ = 0
x x x
r

x"0 x"0

g ]xg = f b 2 l .1 - f ]xg cosec x

r f3(x) = {0 x ! [- 1, e r/2 - 2)
g ]xg = 3 - f ]xg cosec x & lim g ]xg 6x ! ^- 1, e r/2 - 2 h
⇒ f3' ]xg = 0
& lim 3 - f ]xg . cosec x 6x ! ^- 1, e r/2 - 2 h
⇒ f3'' ]xg = 0
x"0

x"0
Hence for (R), (4) is correct.
f ] xg 0
& 3 - lim sin x b 0 l Apply L - Hospital rule (iv) lim f4 ]xg = lim b x2 sin 1x l = lim x2 b sin 1x l = 0
x"0

f' ] x g
x"0 x"0 x"0

h sin b x l - 0
1
& 3 - lim cos x = 3 - cos 0 = 3 - 1 = 2 2 1
= lim h sin b 1x l = 0
x"0
f 4' (0) = lim x
x 2 sin ^bxh
h"0 h"0

17. lim ax - sin x = 1 1 1

x$0 f 4' (x) =- cos x + x sin x , x ! 0
^bxh3
x 2 ;bx - E 1 1
31 + ... f '' (0) = - cos h + h sin h - 0
lim =1
an - b x - 31x3
+ .... l h
4
x$0

⇒ does not exist ⇒ hence for (S), (3) is correct.
 11
Methods of differentiation 11.1

Chapter Methods of Differentiation

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
d d x+ 1 n
= dx :x + x + 2D = 1 - 2 .
2
d 1 1
Since dx =- sin ^sin x2h . cos x2 .2x
1. dy
dx x x 8.

1 dy 1 r r
2. y = x + x & dx = 1 - 2 Therefore, at x = 2
x 2 , cos x = cos 2 = 0

Therefore, x2 . dx - xy + 2 = x2 c1 - 2 m -
dy 1 dy
x & dx = 0.

xb x + x l + 2 = 0 d 7 ^ h A =- sin ^1 - x2h2
d ^ h
1
9. dx cos 1 - x
2 2
dx 1 - x
2 2

d c 1 m d c cos x m x ]- sin xg - cos x ^4x h = 4x ^1 - x2h sin ^1 - x2h2 .

4 3
3.
^x h
4
dx x sec x = dx x 4 = 4 2

- x3 ]x sin x + 4 cos xg - ]x sin x + 4 cos xg 10. y = a sin x + b cos x

= = .
x8 x5
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
x2 x3 xn
4. y = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + ... + n!
c m = ]a cos x - b sin xg2
dy dy 2
dx a cos x - b sin x Now
dx
dy x2 xn - 1
& dx = 0 + 1 + x + 2! + ... + ]
n - 1g ! = a2 cos2 x + b2 sin x - 2ab sin x cos x

and y2 = ]a sin x + b cos xg2

d ^ 2 x h 2 d
^ x h d ^ 2h
5. x
dx x e sin x = x dx e sin x + e sin x dx x
= xe x ]2 sin x + x sin x + x cos xg. = a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x + 2ab sin x cos x

d ^log tan xh
So, c m + y2 = a2 ^sin2 x + cos2 xh +
1 cos x dy 2
6. dx = tan x sec2 x =
cos2 x sin x dx
2 1
= 2 cos x sin x = 2 cosec 2x. b2 ^sin2 x + cos2 xh

7.
d ^log xh = 1x . 1 = ^ x log x h-1 . Hence c m + y2 = ^a2 + b2h = constant .
dy 2
dx log log x dx

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. d ; -1 b cos x lE = sin -1 6sin ] A + Bg@ = A + B = sin -1 x + sin -1 x
dx tan 1 + sin x
RS JK x x NOVWW
S cos2 2 - sin2 2 dy 1 1
d SS -1 KKK OOW
OOWW
& dx = +
= dx Stan K 2 x 2 x x x 1 - x2 2 x - x2
SS KK cos OOWWW
S
L 2 + sin 2 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 PX
T x x
SRS JK 1 + cos 2 2 cos2 4
x NWV
K 1 - tan b 2 l OOOWW 3. Let y = tan -1 -1
d SSS KK OOWW = d ;tan -1 tan b r - x lE x = tan x
= dx Stan K 1 - cos 2 2 sin2 4
SS KK 1 + tan b x l OOWWW dx 4 2
2
T L PX
y = tan -1 cot 4 = tan -1 tan b 2 - 4 l = 2 - 4
1 x r x r x
=- 2
2. Putting x = sin A and dy 1
` dx =- 4 .
x = sin B

y = sin -1 ^sin A 1 - sin2 B + sin B 1 - sin2 A h

11.2 Mathematics
4. f ]xg = x tan -1 x .Differentiating w.r.t x, we get 8. cos ^ x + yh = ^y sin x h

f' ] x g = x &- sin ^ x + yhc1 + m = y cos x + sin x

1 dy dy
+ tan -1 x . Now put x = 1, then
1 + x2 dx dx

f' ]1 g = 2 + tan -1 ]1 g = 4 + 2 .
1 r 1 dy y cos x + sin ^ x + y h
sin ^ x + y h + sin x
& dx =-

Put x = sin i, we get dx sin -1 ^3x - 4x3h x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 & x2 ^1 + y h = y2 ]1 + xg

d
5. 9.

= dx sin -1 ]sin 3ig =

d 3 & ^ x - y h^ x + y + xy h = 0 & x + y + xy = 0,
1 - x2
dy dy/dt "a x ! y ,
6. dx = dx/dt .
dy -1
]1 + xg2
1 - t2 2at & dx = .
7. x= and y =
1 + t2 1 + t2
dx dy
Differentiating with respect to t, we get 10. dt =- 2 sin t + 2 sin 2t and dt = 2 cos t - 2 cos 2t

dx ^1 + t h]0 - 2tg - ^1 - t h]0 + 2tg dy cos t - cos 2t r

2 2
4t & dx = sin 2t - sin t . Put t = 4 , we have
dt = ^1 + t h ^1 + t2h2
2 2 =-

dy ^1 + t2h 2a - 2at ]2tg 2a ^1 - t2h ;

dy
E
and dt =
^1 + t2h2 ^1 + t2h2
= dx t = r/4

dy dy/dt a ^1 - t2h dy a ^t2 - 1h =

cos r/4 - cos r/2
= 2 + 1.
& dx = = - 2t ; ` dx = 2t . sin r/2 - sin r/4
dx/dt

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
x
1. y
x =e x-y
& y log x = x - y & y = 1 + log x 6. Let y1 = tan -1 x and y2 = x
Differentiating w.r.t x of y1 and y2, we get
& dx = log x ^1 + log x h = log x 6log ex@ .
dy -2 -2

dy1 1 1 dy2 1
2. Taking log, we get log ^ x - y h + x - y = log k
x dx = ]1 + xg . 2 x and dx = 2 x

dy1 1
& ^ x - y h - ^ x - y h dx + ^ x - y h - x + dx = 0
dy x dy Hence dy = 1 + x .
2

dy
& y dx + x = 2y 7. Let y = x n + 1; then y1 = ]n + 1gx n

3. y = log x x = x log x Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y2 = n ]n + 1gx n - 1

^1 + log x h = log e + log x = log ]exg y3 = n ]n + 1g]n - 1gx n - 2

dy
dx =
..............
^a log e = 1 h . ..............
yn = ]n + 1g!x .
1-x dy -1
4. Let y = sin -1 1 + x & dx = ....(i)
x ]1 + xg 8. y = A cos ]nxg + B sin ]nxg
dz 1
` dy/dx =- nA sin ]nxg + nB cos ]nxg
and z = x & dx = ........(ii)
2 x
dy dy/dx -2
=- n2 A cos ]nxg - n2 B sin ]nxg
Therefore by (i) and (ii) dx = = . d2 y
dz/dx 1 + x Again
dx2
d ^ 3h
x
=- n2 6 A cos ]nxg + B sin ]nxg@ &
dx3 dx 3x2 3 d2 y
5. 2 = d = 2x = 2 x. =- n2 y.
dx ^ 2h dx2
dx x
 Methods of differentiation 11.3
9. f1' ]xg f2' ]xg f3' ]xg f1 ] x g f 2 ] x g f 3 ] x g
2 2
u = x + y , x = s + 3t, y = 2s - t
` F' ]xg = g1 ]xg g2 ]xg g3 ]xg + g1' ]xg g2' ]xg g3' ]xg
h1 ]xg h2 ]xg h3 ]xg h1 ]xg h2 ]xg h3 ]xg
dx dy
Now ds = 1, ds = 2 ........(i)

d2 x d2 y f1 ] x g f 2 ] x g f 3 ] x g
ds 2 = 0,
ds2
= 0 .........(ii) + g1 ] x g g 2 ] x g g 3 ] x g
dy h1' ]xg h2' ]xg h3' ]xg
du dx
Now u = x2 + y2, ds = 2x. ds + 2y. ds
& F' ]ag = 0
2 = 2 b ds l + 2x 2 + 2c m + 2y d 2 n
d2 u dx 2 d2 x dy 2 d2 y
ds ds ds ds (since fn ]ag = gn ]ag = hn ]ag, n = 1, 2, 3) .Therefore
2
d u
From (i) and (ii), = 2 # 1 + 0 + 2 # 4 + 0 = 10. two rows in each determinant become identical on
ds2
f1 ]xg f2 ]xg f3 ]xg putting x = a.
10. We have F ]xg = g1 ]xg g2 ]xg g3 ]xg
h1 ]xg h2 ]xg h3 ]xg

EXERCISE - 1
Standard derivatives, derivatives of composite functions
1 - sin 2x cos x - sin x
dy 1 dy 1 8. y= 1 + sin 2x = cos x + sin x
1. y = x sin x & dx = x cos x + sin x & y dx = cot x + x .

= 1 + tan x = tan b 4 - x l & dx =- sec2 b 4 - x l .

dy
log x = log x, if x > 0 = log ]- xg, if x < 0
1 - tan x r r
2.

Hence dx "log x , = x , if x > 0 y2 = ^1 - x2h & 2y dx =- 2x

d 1 dy
9.

= b - x l]- 1g = x , if x < 0
1 1 dy - x
or dx = y

Thus dx "log x , = x , if x ! 0
d 1 - xy
^1 - x2h
=

d b 2 1l b1 l d b1 l b1 l or ^1 - x2h + xy = 0.
3. 2 dy
dx x sin x = x cos x dx x + 2x sin x dx
.x cos b x l + 2x sin b x l = 2x sin b x l - cos b x l .
1 2 1 1 1 1 d ; cot2 x - 1 E d ; cos2 x - sin2 x E
=- 10.
x2 dx cot2 x + 1 = dx cos2 + sin2 x
4.
= dx 5cos 2x? =- 2 sin 2x.
y = t 4/3 - 3t -2/3 d

4t2 + 6 2 ^2t + 3h
2
dy 4 2
` dt = 3 t1/3 + 3 # 3 t -5/3 = = . d 6 n @
3t 5/3
3t5/3 11. n-1
dx sin x cos nx = n sin x cos x cos nx - n sin nx
5. Here f' ]xg = m = 1 & f' ]0g = m = 1 and
sin n x = n sin -1 x [cos x cos nx - sin nx sin x] =
f ]0g = c = 1. Therefore f ]2 g = 2 # 1 + 1 = 3.
n sin n - 1 x cos ]n + 1gx.
6. Since highest power of x is 5, therefore y6 = 0.
d 6 ^log7 x h
12. ^log7 x h@ = d d log e n
dx log7 dx log e 7
7. Let y = a x + log x. sin x Differentiating w.r.t x, we
1 1 log7 e
get dx = a x log e ]ag + x sin x + log x. cos x
dy 1 = x log x . log 7 = x log x .
e e e
11.4 Mathematics

13. f ]xg = 1 + cos2 ^ x2h 21.

d # x ^ h- ^ h 1
dx e log 1 + x = e log 1 + x + e ^1 + x2h 2x
2 x 2 x

f' ]xg = . ^2 cos x2h . ^- sin x2h . ]2xg

1
= e x ;log ^1 + x h + E.
2x
2 1 + cos2 ]xg2
2
1 + x2
f' ] x g =
- x sin 2x2 22. y = log2 6log2 ]xg@ = log e ^log e x. log2 e h . log2 e
1 + cos2 ^ x2h
r 2r r = 6log e log e x + log e ^log2 e h@ log2 e
- 2 . sin 4 - 2 .1
At x = 2 , f' c m=
r r dy
2 r = 3
1
` dx = log2 e. x log x .
1 + cos2 4 e
2
d ^ xh d ^ 3h
23.
3 3 3
x 2 x
dx e = e . dx x = 3x .e .
` f' c
rm r
=- 6 .
2
d & b 1 l0 1 # d b
x+ xl=
1
24. dx log x + x =
14.
d br xl 1
sec2 b 4 + 2 l 2
r x 1 1 dx
dx logtan 4 + 2 = x+ x
tan b 4 + 2 l
r x
c1 - m
1 1
1 1 1 bx + 1 l x2
= 2. = x
sin b 4 + 2 l cos b 4 + 2 l sin b 2 + x l
r x r x r
25. f' ]xg = sec2 x - 1 = tan2 x.
1
= cos x = sec x. dy 1 # 1
26. dx = 2 sin x cos x 2 x .
#
d c e x m ^1 + x h e - e ]2xg e x ]1 - xg2
2 x x
15.
^1 + x h ^1 + x2h2
2 = =
dx 1 + x 2 2
27. Given
16. Let y2 = x sin x & 2y dy = sin x + x cos x
f ] xg = d x + n
1 2
dx x
dy 5sin x + x cos x?
f ]xg = x + x + 2 and f' ]xg = 3/4
` dx = . 1
2 x sin x
d b sec x + tan x l d b 1 + sin x l
17. dx sec x - tan x = dx 1 - sin x . So, 1 -
1 3 1 1
= & 2 = 4 & x =+ 2, - 2.
x2 4 x
18. Let y = e x sin x & log y = x sin x
f ] xg = * & f' ]xg = *
- x 2, x < 0 - 2 x, x < 0
28. 2
1 dy x ,x > 0 2x, x > 0
` y dx = sin x + x cos x
` f' ]xg = 2 x

or dx = e ]sin x + x cos xg.

dy x sin x

29. y= x+1
d ^ xh ^ h
19. d ^ h
2 2 2 2
x x x 2
dx xe = e + xe 2x = e 1 + 2x . dy 1
dx = 2 x + 1 dx x + 1
b x ex l
20. dy -3 x -2
dx =- 2x e log x + x e log x + x dy 1 1
dx = 4 x . x + 1 = 4 x ^ x + 1 h .
1 + ]x - 2g log x
= ex < F 30. Let f ]xg = x6 + 6 x .
x3
Aliter: Taking log, log y = x + loglog x - 2 log x Then f' ]xg = 6x5 + 6 x log 6.

1 dy 1 2 Differentiation of ITFs, implicit functions, parametric

& y dx = 1 + x log x - x functions

,< F
dy e x log x x log x + 1 - 2 log x tan x + cot x 1 + tan2 x
& dx = 31. y = tan x - cot x =- =- sec 2x
x2 x log x 1 - tan2 x
e x 6]x - 2g log x + 1@ dy
= & dx =- 2 sec 2x tan 2x.
x3
 Methods of differentiation 11.5

b
-1 ax - b
l 2 . dx b bx + a l
d ax - b
= a b - sin t + sin t l = a sin t = a cos t cot t
2
d 1 1 cos t
32. dx tan bx + a = .....(ii)
1 + b bx + a l
ax - b
From (ii) and (i),
a2 + b2 1
= 2 =
a + b + a2 x2 + b2 x2 1 + x2
2
dy
we get dx = tan t.
y = log b 1 - x l - 2 tan -1 x
1 + x 1/4 1
33.
2t
40. tan y = ........(i)
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get 1 - t2
2t
-3/4 ]1 - xg
+ ]1 + xg
and sin x = ..........(ii)
b1 - x l 1 b1 + x l < F-
dy 1/4
1 + t2
dx = 1 + x 4 1-x ]1 - xg2
From (i), differentiating w.r.t. t of y, we get,
1 1
2 . 1 + x2 dy 2 ^1 + t2h
sec2 y dt =
^1 - t2h2
= 2 b1 + x l
1 1-x 1 1
]1 - xg2 2 ]1 + xg2
-
dy 2 ^1 + t2h
and dt =
^1 - t2h2
2 .
1 1 1 1 x
^1 - x2h 2 ^1 + x2h 1 - x 4
= 2. - = .
1
34.
d 6^ 2
h -1
@ -1 ^1 + tan2 y i
dx 1 + x tan x = 1 + 2x tan x.
dy 2 ^1 + t2h 1 2
or dt = ....(iii)
^1 - t2h2
. =
35.
d -1
]sec x + tan xg = d tan -1 b 1 +
cos x l
sin x
<1 + c 2mF
2t 2 1 + t2
dx tan dx 1-t
KJK sin b x l + cos b r l ONO and from (ii), differentiating w.r.t. t of x, we get
d -1 K 2 2 OO d br + xl 1
= dx tan KK = = 2.
KK cos b l - sin b x l OOO dx 4 2
dx 2 ^1 - t h
x 2
2 2 P
^1 + t h
L cos x dt = 2 2

d sin x
36. dx 2 ^1 - t h
-1
dx cos cos x = 2
1 2
2 cos x 1 - cos x or dt = .....(iv)
^1 + t h ]2tg2
2 2 =
1 + t2
^1 + t2h2
1 - cos2 x 1 1 + cos x 1-
= = cos x .
2 cos x 1 - cos x 2 dy
Hence dx = 1.
y = cot b 1 - x l
1+x
37. -1

sin y = x sin ^a + y h & x =

sin y
]1 - xg + ]1 + xg 41.
sin ^a + y h
2< F
dy 1
dx =- ]1 - xg2
1 +b1 - x l
1 + x
cos y. dx . sin ^a + y h - sin y cos ^a + y h dx
dy dy

2 ]1 - xg2 sin2 ^a + yh
&1=
1
2 1 + x2h^1 - x2h
^
=- =-
1 + x2
. sin ^a + y - y h
dy
cos -1 x dx dy sin2 ^a + y h
sin ^a + yh
a z = & dx = .
38.
-1
y= , z = a cos
-1
x
& y = 1+z 2 sin a
1 + a cos x
dy ]1 + zg 1 - z ]1 g 1 1 42. tan ^ x + y h + tan ^ x - y h = 1
]1 + zg2 ]1 + zg2 ^1 + a cos xh2
& dz = = = . -1

Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get

39. Given that x = a b cos t + log tan 2 l and y = a sin t.
t
& sec2 ^ x + y hc1 + m + sec2 ^ x - y hc1 - m= 0
dy dy
dx dx
Differentiating with respect to t, we get
dy dy sec2 ^ x + y h + sec2 ^ x - y h
dt = a cos t ............(i) & dx =
sec2 ^ x - y h - sec2 ^ x + y h
.

and dt = a ;- sin t + cot b 2 lb 2 l sec2 b 2 lE

dx t 1 t
11.6 Mathematics

x = a b sin 2i + 2 sin 4i l ,
1 48. Let y = x log x & log e y = log e x log e x = ^log e x h
2
43.
e

1 dy dy
y = b b cos 2i - 2 ]1 + cos 4igl & y dx = 2 log e x. x ` dx = 2x^log x - 1h log e x.
1 1 e

= 2a ]cos 2i + cos 4ig = 2a.2 cos 3i cos i

dx 49. x y = y x & y log e x = x log e y
`
di
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get
= 2b ]sin 4i - sin 2ig = 2b.2 cos 3i sin i
dy
and
di
dy y 1 dy
dy dy dx b log e x dx + x = log e y + x y dx
` dx = ' = tan i.
di di a
dy y ^ x log e y - y h
x ^y log e x - xh
44. It is implicit function, so ` dx = .

cos ^ x + yh - x + y
1 50. y = x sinx & log e y = sin x log e x
dy 2f/2x
dx =- 2f/2y =- cos ^ x + yh - 1 =- 1.
` dx = x sinx : x + cos x log e xD
x+y dy sin x

45. Let x = sin t cos 2t ......(i) and y = cos t sin 2t ....(ii)

= x sinx ; E.
sin x + x cos x log e x
x
Differentiate (i) w.r.t. t, we get
y = b1 + x l & log y = x log b1 + x l
1 x 1
51.
dx
dt = cos t. cos 2t - 2 sin t sin 2t ........(iii)
& y dx = log b1 + x l - 1 + x
1 dy 1 1
Again, differentiate (ii), we get
& dx = b1 + x l ;log b1 + x l - 1 + x D .
dy 1 x 1 1
dy
dt = 2 cos t cos 2t - sin t sin 2t .......(iv)
x ]2x + 3g2
& log y = 2 log x + 2 log ]2x + 3g
1
` Dividing equation (iv) by (iii), we get 52. y=
x+1
- 2 log ]x + 1g
dy 2 cos t cos 2t - sin t sin 2t 1
dx = cos t cos 2t - 2 sin t sin 2t
1 dy 1 2.2 1
& y dx = 2x + ]
r dy 1 2x + 3g 2 ]x + 1g
-
At t = 4 , dx = 2 .

or dx = y ; 2x + 2x + 3 - 2 ]x + 1g E .
dy 1 4 1
Logarithmic differentiation, differentiation of one
function wrt another, differentiation of determinants,
higher order derivatives
y = x2 + x log x & dx = 2x + x log x b2 log e x. x l
dy 1
53.
46. y = ]1 + xg Taking log on both sides,
x

2 ^ x2 + x logx log e x h
log y = x log ]1 + xg Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get = x .

y dx = log ]1 + xg + x ]1 + xg
1 dy 1 54. Let y1 = sin -1 x and y2 = cos -1 1 - x2

Differentiating w.r.t. x of y1 and y2 , we get

Thus dx = ]1 + xgx : 1 + x + log ]1 + xgD
dy x
dy1 1
47. y=x x
& log e y = x log x dx = 1 - x2

1 dy 1 1 dy2 1 1 ]- 2xg 1
& y dx = x x +
2 x
log x dx =- 1 - ^1 - x2h 2 1 - x2 = 1 - x2

or dx = x x = G
dy 2 + log e x dy2
& dy = 1.
2 x 1
 Methods of differentiation 11.7
55. Let y = sin x and z = cos x
2 2 dy
62. y = ae mx + be -mx; ` dx = ame mx - mbe -mx
dy dz dy
& dx = sin 2x and dx =- sin 2x, ` dz =- 1. d2 y
Again = am2 e mx + m2 be -mx
dx2
y = tan -1 < F
x
56.
1 + 1 - x2 d2 y d2 y
2 = m ^ae + be -mxh & 2 = m2 y
2 mx
&
Put x = sin i & y = tan -1 ; 1 + cos i E
sin i dx dx

d2 y
i i 1 or - m2 y = 0
= tan -1 tan 2 = 2 & y = 2 sin -1 x and dx2
63. Expanding binomially
let z = sin -1 x

y = ^ x2 - 1hm = m C0 x2m + m C1 x2m - 2 ]- 1g + ...

m c
dy 1 d
dy dx sin -1 x 1
Hence dz = = 2 ddx = 2.
b dz l dx sin -1
x So on differentiating all the terms except first reduces
dx
to zeros, therefore
y = e x , z = log x & dx = e x . ^3x2h = 3x2 e x ....(i)
dy
57.
3 3 3

= C0 2m ]2m - 1g]2m - 2g...1 = ]2mg !.

d 2m y m
dz 1 dy 3x e 2 x3
dx2m
and dx = x .......(ii) & dx =
3

^1/xh
= 3x3 e x .

d 6 ]sin xg@ d 6log ]sin xg@ 1 64. y = a cos ^log xh + b sin ^log xh
58. dx f = dx = sin x . cos x =

cot x - a sin ^log x h b cos ^log x h

& y' = x + x
59.
& xy' =- a sin ^log xh + b cos ^log xh
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an x n

y1 = a1 + 2a2 x + ... + nan x n - 1

- a cos ^log x h b sin ^log xh
y2 = 2a2 + 6a3 x + ... + n ]n - 1gan x n-2
& xy" + y' = x - x
.................
................. & x2 y" + xy' =- 6a cos ^log xh + b sin ^log xh@
yn = n!an .
& x2 y" + xy' =- y .
d 6 2x -2x@
60. dx e + e = 2e2x + 2e -2x = 21 6e2x - e -2x@
d3 3 d3 d3
d2 6 2x -2x@ 3 x 3 sin x cos x
e +e = 22 6e2x + e -2x@ 65. f" ] x g =
dx dx dx3
dx2 6 -1 0
2
d3 6 2x -2x@ p p p3
e +e = 23 6e2x - e -2x@
dx3
..............
.............. 6 - cos x sin x 6 -1 0
d n 6 2x -2x@
e +e = 2 n 6e2x + ]- 1gn e -2x@. = 6 -1 0 ` f" ]0g = 6 - 1 0 = 0,
dx n p p2 p3 p p2 p3
dy
-1
e tan x
61.
-1
y = e tan x
& dx = which is independent of p.
1 + x2

^1 + x2h . e ]2xg
-1
tan x -1

^1 + x2h
2 - e tan x
d y
& 2 =
dx ^1 + x2h2
d2 y ]1 - 2xg e tan
^1 + x2h = ]1 - 2xg
d2 y
-1
x
dy
& &
^1 + x2h2
= dx .
dx2 dx2
11.8 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 2
Standard derivatives, derivatives of composite
1+ x
functions 9. y = log
1- x
x2 x3
1. y = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + ...3 & y = e x Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get
dy RS 1 VWW
dy 1 - x SSS ^1 - x h + ^1 + x h
Differentiating with respect to x, we get dx = e x = y. 1
W
2 x 2 x WW
dx = 1 + x SS
^1 - x h
WW
Here z = a - y & dy = 2 = ]a - zg2
1 dz 1 S 2
2. T X
y
f ]xg = x2 - 3x and f' ]xg = 2x - 3
1 61 - x + 1 + x @ = 1
2 ]1 - xg x x ]1 - xg
3. = .

But f ]xg = f' ]xg & x2 - 3x = 2x - 3 d ^ x

10. h x x 1
dx e log sin 2x = e log sin 2x + 2e sin 2x cos 2x
& x2 - 5x + 3 = 0
= e x log sin 2x + e x 2 cot 2x

y = x ;b cos 2 + sin 2 lb cos 2 - sin 2 l + sin xE

x x x x
4. = e x ^log sin 2x + 2 cot 2x h .

y = sin "cos ]sin xg,

1
+ 11.
2 x

& y = x ]cos x + sin xg + & dx =- cos "cos (sin x) , sin ]sin xg cos x.
1 dy
2 x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have 2
12. y = x2 log x +
x
dy d ]cos x + sin xg ]cos x + sin xg 1 -3/2
dx = x dx + - 4x dy -3/2 1
dx = 2x log x + x - x = x + 2x log x - 3/2
x
& dx = ]1 + xg cos x + ]1 - xg sin x -
dy 1
. dA
4x x 13. dx =
5. y = log10 x + log x 10 + log x x + log10 10
x #2 x log e 2 cot x - 2 x cosec2 x - - 2 x cot x
1
log e 10 2 x
= log10 x + log x + 1 + 1 x

2 x - 1 '- 2x cosec2 x + cot x. log b 4e l1

x
dy 1 log e 10
x ^log e xh
& dx = x log10 e - 2 .
= .
x 3/2
bxl 1 nb xl
dy n n-1
6. dx =- b sinlog n ^ x/nhn n n 14. Rationalising,

=- x sinlog b n l .
nb x n
= x2 + ^ x 4 - 1h1/2
2x 2 + 2 x 4 - 1
y= 2
log ^log x h
7. f ]xg = log x ^log x h = log x
dy
& dx = 2x +
2x 3
.
x4 - 1
- log ^log x h @3 52x - sin x?.
1 1 1 d 6 2
e -0 = 1. @4 6 2
& f' ] x g = x x ] g 15. dx x + cos x = 4 x + cos x
^log x h2 & f ' e = 1 e
cos x cos x + ]1 + sin xg sin x
< F
dy 1
]cos xg2
8. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = a 2/3 16. dx = b 1 + sin x l
cos x
2 2 dy
& 3 x -1/3 + 3 y -1/3 dx = 0
= b 1 + sin x l
cos x cos2 x + sin2 x + sin x
]cos xg2
= sec x.
or dx =-c m .
dy y 1/3
x
 Methods of differentiation 11.9
]bx + cg - be cos ]bx + cg ]x - x0gg ]xg - 0
f' ]x0g = lim = lim g ]xg = g ]x0g
d c e m ae sin
ax ax ax

dx sin ]bx + cg =
17.
"sin ]bx + cg,2 25.
x " x0 x - x0 x " x0

e 6a sin ]bx + cg - b cos ]bx + cg@

ax
Since g is continuous.
sin2 ]bx + cg
=

y = log x.e]tanx + x g
log tan x
18.
2

26. y = log sin x

` dx = e]tan x + x g . x + log x.e]tan x + x g ^sec2 x + 2xh dy ^log sin xhb tan x l - ^log tan xh]cot xg
dy 1 2 2
sec2 x

^log sin xh2

& dx =
= e]tanx + x g : x + ^sec2 x + 2xh log xD .
2
1
&c m = - 4 (On simplification)
dy
dx r/4 log 2
log y = log 2 + 2 log ]x - sin xg - 2 log x
3 1
19.
27. y' = F' [f {z ]xg}] f' {z ]xg} z' ]xg .
& dx = y : 2 . x - sin x - 2x D.
dy 3 1 - cos x 1
28. f ]xg = e x and g ]xg = sin -1 x
d :2 r.x D
and h ]xg = f (g ]xg)
d :2 D
20. °
dx r sin x = dx r sin 180
2 r xr cos x° & h ]xg = f ^sin -1 xh = e sin
-1
x
= r 180 cos 180 = 90 .

` h ]xg = e sin
d 7 A d :1 ^ hD
-1
x
21. x
dx log sin e = dx 2 log sin e
x

h' ]xg
& h' ]xg = e sin x .
1 1
& ] g =
-1

1 1 x 1 x/ 2 ^ x/ 2 h .
= 2 cot e x e = 4 e cot e 1-x 2 h x 1 - x2
2 ex
f ]xg = x , we have f ]0g = 0 = 0
Differentiation of ITFs, implicit functions, parametric
22.
functions
f ]0 + 0g = lim 0 + h = 0 29. y = tan -1
4x 2 + 3x
+ tan -1 3 - 2x
h"0 1 + 5x2
and f ]0 - 0g = lim 0 - h = 0 2
h"0 5x - x +x
-1 -1 3

f ]0 + hg - f ]0g
= tan 1 + 5x.x + tan 2
Rf' ]0g = lim
h -0 1 - 3 .x
h = lim h
h"0 h"0

h 2
= lim h (h being positive) = 1 = tan -1 5x - tan -1 x + tan -1 3 + tan -1 x
h"0

f ]0 - hg - f ]0g dy 5
Lf' ]0g = lim
h -0 & dx =
h = lim - h 1 + 25x2
h"0 h"0

h d -1 4 x
= lim - h (h being positive) = - 1 30. dx tan 1 - 4x
h"0

` Rf' ]0g ! Lf' ]0g . The function f is not

RS V
1 SS ]1 - 4xg4 d 1 n - 4 x ]- 4g WWW
= 2 .S
S 2 x WW
differentiable 1 +c
4 x m
SS ]1 - 4x g2 WW
1 - 4x T X

23.
d 6 ax ]bx + cg@ = ae ax cos ]bx + cg - be ax sin 2 ]1 + 4xg 2
dx e cos x ]1 + 4xg2 x ]1 + 4xg
= = .

]bx + cg
y = sec -1 e o + sin -1 e o
x+1 x-1
31.
x-1 x+1
= e ax 6a cos ]bx + cg - b sin ]bx + cg@ .
= cos -1 e o + sin -1 e o= r
x-1 x-1
dy 1 x+1 x+1 2
24. y = log e log e x & e y = log e x & e y dx = x .
& dx = 0, &a sin -1 x + cos -1 x = 2 0 .
dy r
11.10 Mathematics

y = tan -1 d n = tan -1 ^ x1/3h + tan -1 a1/3 x 4 + y 4 = b t - t l + 2 = ^ x2 + y2 i + 2

x1 / 3 + a 1 / 3 1 2 2
32. 39.
1 - x1/3 .a1/3
dy 1 1
& dx = 2/3 & x2 y2 =- 1 & y2 =-
3x ^1 + x2/3h
. x2
dy 2
y = cot -1 = G
1 + sin x + 1 - sin x Differentiating, we get 2y dx = 3
33. x
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x
dy
= cot -1 : 2 sin x D = cot -1 : sin x D
2 + 2 cos x 1 + cos x or x3 y dx = 1.

3at 3at2
= cot :cot 2 D = 2
-1 x x dy 1 40. x= 3 ,y = . Clearly, y = tx.
` dx = 2 . 1+t 1 + t3

dy dy du Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get

34. 3
dx = du . dx = u .2x
2

dy dt
dx = t.1 + x. dx .....(i)
= b 3 x3 + 5 l .2x2 = 27 x2 ^2x3 + 15h3 .
3
2 2
1 + t3 - t.3t2 3a. ^1 - 2t h
3
dx
Now, dt = 3a. ....(ii)
^1 + t 3h ^1 + t 3h
35. 2 2
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 2 = 2

dy 3at ^1 + t 3h2 t ^2 - t3h

Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get
1 + t 3a ^1 - 2t h
` dx = t + 3 . 3 = ,
1 - 2t3

2ax + 2h c y + x m + 2by
dy dy dy {by (ii)}
dx dx + 2g + 2f dx = 0
dy dy/di a 6cos i - i (- sin i) - cos i@
` dx ^2hx + 2by + 2f h =- ^2ax + 2hy + 2gh
dy
41. dx = dx/di = a 5- sin i + i cos i + sin i?

dy ^ax + hy + g h =
i sin i
= tan i.
^hx + by + f h
or dx =- . i cos i

, so y = f ] t g
5x + 1 42. y = cos -1 1 - t2 = sin -1 t and
36. Suppose that t =
10x2 - 3
x = sin -1 ^3t - 4t3h = 3 sin -1 t
` dx = f' ] t g . dx [Since f' ]xg = cos x]
dy dt
d n
dy 1
dy dt = 1 - t2 dy 1
= & dx = 3 .
c m c m
dy 5x + 1 d 5 x + 1
3d n
dx dx 1
dx = cos 10x2 - 3 dx 10x2 - 3 . dt 1 - t2
37. y sec x + tan x + x2 y = 0
Logarithmic differentiation, differentiation of one
dy dy function wrt another, differentiation of determinants,
& sec x dx + y sec x tan x + sec2 x + 2xy + x2 dx = 0 higher order derivatives

y = e x + y & log y = ^ x + yh log e

dy 2xy + sec2 x + y sec x tan x
& dx =- 43.
x2 + sec x
sin ^ xy h + y = x2 - y
x 1 dy dy dy y
38. & y dx = 1 + dx & dx = 1 - y .

Differentiating both sides, dy

44. On differentiating 2 x log 2 + 2 y log 2. dx

cos ^ xyh dx ^ xyh + x (- 2 2 dx + y = 2x - dx

d 1 dy 1 dy
dy
y = 2 x .2 y dx . log 2 + 2 y .2 x log 2

& [x cos ^ xyh - + 1] dx = 2x - y - y cos ^ xyh

x dy 1
dy dy
y2 & 2 x + 2 y dx = 2 x + y dx + 2 x + y
2xy2 - y - y3 cos ^ xy h
& dx = = 2 G
dy dy 2 x + y - 2 x
xy cos ^ xy h - x + y2
y
x-y 2 - 1
& dx = y x+y = 2 .
2 -2 1 - 2x
 Methods of differentiation 11.11
y = ]sin xg]sinxg 52.
y = sin x sin 3x
]sinxg.....3

45.
& y = ]sin xgy & log e y = y logsin x = 2 5cos 2x - cos 4x?
1

y1 = 2 5- 2 sin 2x + 4 sin 4x?

1 dy dy 1
& y dx = dx [log sin x] + y cot x

y2 = 2 6- 2 2 cos 2x + 4 2 cos 4x@

dy y2 cot x 1
` dx = 1 - y logsin x .
h
yn = 2 ;2 n cos b 2x + 2 l - 4 n cos b 4x + 2 lE
1 nr nr
46. y = x]x g & log y = x x log x
x

1 dy
f ]xg = a sin ^log xh
dz 1
& y dx = dx . log x + x .z (where x x = z) 53.
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get
& dx = x]x g 7x x ^log ex h . log x + x x - 1A,
dy x

f' ]xg = a cos ^log x h x

1
&a dz = x x log ex 0
Again f" ]xg =- 2 a cos ^log x h - 2 a sin ^log xh
dx 1 1
y = ^ x xhx & log e y = x log e ]xgx = x2 . log e x
x x
47.
& x2 f" ]xg =- [a cos ^log x h + a sin ^log x h]
1 dy
Now x2 f" ]xg + xf' ]xg =- a sin ^log x h =- f ]xg .
1
& y dx = x2 . x + 2x. log e x

` dx = x ^ x xhx 61 + 2 log e x@.

dy
x3 x2 3x2
54. f ] xg = 1 - 6 4
2x
48. y = tan -1 = 2 tan -1 x p p2 p3
1 - x2
z = sin -1
2x
= 2 tan -1 x & f ]xg = x3 ^- 6p3 - 4p2 h - x2 ^ p3 - 4p h + 3x2
1 + x2
2 ^ p 2 + 6p h
dy 2
& dz = 2 x = 1
1 +
& f ]xg =- 6p3 x3 - 4p2 x3 - x2 p3 + 4px2 + 3p2 x2 +
1 + x2
1 18px2
49. sec -1 = 2 cos -1 x
^2x2 - 1h
` dx f ]xg =- 18p3 x2 - 12p2 x2 - 2xp3 + 8px + 6p2 x
d
` y = 2 cos -1 x, z = 1 + 3x
dy dy dz 2 2 1 + 3x
' = 0, + 36px and
dz = dx dx = 1-x 2
. 3

b at x = - 1 l . d 2 ] xg
f =- 36p3 x - 24p2 x - 2p3 + 8p + 6p2 + 36p
3 dx2
d 3 f ] xg
and z = cos -1 ^ x2h
1 - x2
50. Let y = tan -1 and =- 36p3 - 24p2 = a constant
1 + x2 dx3
2 sin2 i
Put x2 = cos 2i; ` y = tan -1 = i and sin px p cos px - p2 sin px
2 cos2 i
55. D = - p cos px p 4 sin px p5 cos px
3
dy dy/di 1
z = 2i ` dz = = . - p6 sin px - p7 cos px p8 sin px
dz/di 2
sin px p cos px - p2 sin px
51. Let y = a sin3 t and x = a cos3 t, then
= p - cos px p sin px p2 cos px
9

c m b dx l
dy dy 3a sin2 t cos t
dx = dt / dt = 3a cos2 t ]- sin tg =- tan t.
- sin px - p cos px p2 sin px

Again diff. w.r.t. x, we get sin px p cos px - p2 sin px

= p - cos px p sin px p2 cos px = 0.
9

= 3a b sec tl
d2 y 2 dt - sec2 t 1 4

dx 2 =- sec t dx =
3a cos t ]- sin tg
2 sin t sin px p cos px - p2 sin px

`d 2 n
d2 y 1 4 4 2
= . = 3a .
dx t = r/4 3a 1/ 2
11.12 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type f '' ]xg sin x (3)
d # -
1. dx 7^ f ]xghA - 6z ]xg@
2 2

or g" ]- rg = 2f' ]- rg cos ]- rg = 2 # 1 # ]- 1g =- 2

= 2 6 f ]xg $ f' ]xg - z ]xg $ z' ]xg@
Hence, g" ]- rg =- 2
= 2 6 f ]xg .z ]xg - z ]xg $ f ]xg@
6. ln ^ f ]xgh = ln ]x - 1g + ln ]x - 2g + ... + ln ]x - ng
6a f' ]xg = z ]xg and z' ]xg = f ]xg@ = 0
or f' ]xg = f ]xg: x - 1 + x - 2 + ... + x - n D
1 1 1
or 6 f ]xg@ - 6z ]xg@ = constant
2 2

= ]x - 2g]x - 3g]x - ng + ]x - 1g]x - 3gg ]x - ng

` 6 f ]10g@ - 6z ]10g@ = 6 f ]3 g@ - 6z ]3 g@ =
2 2 2 2

+ g + ]x - 1g]x - 2g g (x - (n - 1))
6 f ]3g@2 - 6 f' ]3g@2
or f' ]ng = ]n - 1g]n - 2g]n - 3g $ 3.2 $ 1
= 25 - 16 = 9
2. Since f ]xg is odd, f ]- xg =- f ]xg or (all other factors except the last vanishes when

f' ]- xg]- 1g =- f' ]xg or f' ]- xg = f' ]xg

x = n)

or 5040 = ]n - 1g! or n = 8
` f' ]- 3g = f' ]3 g =- 2
f ] x + hg - f ] x + 0g
3. Here x = a is a repeated root of the equation 7. f' ]xg = lim h
h$0

f ]xg = 0. Hence, x = a is also a root of the equation 2f ]xg + xf ]hg + h f ]xg - 2f ]xg - xf ]0g - 0 f ]xg
or lim h
f' ]xg = 0 , i.e., 3x2 + 6x - 9 = 0 or x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
h$0

as f ]0g = 0
or ]x + 3g]x - 1g = 0 has the root a once which
f ]hg - f ]0g
or lim x c m + f ]xg = x f' ]0g + f ]xg
can be either - 3 or 1. h$0 h-0
or f' ]xg = f ]xg [ a f' ]0g = 0 ]
If a = 1, then f ]xg = 0 gives c - 5 = 0 or c = 5.
f' ]xg
If a =- 3, then f ]xg = 0 gives or # # dx
f ] xg
dx =

- 27 + 27 + 27 + c = 0 ` c =- 27 or 2 f ]xg = x + c
4. We have f ]5 - xg =- f ]5 + xg or
or f ]xg = 4 [ a f ]0g = 0 ]
x2
- f' ]5 - xg =- f' ]5 + xg or f' ]5 - 2g = f' ]5 + 2g or
8. f ]xg $ f' ]- xg = f ]- xg $ f' ]xg
f' ]3 g = f' ]7 g = 3
or f' ]xg # f ]- xg - f ]xg # f' ]- xg = 0
5. We have g ]xg = f ]xg sin x (1)
or dx 6 f ]xg f ]- xg@ = 0
d
On differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x, we get
or f ]xg f ]- xg = k
g' ]xg = f ]xg cos x + f' ]xg sin x (2)
Given ^ f ]0gh = k = 9 or k = 9
2

Again differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. x, we get

Then f ]3 g f ]- 3g = 9 or f ]- 3g = 3
g" ]xg = f ]xg]- sin xg + f' ]xg cos x + f' ]xg cos x +
 Methods of differentiation 11.13
3 1 / 3 5 / 4 5 1/ 4 ^
bx x - 4 x a + bx3/2h 15. Let degree of f ]xg is n, degree of f' ]xg is n - 1,
9. a + bx3/2 2
y= or y' =
x 5/4 x 5/2 and degree of f' ]xg is ]n - 2g . Hence
n = ]n - 1g + ]n - 2g = 2n - 3
According to the equation

3 1/2 5/4 5 1/4 ^

2 b5 5 - 4 5 a + b53/2h `n=3
Hence, f ]xg = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
0=
5 5/2 ^a ! 0h
3b 5 5 /4 5 7 /4
or 2 57/4 - a 4 - 5b 4 = 0 or b57/4 = a55/4 f' ]xg = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
f" ]xg = 6ax + 2b
or b 5 = a or a: b = 5 : 1
` ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = ^3ax2 + 2bx + ch]6ax + 2bg
x - ^ x + 2x + 1 h
4 2
10. y= = x2 + x + 1 ` 18a2 = a
x2 - x - 1
dy 1
` dx = 2x + 1 = ax + b Hence, a = 2 and b = 1 or a = 18

11. Limit is f' ] e g where f ]xg = x ln x = e ln x

2

16. g' ] xg = 2f _2f 2 ] xg + 2 i # f ' _2f 2 ] xg + 2 i

` f ' ]xg = e ln x $
2 2 ln x
# 4f ] xg $ f ' ] xg
x
g' ]0 g = 2f _2f ]0 g + 2 i # f ' _2f 2 ]0 g + 2 i
2

or f' ] e g = e. e = 2
2

# 4f ]0 g $ f ' ]0 g
12. We have ^ gof h]xg = ]xg or g' ^ f ]xghf' ]xg = 1 = 2f ]4g $ f ' ]4g $ 4f ]0 g f ' ]0 g = 2 # 4 ]- 1g]1 g =- 8.
17. When f ] xg = r, then x = 2 .
r
When f ]xg =- 6 , x = 1
7
(As f ] xg is an increasing function on R, so f ] xg is
g' ^ f ]xgh g' b - 6 l f' ]1 g = 1
7
invertible.)
dx

We have to find dy at y = r.
Hence, g' b - 6 l = ]1 g = 5
7 1 1
f'
Now dy = dy and dx = 6 ]2x - rg2 + 2 + sin x.
dx 1 dy

13. g ]xg = f (- x + f (f (x))); f ]0g = 0; f' ]0g = 2
dx
g' ]xg = f' (- x + f (f (x))) $ 7- 1 + f' ^ f ]xgh $ f' ]xgA
E
dy
g' ]0g = f' (f ]0g) . 6- 1 + f' ]0g $ f' ]0g@

Now = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
dx x = r2
= f' ]0g6- 1 + ]2 g]2 g@ p
Hence dy E
dx 1 1
= =3 = q.
E
dy
= ]2 g]3 g = 6
y=r
dx x = r2
14. According to question, ^a2 - 2a - 15h e ax + (b2 - 2b p
` = 1 and q = 3
Hence ^ p + q h = 4.

- 15) e bx = 0
18. Let g -1 ] xg = f ] xg
or ^a2 - 2a - 15h = 0 and b2 - 2b - 15 = 0
` f ^ g ] xgh = x

or ]a - 5g]a + 3g = 0 and ]b - 5g]b + 3g = 0 f ^ g ] xgh $ g' ] xg = 1
'

i.e., a = 5 or - 3 and b = 5 or - 3 Put x = 0, f ' ^ g ]0 gh $ g' ]0 g = 1

` f ' ]2g $ 6 = 1

` a ! b Hence, a = 5 and b =- 3 or a =- 3 and
1
f ' ]2g

` =6
b = 5 or ab =- 15
11.14 Mathematics

1+
1-a 23. According to question f ] xg = ax -1/3 + bx1/3
19. e y = 1 + a = tan b r + x l
& f ' ] xg =- 3 x -4/3 + 3 x -2/3 = 3 ]bx 2/3 - ag
1-a 4 2 a b x -4/3
1-
1+a
& f ' ]8 g = 3 ]b8 2/3 - ag = 0
8 -4/3

` e y $ y' = 2 sec 2 b 4 + 2 l
1 r x
a

& b =4
^ y hr = 2
' 3 24. Given functions are
20. We have 4xe xy = y + 5 sin 2 x (1) y = em
t
and x = et ln t

Put x = 0, in equation (1), we get y = 0
and for x = 0 & t = 1
` ^0, 0h lies on the curve
1 m ln t
em t d t + n

Now on differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x, we get dy dy/dt 2 t

` dx = dx/dt =
et b t + ln t l
1
dy
4e xy + 4xe xy c x m=
dy
+ y dx + 10 sin x cos x
dx
& y' ]0 g = 4
dy em

& = e = e (given)
dx t=1
21. F ] xg = ^ f ^ g hh
2
m
& =2
& F' ] xg = 2 ^ f ^ g ] x hh f ' ^ g ] xgh g' ] xg
25. Using L’ Hospital’s rule, we get
G ] xg = ^ g ^ f ] xghh
2
1 -1
2 $
] + t g2
G' ] xg = 2 ^ g ^ f ] xghhg' ^ f ] xgh f ' ] xg 1 +b x + t l
1 x

f ] xg = Lim
1 -1

F' ] xg 1 = 1 $ x2
] g = 1 at x = 1
t"0
1+ 2
G' x x
22. Given that y = x1/2 + 2/4 + 3/8 + ... 3 -1

=
1 + x2
y = x2
Hence f ]0 g = - 1 = 1

dy
dx = 2x
 Methods of differentiation 11.15

EXERCISE - 4

f ^log e xh = log e ^log e x h

Single Option Correct
7.
f ]xg x - 5x + 6 = )
x2 - 5x + 6, if x $ 3 or x # 2
1.
df ^log e xh
2
-^ x2 - 5x + 6h, if 2 < x < 3 1 1
` = log x # x
]2x - 5g, if x > 3 or x < 2
dx e

or f' ]xg = *
- ]2x - 5g, if 2 < x < 3 8. y = f ^ x2h or dx = f' ^ x2h 2x = 2x 2 ^ x2h - 1
dy 2

2. We have
dy
y = tan -1 e 2 o + tan d n
log e - log x2 -1 3 + 2 log x At x = 1, dx = 2 # 1 # 2 - 1 = 2
log e + log x 1 - 6 log x
du
= tan -1 d
1 - 2 log x
n + tan -1 d
3 + 2 log x
n dx = f' ^ x h 3x = cos x3 3x2
3 2
du
9.
g' ^ x h 2x
1 + 2 log x 1 - 6 log x dv = dv 2
sin x2 2x
= tan -1 1 - tan -1 ^2 log xh + tan -1 3 + tan -1 ^2 log xh
dx
3
= 2 x cos x3 cosec x2
dy d2 y
= tan 1 + tan 3 or dx = 0 or
-1 -1
=0
dx2
f ]xg = cos -1 ;cos b 2 -
r 1 + x lE r
10.
y' ]xg = f' (f (f (f (x)))) f' (f (f (x))) f' (f (x)) f' ]xg 2 + xx = 2 -
3.

` y' ]0g = f' (f (f (f (0)))) f' (f (f (0))) f' (f (0)) f' (0)
1+x x
2 +x

` f' ]xg =- + x x ^1 + log x h

= f' (f (f (0))) f' (f (0)) f' (0) f' (0) 1 # 1
2 2 1+x
= f' (f ]0g) f' (0) f' (0) f' (0) or f' ]1 g =- 4 + 1 = 4
1 3

= f' (0) f' (0) f' (0) f' (0) 11. 2xf' ^ x2h = 3x2 or 4f' ]22g = 12 or f' ]4g = 3.

= (f' (0)) 4 = 2 4 = 16 ]a - xg3/2 + ]x - bg3/2

12. y=
a-x+ x-b
dx = dx ^ x + x + a h
dy d 8 2 nB
4. ^ a - x + x - b h^a - x - a - x x - b + x - bh
2

=
= n ^ x + x2 + a2 h . dx ^ x + x2 + a2 h
n-1 d a-x+ x-b
= a-b- a-x x-b

= n ^ x + x2 + a2 h e o
2 2
n-1 x +a +x
dy 1 1
x2 + a2 or dx = x-b- a-x
2 a-x 2 x-b
n ^ x + x2 + a2 h
n

= 2x - a - b
x2 + a2 2 a-x x-b
ny
=
x + a2 f ^ g ]xgh = x
2
13.
d sin x
5. -1

or f' ^ g ]xgh g' ]xg = 1

dx cos cos x =
2 cos x 1 - cos x
2

or ^e g]xg + 1h g' ]xg = 1

1 - cos x 1 1 + cos x
= = cos x
2 cos x 1 - cos x 2
6. y = log x + y or ^e g (f (log 2)) + 1h g' (f (log 2)) = 1

or y2 = log x + y or ^e log2 + 1h g' (f (log 2)) = 1

dy 1 dy dy 1 or g' ^ f ^log 2hh = 1/3

x ^2y - 1 h
or 2y dx = x + dx or dx =
11.16 Mathematics
14. f' ]xg = ^ kx + e xh h' ]xg + h ]xg^ k + e xh 20. We have

f' ]0g = h' ]0g + h ]0g]k + 1g h ] xg = f ^2x g ] xg + cos ]rxg - 3 h

or 18 =- 2 + 5 ]k + 1g or k = 3 & h' ] xg = f ' ^2x $ g ] xg + cos ]rxg - 3 h

y = tan -1 c
2x+1 - 2x m
15. = tan -1 2 x + 1 - tan -1 2 x # ^2x $ g' ] xg + 2g ] xg - r sin rx h
1 + 2 x .2 x + 1
2 x + 1 ln 2 2 x ln 2 ` h' ]1 g = f ' ^2g ]1 g - 4 h
1 + ]2 g 1 + ]2 xg2
` y' = x+1 2 -

or y' ]0g =- 10 ln 2
1 # ^2g' ]1 g + 2g ]1 gh = f ' ]0 g # ]2 # 2 + 2 # 2g

16. f ]xg = 1 + x2 + x 4 + x6 + ...3, where x # 1 = 8f ' ]0 g = 8 # 4 = 32

` f n ]0g = n!, where n is even

21. We have y1/m = ^ x + 1 + x2 h
17. y = 2 cos x cos 3x = cos 4x + cos 2x
or y = ^ x + 1 + x2 h
m
20
d y
` = 420 cos 4x + 220 cos 20x
dx20
or dx = m ^ x + 1 + x2 h d1 + n
dy m-1 x
2
5 12 x +1
18. Let cos a = 13 . Then sin a = 13 . So,
^ x + 1 + x2 h
m

y = cos ]cos a $ cos x - sin a $ sin xg

-1 =m
1 + x2

= cos -1 "cos ]x + ag, = x + a

my
=
1 + x2
(x + a is in the first or the second quadrant) or y12 ^1 + x2h = m2 y2

dy
or dx = 1 or 2y1 y2 ^1 + x2h + 2xy12 = 2m2 yy1

19. We have sin -1 e 2 o = log a

x2 - y2
x + y2 or y2 ^1 + x2h + xy1 = m2 y

= sin ^log a h y = f ]xg - f ]2xg or y' = f' ]xg - 2f' ]2xg

x2 - y2
or 22.
x2 + y2

or
1 - tan2 i
= sin ^log a h (on putting y = x tan i) or y' ]1 g = f' ]1 g - 2f' ]2 g = 5 and (1)
1 + tan2 i
or cos 2i = sin ^log a h y' ]2 g = f' ]2 g - 2f l]4g = 7 (2)

or 2i = cos -1 ^sin (log a)h

Now, let y = f ]xg - f ]4xg
1
or i = 2 cos -1 (sin (log a))
` y' = f' ]xg - 4f' ]4xg
or tan -1 c m = 2 cos -1 (sin ^log a)h
y 1
x
or y' ]1 g = f' ]1 g - 4f' ]4g (3)
or x = tan b 2 cos -1 (sin (log a)) l
y 1
dy Subsituting the value of f' ]2 g = 7 + 2f' ]4g in 1, we
x dx - y
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
get f' ]1 g - 2 ^7 + 2f' ]4gh = 5
=0
x2
dy
or x dx - y = 0
f' ]1 g - 4f' ]4g = 19
dy y
or dx = x
 Methods of differentiation 11.17

F' ]xg = ; f b 2 l f' b 2 l + g b 2 l g' b 2 lE

23. Given f = f' + f" + f"' + ...3 x x x x
28.
or f' = f"' + f"' + ...3 or f - f' = f' Here, g ]xg = f' ]xg and g' ]xg = f" ]xg =- f ]xg

So, F' ]xg = f b 2 l g b 2 l - f b 2 l g b 2 l = 0

or f = 2f' x x x x

f' f' 1 Hence, F ]xg is a constant function.

Hence, f = 1/2 or # f dx = # 2 dx
Therefore, F ]10g = 5.
or log f ]xg = x/2 + c

or f ]xg = e x/2 + c 29. Let y = tan -1 c 1 + xx - 1 m and z = tan -1 d 1 - 2x2 n

2
2 2x 1 - x

Also, f ]0g = 1 or c = 0 or f ]xg = e x/2 Putting x = tan i in y, we get

24. Let f ]xg = a ]x - 3g3 + b ]x - 3g2 + c ]x - 3g + d y = tan -1 b tan i l = tan -1 b tan 2 l = 2 tan -1 x
sec i - 1 i 1

f ]3 g = 1 & d = 1 dy 1
Putting x = sin i in z, we get
2 ^1 + x2h
` dx =
f' ]3 g =- 1 & c =- 1
z = tan -1 b l = tan -1 ]tan 2ig = 2i
2 sin i cos i
f" ]3 g = 0 & b = 0
cos 2i
= 2 sin -1 x
f"' ]3 g = 12 & a = 2
dz 2
` dx =
` f' ]xg = 3a ]x - 3g + 2b ]x - 3g + c
2 1 - x2
dy
= 6 ]x - 3g2 - 1 Thus,
dy dx 1 or c m = 4
dy 1
dz = dz = 4 ^1 + x2h 1 - x
2
dx x = 0
or f' ]1 g = 23
dx

30. In the neighborhood of x = 7r/6, we have

25. f ]xg = x + tan x
f ]xg = sin x + cos x =- sin x - cos x
f (f ^y) h = f ^ y h + tan f ^ y h
-1 -1 -1
` f' ]xg =- cos x + sin x

y = g ^ y h + tan g ^ y h or f' ^7r/6h =- cos ^7r/6h + sin ^7r/6h =

3 -1
2
Multiple Options Correct
x = g ]xg + tan g ]xg
dy e x e- x e x - e- x
31. = -
dx 2 x 2 x =
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x., we get 2 x
^e + e- x h - 4
2
x
y2 - 4
g' ] x g =
1 1 = =
1 + sec2 g ]xg 2 + 6g ]xg - x@2
= 2 x 2 x

26. As f ]xg = x 4 tan ^ x3h - x ln ^1 + x2h is odd,

dy 1
32. y2 = x + y or dx = 2y - 1

d 3 f ] xg d 4 f ] xg x dy y
is even i.e., = 0 at x = 0. Also, y = y + 1 or dx = 2x + y
dx 3
dx 4
27. Given that g -1 ]xg = f ]xg or x = g ^ f ]xgh Also, y2 - y - x = 0

or g' ^ f (x)h f' ]xg = 1 or g' (f ^ x)h =

1 1 ! 1 + 4x
f' ] x g or y = 2 (as y > 0)

- f" ] x g - f" ] x g
or g" (f ^ x)h f' ]xg = 2 or g" (f ^ x) h =
1 4 1
or y' = 4
6 f' ]xg@ [f' ]xg] 3
. =
1 + 4x 1 + 4x
11.18 Mathematics
33. 1 is a root of f ]xg = 0, f' ]xg = 0, or ^ x - 1h + 1 - 2 x - 1
2

37. f ] xg = x
x-1-1
1 is a root of ax3 + bx2 + bx + d = 0 (1)
x =)
x-1-1 - x, if x ! [1, 2)
=
` 3ax + 2bx + b = 0 (2)
2
x-1-1 x, if x ! (2, 3)
y = x^logxh
log^logx h

38.
or a + 2b + d = 0
` log y = ^log x h^log xh
log^logx h
(1)
or a + b = 0 or b + d = 0 and a = d.
Taking log of both sides, we get
34. x3 - 2x2 y2 + 5x + y - 5 = 0
log ^log yh = log ^log xh + log ^log xh log ^log xh
Differentitating w.r.t x, we get
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
dy dy
2 log ^log x h 1
3x2 - 4xy2 - 4x2 y dx + 5 + dx = 0
1 1 dy 1
log y . y dx = x log x + log x $x
dy 3x2 - 4xy2 + 5
or y' = dx =
4x 2 y - 1 2 log ^log xh + 1
= x log x or
y' ]1 g =
3-4+5 4
4-1 = 3
^ ^log xh + 1 h Substituting the
dy y log y
Also, y” dx = x . log x 2 log
value of y from (1), we get
^6x - 4y2 - 8xyy' i^4x2 y - 1 i - ^8xy + 4x2 y' i^3x2 - 4xy2 + 5 i
^4x2 y - 1 i2
=
^log xhlog logx ^2 log ^log xh + 1 h
dy y ^ h
b6 - 4 - 8 # 4 l]4 - 1g - b8 + 4 # 4 l]3 - 4 + 5g dx = x
or y" ]1 g = 3 3
]4 - 1g2
39. We have sin -1 ]cos xg = 2 - cos -1 ]cos xg
r
22
=- 8 27 Z] r
]]
] 2 - x, if 0 < x # r
= [] r
35. f ] xg = x 2 - 3 x + 2 =*
x2 - 3x + 2 , x $ 0 ]] - ]2r - xg, if r < x < 2r
x2 + 3x + 2 , x < 0 ]2
\
]Z] x2 - 3x + 2, x2 - 3x + 2 $ 0, x $ 0 Z] r
]] 2 ]] - x, if 0 < x # r
]- x + 3x - 2, x2 - 3x + 2 < 0, x $ 0 ]2
= [] 2 = []
]] x + 3x + 2, x2 + 3x + 2 $ 0, x < 0 ]] x - 3r if r < x < 2r
]] 2 ] 2
- x - 3x - 2, x2 + 3x + 2 < 0, x < 0 \
\Z
]] x2 - 3x + 2 , x ! 60, 1@ , [2, 3)
` dx {sin -1 (cos x)} = )
d - 1 , if 0 < x < r
]] 1 if r < x < 2r
] - x2 + 3x - 2 , x ! (1, 2)
= [] 2
We have cos -1 ]sin xg = 2 - sin -1 ]sin xg
]] x + 3x + 2 , x ! (- 3, - 2] , [- 1, 0) r
]]
- x 2 - 3 x + 2 , x ! ( - 2, - 1)
\ Z] r
]] 2x - 3, x ! ^0, 1h , ^2, 3h
Z] ]] r r
]] - 2x + 3, x ! ^0, 1h , ^2, 3h ] 2 - x, if - 2 < x # 2
= [] r
or f' ]xg = ][ ]] - ]r - xg, if r < x < 3r
]]2x + 3, x ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^- 1, 0h ]2 2 2
- 2x - 3, x ! ^- 2, - 1h
]] \
\ ]Z] r r r
^ x2 + 1 + 3 x h^ x2 + 1 - 3 x h
]] 2 - x, if - 2 < x # 2
^ x2 + 1h2 - 3x2 = []
36. y = 2 = ]] x - r , if r < x < 3r
x + 3x+1 x2 + 1 + 3x ] 2 2 2
dy \
dx = 2x - 3 or a = 2 and b =- 3 ]Z] r r
d ]]- 1, if - 2 < x < 2
5r r ` dx (cos (sin x)) = [] -1

a - b = 2 + 3 = tan 12 = cot 12 ]] 1, if r < x < 3r

] 2 2
\
 Methods of differentiation 11.19
40. f ^ x - y h, f ]xg, f ^ y h, and f ^ x + y h are in A.P. = fn ]xg fn - 1 ]xg dx " fn - 2 ]xg,
d
...
Therefore, f ^ x + y h + f ^ x - y h = 2f ]xg f ^ y h for all
= fn ]xg fn - 1 ]xg gf2 ]xg dx " f1 ]xg,
d

x, y Putting x = 0, y = 0 in (1), we get

= fn ]xg fn - 1 ]xggf2 ]xg = dx "e f ]xg ,
d 0

f ]0g + f ]0 g = 2f ]0 gf ]0 g
= fn ]xg fn - 1 ]xggf2 ]xg e f ]xg dx " f0 ]xg,
0 d
or f ]0g = 1 [ a f ]0g ! 0 ]
Use e f ]xg = f1 ]xg and f0 ]xg = x
0

Putting x = 0, y = x, we get
1
44. We have g = f
f ]xg + f ]- xg = 2f ]0g f ]xg
-1
or f ]xg = f ]- xg (1)
` g' = f'
f2

or f ]4g = f ]- 4g, f ]3 g = f ]- 3g or g" =- <- f' + 2 f"F

2 2 1
f3 f
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, f' ]xg + f' ]- xg = 0 2 2 f"
f' - 2
2 2 f" f" g" f" f3 f
= 3 f' - 2 or f' - g' = f' -
or f' ]4g + f' ]- 4g = 0 f f 1
- 2 f'
f

y = cos -1 c m
2x
= f' - d n=
41. f" - 2f' f" 2f'
1 + x2 f + f' f
dy -1 d c 2x m f' g'
or dx = Also, g $ f = 1 or g'f + gf' = 0 or f =- g
4x 2 dx 1 + x2
^1 + x2h
1- 2
45. y = e -x cos x
1+x 2
2 ^1 + x h - 4x 2 2

^1 + x2h2
=-
^1 - x2h2
y1 =- e x cos x - e -x sin x =- 2 e -x cos b x - 4 l
r
^1 + x2h 1 - x2
1 - x2 ^1 + x2h2
=- 2
y2 = ^- 2 h e -x cos b x - 2 l
2 r

- 2d
1 - x2 nc 1 m
y3 = ^- 2 h e -x cos b x - 4 l
1 - x2 1 + x2 3 3r
Z] 2
]]
] 1 + x2 , if x > 1 y4 = ^- 2 h e -x cos ]x - rg =- 4e -x cos x
4

= [] - 2
]]
] 1 + x2 , if x < 1 or y4 + 4y = 0 or k4 = 4
\
f ] x + hg - f ] xg
42. f' ]xg = lim h Differentiating it again four times, we get
x$0

f b1 + x l
h
f' ]1 g 1
y8 + 4y4 = 0
= lim h = x = x
h$0
x x or y8 - 16y = 0

or f ]xg = ln x as f ]1 g = 0 or k8 =- 16

d " ] x g,
= dx "e f ] xg
, y12 + 4y8 = 0 or y12 + 64y = 0
d
43. dx fn
n-1

d " or k12 = 64
= ef ] xg
]xg, = fn ]xg d " fn - 1 ]xg,
dx fn - 1
n-1

dx
Similiarly, k16 =- 256
d " ] x g,
= fn ]xg . dx "e f ] xg
, = fn ]xg $ e f ] xg
d
dx fn - 2
n-2 n-2
11.20 Mathematics
1 + log e t 3 + 2 log e t x-1
46. x= ;y = t x - 1 = -1 = 1 ;
t2
x-1 x-1 1-x
dy dy/dt x
dx = dx/dt
g3 ]xg = f (f (f (x))) =
1
=x
t b t l - ^3 + 2 log e t h
2 1- b x-1l
x
t2
g4 ]xg = g1 ]xg =
x - 1 ] xg
= g2 ]xg = 1 - x
= 1
t2 b t l - ^1 + log e t h 2t
1
x ; g5
t4 g6 ]xg = g3 ]xg = x and so on

=d nt = t
- 1 - 2 log e t
` g]3n - 2g ]xg = x , g]3n - 1g ]xg = 1 - x , g3n ]xg = x
x-1 1
- 1 - 2 log e t
Eliminating log e t term from y, we get d ^ ]xgh = d b1 - 1x l = 12
dx g]3n - 2g dx x
1 + 2t2 x 1 + 2 ^y' h x
2
y= = d ^ ]xgh = d ]xg = 1
t y' dx g]3ng dx
or yy' = 1 + 2x ^y' h
2
(Differentiating w.r.t.x) x + x2 + ... + x100 + x - 101
Lim x-1
or yy" + ^y' h = 4xy' $ y" + 2 ^y' h
x$1
2 2

applying L’ Hopital’s rule

or yy" = 4xy $ y" + ^y' h
2
1 + 2x + ... + 100x99 + 1
lim 1 = 1 + 2 + ... + 100 + 1
f ]ig = tan b sin -1 l
x$1
2
47. 3 + cos 2i = 5051

f ]ig = = sec i & f b 4 l = 2

2 r
Now, y = g80 ]xg = g]3n - 1g ]xg = 1 - x
1
1 + cos 2i

` g]'3n - 1g ]xg =
1
3 + cos2θ ]1 - xg2
2 g]'3n - 1g ]xg 1
x= 2 =4

49. Put x = tan i

1 + cos2θ
f' ]ig = sec i tan i
RS
SS sin -1 b sin i l; 0 # i < r
& f ]xg = sin -1
2 2
sin 2 = SSS
i
SS- sin -1 b sin i l; - r < i < 0
& f' b 4 l = 2
r S 2 2
T
RS
d ^ f ]igh SS 1 tan -1 x ; x $ 0
=c m
-1
d ]cos ig f ]xg = SSS 1
` =- 2 2
r
i= 4 cos2 i i = r4
SS- tan -1 x; x < 0
2
f ] xg = # x c1 - 1 m # x c2 m # 1 T
48. 2d = 2 . x3 dx = dx RS
x2 x2 SS 1
SS 2 ^1 + x2h
;x > 0
-1
= x +C f ' ] xg = S - 1
SS
S 2 ^1 + x2h ; x < 0
f ]2 g =- 2 + C = 2 & C = 1
1 1 T
` f' ]1 g = 4 ; f' ]- 1g = 4 and f' ]xg is an odd
1 -1
` f ] xg = x
x-1

So, g1 ]xg = f ]xg =

x - 1 ] xg
= f (f ]xg) =
function
x ; g2
 Methods of differentiation 11.21
50. Given, f: ^0, 3h $ ^- 3, 3h be defined as 1 dy 1 1
f ]t g
53. y= x ` dx =- 2 =- 2
x
f ]xg = e x + ln x
=- g2 ] t g
1
f2 ] t g
Also, xy = 1 & -
Also, f' ]xg = e + x > 0 6 x ! ^0, 3h
1x

dy 1 y2
Also, Lim f ]xg = 3 and Lim f ]xg =- 3
` dx =- 2 =- 1
x
g] t g
x $+3 x $ 0+

& f ]xg is a bijective mapping.

dy y
Also, xy = 1 & dx =- x =- ] g
f t
54. f ] t g = g ] t g & f ] t g = f ]- tg & t = 0

x 1 6a f ] t g is one - one function@

f 1 =e

g = f −1 At t = 0, x = y = 1

As, f ]1 g = e & g ] e g = 1 dy - 1 d2 y 2
a xy = 1, dx = 2 and = 3
x dx2 x
Also, g' ] e g =
1
f' ]1 g d2 y
At x = 1, =2
dx2
f' ]xg = e x + x & f' ]1 g = ]e + 1g
1
55. a xy = 1 fg = 1
f" ]xg = e x - 2 & f" ]1 g = ]e - 1g
1
x ` fg' + gf' = 0 ` fg" + gf" + g'f' + gf" = 0

So, g' ] e g = e + 1
1
or fg" + gf" + 2g'f' = 0

- f" ]1 g - f" ]xg

Also, g" ] e g = e As, g" ]xg = o
f g" gf"
^ f' ]xgh3
or f' g' + g'f' =- 2 (3)
^ f ]1 gh3

- ]e - 1g 1-e From equation (2), g ] t g = f ]- tg

]e + 1g3 ]e + 1g3
= = Now verify alternatives

Comprehension Type ` g' ] t g =- f' ]- tg and g" ] t g = f" ]- tg

Passage – 1 (Questions 51 – 52)
Subsituting in equation (3), we get
51. From the given information, we have
f ]xg = ]x - cgm g ]xg, where g ]xg is polynomial f ] t g f" ]- tg f ]- tg f" ] t g
f' ] t g - f' ]- tg - f' ]- tg f' ] t g
$ + $ =- 2
of degree n - m . Then x = c is common root for
f ] t g f" ]- tg f ]- tg f" ] t g
the equations f ]xg = 0, f1 ]xg = 0,
f' ] t g f' ]- tg + f' ]- tg f' ] t g
$ + $ =2
f2 ]xg = 0, ..., f m - 1 ]xg = 0, where f r ]xg represent
rth derivative of f ]xg w.r.t.x.
Passage – 3 (Questions 56 – 57)
We have
52. (d) f ] xg = 0 and f = 0 may or may not have any
q p
tan -1 ]1 - xg; x < 1
f ]xg = tan -1 x - 1 = )
roots, in common tan -1 ]x - 1g; x $ 1
(c) The common root is x = b
Clearly f ]xg is non-derivable at x = 1 as
Passage – 2 (Questions 53 – 55)
f' ]1 -g =- 1 and f' ]1 +g = 1
x = f ] t g = a ln]b g = a t ln b (1)
t

y = g ] t g = b - ln]a g = ^b ln ah t = ^a ln bh t = a -t ln b Also, g ]xg = cos -1 c m = r - cos -1 c 1 x2 m =

t
- - x2 - 1 - 2
2
x +1 1+x
` y = g ] t g = a ln]b g = f ]- tg (2)
)
-t

r + 2 tan -1 x; x < 0
From equation (1) and (2) r - 2 tan -1 x; x $ 0
11.22 Mathematics
(i) As f ]xg is non-derivable at x = 1 , so derivative 24 = P iv ]2 g = 24a or a = 1
Thus, P" ]xg = 12 ]x - 2g2 - 12 ]x - 2g + 2
of f ]xg with respect to g ]xg , when x = 1 is
or P" ]3 g = 12 - 12 ]1 g + 2 = 2
non-existent.
c. Here, ^1 + y 4 i = c1 + m=
1 1 + x4
(ii) g ]xg = r + 2 tan x, x < 0-1
x4 x2

ba y = 1 l
` g' ]xg = 0 +
2 x
1 + x2
- 2. ]2xg 1 + y4
& g" ] x g =
1
or = 2 (1)
^1 + x2h2 1 + x4 x

` g" ]x =- 1g = 4 = 1
4 1
But y = x

Passage – 4 (Questions 58 – 61) dy 1

` dx =- 2 (2)
x
f ] x + hg - f ] xg f ] x + hg + f ] xg
Df ]xg = Lim $ Lim c m 1 + y4 dy
h$0 h h$0 1 From (1) and (2), =- dx
1 + x4
D * f ]xg = 2f ]xg f' ]xg where f' ]xg denotes the dy
1 + y4
derivative on earth now or =- 1
dx
(i) D * ]uvg = 2uvD ]uvg = u2 D * ] v g + v2 D ]ug & ] B g 1+x 2

d. Obviously, f ]xg is a linear function.

(ii) D * b uv l = 2 b uv l D b uv l = 2vu c v ] Dug -2 u ] Dvg m & ]C g
v Also, from f' ]0g = p and f ]0g = q, f ]xg = px + q or
(iii) D * ]tan xg = 2 tan xD ]tan xg = 2 tan x $ sec2 x & ] D g f" ]0g = 0 .
63. a. We know that
(iv) Given D ^ f ]xgh = 0
]Z] -1 2x
` D * ^ f ]xgh = 2f ]xg $ D ^ f ]xgh = 0 & ] Ag ]] sin c m, if - 1 # x # 1
]] 1 + x2
]
2 tan -1 x = [] r - sin -1 c m, if x > 1
2x
Matching Column Type ]] 1 + x2
]]
dy dy/dt 12t2 - 6t - 18 ]]- r - sin -1 c 2x 2 m, if x < - 1
62. a. dx = = 4 1+x
dx/dt 5t - 15t2 - 20 \
dy 12 - 6 - 18 2 dy 2
or = 5 - 15 - 20 = 5 or dx =- if x < - 1 or x > 1
dx t=1 1 + x2

b. cos -1 d 2 n= )
dy 1 tan -1 x , x $ 0
or 5 = 2 at t = 1
dx t=1 1+x - tan -1 x, x < 0
b. Let us take dy 1
or dx =- if x < 0
1 + x2
P ]xg = a ]x - 2g4 + b ]x - 2g3 + c ]x - 2g2 + d ]x - 2g
c. y = | e x - e | = )
ex - e , x $ 0
e -x - e , x < 0
+e
Z]
= P ]2 g = e =- 1
]] e x - e, x $ 1
]] e - e x, 0 # x < 1
= ][
0 = P' ]2 g = d
]]e - e -x, - 1 # x < 0
]] -x
e - e, x 1 - 1
\
2 = P" ]2 g = 2c or c = 1 dy
or dx > 0
- 12 = P"' ]2 g = 6b or b =- 2
 Methods of differentiation 11.23
if x > 1 of - 1 < x < 0. From the graph, dy/dx is negative for ^ ph, ^ q h, ] r g

d. u = log 2x , v = tan -1 x b. The graph of y = log x :

Z] 1
]] ,x > 0
3

du 1 dv ][ 1 + x2 2
or dx = x and dx = ]
]]- 1 , x < 0
] 1 + x2 1

\
Z] 2 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
]] 1 + x
du ] x , x > 0 -1
` dv = []
]]- 1 + x2 , x < 0 From the graph, dy/dx is negative for ^ q h, ] s g
] x
\ Z]- x, - 4 # x < - 2
Now, we know that ]]
]] - x, - 2 # x < 0
c. y = x 6x/2@ = ][
1 + x2 1 ]] 0, 0 # x < 2
x = x+ x > 2 ]]
x, 2 # x < 4
\
if x > 1 and < - 2 if x < - 1 Hence, dy/dx is negative for ^ q h, ] r g

du
` dv > 2 if x < - 1 d. The graph of y = sin x

or x > 1 1

64. a. The graph of y = x2 - 2 x :

−π / 2 π/2
3

From the graph, dy/dx is negative for ] r g

2

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-1

f ' ]4g
f ' ]2g
Numerical Type
Now, & 14 $
124 ln 2
1. Put y = 2
14 # 7 ln 2

f^ x + yh = 2 x $ f^ yh + 4 y $ f^ xh.
= 248.

f ] x + 2g = 2 x $ 3 + 16f ] xg 2. ln (x + y) = 4xy At (x = 0, y = 1)
f ] x + 2g = 16f ' ] xg + 3.2 x ln 2
' x + y = e 4xy

f ]4g = 16f ' ]2g + 12 ln 2
' ..... (i) dy
& 1 + dx = e 4xy c 4x m
dy

f ^ y + 2 h = 4f ^ y h + 3 $ 4 y dx + 4y
f' ^ y + 2h = 4f ' (y) + 3 $ 4 y ln 4
dy
At x = 0 dx = 3
'
f (4) = 4f ' (2) + 96 ln 2 ..... (ii) d2 y
m + e 4xy d 4x 2 + 4y n
d2 y
2 = e 4xy c 4x
dy 2

dx + 4 y

solving eq. (i) and (ii), we get dx dx
'
f (2) = 7 ln 2 d2 y
At x = 0, 2 = e0 (4) 2 + e 0 (24)

dx

from equation (i), we get d2 y

& 2 = 40
'
f (4) = 124 ln 2 dx
11.24 Mathematics
Single Options Correct 6. f (g(x)) = x

3. f ] xg = x3 + x - 5 & f l (g (x)) .g l (x) = 1

& f ' (x) = 3x 2 + 1 & increasing function Put x = a
& invertible & f l (g (a)) .g l (a) = 1

g & ] xg is inverse of f ] xg & f l (b) # 5 = 1

g & ^ f ] xgh = x 1
& f l (b) =

& g' ^ f ] xgh f ' ] xg = 1 5
f ] xg = 63 7. We have, x = 3 tan t and y = 3sec t
x & 3 + x - 5 = 63 dy dy
` dx = 3 sec2 t and dt = 3 sec t tan t
x & 3 + x - 5 = 63
dy tan t
x & =4 Now, dx = sec t = sin t
put x = 4 d2 y dt 1 cos3 t
g' ^ f ]4gh f' ]4g = 1 & dx = cos t dx = cos t 2 =
3 sec t 3
g' ]63g # 49 = 1 " f l ]4g = 49 , 3 r
r d y cos
2
1 1 1
At, t = 4 , 2 = 3 4 = 3 ·
g' ]63g = 49
1 =
dx 2 2 6 2
8. Here, f (x) = x3 + x2f ' (1) + x f ' ' (2) + f ''' (3) ...(i)
4. f (x) = cos b 2 tan -1 sin b cot -1 1 - x ll
x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1-x f ' (x) = 3x2 + 2xf ' (1) + f ' ' (2)
cot -1
x = sin
-1
x
...(ii)
or f (x) = cos (2 tan -1 x )
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f ' ' (x) = 6x + 2 f ' (1) ...(iii)
tan -1 c
2 xm
cos
=
1-x Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1-x f ''' (x) = 6 ∴ f ''' (3) = 6 ...(iv)
f (x) = 1 + x
2 Now, putting x = 1 in (ii), we get

Now f' (x) =-
(1 - x) 2 f ' (1) = 3 + 2f ' (1) + f ' ' (2) ⇒ f ' (1) + f ' ' (2) = –3
...(v)
or f' (x) (1 - x) 2 =- 2 b 1 + x l
1-x 2

And putting x = 2 in (iii), we get
or (1 - x) 2 f' (x) + 2 (f (x)) 2 = 0 f ' ' (2) = 12 + 2f ' (1) ⇒ 2f ' (1) – f ' ' (2) = –12 ...(vi)
1 -1 -1
5. x = , y = & xy = Now, solving (v) and (vi), we get
2 4 8
f ' (1) = –5 and f ' ' (2) = 2
1. (- 2x) Now, putting these values in (i), we get

& y. + yl . 1 - x 2
2 1 - x2 f(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 6

x. (- 2y) ∴ f(2) = –2
= - *1. 1 - y + yl 4
2

Let y = tan -1 d n where x ! b 0, 1 l
6x x
2 1 - y2 9. 4
1 - 9x3
xy xy.yl 2. ^3x3/2h

& - + yl 1 - x 2 =- 1 - y 2 + = tan -1 e o = 2 tan -1 ^3x3/2h
1 - x2 1 - y2 1 - ^3x3/2h

xy As 3x3/2 ! b 0, 8 l
xy 3
& ylf 1 - x - p=
2
- 1 - y2
1 - y2 1 - x2 dy 1 # 3 # 3 # x1 / 2
` dx = 2 # 2
45 + 1 (1 + 45) 1 + 9x3
& ylf p =-
5
x ` g ] xg =
& yl =- 9 9
2 15 2 =
4 3 1 + 9x3 1 + 9x3
 Methods of differentiation 11.25
10. f ^ g ]xgh = x = e lim=
x$0
f]1 + xg - f]1 g
xf]1 g
G
= e lim=
x$0
f']1 + xg
f]1 g
G

f' ^ g ]xghg' ]xg = 1 (Applying L’ Hopital’s rule)

g' ]xg = 1 + ^ g ]xgh
5 f']1 g
= e f]1 g = e2
11. y = sec ^tan -1 xh
15. x2 + y2 = 1
^ h ^ h
dy -1 -1 1
dx = sec tan x tan tan x $ 1 + x2 2x + 2yy' = 1
dy 1
1
= 2 #1# 2 =
1
. x + yy' = 2
dx 2
& 1 + ^ y' h + yy'' = 0
x=1
2

=c m
dx 1 dy -1
12. Since, dy =
dy/dx dx 16. y 2 = P ] xg
P ] xg is a polynomial of degree?
& dy c dy m = dx c m dy
d dx d dy -1 dx
dy
2y dx = P' ] xg
dx

d nc m c m d nc m .
d2 x d2 y dy -2 dx d2 y dy -3
& =- =- d2 y
2 + 2c m = P" ] xg
dy2 dx2 dx dy dx2 dx dy 2
2y
dx dx
log ^ x + yh - 2xy = 0
] g 2
13.
2 P " ] xg - 2 ; P' x E
& At x = 0, y = 1 d y 2y
= 2y
dy dx 2
Differentiating, x + y c1 + m = 2x
1 dy
dx dx + 2y d2 y y3 P" ] xg y3 6P' ] xg@2
y3 2 = 2y -
1c dx 4y3
m
dy
1 1 + dx = 2 d2 y P ] xg - P" ] xg 6P' ] xg@
2
y3 2 = 2 - 4
dy dx
& dx = 1
2 dx d y3 2 n = P' ] xg .P" ] xg + P ] xg .P"' ] xg
d d2 y
14. Given limit has 13 form. Therefore, dx
2P' ] xg .P"' ] xg
f ]1 + xg f]1 + xg -
1/x
L = lim = G = e lim= - 1G x 2
1

f ]1 g
f]1 g
= P ] xg .P"' ] xg
x$0
x$0

Multiple Options Correct

f ]ig = sin d tan -1 d nn, where i ! b - r , r l
sin i
3.
We have f' ]xg = sin rx + rx cos rx = 0
cos 2i 4 4
1.
= sin d tan -1 d nn
sin i
& tan rx =- rx
2 cos2 i - 1
& rx ! b 2 r, ]n + 1gr l
2n + 1
= sin ^sin -1 ]tan igh = tan i
& x ! b n + 2 , n + 1 l ! ^n, n + 1h
1
d ]tan ig
d ]tan ig
` =1
Numerical Type

2. ^y - x5 i2 = x ^1 + x2h2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
2 ^y - x5 ic 4m
= 1 ^1 + x2h2 + ]xg^2 ^1 + x2h]2xgh
dy
dx - 5x

On putting x = 1, y = 3 in above equation, we get

dy
dx = 8
 12
Application of Derivatives 12.1

Chapter Application of Derivatives

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
dy 5. Given curve x2 = 3 - 2y ...(i)
1. 2
dx = 12 - 3x = 0 & x = ! 2
Hence points are (2,16) and (–2, –16). dy dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x, 2x = 0 - 2 dx & dx =- x

a2 dy a2 Slope of the tangent of the curve =- x

2. Since y = x , ` dx =- 2
x

` At ^ x1, y1 h, dx = 2
dy - a2 From the given line, slope =- 1, ` x = 1 and from
x1
equation (i), y = 1. ` Co-ordinate of the point is
- a2 ]x - x g
Thus tangent to the curve will be y - y1 = 1
x12
(1,1).
& yx12 - y1 x12 =- a2 x + a2 x1
6. x = t2 and y = 2t
& a x + x y = x1 ^ x1 y1 + a i = 2a x1,
2 2
1
2 2

At t = 1, x = 1 and y = 2
^a x1 y1 = a i 2

Now c m= = t &c m =1
dy dy/dt 2 1 dy
=
This meets the x-axis where y = 0 dx dx/dt 2t dx t = 1
Equation of the normal at (1, 2) is
` a2 x = 2a2 x1, ` x = 2x1

` Point on the x-axis is ^2x1, 0h y - 2 =- dy ]x - 1g

1

dx
Again tangent meets the y-axis where x = 0
& y - 2 =- 1 ]x - 1g & x + y - 3 = 0.
2
2a
a x12 y = 2a2 x1, ` y = x1
y = sin 2 & dx = 2 cos 2 x & c m = 0
rx dy r r dy
7.
dx ^1, 1h
So point on the y-axis is b 0, 2xa l
2

` Equation of normal is y - 1 = 0 ]x - 1g
1 1

Required area = 2 ]2x1gb 2xa l = 2a2 .

2
1
1 & x = 1.

3. t = 2 for the point (2,–1) r 2

8. y = 2 cos x At x = 4 , y = = 2 and
2
dy 4t - 2 6
dx = 2t + 3 = 7 for t = 2 . dy
`c
dy
m
dx =- 2. sin x dx x = r/4
=- 2
4. Given y2 = 2 ]x - 3g .....(i)
` Equation of tangent at b 4 , 2 l is
r
dy dy 1
Differentiate w.r.t. x, 2y $ dx = 2 & dx = y
y - 2 =- 2 b x - 4 l .
r
-1
Let the point be ^ x1, y1 h, ` y1 = be -x /a
Slope of the normal = =- y
c m 9. .....(i)
dy 1

dx
dy - b
Slope of the given line = 2 ` y =- 2 Also, curve y = be -x/a & dx = a e -x/a

c m
From equation (i), x = 5 ` Required point is (5,-2). dy -b - y1
= a e -x /a = a (by (i))
1

dx ^ x , y h
1 1
12.2 Mathematics
Now, the equation of tangent of given curve at point dy 4
10. For curve y2 = 4x & dx = 2y
^ x1, y1 h is y - y1 = a ]x - x1g & ax + y = xa1 + 1
- y1 y
`c m = 1 and for curve x2 + y2 = 5 &
1 dy
dx ^1, 2h
x y
Comparing with a + b = 1, we get
c m
dy - x dy -1
x dx = y ` dx ^1, 2h = 2
y1 = b and 1 + a1 = 1 & x1 = 0.
` Angle between the curves is
Hence, the point is (0, b).
-1
2 -1
i = tan -1
= tan -1 ]3 g .
1 +b 2 l
- 1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
y = x2 & c m = m1 = 2x = 2
dy dy
1. y = x2 & dx = m1 = 2x 4.
dx ^1, 1h

&c m = 2 = m1 and x = y2 & 1 = 2y 6y = 7 - x3 & 6. dx =- 3x2 & c m = m2 =- 2

dy dy dy dy 1
dx ^1, 1h dx dx ^1, 1h
Clearly m1 m2 =- 1, therefore angle of intersection
& dx = m2 = 2y & c m = 2
dy 1 dy 1
dx ^1, 1h r
is 2 .
` Angle of intersection,
5. xy = c2 …..(i)
1 dy
m1 - m2 2- 2 3 a Subnormal = y dx
tan i = 1 + m m = 1 =4
1 2
1+2# 2 c2 dy - c2
a From (i), y = x & dx = 2
x
& i = tan -1 ^3/4h . ` Subnormal
y # - c2 - yc2 - yc2 y2 - y3
2. Clearly the point of intersection of curves is = = 2 2 = = 2
cc m
x 2
c4 c
y
(0, 1). Now, slope of tangent of first curve
` Subnormal varies as y3 .
m1 = dx = a x log a & c m = m1 = log a
dy dy
dx ^0, 1h 6. If sin x = cos x & x = r/4
Slope of tangent of second curve
If y = sin x & c m
dy 1
=
dx x = r/4 2
m2 = dx = b x log b & m2 = c m = log b
dy dy
dx ^0, 1h
If y = cos x & c m
dy -1
=
dx x = r/4 2
tan i = 1 +1 m m2 = 2 2 & i = tan -1 ^2 2 h .
m -m log a - log b m -m
` tan a = 1 +1 m m2 = 1 + log a log b . 1 2
1 2

3. x = a ]t + sin tg, y = a ]1 - cos tg 7. dx

= a ]1 + cos ig,
dy
= a ]sin ig
di di
dy dy/dy a ]sin tg t
dy

]1 + cos tg
` dx = = = tan 2 dy a sin i
= ddx
i =
a ]1 + cos ig
= 1, y =a
dx/dt a dx r
i= 2
r
i= 2

di

Length of the normal = y 1 + c m

dy 2 y a
Length of sub-tangent ST = = = a.
dx dy/dx 1
= a ]1 - cos tg 1 + tan2 ^t/2h = a ]1 - cos tg sec ^t/2h dy
and length of sub-normal SN = y dx = a.1 = a

= 2a sin2 ^t/2h sec ^t/2h = 2a sin ^t/2h tan ^t/2h . Hence ST = SN.
 Application of Derivatives 12.3
8. Let ^ x1, y1 h be their point of intersection. 10. Case - I: If slope of line = a > 0 then two intersection
point,So, a ! ^0, 3h .......(1)
So, m1 # m2 =- 1 & b c 1 l = 3y13
64x
......(1)
Case II: If a < 0
Also, y13 = 16x1 ......(2)
3
dy -3 b - 1 & -3 = 3 - b & b = 6
` From (1) and (2), dx
= 2 = b-0
B b b2 b2
4
we get c = 3 y ax 1
3
0,1 B f (x ) =
m -m 1
9. tan a = 1 -1 m m2 where m1 = O 0,0
1 2 2
-1
and m2 =
2
` Slope at B = 12 (For tangency)So, a ! b 12 , 0 l
-1 -1
1
Hence, tan a = 2 2 . & cos a = 3 .
Hence, ]1 g , ]2 g & b 12 , 0 l , ^0, 3h
-1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. Let f ]xg = y = x + x
1 6. Given f ]xg = ]x - 1g]x - 2g2

Differentiating with respect to x, we get f ]xg = ]x - 1g^ x2 + 4 - 4xh; f ]xg = ^ x3 - 5x2 + 8x - 4h

Now f' ]xg = 3x2 - 10x + 8, f' ]xg = 0

]xg = 1 - 12 # 0 & 1 # 12 or x2 # 1
dy
dx = f' x x
Hence x ! 6- 1, 1@. & 3x2 - 10x + 8 = 0 & ]3x - 4g]x - 2g = 0 & x = 3 , 2
4

1 dy 2x Now f" ]xg = 6x - 10

2. & dx =-
^1 + x2h2
y=
1 + x2
f" ^4/3h = 6 # 4/3 - 10 < 0
To be decreasing,
f" ]2 g = 12 - 10 > 0 .
< 0 & x > 0 & x ! ^0, 3h
2x
^1 + x2h2
-
4
Hence at x = 3 the function will occupy maximum
Obviously here cos 3x is not decreasing in b 0, 2 l
r
3.
value.
d
because dx cos 3x =- 3 sin 3x
` Maximum value = f ^4/3h = 4/27.
°
But at x = 75 , - 3 sin 3x > 0. Hence the result.
7. Here f ]xg = sin 4x + 3
Since f' ]xg =
3
]x + 1g2
4. is greater than ‘0’ in interval
We know that minimum value of sin x is –1 and

^- 3, 3h , therefore f ]xg = x - 2 is increasing in maximum is 1. Hence minimum

x+1
interval ^- 3, 3h or R. sin 4x + 3 = - 1 + 3 = 2 and maximum

5. Let f ]xg = x2 - x + 1, f' ]xg = 2x - 1 sin 4x + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4.

Obviously f' ]0g =- 1 and f' ]1 g = 1

Thus function is neither increasing nor decreasing.

12.4 Mathematics
8. f' ]xg = 2 ]x - 1g]x + 2g + ]x + 2g2 = 3x2 + 6x 10. Let f ]xg = x3 - 12x2 + 36x + 17

f' ] x g = 0 & x = 0 , - 2 ` f ' ]xg = 3x2 - 24x + 36 = 0 at x = 2, 6

f ]- 2g = ]- 2 - 1g]- 2 + 2g2 = 0 (Maximum value) Again f" ]xg = 6x - 24 is -ve at x = 2

and f ]0g = ]0 - 1g]0 + 2g2 =- 4 (Minimum value). So that f ]6 g = 17, f ]2 g = 49

9. Obviously, it has a maximum at x = 1. At the end points = f ]1 g = 42, f ]10g = 177

dy d2 y
as
dx x=1
= 0 and
dx 2
<0 So that f ]xg has its maximum value as 177.
x=1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
To determine ‘c’ in Rolle’s theorem, f' ]c g = 0.
Here f ]xg = x - 1 & f' ]xg =
x - 3x 2
x - 2x + 3 2
6.
]x - 1g2
1.
Here f' ]xg = ^ x + 3xh e
- ^1/2 hx
. b - 2 l + ]2x + 3g e -^1/2hx
2 1
Obviously, it is not derivable at x = 1 i.e., in (0,3)
Also f ]ag = f ]b g does not hold for 6- 3, 0@ and = e -^1/2hx &- 2 ^ x2 + 3xh + 2x + 3 0
1

[1.5, 3] Hence the answer is (d).

=- 2 e -^ x/2h " x2 - x - 6 ,
1

f ]b g - f ]ag
2. Here b-a = f ' ]c g ` f' ]c g = 0 & c2 - c - 6 = 0 & c = 3, - 2 ,
But c = 3 g 6- 3, 0@.
& b - a = f' ]c g & 1 - 0 = e c & c = log ]e - 1g.
eb - ea e-1
7. If Rolle’s theorem is true for any function f ]xg in

3. f ] xg = )
- x . when - 1 # x < 0 6a, b@. Then f ]ag = f ]b g, therefore [–2,2].
x, when 0 # x # 1
Clearly f ]- 1g = - 1 = 1 = f ]1 g 8. f' ] x g = 1 -
1
& f' ] c g = 1 - 2
1
x2 c
f ]0 + hg - f ]0g
But Rf' ]0g = lim h h
= lim h = lim h = 1
10
-2
1 1 2
` 1- 2 = 3 2
h
h$0 h$0 h$0
& 1 - 2 = 3 & c2 = 3.
f ]0 - hg - f ]0g
c c
Lf' ]0g = lim
-h h
h = lim - h = lim - h =- 1 9. According to mean value theorem, In interval [a, b]
f ]b g - f ]ag
h$0 h$0 h$0

` Rf' ]0g ! Lf' ]0g for f (x) b-a = f' ]c g , where a < c < b

Hence it is not differentiable on ^- 1, 1 h . ` a < x1 < b.

f ]2 g - f ]0g f ]2 g - 0
f ]b g - f ]ag 10. ] xg & = f' ] x g
We know that f' ]c g = 2-0 = f ' 2
4. b-a df ]xg f ]2 g f ]2 g
& dx = 2 & f ]xg = 2 x + c
& f' ] c g =
0-1 2
=- r .....(i) f ]2 g
r/2 ` f ]0g = 0 & c = 0; ` f ]xg = 2 x ........(i)
But f' ]xg =- sin x & f' ]c g =- sin c
f ]2 g
....(ii)
Given f' ]xg # 2 &
1 1
#2 .......(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get 2
f ]2 g f ]2 g
- sin c =- r & c = sin -1 b r
2 2 l. (i) & f ]xg = = x #1 x
2 x 2 2

f' ]x1g =
-1 [from (ii)]
5.
x12 In [0,2], for maximum x ]x = 2g
1 1
f ]xg # 12 .2 & f ]xg # 1.
-1 -a 1
` 2 = bb - a =- ab & x1 = ab .
x1
 Application of Derivatives 12.5

EXERCISE - 1
Tangent and Normal
Length of normal = y 1 + c m
dy 2
5.
1. 2
y = ax + bx dx
dy dy/di a sin i sin i
dx/di a ]1 + cos ig 1 + cos i
Now, dx =
c m
dy dy = =
dx = 2ax + b & dx ^2, - 8h = 4a + b
a Tangent is parallel to x-axis i i
2 sin 2 cos 2
=
i
dy 2 cos2 2
` dx = 0 & b =- 4a …..(i)

`c m = :tan 2 D r = 1, 6y@bi = r2 l =
dy i
Now, point (2, –8) is on the curve of y = ax2 + bx dx bi = r2 l bi = l
2

a b1 - cos 2 l = a
`- 8 = 4a + 2b ……(ii) r

From (i) and (ii), we get a = 2, b =- 8. ` Length of normal = a 1 + ]1 g2 = 2 a.

2. x + y = a;
1
+
1 dy dy
= 0, ` dx =-
y 6. y = a ]sin i - i cos ig, x = a ]cos i + i sin ig
2 x 2 y dx x
= a 5cos i - cos i + i sin i? = ai sin i
dy
Hence tangent at (x, y) is
di

= a ]- sin i + sin i + i cos ig = ai cos i

dx
] X - xg
y
Y - y =- di
x
or X y + Y x = xy ^ x + y h = axy dy dy/di ai sin i
` dx = = = tan i
dx/di ai sin i
X Y
or + = 1. & Slope of the tangent = tan i
a x a y
Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and ` Slope of the normal =- cot i
a y.
Hence, equation of normal
Sum of the intercepts a ^ x + y h = a . a = a.
6y - a sin i + ai cos i@ =- cos i 5x - a cos i - ai sin i?
dy sin i
3. y = x log x & dx = 1 + log x
& y sin i - a sin2 i + ai sin i cos i
1 -1
^dy/dx h 1 + log x
The slope of the normal =- =
=- x cos i + a cos2 i + ai sin i cos i
The slope of the line 2x - 2y = 3 is 1.
& x cos i + y sin i = a ` Distance from origin
-1
` 1 + log x = 1 & log x =- 2 & x = e -2 a
= = a constant
sin2 i + cos2 i
` y =- 2e -2
7. x = 3t2 + 1, y = t3 - 1
` Co-ordinate of the point is ^e -2, - 2e -2 h. dy
dx
` dt = 6t, dt = 3t2
1
4. Slope of the normal =-
c m
dy JK dy NO
dx dy KKK dt
OO 2
OO = 3t = t
Now dx = K 6 t 2
1 dx KK dx OO
This is parallel to x-axis & - = 0 & dy = 0. dt
c m L P
dy
dx 0
For x = 1 , 3t2 + 1 = 1 & t = 0 & Slope = 2 = 0.
12.6 Mathematics
8. Let the point of contact be ^h, kh , where k = h 4 . ` Slope of the normal

8a2
Tangent is y - k = 4h3 ]x - hg, ;a E
dy 1 1
3 =- =- 2 =- 2
dx = 4x c m
dy 3x 3x
dx 8a2
It passes through (2, 0), `- k = 4h3 ]2 - hg
- 8a2 - 2 ^ x, y h ^2a, a h
Given = 3 ` = .
& h = 0 or 8/3, ` k = 0 or ^8/3h 3x2
4

y = e2x & dx = 2e2x & c m = 2

dy dy
13.
` Points of contact are (0, 0) and c 83 , b 3 l m
8 4 dx ^0, 1h
` Equation of tangent is,
` Equation of tangents are
y - 1 = 2 ]x - 0g & y = 2x + 1
y = 0 and y - b 3 l = 4 b 3 l b x - 3 l .
8 4 8 3 8
This tangent meets x-axis, ` y = 0
dy
9. y = x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5 & dx = 3x2 - 6x - 9. & 0 = 2x + 1 & x =- 1/2
We know that this equation gives the slope of the
` Co-ordinates of the point b - 2 , 0 l .
1

tangent to the curve. The tangent is parallel to

14. ^1 + x2h y = 2 - x ......(i)
dy
x-axis, ` dx = 0. Therefore It meets x-axis, where y = 0 i.e., 0 = 2 - x & x = 2

3x2 - 6x - 9 = 0 & x =- 1, 3. So, (i) meets x-axis at the point (2, 0)

x2 =- 4y & 2x =- 4 dx & dx = 2 & c m

dy dy - x dy 2-x
10. dx ^-4, - 4h Also from (i), y =
1 + x2
= 2. We know that equation of tangent is, dy ^1 + x2h]- 1g - ]2 - xg]2xg dy x2 - 4x - 1
& dx = & dx =
^1 + x h
2 2
^1 + x2h2

^y - y1 h = c m ]x - x1g & y + 4 = 2 ]x + 4g
dy 4 - 8 - 1 -5 -1
]1 + 4g2
dx ^ x , y h
1 1
Slope of tangent at (2, 0)is, = 25 = 5

& 2x - y + 4 = 0. ` Equation of tangent at (2, 0) is,

y - 0 =- 5 ]x - 2g & x + 5y = 2.
dy 1
11. y = 2x2 - x + 1 & dx = 4x - 1.

We know that this equation gives the slope of tangent 15. Curve is y = be -x/a Since the curve crosses y-axis

to the curve. Since this tangent is parallel to (i.e., x = 0)

y = 3x + 9, therefore slope of the tangent is 3, so `y=b

4x - 1 = 3 or x = 1. Therefore dy - b
Now dx = a e -x/a .
y = 2x2 - x + 1 = 2 - 1 + 1 = 2. Thus the point
At point (0, b), c m = -b
dy
dx ^0,bh a
^ x, yh is (1, 2).
` Equation of tangent is,
dy
12.
y - b = a ] x - 0g
x3 - 8a2 y = 0 & 3x2 - 8a2 . dx = 0 -b
dy dy 3x2
& 3x2 = 8a2 . dx & dx = 2 x y
8a & a + b = 1.
 Application of Derivatives 12.7
16. y = 2x - x + 1. Let the coordinates of P is (h, k),
2
` m1 m2 =- 1 gives 4x = 9a 2 2
........(1)

then c m = 4h - 1 Also by eliminating ‘y’ between the equation of

dy
dx ^h, kh
Clearly 4h - 1 = 3 & h = 1 & k = 2; ` P is (1, 2). curves x2 = 9a

17. We have, y2 = 5x - 1 …..(i) from (1) and (2), we get a = 4 ....(2)

20. f ]xg = y = x2 - 6x + m ........(ii)

At ^1, - 2h; dx = ; 2y E
dy 5 -5
= 4
^1, - 2 h
y =- x2 + 6x - 8 .........(i)
` Equation of normal at the point (1, –2) is,
` f ]3 g $ 1 & m $ 10
7y - ]- 2g@: - 5 D + x - 1 = 0
4
Tangent at (2,0) at parabola (i) dy/dx =- 2x + 6
` 4x - 5y - 14 = 0 ……(ii)

As the normal is of the form ax - 5y + b = 0,

comparing this with (ii), we get a = 4 and b =- 14. 3,1

2,0 3,0 4,0

Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal,
angle between curves, shortest distance between dy
=2
curves, applications dx ^2, 0 h

` Equation of tangent at (2,0) is ^y - 0 h = 2 ]x - 2g

by2 = ]x + ag3 & 2by. dx = 3 ]x + ag2 & dx =
dy dy
18.
& y = 2x - 4 Now this will be secant to parabola
3 ]x + ag2
2by
(ii)if 2x - 4 = x2 - 6x + m & x2 - 8x + m + 4 = 0
` Subnormal = y dx = 2b ]x + ag2
dy 3
D>0
2
y y 2by
] g ] x + ag2
` Subtangent = = 2 = & m < 12
c m
dy 3 x + a 3
dx 2by
& m = 10 or 11.
]x + ag3
2b y2 - y1
= 3 ] x + ag
b 2 21. Slope of chord x - x
3 ]x + ag2
= 2 1

` (Subtangent)2 = 9 ]x + ag2
4 _ ap 2 + bp + c i - _ aq 2 + bq + c i
= p-q
4 ]x + ag2
^Subtangent h2 9 8b = a^ p + qh + b
and Subnormal = 3 = 27
] x + ag2
2b Slope of chord = Slope of tangent

& (Subtangent)2 = constant # (Subnormal). dy

=
dx ^ h, 0 h
` (Subtangent)2 \ (Subnormal).
a ^ p + q h + b = 2ah + b

19. For x2 = 9a ^9 - y h; dx = 9a = m1
dy - 2x
p+q
&h= 2
For x2 = a ^y + 1 h; dx = a = m2
dy 2x
12.8 Mathematics
22. x+ y=a dy - a n + 1
ny n - 1 dx =
x2
1 1 dy dy - an + 1
& + =0
2 x 2 y dx =
dx nx 2 y n - 1
dy - y dy - y
& dx =
x dx = nx
Equation of tangent at ^h, k h Equation of tangent at ^h, k h

^ y - kh =
- k
] x - hg ^ y - k h = - k ] x - hg
h nh
x y y x 1
&
h
+
k
= h+ k = a k + nh - 1 = n
y x 1
For x = 0, OB = ak k + nh = 1 + n

For y = 0, OA = ah y = 0 & x = nh b1 + 1n l

x = 0 & y = k b1 + 1n l
OA + OB = ah + ak

Area = nhk b1 + 1n l For area to be constant

2

= a^ h + k h
hk = constant
= a. a = a
&n=1

23. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = a 2/3 25. Point of intersection = (2, 2)

2 -1/3 2 -1/3 dy For y 2 = 2x,

3x + 3y dx = 0
dy - x1/3 dy 1
c m
y 1 /3 m1 = = 2
dx = =- dx ^ 2, 2 h
y -1 / 3
x
Equation of tangent at ^h, k h For x 2 + y 2 = 8

dy
^ y - k h =- b k l ] x - hg
1/3
m2 = =- 1
h dx ^ 2, 2 h

y x 1 ]- 1g
+ = k 2/3 + h 2/3 2-
k1/3 h1/3 tan α = =3
1 + b 2 l]- 1g
1

For x = 0, y = k1/3 ]k 2/3 + h 2/3g

26. For first curve
For y = 0, x = h1/3 ]k 2/3 + h 2/3g dy -3
m1 = = 5
dx ^ 2, 1 h

Sum of squares = ]k 2/3 + h 2/3g3 dy

m2 = =- 4
dx ^ 2, 1 h

= ]a 2/3g3 = a 2 m -m
tan θ = 1 +1 m m2 = 1
1 2

24. Let point of Tangency = ^h, k h π

&θ= 4
x yn = an + 1
 Application of Derivatives 12.9
y 3
27. Subtangent = dy = 8 ...(1) 31. Let f ]xg = log sin x & f' ]xg = cot x

dx Hence function is increasing on the interval

dy
Subnormal = y dx = 24 ...(2)
b 0, r l .
2
3
Multiplying (1) and (2) y 2 = 8 # 24 = 9
32. We have, f' ]xg = cos x + sin x

&y=3 Now f ]xg is increasing function of x, if

by2 = ]x + ag3 & 2by. dx = 3 ]x + ag2 & dx =

dy dy
f' ]xg = cos x + sin x > 0 or 2 cos b x - 4 l > 0
28. r

3 ]x + ag2
& 0 # x < 4 i.e. f' ]xg > 0 in ;0, 4 l .
3r 3r
2by

` Subnormal = y dx = 2b ]x + ag2
dy 3
33. Let f ]xg = sin x - bx + c

` f' ]xg = cos x - b > 0 or cos x > b

y y 2by2
3 ] x + ag 3 ]x + ag2
` Subtangent = = 2 =
c m
dy
dx 2by
or b < - 1.
]x + ag3
34. Let f ]xg = x 4 - 4x & f' ]xg = 4x3 - 4
2b
= 3 ] x + ag
b 2
3 ]x + ag2
=

So, 4x3 - 4 < 0 or x3 < 1

` (Subtangent)2 = 9 ]x + ag2
4
Hence function of decreasing in ^- 3, 1h .
4 ]x + ag2
^Subtangent h 2

f ]xg =- 2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1

9 8b
and Subnormal = 3 = 35.
]x + ag2 27
2b
& f' ]xg =- 6x2 - 18x - 12
dy
29. Subnormal = y dx
To be decreasing f' ]xg < 0 , i.e., - 6x2 - 18x - 12 < 0
= yc m
-y
nx & x2 + 3x + 2 > 0 & ]x + 2g]x + 1g > 0
- y2
= nx = constant Therefore either x < - 2 or x > - 1

& For xy n = a n + 1 & x ! ^- 1, 3h

y2 or ^- 3, - 2h .
n =- 2 makes nx constant

Monotonocity, maxima minima 36. To be increasing f' ]xg = 3x2 - 27 > 0

30. Let y = f ]xg = x2 e -x & x2 > 9 & x > 3.

37. f ]xg = x2 & f' ]xg = 2x > 0 (for increasing)

& dx = 2xe -x - x2 e -x = e -x ^2x - x2h
dy

i.e., 0 < x < 3.

Hence f' ]xg $ 0 for every x ! 60, 2@ ,
Thus f ]xg is increasing in ^0, 3h .
therefore it is non-decreasing in [0,2].
12.10 Mathematics
46. Here f ]xg = y = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x - 6
f ]xg = x 4 - 3 & f' ]xg = 4x3 - x2
x3
38.
& f' ]xg = 6x2 - 18x + 12
For increasing 4x3 - x2 > 0 = x2 ]4x - 1g > 0
Since f ]xg is increasing or decreasing in ^a, bh
1
according as f' ]xg > 0 or < 0 for every x ! ^a, bh .
Therefore, the function is increasing for x > 4

1
Similarly decreasing for x < 4 . Hence f' ]xg = 6 ]x - 2g]x - 1g which is obviously

39. f ]xg = e x & f' ]xg = e x > 0, 6x decreasing if x ! ^1, 2h i.e., 1 < x < 2.

Thus f ]xg is increasing for all x. 47. f ]xg = ]x - 1g2 - 1. Hence decreasing in x < 1.
40. If the function is monotonic, then its value must Y
change according to its monotonocity. y = f(x)

41. f ]xg = 5 -x (1,0)

X
O
& f' ]xg =- 5 -x log e 5 =- x & f ]xg < 0 for all
log e 5
5 (1, –1)

x i.e., f ]xg is decreasing for all x.

Aliter : f' ]xg = 2x - 2 = 2 ]x - 1g
42. f ]xg = 2x - 3x - 36x + 7
3 2
To be decreasing,
& f' ]xg = 6x2 - 6x - 36 but for decreasing 2 ]x - 1g < 0 & ]x - 1g < 0 & x < 1.
f' ]xg < 0 48. Given equation (curve) y = xe x
& x2 - x - 6 < 0 & ]x - 3g]x + 2g < 0
` dx = xe x + e x = e x ]1 + xg and = ] x + 2g e x
dy d2 y
&- 2 < x < 3 dx2
For maximum or minimum value of f ]xg ,
Hence the required interval is (–2, 3).

& dx = 0 & x =- 1. a " f" ]xg,x =- 1 =+ ve

dy
f ]xg = sin x - 2 & f' ]xg = cos x - 2
x 1
43.
Hence f ]xg is minimum at x =- 1.
f' ]xg > 0 for increasing function
49. Let f ]xg = sin x ]1 + cos xg
r r
Obviously it is increasing for - 3 < x < 3 .
& f' ]xg = cos 2x + cos x
44. f ]xg = x sin x + cos x + cos x
and f" ]xg =- 2 sin 2x - sin x =- ]2 sin 2x + sin xg
2

` f' ]xg = sin x + x cos x - sin x - 2 cos x sin x For maximum or minimum value of f ]xg, f ]xg = 0
= cos x ]x - 2 sin xg cos 2x + cos x = 0 & cos x =- cos 2x

Hence x $ 0 to 2 , then f' ]xg < 0

r & cos x = cos ]r ! 2xg
r
i.e., f ]xg is decreasing function.
`= r ! 2x or x = 3 , - r

Now f" b 3 l =- 2 sin 3 - sin 3 =- 2 2 - 2

r 2r r 3 3
]x - 2g is +ve when x ]x - 2g is - ve
dy - 1
45. dx = e x x
3 3
i.e., x lies in the interval (0, 2), exponential function =- 2 =- ve

Hence f ]xg is maximum at x = 3 .

r
as we know is always +ve.
 Application of Derivatives 12.11

f ]xg = b x l & f' ]xg = b x l b log x - 1 l f ] x g = x + x & f' ] x g = 1 - 2

1 x
1 x
1 1 1
50. 56.
x

f' ]xg = 0 & log x = 1 = log e & x = e & x = e

1 1 1 & f' ] x g = 0 & x 2 - 1 = 0 & x = 1 , - 1

Therefore maximum value of function is e1/e . But given that x is positive, hence at

x = 1 , f ] x g = 1 + 1 = 2.
1
51. x + y = 10; ` y = 10 - x …..(i)

Now f ]xg = xy = x ]10 - xg = 10x - x2 57. Let y = x x & log y = x. log x, ]x > 0g

` f' ]xg = 10 - 2x Differentiating dx = x x ^1 + log x h; ` dx = 0

dy dy

For maximum value of f ]xg, f' ]xg = 0 1

& log x =- 1 & x = e -1 = e
` x = 5 and y = 5 1
` Stationary point is x = e
So maximum value of xy = 5 # 5 = 25.
= x x ^1 + log x h + x x . x
d2 y 2 1
52. Suppose that two numbers are x and y. dx2
1 ^1/eh - 1
When x = e , 2 = b e l
2
1 d y
x+y = s & y = s-x >0
dx
Then f ]xg = xy = x ]s - xg = xs - x2 1
Therefore y is minimum at x = e and minimum

` f' ]xg = s - 2x
value = b e l = e -1/e .
1 1/e

f' ]xg = 0 for maximum value of f ]xg

58. Given, f ]xg = 2x3 - 21x2 + 36x - 20
s s
f' ]xg = 6x2 - 42x + 36
` x = 2 and y = 2

Put f' ]xg = 0 & 6x2 - 42x + 36 = 0

Thus each number is half of the sum.

53. Let one number is ]100 - xg and then another is x.

& x2 - 7x + 6 = 0
Therefore f ]xg = 2 ]100 - xg + x2 = x2 - 2x + 200
& x2 - 6x - x + 6 = 0 & ]x - 1g]x - 6g = 0
f' ]xg = 0 & 2x - 2 = 0 & x = 1
& x = 1, 6
Here f" ]xg = 2 > 0
Now, f" ]xg = 12x - 42

f" ]1 g =- 30 =- ve and f" ]6 g = 30 =+ ve

Therefore function is minimum at x = 1 .

So the numbers are 99 and 1.

Hence x = 6 is the point of minima
54. Let the number is x, then y = x - x2
Minimum value

=- 2 ]< 0g = f ]6 g = 2 ]6 g3 - 21 ]6 g2 + 36 # 6 - 20
2
dy d y
& dx = 1 - 2x and
dx2
1
& 1 - 2x = 0 & x = 2 . f ]6 g =- 128.

55. It is a fundamental property.

12.12 Mathematics

59. Let x + y = 4 or y = 4 - x , 1 + 1 = x + y or 63. Given y = e]2x - 2x + 1gsin x

2 2

x y xy

f ]xg = xy = ] ; f ] xg =
4 4 4 dy
x 4 - xg
For minima or maxima, dx = 0
4x - x2

Now f' ]xg = ^4x - x2h2 . ]4 - 2xg

-4 ` e]2x - 2x + 1gsin x [(4x - 2) sin2 x + 2 (2x2 - 2x + 1)
2 2

Put f' ]xg = 0, then 4 - 2x = 0 ` x = 2 and

sin x cos x] = 0

& 6]4x - 2g sin2 x + 2 ^2x2 - 2x + 1h sin x cos x@ = 0

y = 2; ` min c x + y m = 2 + 2 = 1.
1 1 1 1
& 2 sin x []2x - 1g sin x + (2x2 - 2x + 1) cos x] = 0
6]5 + xg]2 + xg@
60. Given f ]xg = & sin x = 0
51 + x?
` y is minimum for sin x = 0
f ]xg = 1 + 1 + x + ]5 + xg = ]6 + xg + ]
4 4
1 + xg
Thus minimum value of y = e]2x - 2x + 1g]0g = e 0 = 1.
2

& f' ] x g = 1 -
4
]1 + xg2
= 0; x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
Mean Value Theorems
& x =- 3, 1
64. f ]1 g = f ]3 g & a + b - 5 = 3a + b - 27 & a = 11,
Now f" ]xg = , f" ]- 3g =- ve, f" ]1 g =+ ve
8
]1 + xg3 which is given in option (a) only.
Hence minimum value at x = 1 65. f ]xg = e -2x sin 2x & f' ]xg = 2e -2x ]cos 2x - sin 2xg
]5 + 1g]2 + 1g 6 # 3 Now, f' ]c g = 0
f ]1 g = ]1 + 1g = 2 =9
r
& cos 2c - sin 2c = 0 & tan 2c = 1 & c = 8 .
61. Let y = sin p x. cos q x
66. From Rolle’s theorem in (1, 26), f ]1 g = f ]26g = 5.
]- sin xg sin p x
dy p-1 q q-1
dx = p sin x. cos x. cos x + q cos x. In given interval, function satisfy all the conditions
dy p-1 q+1 q-1 p+1
of Rolle’s theorem, therefore in [1, 26], at least, there
dx = p sin x. cos x - q cos x. sin x
dy p p is a point for which f' ]xg = 0.
Put dx = 0, ` tan2 x = q & tan x = ! q 2

# f' ]xg dx = 6 f ]xg@1 = f ]2 g - f ]1 g = 0

2
67.
p
` Point of maxima x = tan -1 q.
1

( a f ]xg satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem,

62. Let x + y = 20 & y = 20 - x
` f ]2 g = f ]1 g]) .
and x3 .y2 = z & z = x3 .y2
68. f ]xg = x3 - 6x2 + ax + b
z = x ]20 - xg2 & z = 400x3 + x5 - 40x 4
3

& f' ]xg = 3x2 - 12x + a

dz 2 4 3
dx = 1200 x + 5x - 160x
& f' ]c g = 0 & f ' d 2 + n= 0
1
dz 3
Now dx = 0, then x = 12, 20
& 3d2 + n - 12 d 2 + n+ a = 0
1 2 1
Now d z2 = 2400x + 16x3 - 480x2; c 2 m
2 2
d z 3 3
=- ive
dx dx x = 12
& 3d 4 + 3 + n - 12 d 2 + n+ a = 0
1 4 1
Hence x = 12 is the point of maxima ` x = 12, y = 8 3 3
12 + 1 + 4 3 - 24 - 4 3 + a = 0 & a = 11.
 Application of Derivatives 12.13
f ]b g - f ]ag f ] xg = x
69. From mean value theorem f ]c g =
72.
b-a
a = 0, f ]ag = 0 & b = 2 , f ]b g = 8 ` f ]ag = 4 = 2, f ]b g = 9 = 3 = f' ]xg =
1 3 1
2 x
f' ]xg = ]x - 1g]x - 2g + x ]x - 2g + x ]x - 1g f ]b g - f ]ag 3 - 2 1
Also, f' ]c g = = 9-4 = 5
f' ]c g = ]c - 1g]c - 2g + c ]c - 2g + c ]c - 1g
b-a
1 1 25
` = 5 & c = 4 = 6.25 .
= c2 - 3c + 2 + c2 - 2c + c2 - c 2 c

f' ]c g = 3c2 - 6c + 2 According to mean value 73. Using LMVT,

f ]b g - f ]ag f ]5 g - f ]2 g
1 1
theorem, f' ]c g =
-
b-a f' ] c g = 5-2 & f ' ]c g = 2 5 & f' ]c g = 1
3 10
^3/8h - 0 3 5 74. By Rolle’s theorem
^1/2h - 0
& 3c2 - 6c + 2 = = 4 & 3c 2 - 6c + 4 = 0

6 ! 36 - 15 6 ! 21 21 f ]1 g = f ]3 g
c= 2#3 = 6 = 1! 6 .

70. Given that equation of curve y = x3 = f ]xg

& a + b + 11 - 6 = 27a + 9b + 33 - 6

...(1)
So f ]2 g = 8 and f ]- 2g =- 8
& 13a + 4b + 11 = 0

Now, f' ]xg = 3ax2 + 2bx + 11

f ]2 g - f ]- 2g
Now f' ]xg = 3x & f' ]xg =
2 - ]- 2g
2

So, f' d 2 + n= 0
1
8 - ]- 8g 2 3
& 4 = 3x2; x = ! .
3
& 3a d 2 + n + 2b d 2 + n + 11 = 0
1 2 1
71. Let the point be ^ x1, y1 h .
...(2)
3 3

Therefore y1 = ]x1 - 3g2 .(i)

[Using equation (1)]

Now slope of the tangent at ^ x1, y1 h is 2 ]x1 - 3g, but

& 6a + b = 0

` On solving (1) and (2), we get a = 1, b =- 6

it is equal to 1. Therefore, 2 ]x1 - 3g = 1 & x1 = 2
7
75. Use Rolle’s theorem for F ]xg in 6a, b@; F ]ag = F ]b g,

` y1 = b 2 - 3 l = 4 .
2
7 1 also f is differentiable. Hence, we have

F' ]xg = f ]xg = 0 & continuous for some

Hence the point is b 2 , 4 l .
7 1
x ! ^a, bh .

EXERCISE - 2
Tangent and Normal
1. Given y = 6x - x2 .....(i)

dy
dx = 6 - 2x
Since, tangent is parallel to the line 4x - 2y - 1 = 0

dy -4
` dx = 6 - 2x = - 2 & 6 - 2x = 2 & x = 2 . Put the value of x in (i), we get y = 8

Hence required point of tangency will be ^2, 8 h .

12.14 Mathematics
2. Slope of normal dy x -2
6. dx = 2 & Slope of normal = x
- d "a (1 + cos i) ,
- dx di a sin i At point ^ x1 y1 h
d ]a sin ig
= dy = = = tan i
a cos i
di ^ y - y1 h = -x2 ] x - x1g
1

Now, the equation of normal at i is,

x1 y - x1 y1 =- 2x + 2x1
y - a sin i = tan i [x - a (1 + cos i)]
x3
2x + x1 y - 41 - 2x1 = 0 ...(1)
y + tan θ ] x - ag = 0
Line passes through (1, 2)
Clearly, this line passes through (a, 0).
x3
x1 - 41 - Y
& 2 + 2Y 2x1 = 0
2 1
3. x r
i= 4 = = ,
2 2 2
& x13 = 8 & x1 = 2
y 3 dy r
i= 4
2
9 sin i cos i -3
r = , = 2 .
2 2 dx - 6 cos2 i sin i
i= 4 r
i= 4 From (1), put x1 = 2

` Equation of tangent is d y - n = -3 dx - n
3 1
2
& equation of line is
2 2 2

& 3 2 x + 2 2 y = 6 & 3x + 2 y = 3 2 . 2x + 2y = 6 & x + y = 3

4. Curve x + y = e xy 7.
dx ]- sin θ + θ cos θ + sin θg = aθ cos θ
dθ = a
Differentiating with respect to x
]cos θ + θ sin θ - cos θg = aθ sin θ
dy
dθ = a
1 + dx = e xy c y + m or
dy dy dy ye xy - 1
dx dx = 1 - xe xy dy dy/dθ
dx = dx/dθ = tan θ
^ x + yh = 0
dy xy
dx = 3 & 1 - xe = 0 & 1 - x Slope of normal =- cot θ

This hold for x = 1, y = 0. Equation of normal at 'θ'

5. Let point of tangency = ^h, k h 7 y - a ]sin θ - θ cos θgA

c 2 dy
y= x =
- c 2 - c 2 - hk -k
= 2 = 2 = h . =- cot θ ^ x - a ]cos θ + θ sin θgh
dx h, k x2 h h
Equation of tangent on simpliyfing, x cos θ + y sin θ = a

^ y - k h = - c2 ] x - hg
2
& Ans = a
h
dx
hk ] x - hg
θ
8. dθ = 2ae sin θ
y - k =-
h2
dy
y - k = h ] x - hg
-k θ
dθ = 2ae cos θ
y x dy
k +h =2 dx = cot θ (Slope of tangent)

Length of intercepts: 2h & 2k Slope of normal =- tan θ

Area of triangle = 2 ]2hg]2k g

1
Equation of tangent at 'θ'
= 2c 2
 Application of Derivatives 12.15
y - ae ]sin θ + cos θg
θ x cos θ - y sin θ = a cos 2θ

= cot θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh Length of perpendicular 'q'

multiply by sin θ q = a cos 2θ

y sin θ - aeθ ^sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θh 4p 2 + q 2 = 4a 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + a 2 ^cos 2 θ - sin 2 θh

= cos θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh = a 2 ^cos 2 θ + sin 2 θh = a 2

2

& x cos θ - y sin θ + aeθ = 0 10. The cuves meet at point ^1, - 1h

Distance from origin = p = aeθ For C1 / x3 - 3xy 2 + 2 = 0

& 3x 2 - 3y 2 - 3x c 2y m= 0
Equation of normal at 'θ' dy
dx
y - aeθ ]sin θ + cos θg dy
At ^1, - 1h / dx = 0
=- tan θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh
For C2 / 3x 2 y - y3 + 2 = 0
Multiply by cos θ
dy dy
& 6xy + 3x 2 dx - 3y 2 dx = 0
y cos θ - aeθ ^sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θh
dy
At ^1, - 1h & dx = 3.
=- sin θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh
& They cut orthogonally.
& x sin θ + y cos θ - aeθ = 0
11. Intersection point ^k 2/3, k1/3 h
Distance form origin = q = aeθ
For x = y 2
9. x = a cos3 θ
dy dy 1
y = a sin3 θ 1 = 2y dx & dx = 1/3
2k
dx 2
]- sin θg For xy = k
dθ = 3a cos θ
dy dy
2 y + x dx = 0
dθ = 3a sin θ cos θ
dy dy - y - 1
dx =- tan θ dx = x = k1/3

& Slope of normal = cot θ For othogonal cutting

Equation of tangent at 'θ' m1 m2 =- 1

x y 1
=1
cos θ + sin θ = a 2k 2/3
1
Length of perpendicular 'p' k 2/3 = 2

a
k =b2l =
= = a sin θ cos θ 1 3/2 1
1 1 2 2
2 + 2
cos θ sin θ
Equation of normal at 'θ'
12.16 Mathematics
y 3 Monotonicty, maxima minima
12. Subtangent = dy = 8 ...(1)
dx 16. f ] xg = x3
dy
Subnormal = y dx = 24 ...(2) g ] xg = 6x 2 + 15x + 5

3 f ' ] xg < g' ] xg

Multiplying (1) and (2) y 2 = 8 # 24 = 9
& 3x 2 < 12x + 15
&y=3
& x 2 < 4x + 5
2 2 5
13. x y =a
& x 2 - 4x - 5 < 0
dy
2x 2 y dx + Y
Y 2xy 2 = 0 ] x - 5g] x + 1g < 0 & x ! ^- 1, 5h

dy - xy 2 - y 17. f ' ] xg < 0

dx = x 2 y = x
y & 3 ]a + 2g x 2 - 6ax + 9a G 0
Subtangent = dy/dx =- x
& ]a + 2g x 2 - 2ax + 3a G 0 6x ! R
& Answer abscissa
& D G 0 and a + 2 < 0
m n m+n
14.
4a 2 - 4 ]3ag]a + 2g G 0
x y =a

dy
mx m - 1 y n + nx m y n - 1 dx = 0 a 2 - 3a 2 - 6a G 0

dy - my a 2 + 3a H 0
& dx = nx
a ]a + 3g H 0
y - nx
Subtangent = dy/dx = m
a ! (- 3, - 3] , [0, 3) ...(1)
α Abscissa Also a + 2 < 0 & a < - 2 ...(2)

15. y 2 = ] x + ag3 From (1) & (2) a ! (- 3, - 3]

dy
& 2y dx = 3 ] x + ag2
dy 2
18. dx = 3x > 0
dy 3 ] x + ag2 19. f ] xg = x 2 + kx + 1
& dx = 2y
dy 3 ] x + ag2 f ' ] xg > 0
Subnormal = y dx = 2
& 2x + k > 0
y 2y 2
3 ] x + ag2
Subtangent = dy =
& k > - 2x
dx
= 3 ] x + ag
2 2>x>1

(Subtangent)2 = 9 ] x + ag2
4 & 4 > 2x > 2

^Subtangent h2 8
& 4 + k > 2x + k > 2 + k
Subnormal = 27
As 2x + k > 0
& ^Subtangent h α Subnormal
2

& 2+k > 0

& k >-2
 Application of Derivatives 12.17
f ] xg = 2x - 3x + 90x + 174
3 2 x
20.
26. f ] xg = # ^t4 - 4he-4t dt & f']xg = ^ x4 - 4he-4x
f ' ] xg = 6x 2 - 6x + 90 > 0
-10

Now f' ]xg = 0 & x = ! 2 ,

& x 2 - x + 90 > 0
Now f" ]xg =- 4 ^ x 4 - 4h e -4x + 4x3 e -4x
D < 0 & always true
At x = 2 and x =- 2 the given function has
&x!R
extreme value.
f ' ] xg > 0
f ]xg = x2 log x & f' ]xg = ^2 log x + 1 h x
21.
27.
cos x - sin x
&
]sin x + cos xg2
>0 Now f' ]xg = 0 & x = e -1/2, 0

& cos x > sin x a 0 < e -1/2 < 1 a None of these critical points lies

& tan x < 1 in the interval [1, e] ` So we only compare the

& x ! b0, 4 l
π value of f ]xg at the end points 1 and e. We have

f ]1 g = 0, f ] e g = e2 ` Greatest value = e2 .
f ] xg =
e 2x - 1
22.
e 2x + 1
2 ]e 2x + 1ge 2x - ]e 2x - 1g]2e 2xg 28. y = a (1 - cos x) & y' = a sin x
f ' ] xg =
]e 2x + 1g2
2e 2x ]2g 4 e 2x & y' = 0 & sin x = 0 & x = 0, r
]e + 1g ]e + 1g2
= 2x 2 = 2x >0
Now y" = a cos x & y" ]0g = a and y" ]rg =- a
& f ' ] xg > 0 & 0 increasing function

x ]8xg - ]4x 2 + 1g
Hence y is maximum when x = r.
23. f ' ] xg =
x2
29. Let y = f ]xg = b x2 + 250
x l, ` dx = f' ]xg = 2x - x2
dy 250
2
4x - 1
= <0
x2 Put f' ]xg = 0 & 2x3 - 250 = 0 & x3 = 125 & x = 5
& b x - 2 lb x + 2 l < 0
1 1
= f" ] x g = 2 + 3 .
d2 y 500
Again,
dx2 x
& x!b 2 ,2l
-1 1
Now f" ]5 g = 2 + 125 > 0
500
24. Solve f ' ] xg > 0 for all options
Hence at x = 5. The function will be minimum.
c m
dy a dy
Minimum value f ]5 g = 25 + 50 = 75.
25. dx = x + 2bx + 1 & dx x = 1 = a + 2b + 1 = 0

f ]xg = 2x + 3y when xy = 6
& a =- 2b - 1
30.
and c m = 2 + 4b + 1 = 0
dy a
f ]xg = 2x + 3y = 2x + x
dx x = 2 18
- 2b - 1 1
& + 4b + 1 = 0 & - b + 4b + 2 = 0
f' ]xg = 2 -
2 18
=0
-1 -1 1 -2 x2
& 3b = 2 & b = 6 and a = 3 - 1 = 3 .
& x = ! 3 and f" ]xg = & f" ]3 g > 0
36
x3
Putting x =+ 3 , we get the minimum value to be 12.
12.18 Mathematics
31. f ]xg = 3x 4 - 8x3 + 12x2 - 48x + 25 35. Using LMVT in [0,2]

` f' ]xg = 12x2 - 24x2 + 24x - 48 f ]2 g - f ]0g

2-0 = f' ]c g where c ! ^0, 2h
= 12 6x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 4@ = 12 6]x - 2g^ x2 + 2h@
f ]2 g + 3
& 2 # 5 f ]2 g # 7
For maximum and minimum value of the function
36. Clearly, y = f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 0
f' ]xg = 0
y = f ]xg is not differentiable at x =- 1
& x = 2. Now f" ]xg = 12 63x2 - 4x + 2@
But f' ]xg = 0 has a root x = 3
5
` f" ]2 g = 12 512 - 8 + 2? = 72 > 0
cos b x l, x ! [- 1, 0) , ^0, 1h
g ] xg = *
1
Hence the function is minimum at x = 2 37.
0, x = 0
Minimum value of f ]xg on [0, 3]
As, lim g ]xg does not exist. So, g ]xg is
= min " f ]0g, f ]2 g, f ]3 g, = min "25, - 39, 16 , =- 39. x$0

discontinuous at x = 0.
32. Let co-ordinate of R (x, 0)
38. Let f ]xg = x tan -1 x
Given P(1,1) and Q(3,2)
By LMVT, f ]x + 2g - f ]xg = 2f' ^ y h
PR + RQ = ]x - 1g2 + ]0 - 1g2 + ]x - 3g2 + ]0 - 2g2
for some y ! ^ x, x + 2 h
2 2
= x - 2x + 2 + x - 6x + 13
As x $ 3, we have y $ 3.
For minimum value of
Hence lim 6 f ]x + 2g - f ]xg@ = lim 2f' ^ y h =
PR + RQ, dx ^ PR + RQh = 0
x$3 y$3
d
lim = + 2 tan -1 yG = r
2y
& dx ^ x2 - 2x + 2 h + dx ^ x2 - 6x + 13 h = 0
d d y$3 1 + y2
f ]1 g - f ]0g f' ] c g
] x - 1g ] x - 3g 39. We have
g ]1 g - g ]0g g' ]c g
=
& 2
=- 2
x - 2x + 2 x - 6x + 13 1-0 2c
]x - 1g2 ]x - 3g2
& 1-0 = 2 = 1
3c
Squaring both sides, 2
^ x - 2x + 2h
= 2
x - 6x + 13 (As 0 < c < 1)
& 3x - 2x - 5 = 0 & ]3x - 5g]x + 1g = 0, x = 3 , - 1
2 5
2
&c= 3
Also 1 < x < 3. ` R = ^5/3, 0h .
40. (a) f ]xg = x , is not derivable at x = 0.
33. f ]xg = 1 + 2x2 + 22 x 4 + 23 x6 + ...210 x20
(b) f ]xg = tan x is discontinuous at x = 2 .
r
f' ]xg = x ^4 + 4.2 x + ... + 20.2 x h
2 2 10 18

(c) f ]xg = 1 + ]x - 2g2/3 is non-derivable at x = 2.

` f' ]xg = 0 & x = 0 only Also f" ]0g > 0.
(d) Only function which satisfies rolle’s theorem, is
Mean value theorems
f ]xg = x ]x - 2g2, 0 # x # 2.
f ]4g - f ]0g
34. 4-0 = 2c - 3 & c = 2
 Application of Derivatives 12.19
41. f ]xg = x - 6ax + 5x
3 2
44. y = x ; y' =
1
2 x
f' ]xg = 3x2 - 12a x + 5 By the mean value theorem we have

f' b 4 l = 16 - 21a + 5 = 16 - 21a

7 147 227 12
= 4 &c=1
2 c
f ]1 g = 6 - 6a, f ]2 g = 18 - 24a
y= x
227 ]18 - 24ag - ]6 - 6ag
` 16 - 21a = 2-1 = 12 - 18a & a 4,2

35
= 48 .

42. Given, f ]xg = x3 - ax2 + 2x, x ! 60, 2@ 0,0

Now, f' ]xg = 3x2 - 2ax + 2 The point is (1,1)

f ]2 g = ]2 g3 - 4a + 4 = 12 - 4a and f ]0g = 0 45. Using LMVT in [1,4] for y = f ]xg

` Using LMVT, we have there must exist atleast one c ! ^1, 4h such that

f ]2 g - f ]0g 3 ]12 - 4ag - 0 f ]4g - f ]1 g 8

f' b 2 l = f' ]c g = = 3 but f' ]xg > 3 6 x ! R
1
2-0 & 4 -a+2 = 2 4-1
11 11 13
& 4 - a = 6 - 2a & a = 6 - 4 & a = 4 Hence, no such function exists.

43. # f' ]xg dx = f]xg 13 = f ]3 g - f ]1 g = 0

1

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
f x = x2
A p,q
8 8
1. y = x2 and y =- x ; q = p2 and s =- r (1)

dy
Equating dx at A and B, we get
B r,s

8
2p = (2) 8
r2 q-s p2 + r
Now, m AB = p - r or 2p = p - q
or pr2 = 4
8 16
or p2 = 2pr + r or p2 = r

= r = or r = 1 ^ r ! 0h or p = 4
16 16
or
r4
` r = 1, p = 1 Hence, p + r = 5.
12.20 Mathematics
2. x = t 2; y = t 3 4. f ]xg = f ]6 - xg (1)

dx dy 2 On differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get

dt = 2t; dt = 3t
f' ]xg =- f' ]6 - xg (2)
dy 3t
dx = 2
Putting x = 0, 2, 3, 5 in (2), we get
R h,k
f' ]0g =- f' ]6 g = 0

Similarly, f' ]2 g =- f' ]4g = 0

f' ]3 g = 0

f' ]5 g =- f' ]1 g = 0
Q

y - t = 2 ^ x - t2h
3t
3

` f' ]0g = 0 = f' ]2 g = f' ]3 g = f' ]5 g = f' ]1 g = f' ]4g

2k - 2t3 = 3th - 3t3
= f' ]6 g
` t - 3th + 2k = 0 (1)
3

Therefore, f' ]xg = 0 has minimum seven roots in

Product of roots, t1 t2 t3 =- 2k
60, 6@ . Now, consider a function y = f' ]xg.
Putting t1 t2 =- 1, t3 = 2k. AS f' ]xg satisfies Rolle’s theorem in intervals [0,1],

Now, t3 must satisfy equation (1). Therefore, [1,2], [2,3], [3,4], [4,5], and [5,6], respectively, by

^2k3h - 3 ]2kg h + 2k = 0 Rolle’s theorem, the equatio f" ]xg = 0 has minimum

six roots.Now,
i.e., 4y2 - 3x + 1 = 0 or 4y2 = 3x - 1 or a + b = 7
g ]xg = ^ f" ]xgh + f' ]xg + f"' ]xg = 0 = h' ]xg, where
2

3.
y = ex h ] xg = f' ]xg f" ]xg.

0,1 Clearly, h ]xg = 0 has minimum 13 roots in [0,6].

y nx
Hence, again by Rolle’s theorem, g ]xg = h' ]xg has
1,0
minimum 12 zeroes in 60, 6@.

Since the graphs of y = e x and y = log e x are 5. y = xn

symmetrical about the line y = x, minimum distance dy

` dx = nx n - 1 = na n - 1
is the distance along the common normal to both the 1
Slope of normal =-
na n - 1
curves, i.e., y = x must be parallel to the tangent as
1 ] x - ag
Equation of normal is y - a n =- .
na n - 1
both the curves are inverse of each other.
Put x = 0 to get y - intercept. Then
dy
= e x = 1 or x1 = 0 and y1 = 1
1
RS
dx x1 SS0 , if n < 2
or A / ^0, 1h and B / ^1, 0h or AB = 2
1 S
y = an + or lim b = SS 1 , if n = 2
na n - 2 a$0 SS 2
S3, if n > 2
T
 Application of Derivatives 12.21
dy y 1 1 r 9. We have f ]0g = 2
6. dx = x =- 2 cot i =- 2 at i = 4
3

Now, y - f ]ag = f' ]ag5x - a? .

Also, the point P for i = r/4 is (2,1)
For x intercept, y = 0. So,
Equation of tangent is y - 1 =- 2 ]x - 2g or
1
f ]ag f ]ag
x + 2y - 4 = 0 (1) x = a- ]
f' a g = a - 2 or ] g = 2
f' a
This meets the curve whose Cartesian equation on f' ]ag 1
f ]ag 2
or =
eliminating i by sec2 i - tan2 i = 1 is
` On integrating both sides w.r.t a, we get
1 1
y = x - 1 Solving (1) and (2), we get y = 1, - 2 ln f ]ag = 2 + C
2
a

` x = 2, 5 f ]ag = Ce a/2
f ]xg = Ce x/2
Hence, P is (2,1) as given and Q is b5, - 2 l .
1
f ]0g = C or C = 2
45 3 5
Therefore. PQ = 4 = 2 ` f ]xg = 2e x/2
7.
1 k
Hence, k = 2, p = 2 or p = 4
dy
10. y = ax2 + bx + c, dx = 2ax + b
45°
When x = 1, y = 0

` a + b + c = 0 (1)
We have dt = 2 or dt b 3 rr3 l = 2
dV d 1

dy dy
[Here r = h, as i = 45°] = 3 and =1
dx x=1 dx x=3

dr dr 2 2a + b = 3 (2)
or rr2 dt = 2 or dt = ......(1)
rr 2
Now, perimeter = 2rr = p ]letg
6a + b = 1 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3),

` dt ]2rrg = 2r c 2 m = 2
d 2 4
rr r
1 7
a =- 2 , b = 4, c =- 2
[Using equation (1)] ......(2)

When h = 2 m, r = 2m ` 2a - b - 4c =- 1 - 4 + 14 = 9.
dp 4
Hence dt = 4 = 1 m/s. 11. y = e a + bx passes through (1,1)
2

y = x3 + x + 16 c m = 3x12 + 1
dy
8. ` 1 = ea + b
dx x y1 1

y1
` 3x12 + 1 = x1 or 3x13 + x1 = x13 + x1 + 16 ` a+b = 0
or 2x = 16 or x1 = 2 or y1 = 26
3

Also, c m =- 2
1
dy
` m = 13 dx ^1, 1h
2
` e a + bx $ 2bx =- 2

or e a + b $ 2b ]1 g =- 2 or b =- 1 and a = 1

or 2a - 3b = 5
12.22 Mathematics
12. Let x = r cos i, y = r sin i
−1 y 5x
y=
` r ]1 + cos i sin ig = 1
2
x
5
−25,5 1,5
2 2
or r = 2
or r max
2
=1
2 + sin 2i
13. Let f ]xg = x3, x ! 6a, b@ .

f ]xg satisfies conditions of LMVT [as f ]xg is

Clearly, area of triangle = 2 ]26g]5 g = 13 ]5 g = 65
1
continuous and differentiable] Therefore,

f ]b g - f ]ag 16. ] x 2 - 11g^ y + 1 h =- 4 =- 2 # 2

b-a = f' ]c g, a < c < b

on comparing we get
_ x0, y0 i / ^3, 1h
3 3
b -a
or b - a = 3c2
8x
]x 2 - 1g2

y' =
or b2 + ba + a2 = 3c2
y' x = 3 = 6

14. Clearly, d = b 34 - 12 l + b 12 - 34 l =
2 2
1 1 1
16 + 16 = 8 -1
m
` N= 6
1 y
= So, sin i = 2 2 d & sin i = 1
2 2
( 0, 23 )
1 3
 , 
2 4
 1
 0,  3 1
 2  ,  (9, 0)
4 2
1  x
 ,0 
x 2 
y=

Equation of normal y - 1 = 6 ] x - 3g
-1

- r r 3r
x + 6y = 9
`i= 2 ,2, 2 .
1 3 27 a

` Area = 2 # 9 # 2 = 4 = b
Hence, the number of values of i are 3.
Hence, ]a - 6bg = 3

dy 7y
15. Given x + 5y - y5 = 0 & dx = d 4 n
dy 1
17. x7 .y 2 = 7 + 21/7 & dx =- 2x
5y - 5
Equation of tangent Y - y =- c m] X - xg
7y
Now, when x = 0, y = ! ]5 g4
1
2x
Point A b 7 , 0 l
9x

or y = 0.
1
But, y = ! 5 4 (Rejected)
B 1
So, slope of tangent at ^0, 0h = 5
-1
P(x,
-x y)
& Equation of tangent is y = 5 ....(1)

Now, equation of normal is y = 5x ....(2)
A
Also, given line is y = 5 ....(3)
 Application of Derivatives 12.23
f ] xg
Point B c 0, m
9y

2 & x = f ] xg + C

9my
Since f ]2g = 1 & C = 2 & f ] xg = ]
9x -1 x
Let AP: BP = m: 1 & f
7 , 2 p
2 x - 1g
m+1 m+1
& f - 1 b 8 l = 5
5
9x 2
7 ]m + 1g
=x& 7 =m
22. Slope of the normal at P ^ x, y h

AP 2 b BP l 7
BP = 7 & 2 AP = 2. 2 = 7 -1 2 dy -1 - dx
dy/dx = x y & dx = x 2 y & ydy = x 2
18. Let F ] xg = f 3 ] xg and F ] xg is continuous and y2 1

& 2 = x +C

differentiable function in [1, 3].
at x =- 2, y = 1 & c = 1
y2 1
F ]3 g - F ]1 g & 2 = x + 1 & y 2 = x + 2 = f 2 ] xg
2
= F' ]c g


` 3-1 (using L.M.V.T)
y = xf 2 ] xg = x b 2x + 2 l = 2 + 2x
f 3 ]3 g - f 3 ]1 g

2 = 3f 2 ] c g . f ' ] c g & k = 6 y
19. Applying Rolle’s theorem,
(0, 1)
2 = Limg ] xg & p - q = 2
(i)
x " 0+

and f ]0 g = f ]1 g givens e p - q = 3
(ii)

& p = 0, q =- 2

20. We have f ] xg = 2x 2 - 4x - 5 and let P ^a, bh x

(1, 0)
So, f ' ] xg = 4x - 4 & f ' ]ag = 4 ]a - 1g


& Equation of tangent at P ^a, bh , is

Area bounded by y = 2x + 2 and coordinate axes
^ y - b h = 4 ]a - 1g5x - a?

1
A = 2 #1#2 = 1

If it passes through ^0, - 7h , so

23. Given, C; y 2 = px3 + q (1)

- 7 - b = 4 ]a - 1g]- ag & 7 + b = 4a ]a - 1g
2
dy dy 3px
& 2y dx = 3px 2 & dx = 2y
(2)
But b = 2a 2 - 4a - 5

Put x = 2 and y = 3 in (1), we get 9 = 8p + q (3)
3p ]4g
E
dy
So, 7 + 2a 2 - 4a - 5 = 4a 2 - 4a & 2a 2 = 2 & a = 1
= 6 = 2p = 4
Also, from (2), we get
dx M^2, 3h

or a =- 1
(4)

` From (2) and (3), we get p = 2, q =- 7.

Clearly, x1 = 1 and x2 =- 1.
Hence, ^ p - q h = 2 - ]- 7g = 2 + 7 = 9.

So, _3x1 - 2x2 i = 5.
24. Given, f ] xg = ]2x + 1g50 ]3x - 4g60
21. Clearly, f ] xg = 220 ]2x + 1g49 . ]3x - 4g59 ]3x - 1g
'
xf ' ] xg - f ] xg
   
y
= f ' ] xg
| | |
f ' ] xg

x- = x2 &  
8
8


x2
1
2 3 3

Now, integrating both sides with respect to x, we Sign scheme of f ' ] xg

get
& Least positive integer is k = 2.
12.24 Mathematics

25. We have f ] xg = b 3 l x3 + ]a - 3g x 2 + x + 5
4a - 7

& f ' ] xg = ]4a - 7g x 2 + 2 ]a - 3g x + 1

Now, for f ] xg to be monotonic,

f ] xg $ 0 6 x ! R or f ' ] xg # 0 6 x ! R.
'

& # 0 & ]a - 3g2 - ]4a - 7g # 0

D

& 2 - 10a + 16 # 0
a

& ]a - 2g]a - 8g # 0 & a ! 62, 8@

7

Also, 4a - 7 ! 0 & a ! 4

So, a ! 62, 8@ - & 4 0 .

7

Hence, number of integral values of a equals 7.

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct dy
2. 2
dx = 3x - 2ax + 1
1.
dx a
dt = a + 2 2 cos 2t = a
51 + cos 2t? = 2a cos2 t
dy
Given that dx $ 0
and dt = 2a ]1 + sin tg cos t
dy
or 3x2 - 2ax + 1 $ 0 for all x
dy 2a ]1 + sin tg cos t ]1 + sin tg or D # 0 or 4a2 - 12 # 0
` dx = = cos t
2a cos2 t
Then, the slope of the tangent, or - 3 # a # 3

^cos (t/2h + sin ^t/2h) 2 3. Here, y > 0.

cos2 ^t/2h - sin2 ^t/2h
tan i =

t Putting y = x in y = 4 - x2 , we get
1 + tan 2
t = tan b 4 + 2 l
r t
=
1 - tan 2 x = 2, - 2 .

r + 2t So, the point is ^ 2 , 2 h.

or i = 4
Differentiating y2 + x2 = 4 w.r.t. x, we get

dy dy x
2y dx + 2x = 0 or dx =- y

` At ^ 2 , 2 h, dx =- 1
dy
 Application of Derivatives 12.25
4. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy 2x
7. 2x2 + y2 = 12 or dx =- y .

1 + dx = e xy c y + x m or dx =
dy dy dy ye xy - 1
Slope of normal at point A ^2, 2 h is 2 .
dx 1 - xe xy 1

dy
Also, point B b - 9 , - 9 l lies on the curve and
22 2
dx = 3 or 1 - xe = 0
xy

This holds for x = 1, y = 0. 2 - ^- 2/9h 1

slope of AB is
2 - ^- 22/9h 2
= .
5. Putting x = 0 in the given curve, we obtain y = 1. Hence, the normal meets the curve again at point

So, the given point is (0,1). Now, b - 22 , - 2 l

9 9

y = e2x + x2 or dx = 2e2x + 2x or c m
dy dy dy x 1 y
=2 8. x2 - y2 = 8 or dx = y or - =- x
dx ^0, 1h dy/dx
The equation of the tangent at (0,1) is
At the point d - n, - 1 =
5 3 - 3/ 2 3
, =5
2 2
y - 1 = 2 ]x - 0g or 2x - y + 1 = 0
dy/dx - 5/ 2
(1)
Also, 9x2 + 25y2 = 225
Required distance = length of = from (0,0) on (1)
dy
or 18x + 50y dx = 0
1
=
5 dy 9x dx 25x
or dx =- 25y or - dy = 9x
6. Let the required point be ^ x1, y1 h . Now,

At the point d - n,
5 3
3y = 6x - 5x3 ,
2 2
dy dy dx 25 # 3/ 2 15 5
9 ^- 5/ 2 h
or 3 dx = 6 - 15x2 or dx = 2 - 5x2 - dy = =- 9 =- 3

or c m
dy Since the product of the slopes is - 1, the normals
= 2 - 5x12
dx ^ x , y h
1 1

The equation of the normal at ^ x1, y1 h is

cut orthogonally, i.e., the required angle is equal to

r
- 1 ]x - x g 2.
y - y1 = 1
2 - 5x12
9. x = 2 ln cot t + 1, y = tan t + cot t
If it passes through the origin, then
Slope of the tangent,
- 1 ]0 - x g
0 - y1 = 1
2 - 5x12 sec2 t - cosec2 t
c m r =f p =0
dy
2
-x dx t = 4 - cot t cosec2 t r
or y1 = (1) t= 4
2 - 5x12
dy
Since ^ x1, y1 h lies on the given curve, 10. y = e x + e -x or dx = e x - e -x = tan i,

where i is the angle of the tangent with the x-axis

3y1 = 6x1 - 5x13 (2)
For i = 60° , we have tan 60° = e x - e -x
Solving equations (1) and (2),
3! 7
we obtain x1 = 1 and y1 = 1/3. or e2x - 3 e x - 1 = 0 or e x = 2

or x = log e c
Hence, the required point is (1,1/3). 3+ 7m
2
12.26 Mathematics
14. y = x + sin x
2,1 Q
11. dy
If dx = 1 + cos x = 0, then cos x =- 1 or
Eliminating t gives y2 ]x - 1g = 1.
x = ! r, ! 3r... Also, y = ! r, ! 3r...
Equation of the tangent at P ^2, 1 h is x + 2y = 4.
But for the given constraint on x and y no such y
solving with curve we get Q / ^5, - 1/2h or
exists. Hence, no such tangent exists.
3 5
PQ = 2 15. Differentiating y3 - x2 y + 5y - 2x = 0 w.r.t. x, we
a b get 3y2 y' - 2xy - x2 y' + 5y' - 2 = 0
12. + = 1 or ay2 + bx2 = x2 y2 (1)
x2 y2
2a 2b dy dy ay3 2xy + 2 2
- - = 0 or =- or y' = or y^' 0, 0h = 5
x3 y3 dx dx bx3 3y 2 - x 2 + 5

Equation of the tangent at ^h, kh is Differentiating x 4 - x3 y2 + 5x + 2y = 0 w.r.t. x, we

ak3 ]x - hg get 4x3 - 3x2 y2 - 2x3 yy' + 5 + 2y' = 0

y - k =- . For x-intercept, put y = 0 .
bh3
3x 2 y 2 - 4x 3 - 5 5
Then or y' = or y^' 0, 0h =- 2 .
2 - 2x3 y
x = 2 + h = h; E = h ; h k2 E = xa
bh3 bh2 + ak2 2 2 3

ak ak 2
ak Thus, both the curves intersect at right angle.
Therefore, x-intercept is proportional to the cube of 16. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, for some
abscissa. c ! ^1, 6h
f ]6 g - f ]1 g f ]6 g + 2
f' ] c g = 5 = 5 $ 4.2
y=f x or f ]6 g + 2 $ 21 or f ]6 g $ 19

x,y 17. f ]0g =- 1; f ]1 g = 7. So, f ]0g and f ]1 g have

opposite signs.

f ]xg vanishes at points where sin x = 0, i.e.,

13. Q r
18.
Given curve is 2x2 y2 - x 4 = c (1)
r 1
x = kr, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Hence, x = k .
Sub-normal at P ^ x, yh = y dx (2)
dy
Also, f' ]xg = sin x - x cos x if x ! 0 . Since
r r r

From (1), we get 2 c x2 2y 2m

dy
- 4x3 = 0
dx + 2xy the function has a derivative at any interior point
dy x ^ x2 - y2 i of the interval (0,1), it is continuous in [0,1], and
or dx = (3)
x2 y
f ]0g = f ]1 g, Rolle’s theorem is applicable to any
Now, x ^ x - yy' h = x2 - xy dx
dy

one of the intervals : 2 , 1D, : 3 , 2 D =, ..., : k + 1 , k D.

1 1 1 1 1
= x - ^ x - y i
2 2 2
[From (3)]
Hence, there exists at least one c in each of these
= y2
intervals where f' ]c g = 0. Therefore, there are
` Mean proportion = x ^ x - yy' h = y
infinite points.
 Application of Derivatives 12.27
19. Applying Rolle’s theorem to F ]xg = f ]xg - 2g ]xg,

we get F ]0g = 0

F ]1 g = f ]1 g - 2g ]1 g or 0 = 6 - 2g ]1 g or g ]1 g = 3 Q

20. Let f ]xg = 4 + 3 + 2 + dx,

ax 4 bx3 cx2

which is continuous and differentiable. f ]0g = 0 1

f ]- 1g = 4 - 3 + 2 - d = 4 ]a + 2cg - 3 ]b + 3dg = 0 24. Let CD be the position of man at any time t. Let
a b c 1 1

So, according to Rolle’s theorem, there exists at least BD = x. Then EC = x. Let +ACE = i.

one root of f' ]xg = 0 in ^- 1, 0 h .

21. Let g ]xg = f ]xg - x2 . We have g ]1 g = 0, g ]2 g = 0,

g ]3 g = 0 6a f ]1 g = 1, f ]2 g = 4, f ]3 g = 9@.

From Rolle’s theorem on g ]xg, g' ]xg = 0 for at least

x ! ^1, 2h . Let g' ]c1g = 0 where c1 ! ^1, 2h .

dx
Given AB = 41.6 m, CD = 1.6 m, and dt = 2m/s.
Similarly, g ]xg = 0 for at least one x ! ^2, 3 h . Let
g' ]c2g = 0 where c2 ! ^2, 3 h . AE = AB - EB = AB - CD = 41.6 - 1.6 = 40 m.
Therefore, g' ]c1g = g' ]c2g = 0
di
By Rolle’s theorem, at least one x ! ^c1, c2 h such We have to find dt when x = 30 m.

that g" ]xg = 0 or f" ]xg = 2 for some x ! ^1, 3h .

AE 40
From DAEC, tan i = EC = x (1)

f b 6 l = logsin b 6 l = logsin 6 = log 2 =- log 2

5r 5r r 1 di - 40 dx
22. Differentiating w.r.t to t, sec2 i dt = 2 dt
x

f b 6 l = logsin 6 =- log 2
r r di - 40
or sec2 i dt = 2 # 2
x

f' ]c g = sin x cos x = cot x

1 di - 80 80 x2
or dt = 2 cos2 i =- 2 2
x x x + 402
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
<a cos i = F
x
x2 + 402
f ^5r/6h - f ^r/6h
80
^5r/6h - ^r/6h
= cot c =- (2)
x2 + 402
r
or cot c = 0 or c = 2 di 80 4
When x = 30 , dt =- 2 =- 125 rad/s
30 + 402
Thus, c = 2 ! ^r/6, 5r/6h
r
25. Any point on the parabola y2 = 8x ]4a = 8 or a = 2g

is ^at2, 2at h or ^2t2, 4t h Its minimum distance

23. Let BP = x. From similar triangle property, we get

AO l2 l1 l2 d ] AOg - l1 l2 dx
l1 = x or AO = x or dt = x2 dt from the circle means its distance from the center,

l d ] AOg - 2l ^0, - 6h, of the circle.Let D be the distance. Then

When x = 21 , dt = 5 2 m/s.
12.28 Mathematics
z = D2 = ^2t2h2 + ]4t + 6g2 = 4 ^t 4 + 4t2 + 12t + 9h 28. Consider a function g ]xg = xf ]xg .

` dt = 4 ^4t3 + 8t + 12h = 0
dz Since f ]xg is continuous, g ]xg is also continuous in

or 16 ^t3 + 2t + 3h = 0 or 16 ]t + 1g^t2 - t + 3h = 0 [0,1] and differentiable in (0,1)

or t =- 1 As f ]1 g = 0

g ]0g = 0 = g ]1 g
= 16 ^3t2 + 2h =+ ve.
d2 z
dt2
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is applicable for g ]xg .
Hence, minimum. Therefore, point is ^2, - 4 h .
Therefore, there exists at least one c ! ^0, 1h such
26. y = xn
that g' ] c g = 0
dy n-1 n-1
dx = nx = na
or xf' ]xg + f ]xg = 0
1
Slope of the normal =- n - 1
na or cf' ]c g + f ]c g = 0

29. We know that there exists at least one x in (0,1) for

0,b
a,a n f ]1 g - f ]0g f' ] x g
y = xn which ] g ] g = ] g
g 1 -g 0 g' x
2 - 10 f' ] x g
or 4 - 2 = ] g
g' x
y' or f' ]xg =- 4g' ]xg = 0
Equation of the normal is y - a n =- n - 1 ]x - ag
1
na for at least one x in (0,1).

30. Let g ]xg = f ]xg + Ax3 and choose A such that

Put x = 0 to get y-intercept

1 1
y = an +
na n - 2
; Hence, b = a n + n - 2
na g ]ag = g ]b g .

- f ]b g + f ]ag
Z] 0 if n < 2
]] -4
]1 Therefore, A = = 3
lim b = [] 2 , if n = 2 b3 - a3 b - a3
a$0 ]]
Since g ]xg satisfies condition of Rolle’s theorem,
]3, if n > 2
\
27. Applying LMVT in [0,1] to the function y = f ]xg,
g' ] c g = 0 for some c ! ^a, bh
f ]1 g - f ]0g
we get f' ]c g = ^0, 1h
1 - 0 , for some c ! = f' ] c g - 12
c2
=0
b - a3
3

f ]1 g - f ]0g
or e c = or ^b3 - a3h f' ] c g = 12c2
2

1
or f ]1 g - 10 = e c for some c ! ^0, 1h Multiple Options Correct
2

f ] xg =
x
But 1 < e c < e in (0,1)
2
31.
1 - x2

or 1 < f ]1 g - 10 < e or 11 < f ]1 g < 10 + e ` f' ] x g =

1 + x2
= 1, i.e., x = 0, - 3 , 3
^1 - x2h2

Therefore, the points are (0,0), c! 3 , "

or A = 11, B = 10 + e or A - B = 1 - e 3m
.
2
 Application of Derivatives 12.29
32. We have y = ce x/a Slope of curve (2) = 2x + a

dy c 1 y At (1,0), 2 + a = m1 (say)
` dx = a e x/a = a y or = a = constant
dy/dx
Curves are touching at (1,0). Therefore m1 = m2
or Sub-tangent = constant
2
dy y y
or Length of the sub-normal = y dx = y a = a or 2 + a = c - 2 (3)

\ (square of the ordinate) Also, (1,0) lies on both the curves. Therefore,

Equation of the tangent at ^ x1, y1 h is 0 = c - 1 and 0 = 1 + a + b (4)

y - y1 = a ]x - x1g .
y1 Solving (3) and (4), we get a =- 3, b = 2, c = 1

This meets the x-axis at a point given by 35. a. y2 = 4ax

- y1 = a ]x - x1g or x = x1 - a
y1 2a
or m1 = y' = y

The curve meets the y-axis at (0,c). Therefore, y = e -x /2a

1 1
c m = c So, the equation of the normal at ^0, ch
dy or m2 = y' =- 2a e -x/2a =- 2a y
dx ^0,ch a
1 ] x - 0g m1 m2 =- 1. Hence, orthogonal.
is y - c =- or ax + cy = c2
c/a
4a 2a
33. Clearly, f ]0g = 0. So, f ]xg = 0 has two real roots b. y2 = 4ax or y' = 2y = y1 , [Not defined at
1

0, a 0 ]> 0g .
2x x
(0,0)] x2 = 4ay or y' = 4a1 = 2a1 = 0 at (0,0)

Therefore, f' ]xg = 0 has a real root a1 Therefore, the two curves are orthogonal at (0,0)

lying between 0 and a 0 . So, 0 < a1 < a 0 . c. xy = a2, x2 - y2 = b2

Again, f' ]xg = 0 is a fourth-degree equation. As a2 a2

m1 m2 =- x1 y1 =- 2 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal
a
imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs, f' ]xg = 0 d. y = ax & y' = a

will have another real roots a2 . Therefore, f" ]xg = 0 x

x2 + y2 = c2 & y' =- y11
will have a real root lying between a1 and a2 . As ax y1
m1 m2 =- y11 =- y1 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal.
f ]xg = 0 is an equation of the fifth degree, it will
36. Since the intercepts are equal in magnitude but
have at least three real roots and, so, f' ]xg will have
dy
opposite in sign, =1
dx p
at least two real roots.
dy
Now, dx = x2 - 5x + 7 = 1
34. y = x ]c - xg (1)
or x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
y = x2 + ax + b (2)
i.e., x = 2 or 3
Slope of curve (1) = c - 2x

At (1,0), c - 2 = m1, (say)

12.30 Mathematics
37. xy = ]a + xg2 dy
40. y = x2 or dx = 2x = 2 at (1,1)
or y + xy' = 2 ]a + xg
x = y2 or y = x
Now, y' = ! 1 or y ! x = 2 ]a + xg dy 1 1
` dx = = 2 at (1,1)
]a + xg2
2 x
x ! x = 2 ]a + xg 1 3
2- 2 2 =3
]a + xg2
or tan i = = 1+
or ! x = 2 ]a + xg - 1 + 2b+ 2 l
1 1 4
x
or ! x2 = ]a + xg]x - ag or ! x2 = x2 - a2 3 4 3
or i = tan -1 4 = cos -1 5 = sin -1 5

41. Let P ^ x, yh be a point on the curve

a
or 2x2 = a2 or x = !
2

y = x2 + 4x - 17 or dx = 2 ]x + 2g or c m 5 = 9 ln ^ x2 + y2 i = c tan -1 x .
dy dy y
38.
dx x = 2
or tan i = 9 where i is the angle with positive Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

direction of x-axis Therefore, angle with y-axis is 2x + 2yy' c ^ xy' - y h

or y' = cx - 2y = m1 ^say h
2x + cy
^x + y i ^x + y i
2 2 = 2 2
r r -1
2 ! i = 2 ! tan 9. y
Slope of OP = x = m2 (say) (where O is origin)
39. x3 - y2 = 0 (1)
Let the angle between the tangents at P and OP be i
dy
or 2y # dx = 3x2
2x + cy y
dy 2 m -m cx - 2y - x 2
Slope of the tangent at P = = 32xy = 3m Then, tan i = 1 +1 m m2 = = c
dx ^4m2, 8m3 h
1 2 2xy + cy2
P 1+ 2
cx - 2xy
Therefore, equation of the tangent at P is
or i = tan -1 b c l Which is independent of x and y.
2
y - 8m = 3m ^ x - 4m h or y = 3mx - 4m ...(2)
3 2 3

1
42. f is not differentiable at x = 2
It cuts the curve again at point Q. Solving (1) and

(2), we get x = 4m2, m2 . g is not continuous in [0,1] at x = 1

Put x = m2 in equation (2). h is not continuous in [0,1] at x = 1

Then y = 3m ^m2h - 4m3 =- m3

k ]xg = ]x + 3gln 5 = ]x + 3gP, where 2 < p < 3,
2

` Q / ^ m 2, - m 3 h
Slope of the tangent at which is continuous and differentiable

dy 3 ^m 4h -3 43. a. Let f ]xg = e x cos x - 1

2 # ^- m 3 h
Q= = = 2 m
dx ^m , - m h
2 3

1 2 ` f' ]xg = e x ]cos x - sin xg = 0

Slope of the normal at Q =
^- 3/2h m
= 3m .
` tan x = 1, which has a root between two roots of
2
Since tangent at P is normal at Q, 3m = 3m or
f ] xg = 0
9m2 = 2.
 Application of Derivatives 12.31
b. Let f ]xg = e sin x - 1
x
46. (a) f ] xg is not derivable at x = 0

` f' ]xg = e x ]sin x + cos xg = 0 (b) f ] xg is not continuous at x = 0

` tan x =- 1, which has roots between two roots of (c) f ] xg is not continuous at x = 0

f ] xg = 0 (d) f ] xg = x - sin x

c. Let f ]xg = e -x - cos x ` f' ]xg =- e -x + sin x = 0 For 0 < x < h

` e -x = sin x, which has a root between two roots of f ] xg = x - sin x

f ] xg = 0 f ' ] xg = 1 - cos x & f ' ^0 +h = 0

44. a. y2 = 4ax and y = e -x/2a For - h < x < 0

f ] xg =- x + sin x
2a 1 1
y' = y and y' =- 2a e -x/2a =- 2a y

Let the intersection point be ^ x1, y1 h . Then, f ' ] xg =- 1 + cos x & f ' ^0 -h = 0

& f ] xg is continuous and differentiable in

2a 1
y' = y1 and y' =- 2a y1

m1 m2 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal. x ! 6- 1, 1@
b. y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay 1 1

4a 2a 47. We have f ]xg = x + x # f ] t gdt - x2 # tf] t gdt

y' = 2y = y1 , not defined at x = 0 -1 -1

f ]xg = ]1 + Ag x - Bx2
1
.........(1)
2x x
= 4a1 = 2a1 0 at x = 0
1 1

Therefore, the two curves are orthogonal at (0,0) Now A = # f ] t g dt = # ((1 + A) t - Bt2) dt
-1 -1
1
c. xy = a and x - y = b
2 2 2 2
# t2 dt
& A =- 2B
2 2
a a 0
m1 m2 =- x1 y1 =- 2 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal. - 2B
a ` A = 3 ...........(2)
d. y = ax and x2 + y2 = c2
1 1
x
y' = a and y' =- y11 Similarly, B = # tf ] t g dt = # t ((1 + A) t - Bt2) dt
-1 -1
ax y1 1
m1 m2 =- y11 =- x1 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal. & B = 2 ] A + 1g # t2 dt
0
1 ^y + xy' h
45. xy = a + x or ` B = 3 ] A + 1g .........(3)
=1 2
2 xy
Since tangents cuts off equal intercepts from the -4 6
On solving (2) & (3), we get A = 13 , B = 13
axes, y' =- 1 or y - x = 2 xy = 2 ]a + xg
` from equation (1), we get
or y = 2a + 3x or x ]2a + 3xg = ]a + xg 2

f ]xg = 13 x - 13 x2
9 6
or 2ax + 3x2 = a2 + x2 + 2ax
& f' ]xg = 13 - 13 x
9 12
a
or 2x2 = a2 or x = !
2
` f' b - 3 l = 13 - 13 b - 3 l = 13 + 13 = 13 = 1.
1 9 12 1 9 4 13
12.32 Mathematics
48. Now, verify alternatives. The intersection of (1) and y = x3 is

 f 0 +f 2 
x3 - t13 = 3t12 ]x - t1g
 1, 
2,f 2

or ]x - t1g^ x2 + xt1 + t12h - 3t12 ]x - t1g = 0

 2 

or ]x - t1g2 ]x + 2t1g = 0
0,f 0
1,f 1

If P2 ^t2, t23 i, then ]t2 - t1g2 ]t2 + 2t1g = 0

eg: Let f ]xg = x2 - 2x, x ! 60, 2@ ` t2 =- 2t1 ^t2 ! t1h

Similarly, the tangent at P2 will meet the curve at the

0,0 2,0 point P3 ^t3, t33 i when t3 =- 2t2 = 4t1 and so on.

The abscissae of P1, P2,..., Pn are

Here f ]0g = 0 = f ]2 g
t1 - 2t1, 4t1, ..., ]- 2gn - 1 t1
f ]0g + f ]2 g
& f ]c g = = 0, c = 0, 2
2 These are in G.P. Therefore,
dx dy
49. = ai cos i, = ai sin i t2 t3 t4
di di t1 = t2 = t3 = ... =- 2 (rsay)
dy
` t2 = t1 r, t3 = t2 r, and t4 = t3 r
dx = tan i Equation of normal
y - a ]sin i - i cos ig =- cot i (x - a ]cos i + sin ig If x1 = 1, then x2 =- 2, t3 = 4, ... then,
n
& cos ix - sin iy = a distance from origin = a lim /
1
= sum of infinite G.P. with common ratio
n $ 3r = 1 xn

distance from ^sin i, cos ih = a

^- 1/2h with first term 1 = 1
=
2
50. C = x2 + xy + 4 = 0 b
1- -2
1l 3
n
1
52. Then lim / yn = sum of infinite G.P. with common
n $ 3r = 1

ratio ^- 1/8h with first term 1 =

1 8
=9
1 - b- 8 l
1

t2 t23 1 rt1 r3 t13 1

1 1
53. ` Area of DP2 P3 P4 = 2 t3 t3 1 = 2 rt2 r3 t23 1
3

t4 t 43 1 rt3 r3 t33 1

Comprehension Type = r 4 (Area of ]DP1 P2 P3g

Passage – 1 (Questions 51 – 53) Area of ]DP1 P2 P3g 1 1 1

Area of ]DP2 P3 P4g r 4 ]- 2g4 16
` = = =
51. Let P1 ^t1, t13 h be a point on the curve y = x3 .

dy
Therefore = 3t12
dx _t1, t13 i

Tangent at P1 is y - t13 = 3t12 ]x - t1g

 Application of Derivatives 12.33
Passage – 2 (Questions 54 – 56) Therefore, increase of S in

54.
dy 1 - 9t2 1 # b 12 l = 5cm2
dx = - 6t = tan i 2 min = 10
If r1 is the radius of the balloon after (1/2) min, then
or 9t2 - 6 tan i.t - 1 = 0
4rr12 = 4r ]8 g2 + 5
or 3t = tan i ! sec i
5
or r12 - 82 = 4r = 0.397 nearly
or tan i + sec i = 3t
or r12 = 64.397 or r1 = 8.025 nearly.
P / ^- 2, 2 h or t =- 1 or
dy -4
55. = 3
dx t =- 1
` Required increase in the radius
Equation of the tangent is y - 2 =- 3 ]x + 2g.
4
= r1 - 8 = 8.025 - 8 = 0.025 cm

Therefore, t - 3t3 - 2 =- 3 ^1 - 3t2 + 2h

4 Passage – 4 (Questions 59 – 62)
1

g ]xg = x - k, where k = f ] t g dt
or 9t3 + 12t2 - 3t - 6 = 0
59. #
0
or 3t3 + 4t2 - t - 2 = 0 x

f ] xg = 3 + 1 - x
x3 # ]t - kgdt = x3 ; x - kxE =
2
+ 1 - x
or ^3t2 + t - 2h]t + 1g = 0
2 2
0
1

or ]3t - 2g]t + 1g2 = 0 1 + kx2 & k = # ^1 + kt2hdt = 1 + 3k

0

or t = 3 or Q / b - 3 , - 3 l
2 1 2 f x g x
P x1 ,y1
0,1
dy 3
56. = 4 m po mQ =- 1 or angle = 90°
dx t = 2/3
3 
 ,0 
Passage – 3 (Questions 57 – 58) 2 
 −3 
 0, 
 2 
Let V be the volume and r the radius of the balloon

& k = 2 which lies in the interval b 3 , 3 l .

3 4 2
at any time. Then, V = b 3 l rr3
4

Hence f ]xg = 1 + 2 x2; g ]xg = x - 2

3 3
` dt = b 3 l^3rr2h dt
dV 4 dr

dr 60. Now, minimum vertical distance between f ]xg and

= 4rr2 dt = 40 (Given)
g ]xg is f ]xg - g ]xg min = ;b 32x + 1 l - b x - 2 lE
2
3
dr 10
` dt = (1)
rr 2
= 2 b x2 - 3 + 3 l = 2 ;b x + 3 l + 14 E
3 2x 5 3 1 2
9
Now, let S be the surface area of the balloon when its
Hence, f ]xg - g ]xg min = 2 # 9 = 3 .
3 14 7
dS dr
radius is r. Then S = 4rr2 ` dt = 8rr dt (2)
61. Since, perpendicular distance is the minimum
distance. Hence, distance of the point P ^ x1, y1 h on
dS 10 80
From (1) and (2), dt = 8rr 2 = r
rr
When r = 8, the rate of increase of the curve y = f ]xg from the curve y = g ]xg is least
3
when tangent line at P is parallel to y = x - 2 .
80
S = 8 = 10 cm2 / min . dy 1
` = 1 & 3x1 = 1 & x1 = 3
dx p
12.34 Mathematics
-y
62. Equation of line to passes through b a, 2 l is
a-3 y + xy' = 0 or y' = x

y - b a - 2 l = m ] x - ag
3 y
LST = = x
y/x
3 or LST = 2
` y = mx + a - 2 - am ......(1)

Solve with y = f ]xg or k = ! 2.

3x2 5 c. y = 2e2x intersects y-axis at (0,2)

` 2 - mx + am - a + 2 = 0
dy
Since line is tangent to y = f ]xg .
2x dy
dx = 4e ` dx at x = 0
=4

D=0 ` Angle of intersection with y-axis

r
m2 = 4 # 2 b am - a + 2 l = 2 - tan -1 4 = cot -1 4
3 5

m2 = 6am + 6a - 15 = 0 ` n = 2 or - 1

dy
(Roots m1, m2) & m1 m2 =- 1 d. dx = e siny cos y

14 7
6a - 15 =- 1 & 6a = 14 & a = 6 = 3 Slope of the normal at ^1, 0h =- 1

Equation of the normal is x + y = 1.

Matching Column Type
a b C 1
63. a. Given sin A = sin B = sin C = 2R (say) Area = 2 .

` da = 2R cos A dA ` t = 1, - 2.

db = 2R cos B dB 64. a. r = 6 cm dr = 0.06

dc = 2R cos C dC A = rr 2

or dA = 2rrdr = 2r ]6 g]0.06g = 0.72r

` cos A + cos b + cos C = 2R ]dA + dB + dC g (1)
da db dc

b. V = x3, dV = 3x2 dx
Also, A + B + C = r
dV # dx
So, dA + dB + dC = 0 (2) V 100 = 3 x # 100 = 3 # 2 = 6

c. ]x - 2g dt = 3 dt
From equation (1) and (2), we get dx dx

da db dc or x = 5
cos A + cos B + cos C + 1 = 1
or m = ! 1 3
d. A = 4 x2
b. x2 y2 = 16 or xy = ! 4 (1)
or dt = 2 b x dt l = 2 # 30 # 10 = 2
dA 3 dx 3 1 3 3

y
LST =
dy/dx
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
 Application of Derivatives 12.35
65. a. y = 4x and x = 4y intersect at points (0,0) and
2 2 c. The two curves are

(4,4) xy = a2 (1)

C1: y2 = 4x C2: x2 = 4y x2 + y2 = 2a2 (2)

dy 2 dy x Solving (1) and (2), the points of intersection are

dx = y dx = 2
(a,a) and ^- a, - a h
dy dy
= 3 =0
dx 0, 0 dx 0, 0 Differentiating (1), dy/dx =- y/x = m1 (say)
°
Hence, tan i = 90 at point (0,0).
Differentiating (2), dy/dx =- x/y = m2 (say)
dy 1 dy
= 2 =2 At both points, m1 =- 1 = m2 .
dx ^ 4, 4 h dx ^ 4, 4 h

1 Hence, the two curves touch each other.

2- 2 3
tan i = 1 =4
1+2# 2 d. y2 = x, x3 + y3 = 3xy

b. Solving I: 2y2 = x3 and II: y2 = 32x, we get dy dy 1

For the first curve, 2y dx = 1 or = 2y
dx p 1

^0, 0h, ^8, 16 h, and ^8, - 16 h .

dy y1 - x12
Again for the second curve, =
dx y12 - x1
At ^0, 0h,
P
dy
= 0 for I
dx ^0, 0 h Solving y2 = x and x3 + y3 = 3xy,

At ^0, 0h,
dy
= 3 for II y6 + y3 = 3y3 or y3 + 1 = 3 or y3 = 2
dx ^0, 0 h

Hence, angle = 90° ` y1 = 21/3 and x1 = 22/3

dy 3x2 3 64 1 4
Now, = 4y = 4 16 = 3 for I 1 1 23 - 23
dx ^8, 16h Now, m1 = 1 = 4 ; m2 = 2 2 $ 3
2 # 23 23 23 - 23
dy 32 16
= 2y = 16 = 1 for II m
dx ^8, 16 h m -m 1 - m12 1 4 1
tan i = 1 +2 m m1 = 1 = m = 2 3 = 16 3
3-1 2 1 1 2 1
` tan i = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2 m2 + m1
Therefore, angle between the two curves at the origin ` i = tan -1 _16 3 i
1

is 90° .
12.36 Mathematics

Numerical Type f (1) =- 6 & - 2m + n =- 6

]x 2 - 1g] x - 3g + ] x - 3g, x d (0, 1] , [3, 4)
1. f ] xg = )
2m
- ] x 2 - 1g] x - 3g + ] x - 3g, x d [1, 3] f (- 1) = 10 &
3
+ n = 10

& f ' ] xg = )
3x 2 - 6x, x d (0, 1) , (3, 4)
` m = 6 and n = 6

- 3x 2 - 6x + 2, x d (1, 3) f l (x) = 0 & x =- 1 or x = 3
f ] xg is non-derivable at x = 1 and x = 3
x ` = 3 has a local minima
also f ' ] xg = 0 at x = 1 +
5
3 & m+M = 3 Single Options Correct
4. x7 - 7x - 2 = 0
2. Given that f (x) is a polynomial of degree 6 in x, in
x7 - 7x = 2
which the coefficient of x6 is unity and it has extrema
at x =- 1 and x = 1. f ] xg = x7 - 7x ]oddg & y = 2
Let f ^ x h = x6 + ax5 + bx 4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f ....(i) f ] xg = x _ x 2 $ 7 3 i_ x 4 + x 2 $ 7 3 + 7 3 i
1 1 2

f (x) f ] xg = 7 ] x6 - 1g = 7 ] x 2 - 1g] x 4 + x 2 + 1g
'
f ] xg = 0 & x = ! 1
also given that lim 3 = 1
x"0 x '
From (i), we have
x6 ax5 + bx 4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f
lim =1
x"0 x3 6
as this limit exists & is finite, so d = e = f = 0 7
1/6 y=2
71/6
x6 + ax5 + bx 4 + cx3 1 1
& lim
x"0 x3 6
& lim (x3 + ax2 + bx + c) = 1
x"0

&c=1
Now put c = 1 & d = e = f = 0 in (i), we get f ] xg = 2 has 3 real distinct solution.
f ^ x h = x6 + ax5 + bx 4 + x3 5. Method I:
Differentiate w.r.t. x If we sketch the graph of f (x), then we can clearly
observe the interval in which f (x), is increasing
& fl ^ x h = 6x5 + 5ax 4 + 4bx3 + 3x2
y = 55x
Also given that fl ^1 h = 0
& 6 + 5a + 4b + 3 = 0

& 5a + 4b =- 9
.....(ii) & f' ^- 1h = 0
5 4 3 2 1   
& - 6 + 5a - 4b + 3 = 0

& 5a - 4b = 3 .....(iii)

Thus from the graph ,it is evident that f ^ x h is
On solving (ii) & (iii) we get,

3 3 increasing in x ! (- 5, - 4) , (4, 3)
a =- 5 & b =- 2
3 3 Method II:
& f (x) = x6 - 5 x5 - 2 x 4 + x3
Z]- 55x if x < - 5
So the required value is ]]
]
Given f (x) = [] 2x3 - 3x2 - 120x, if - 5 # x # 4
5f (2) = 5 :64 - 5 $ 32 - 5 $ 16 + 8D
3 3 ]] 3
] 2x - 3x2 - 36x - 336, if x > 4
& 5f (2) = 320 - 96 - 120 + 40 \
Now to find the interval of increase , we must
& 5f ^2 h = 144
differentiate f (x)
Z]
]] - 55 if x < - 5
Hence f' ^ x h = ][6 (x - x - 20), if - 5 < x < 4
3. f m (x) = m (x - 1) ] 2

]]
(x - 1) 2 ] 6 ( x 2 - x - 6) if x > 4
& f l (x) = m - 2m Z] \
2 ]] - 55 if x < - 5
f' ^ x h = ][6 (x - 5) (x + 4), if - 5 < x < 4
]
m (x - 1) 3
` f (x) = - 2mx + n ]]
6 ] 6 (x - 3) (x + 2) if x > 4
\
 Application of Derivatives 12.37
Now for increasing function f' ^ x h > 0 f (b) - f (c)

Case 1: if x < - 5 = f l (b), be (c, b)
b-c
We have f ^ x h =- 55 which is always negative and

a f m (x) 1 0 & f l (x) is decreasing
hence decreasing in this interval f l (a) 2 f l (b)

Case 2: if - 5 < x < 4 f (c) - f (a) f (b) - f (c)
We have f' ^ x h = 6 ^ x - 5h^ x + 4h
c - a 2
b-c
On solving fl ^ x h 2 0
f (c) - f (a) c-a
i.e. 6 ^ x - 5h^ x + 4h > 0

f (b) - f (c)
2
b-c
( a f (x) is increasing)

we get x < - 4 or x > 5 ..(i)
8. The given equation of curves are

But we have - 5 < x < 4 ..(ii) y = 10 – x2 ...(i) and y = 2 + x2 ...(ii)

Taking the intersection of (i) and(ii) , we get Point of intersection of above curves are A(2, 6) and
x ! ^- 5, - 4h , ^4, 5h

B(–2, 6). Now, slope of (i) is given by
m1 = ; dy E
= -2x = -4

Case 3: if x > 4 dx A^2, 6h

We have f' (x) = 6 (x - 3) (x + 2)
Also, slope of (ii) is given by

m2 = ; E

Thus f' (x) > 0 dy
= 2x = 4
dx A^2, 6h
& 6 ^ x - 3h^ x + 2h > 0, if x > 4
m -m -4 - 4 8

Hence, |tan q| = 1 +1 m m2 = 1 - 16 = 15

On Solving the above inequality using wavey curve 1 2

method we get x < 2 or x > 3 r h

9. We have 3 = sin i, 3 = cos i

Also given that x > 4

Hence on taking the intersection of the above
⇒ r = 3 sinq, h = 3 cosq,
intervals , we get x ! (4, 3)
l = 3 (given)

Therefore taking union of all the above cases, the 1

Now, volume (V) = 3 πr2h
interval of increase is

x ! (- 5, - 4) , (4, 5) , (4, 3) r

= 3 (9sin2q) (3cos q)

x ! (- 5, - 4) , (4, 3) dV

⇒ = 9p (–sin q + 3sin q cos2q)
di
6. f (x) = x (r - cos -1 (sin ; x ;))

= 9p sin q [2 – 3sin2q]
= xe r - d - sin -1 (sin ; x ;) no = x d + ; x ; n
r r dV 2

If, = 0 ⇒ sin q = 0 or sin2q = 3
2 2 di
]Z] r
]] x d + x n x $ 0 sin
& i=
2
3
] 2
f (x) = []
Now, ; E
d2 V 1 #
]] x d - x n x 1 0
]] r =- 9r 4,
2 di2 i = sin -1 2
3 3
\
]Z] r
which is negative
]]d + 2x n x $ 0 2
] 2
⇒Volume is maximum, when sin q = 3
f l (x) = []
2 1
]]d - 2x n x 1 0
]] r

Hence, Vmax = 9r 3 # = 2 3 r cu.m.
2 3
\
f l (x) is increasing in d 0, n and
r 10. y 2 = 6x

2
m1 =- ; 2y E = y
-6 3
= 9x 2 + by 2 = 16
decreasing in d ,0n
-r

2
m2 =- ; 2by E
18x
7. Lets use LMVT for x e [a, c]
f (c) - f (a) m1 m2 =- 1
c - a = f l (a), a e (a, c)
c 3 m . c - 18x m =- 1

also use LMVT for x e [c, b] y 2by
12.38 Mathematics
1
ca y = 6 m
27x 2
y' = 2 & Slope of normal =- 2
=1
by 2 x
;
Passes through b 6 , 3 l
r r
27 # 1 27 9
b 6 =1 &b= 6 &b= 2
y - 3 =- 2 b x - 6 l
r r
f ] xg = x 2 + 2 & g ] xg = x - x
1 1
11.
x
2π
f ] xg 2x + y = 3
h ] xg = ] g
g x
14. Slope of the tangent to y = e x at ^c, e c h is given by
bx - 1 l + 2
2

h ] xg = m1 = c m = e c
x dy
1 dx ^c, e h
x- x
c

Also, slope of the line joining the points

h ] xg = b x - 1x l +
2
bx - 1 l ^c - 1, e c - 1 h and ^c + 1, e c + 1 h is
x
ec + 1 - ec - 1 ec + 1 - ec - 1
m2 = ]
+ g
c 1 - c 1 ] - g = 2
Now x - 1x = t &
= e c b e -2e l We observe m2 > m1
-1

& t ! R - !0 +
Thus, tangent to the curve y = e x will intersect the
h ] t g = t + t h' ] t g = 1 - 2 = 0
2 2
t given line to the left of the line x = c as shown in
2
t =2 the figure.

t =! 2
c + 1,ec +1

h" ] t g =+ 4/t3 c − 1,ec −1 y = ex

& at t = 2 h ] t g attain local minimum & its

2
value is 2 + =2 2 y'
2

y= ]
x+6 15. Let the polynomial be P ]xg = ax2 + bx + c.
x - 2g]x - 3g
12.

Point of intersection with y-axis (0,1) Given P ]0g = 0 and P ]1 g = 1. Then

^ x - 5x + 6h]1 g - ]x + 6g]2x - 5g
2
c = 0 and a + b = 1 or a = 1 - b
^ x2 - 5x + 6h2
y' =
y' = 1 at point (0,1) ` P ]xg = ]1 - bgx2 + bx
` Slope of normal is - 1 or P' ]xg = 2 ]1 - bgx + b
Hence equation of normal is x + y = 1
Given P' ]xg > 06x ! ^0, 1h
` b 2 , 2 l satisfy it.
1 1
or 2 ]1 - bgx + b > 0 6x ! ^0, 1h
x x
1 + sin x cos 2 + sin 2
-1 -1 Now, when x = 0, b > 0, and when x = 1, b < 2.
13. tan 1 - sin x tan cos x - sin x
=
Thus, 0 < b < 2 ` S = #]1 - agx2 + ax, a ! ^0, 2 h-
2 2
x
1 + tan 2
= tan -1 x 16. lim xα log x = 0
1 - tan 2 x$0

= tan -1 tan b 4 + 2 l = 4 + 2
r x r x Only True for α = 1
2

y = f ] xg = 4 + 2 .
π x
 Application of Derivatives 12.39

Single Option Correct Multiple Options Correct

a = b 2 l + b 2 l + b 2 l + ...
1. f (x) is a non-periodic, continuous and odd function 1 2 1 4 1 6
4.
- x 2 + x sin x, x < 0
f ] xg = * 2 1
x - x sin x, x $ 0 1
a = 41 = 3
f ]- 3g = Lt ]- x 2gb1 - x l =- 3
sin x
1- 4
x "-3

f ]3g = Lt x 2 b1 - x l = 3 ` g (x) = 2 3 + 2 3 ]1 - xg
x 1
sin x
x"3
1

` g ] xg = 2 3 +

& Range of f (x) = R 23 x
x

& f (x) is an onto function …(1) 23
- 2x + sin x + x cos x, x < 0 where g ]0 g = 1 + 2 3 & g ]1 g = 1 + 2 3
1 1
f ] xg = )
'
2x - sin x - x cos x, x $ 0 1

` g' ] xg = 3 f 2 3 - 2 x p = 0
1
For ^0, 3h
x 3

f ] xg = ] x - sin xg + x ]1 - cos xg
23
' 2x 1 1

always +ve always +ve & 2 3 = 2 3 & x = 2 = critical point

or 0 or 0 ` graph of g' ] xg =


& f ' ] x g >0
& f ' ] xg $ 0, 6 x ! ^- 3, 3h equality at x = 0

& f ] xg is one-one function
+
...(2)  graph of g'(x) = 

From (1) & (2), f (x) is both one-one & onto. 1
2
2.
& gb 2 l = 2 6
1 7
2 sin2x

` graph of g ] xg in [0, 1]

(4 + , 2cos 2 )
  
0, 1 + 2 
1
31, 1 + 2
1
3

0  


4 2
1, 7

2 2
6

Perimeter = 2 ]2a + 2 cos 2ag

0 1 1
P = 4 ]a + cos 2ag 2

dP ]1 - 2 sin 2ag = 0 ; sin 2a = 12
da = 4 x 2 - 3x - 6
5. f (x) =
r 5r d 2 P x 2 + 2x + 4
2a = 6 , 6 ; =- 4 cos 2a
da 2 5x (x + 4)
r

for maximum a = 12
& f l (x) = 2
(x + 2x + 4) 2
Area = ]2ag]2 cos 2ag

& f (x) has local maxima at x =- 4 and minima at
r 3 r x=0

= 6 #2# 2 =
2 3

Appling LMVT of f ] xg in : 2 , 1D
1
3.
1
f ]1 g - f b 2 l
1
f ' ]c g = = 1 for some c ! : 2 , 1D
1
1
1- 2 -4 0
As f " ] xg > 0
& f ' ] xg is always increasing

& f ' ]1 g > f ' ]c g 3 11
Range of f(x) is <- , F
& f ' ]1 g > 1

2 6
12.40 Mathematics
Z] ] 4 + 3 + 2 + + g -
6. f ]xg =
sin rx ]]5 x 4x 6x 4x 1 2 x < 0
x2 ]]
2x - 1 0#x<1
f' ]xg = []
]
& f' ]xg =
rx2 cos rx - 2x sin rx ]]
2x - 8x + 7
2
1#x<3
x4 ]]
] ,n ]x - 2g x$3
2 cos rx b 2 - tan rx l
rx \
= (a) f ‘(1)> f ‘(1+) & f ‘(1) > f (1-) so f ‘(x) has local
x3
rx max. at x = 1
f ‘(x) = 0 ⇒ cospx = 0 or 2 = tanpx (b) L.H.D. = 2 and R.H.D. = – 2, f’ is not differentiable
r rx at x = 1
⇒ px = (2n +1) 2 or 2 = tanpx
(c) f is containing (–∞, ∞), so f is onto
]2n + 1g
, n ! I or 2 = tan ]rxg
rx (d) f’(x) = 5 (x + 1)4 – 2 is changing sign in (–∞, 0),

&x= 2
so f is not increasing
2n + 1
from graph, we can see that 6x = 2 ,
f 2 ]0 g + ^ f ' ]0 gh = 85 f: R $ 6- 2, 2@
2
9.
f’(x) doesn’t change sign so these points are neither (a) This is true of every continuous function
local maxima nor local minimum. f ]- 4g - f ]0 g
rx (b) f ' (c) = -4 - 0
But for ∀ x : 2 = tanpx, f’(x) changes sign. Hence
f (- 4) - f (0)
there is a local minima (at yn’s) or local maxima f ' (c) =
4
(at xn’s) at these points. -2 < f (- 4) < 2
Where yn ∈ (2n –1, 2n – ½) ∀ n = 1, 2, 3, .... -2 < f(0) < 2
and xn ∈ (2n, 2n + ½) ∀ n = 1, 2, 3, .... -4 < f (- 4) - f(0) < 4

xn+1 – yn+1 > 1 and yn+1 – xn > 1 ⇒ xn+1 – xn > 2. This | f ' (c)| < 1

(c) lim f (x) = 1

x"3
Note f(x) should have a bound 3 which can be
concluded by considering
f (x) = 2 sin c
85 x m
2

f ' (x) = 85 cos c

85 x m
2

f 2(0) + ( f ' (0)2) = 85 and lim f (x) does not exist

x"3
x
(D) Consider H(x) = f (x) + ( f ' (x)2
7. F ]xg = # f] t gdt
2

0 H(0) = 85
F’(x) = f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 5) By (B) choice there exists some x0 such that ( f '
(x0))2 < 1 for some x0 in (- 4, 0)

⇒ x = 1, 5 is point of local minima for x > 0 hence H(x0) = f 2(x0) + ( f ' (x0))2 < 4 + 1
x = 2 is point of local maxima for x > 0 H(x0) < 5
2

F ]2g =
# f] t gdt < 0 & F]xg < 06x ! (0, 5) Hence let p ! (- 4, 0) for which H(p) = 5
0 (note that we have considered p as largest such
negative number) Sinilarly let q be smallest positive
8. Range will number ! (0, 4) such that H(q) = 5
contain set Hence By rolle’s theorem is (p, q)
]Z] x5 + 5x 4 + 10x3 + 10x2 + 3x + 1
]] x<0 " ^- 3, 1h H ' (c) = 0 for some c ! (- 4, 4) and since H(x) is
0 # x < 1 " : 4 , 1D
]]] 3 greater than 5 as we move from x = p to x = q and
x2 - x + 1
]]
f ]xg = [] f 2(x) < 4
1 # x < 3 " ;3 , 1l
2 3 8 1
3 x - 4x + 7x - 3
]] 2
]] ⇒ ( f ' (x))2 > 1 in (p, q)
]]
]]]x - 2g ,n ]x - 2g - x + 10 x$3 " ;3 , 3l
1
This H ' (c) = 0 ⇒ f ' f + f 'f " = 0
3
\
so f + f '' = 0 and f ' ! 0
 Application of Derivatives 12.41
10. f ' (x) = e f(x)-g(x)
g' (x) : f(1) = g(2) = 1 13. f ] xg = 2 cos 2x + cos 2x - 1 ; cos 2x = t
2

e -f(x)
=e -g(x)
+ c; e -f(x)
. f ' (x) = e . g' (x)
-g(x)
= 2t 2 + t - 1
# d (e # d (e f ] xg = 2 :t + 4 D - 8
-f (x)
)= -g (x)
) 1 2 5
e-f(x) = e-g(x) + c
= 2 b cos 2x + 4 l - 8
1 1 1 2 5
x = 1 e = e -g (1) + c ; x = 2 e -f (2) = e + c
\ g (1) > 1 - ln 2 & Max when x = 0 & ]ag
e = 2e - e e = 2e - e f ' ] xg = 0
-f(2) -1 -g(1) ; -f(2) -1 -g(1)

& sin ]2xg51 + 4 cos 2x? = 0

f (2) > 1 - ln 2
e-1 - e-f(2) = e-g(1) - e-1 ⇒ e-g(1)­ + e-f(2) = 2e-1
e-g(1) < 2e-1 sin 2x = 0 and cos 2x =- 1/4
-g(1) < ln2 - 1 & 3 solutions
11. Using L Hospitals rule & 2 solutions
f ] xg cos t - f ' ] t g sin x & d Ans: ad
lim 1 = sin 2 x
f ' ] xg > 2f ] xg
t$x

& f ] xg cos x - f ' ] xg sin x = sin 2 x

14.
f ] xg
dy
& dx - 2y > 0
& sin x =- x + c
dy
& f ] xg =- x sin x + c sin x e -2x dx - 2e -2x y > 0
f b 6 l =- 12 =- 6 . 2 + c. 2
r r r 1 1 d _ -2x i
dx e y > 0
& c = 0 & f ] xg =- x sin x & f ] xg .e -2x is increasing
π/2 & f ] xg e -2x > f ]0 g
12. (a) f ] xg + # f ] t g sin t > 0 6 x ! ^0, 1h & f ] x g > e 2x > 0
& f ' ] xg > 0 and f ] xg is increasing
0

(b) g ] xg = x9 - f ] xg
g ]0 g = 0 - f ]0 g < 0
15. As f: R $ ^0, 3h & f ]2g > 0

g ]1 g = 1 - f ]1 g > 0
f ] xg g ] xg
& g ] xg = 0 for some x ! ^0, 1h lim ] g ] g = 1
x$2 f x g x

f ' ] x g $ g ] x g + g' ] x g $ f ] x g
π
2 -x

(c) g ] xg = x - # f ] t g cos t dt x $ 2 f " $ g' ] x g + g" ] x g $ f ' ] x g

lim =1

As f ' ]2g = g ]2g = 0

0
π/2

g ]0 g =- # f ] t g cos t dt < 0 g' ]2g f ]2g

f " ]2g g' ]2g
0 & =1
π/2 - 1

g ]1 g = 1 - # f ] t g cos t dt > 0 & f ]2g = f " ]2g > 0

& a.d
0

& g ] xg = 0 for some x ! ^0, 1h

x
16. Let h ]xg = f ]xg - 3g ]xg
(d) g ] xg = e - x
# f ] t g sin t dt h ]- 1g = f ]- 1g - 3g ]- 1g = 3 - 0 = 3
h ]0 g = f ]0g - 3g ]0 g = 6 - 3 = 3
0

g ]0 g = 1
h ]2 g = f ]2 g - 3g ]2 g = 0 - ]- 3g = 3
0 < f] t g < 1
Thus, h' ]xg = 0 has at least one root in ^- 1, 0 h and
0 < f ] t g sin t < 1
at least one root in (0,2). But since h" ]xg = 0 has
g' ] xg = e x - f ] xg sin x > 0
no root in ^- 1, 0 h and (0,2) therefore h' ]xg = 0 has
& g ] xg is increasing
& g ] xg > 1 exactly 1 root in (0,2).
12.42 Mathematics
Comprehension Type Numerical Type
21. f (x) = (x2 – 1)2 h(x); h(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3
17. For k = 0, line y = x meets y = 0, i.e., the x-axis,
only at one point. For k < 0, y = ke x meets y = x
Now, f (1) = f (–1) = 0
& f ' ]ag = 0, a ! ^- 1, 1h [Rolle’s Theorem]
only once as shown in the figure.
Also, f ' ]1 g = f ' ]- 1g = 0 & f ' ] xg = 0 has atleast


3 root, –1, a ,1 with –1 < a < 1
& f " ] xg = 0 will have at least 2 root, say b, c


such that - 1 < b < a < c < 1 [Rolle’s Theorem]
18. Let f ]xg = ke x - x. Now, for f ]xg = 0 to have only
one root means the line y = x must be tangential to So, min _m f " i = 2 and we find _m f ' + m f " i = 5 for

the curve y = ke x . Let it be so at ^ x1, y1 h . Then
f ] xg = ] x 2 - 1g2 . Thus, Ans. 5
c m = ke x = 1 or e x = 1 Also, y1 = ke x and
dy 1 1 1

k
22. f ]ig = ]sin i + cos ig2 + ]sin i - cos ig4
dx x 1

y1 = x1 ` x1 = 1 or 1 = ke or k = 1/e
f ]ig = sin 2 2i - sin 2i + 2
Comprehension Numerical Type f ]ig = 2 ]sin 2ig . ]2 cos 2ig - 2 cos 2i
'
Solution for 19 and 20
21 = 2 cos 2i ]2 sin 2i - 1g

(
f x) = 1
'
% (x - j) j

critical points
j=1
' 2 3 20 21
f (x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3) .... (x - 20) (x - 21)
1

Checking the sign scheme of f1' (x) at
x = 1, 2, 3, ...., 21, we get f1 (x) has local minima     
| | | | | |
at x = 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and local maxima at    
0 
x = 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 12 4 12 4

& m1 = 6, n1 = 5 r 5r

so, minimum at i = 12 , 12
50 49
(
f2 x) = 98 (x - 1) - 600 (x - 1) + 2450
1 5 6 1

m1 + m 2 = 12 + 12 = 12 = 2
f 2' x) = 98 # 50 (x - 1) 49 - 600 # 49 # (x - 1) 48
(
= 98 # 50 # (x - 1) 48 (x - 7)

23. f(x + y) = f(x) . f ' (y) + f ' (x) . f(y)
(
f2 x) has local minimum at x = 7 and no local
substituting x = y = 0, we get
maximum.
1

& m2 = 1, n2 = 0 f(0) = 2 f ' (0)
⇒ f ' (0) = 2
Now substituting y = 0
19.
2m1 + 3n1 + m1 n1
f(x) = f(x) . f ' (0) + f ' (x) . f(0)
2
= #6+3#5+6#5
f ] xg
57
= ⇒ f ' (x) = 2
20. 6m2 + 4n2 + 8m2 n2 ⇒ f(x) = λex/2 ⇒ f(x) = ex/2 (as f(0) = 1)
x
6
= #1+4#0+8#1#0 = 6 Now ln(f(x)) = 2 ⇒ ln (f(4)) = 2
 13
Determinants 13.1

Chapter Determinants
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1 4 20
1 5 r
3. 1 -2 5 = 0
4. D= 1 5 5 =0 ^a log a a = 1 and 5C1 / C2 h
1 2x 5x2
1 5 e
0 6 15
5. Obviously, on putting x = 0,we observe that the
& 0 - 2 - 2x 5 1 - x 2 h = 0 e
^ o
R1 " R1 - R2
R2 " R2 - R3
1 2x 5x 2 determinant becomes
0 1 1 0 -a -b
] g x2 = 0 D x = 0 = a 0 - c = a ]bcg - b ]acg = 0
& 3.2.5. 0 - 1 + x 1 -
1 x x2 b c 0
0 1 1 ` x = 0 is a root of the given equation.
& ]1 + xg 0 - 1 1 - x = 0
1 x x2 Aliter: Expanding D, we get

& x + 1 = 0 or x - 2 = 0 & x =- 1, 2. D / - (x - a) [- ]x + bg]x - cg] + ]x - bg

Trick: Obviously by inspection, x =- 1, 2 satisfy 6]x + ag]x + cg@ = 0

1 4 20 & 2x3 - (2 / ab) x = 0

the equation. At x =- 1, 1 - 2 5 = 0 as R2 / R3
1 -2 5 & Either x = 0 or x2 = / ab ^ie., x = ! / ab h

1 4 20 Again x = 0 satisfies the given equation.

At x = 2 1 - 2 5 = 0 as R1 / R3 .
1 4 20
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
a1 ma1 b1 a a x a x x
1. D = a2 ma2 b2 = m b b y +n b y y
a3 ma3 b3 c c z c z z

a1 a1 b1 = m ]0 g + n ]0 g = 0
D = m a2 a2 b2
a3 a3 b3 3. Applying R2 " R2 - R3

As column 1 and column 2 are equal D = 0 a+x a-x a-x

0 2x - 2 x = 0
a-x a-x a+x
a ma + nx x
2. b mb + ny y & ]a + xg62x ]a + xg - ]- 2xg]a - xg@
c mc + nz z
+ ]a - xg6- 2x ]a - xg - 2x ]a - xg@ = 0
a ma x a nx x
= b mb y + b ny y & 4x 2 53a - x? = 0 & x = 0, 3a
c mc z c nz z
13.2 Mathematics
a a2 1 a a 2 a3 b ]b - ag b - c c ]b - ag
4. b b 1 + b b 2 b3
2
8. a ]b - ag a - b b ]b - ag
c c2 1 c c 2 c3 c ]b - ag c - a a ]b - ag
1 a a2 1 a a2 b b-c c
= 1 b b + abc 1 b b 2
2
= ]b - ag2 a a - b b
1 c c2 1 c c2 c c-a a
RS V
1 a a2 SS b b c b c c WW
& ]1 + abcg 1 b b 2 = ]b - ag2 SS a a b - a b b WW
W
SS W
1 c c2 c c a c a aW
T X
ka k 2 + a 2 1 = ]b - ag2 ]0 - 0g = 0
5. kb k 2 + b 2 1 9. R1 " R1 + R2 + R3
kc k 2 + c 2 1 a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
2 2
ka k 1 ka a 1 D= 2b b-c-a 2b
= kb k 2 1 + kb b 2 1 2c 2c c-a-b
kc k 2 1 kc c 2 1 1 1 1
ka 1 1 a a 1 2 = ]a + b + c g 2 b b - c - a 2 b
= k kb 1 1 + K b b 2 1
2 2c 2c c-a-b
kc 1 1 c c2 1 Applying 2C " C 2 - C 1

C3 " C3 - C1
= 0 + K 6a ]b 2 - c 2g - b ]a 2 - c 2g + c ]a 2 - b 2g@ 1 0 0
= ]a + b + cg 2b - ]a + b + cg 0
= K ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag 2c 0 - ]a + b + cg

x x2 1 x x 2 z3 = ]a + b + cg3 & k = 3
6. y y 1 + y y 2 y3 = 0
2

z z2 1 z z 2 z3 10. Applying R2 " R2 - R1

R3 " R3 - R1
x x2 1 1 x x2 1 a bc
& y y 2 1 + xyz 1 y y2 = 0 0 b - a c ]a - bg
z z2 1 1 z z2 0 c - a b ]a - cg
1 x x2
& ^1 + xyz h 1 y y 2
1 a bc
=0 & xyz =- 1
= ]a - bg]c - ag 0 - 1 c
1 z z2
0 1 -b
7. The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd
order is 0 = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
1.We have D2 = DD = l2 m2 n2 l2 m2 n2 1 + x1 1 + x1 x 1 + x1 x2
l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3 2. 1 + x2 1 + x2 x 1 + x2 x2
l12 + m12 + n12 l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 1 + x3 1 + x3 x 1 + x3 x2
= l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 l22 + m22 + n22
1 x1 0 1 1 0
l1 l3 + m1 m3 + n1 n3 l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3
= 1 x2 0 1 x 0
l1 l3 + m1 m3 + n1 n3
1 x3 0 1 x2 0
l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3
l32 + m32 + n32 =0
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 1 & D =! 1 & D = 1
0 0 1
 Determinants 13.3
a b c 8. For the system of given homogeneous equations
3. Determinant formed by the cofactors of b c a is
1 1 -1
D = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1 ]- 1 - 3g - 1 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 1g
c a b
2 2 2 2
- -
bc a ac b ab c - a b c
1 -3 1
ac - b2 ab - c2 bc - a2 b c a
ab - c2 bc - a2 ac - b2 c a b =- 4 - 4 + 8 = 0. ` There are infinite number of
4. D1 = x ^ x2 - abh - b ]ax - abg + b ^a2 - axh solutions.
= x3 - 3abx + ab2 + a2 b 9. The given system of homogeneous equations has
d ] g 2
^ 2 h
dx D1 = 3x - 3ab = 3 x - ab = 3D2
1 4 -1
D = 3 - 4 - 1 = 1 ]- 4 - 3g - 4 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 4g ! 0
5. The system of equations has infinitely many 1 -3 1

(non-trivial) solution, if D = 0 i.e., if There exists only one trivial solution.

3 -2 1 10. The system will have a non-zero solution, if

m - 14 15 = 0
1 2 -3 a3 ]a + 1g3 ]a + 2g3
D / a a+1 a+2 = 0
& 3 ]42 - 30g - m ]6 - 2g + 1 ]- 30 + 14g = 0 1 1 1

& m = 5. a3 3a2 + 3a + 1 3 ]a + 1g2 + 3 ]a + 1g + 1

6. For the given set of equation, by Cramer’s Rule & a2 1 1 =0
1 0 0
7 3 -5 2 3 -5
Dx C2 " C2 - C1
x= D = 6 1 1 ' 1 1 1 . by
1 -4 2 3 -4 2 C3 " C3 - C2
& 3a2 + 3a + 1 - "3 ]a + 1g2 + 3 ]a + 1g + 1 ,
1 k -1
7. It has a non-zero solution if 3 - k - 1 = 0 (expanding along R3)
1 -3 1
& - 6k + 6 = 0 & k = 1. & - 6 ]a + 1g = 0 & a =- 1.

EXERCISE - 1
Expansion and properties of determinants
by )
R1 " R1 - R2
R2 " R2 - R3
a-b b-c c-a 0 b-c c-a
0 1 a+b+c
] g] g 0 1 a + b + c = 0, !a R1 / R2 + .
1. x-y y-z z-x = 0 y-z z-x = 0
= a - b b - c
p-q q-r r-p 0 q-r r-p
1 c c2 - ab
6by C1 " C1 + C2 + C3@ 1 1 1 0 0 1
3. 1 1 + x 1 = -x x 1 = xy ,
1 a a2 - bc 0 a - b ]a - bg]a + b + cg 1 1 1+y 0 -y 1 + y
2. 1 b b2 - ac = 0 b - c ]b - cg]a + b + cg
1 c c2 - ab 1 c c2 - ab
e o.
C1 " C1 - C2
C2 " C2 - C3
13.4 Mathematics
1 a a2 0 a - b a2 - b2 a-b-c 2a 2a
R1 " R1 - R2
4. 1 b b = 0 b - c b2 - c2 , by
2
7. 2b b-c-a 2b
R2 " R2 - R3
1 c c2 1 c c2 2c 2c c-a-b

0 1 a+b -/ a 0 2a
= ]a - bg]b - cg 0 1 b + c = / a - / a 2b , e CC1 " C1 - C2
o
1 c c2 0 / a c - a - b 2 " C2 - C3
-1 0 2a
= ^/ a h = ^/ a h ,
0 0 a-c 2 3

= ]a - bg]b - cg 0 1 b + c ,
1 -1 2b
0 1 c-a-b
1 c c2
(on expansion) = ]a + b + cg3 .
by R1 " R1 - R2
a + b a + 2b a + 3b a + b a + 2b a + 3b
0 0 1 8. a + 2b a + 3b a + 4b = b b b =0
= ]a - bg]b - cg]a - cg 0 1 b + c a + 4b a + 5b a + 6b 2b 2b 2b
1 c c2
) by 3
R2 " R2 - R1
= ]a - bg]b - cg]a - cg. ]- 1g = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag. R3 " R3 - R2

1 1 1 2 1 1 Trick: Putting a = 1 = b. The determinant will be

5. 1 2 3 = 3 2 3 by C1 " C1 + C2
2 3 4
1 3 6 4 3 6
3 4 5 = 0 .Obviously answer is (d)
1 2 1 5 6 7
= 1 5 3 , by C2 " C2 + C3
Note: Students remember while taking the values of
1 9 6
a,b,c,........that for there values, the options (a), (b),
3 1 1
= 6 2 3 , by C1 " C1 + C2 + C3 . (c) and (d) should not be identical.
10 3 6
0 a -b
2 1 1
9. - a 0 c = 0 (Since value of determinant of
But ! 2 2 3 .
b -c 0
2 3 6
skew-symmetric matrix of odd orders is 0).
6. By C1 " C1 + C2 + C3,
a b c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
1 3 5
10.
we have ]9 + xg 1 x + 2 5 = 0
b c a = b c a ,
c a b c a b
1 3 x+4
0 1-x 0 ] R1 " R1 + R2 + R3g
& ]x + 9g 0 - ]1 - xg 1 - x = 0
1 3 x+4 1 1 1 1 0 0
= ]a + b + cg b c a = ]a + b + cg b b - c c - a
By R1 " R1 - R2 c a b c c-a a-b
R2 " R2 - R3
0 1 0 = 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3,
& ]x + 9g]1 - xg2 0 - 1 1 = 0
(After simplification)
1 3 x+4

& x = 1, 1, - 9. (Since the determinant = 1).

 Determinants 13.5
1 1 1 = 35 - 9 - 24 and
1+ x x x
11.
1 1
D = xyz y 1 + y
1 ^ x + y + zh]x - zg2 = ]6 g]- 2g2 = 24
y
1 1 1 24
z z 1+ z ` k = 24 = 1 .
1 1 1
1 1 1 31 37 92 31 37 92
= xyz c1 + 1x + 1y + 1z m y
1+ y y 13. 31 58 71 = 0 21 - 21 ;
1 1 1 31 105 24 0 47 - 47
z z 1+ z
by R1 " R1 + R2 + R3 R3 " R3 - R2
by
R2 " R2 - R1
1 0 0
= xyz c1 + x + y + z m 1/y 1 0 ,
1 1 1
31 129 92
1/z 0 1
= 0 0 - 21 = 0; (by C2 " C2 + C3) .
C2 " C2 - C1 0 0 - 47
by
C3 " C3 - C1
1 2 3
14. 3 5 7 = 2 - 8 + 6 = 0.
= xyz c1 + x + y + z m = xyz c1 + x + y + z m .
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 8 14 20
0 1
Trick: Put x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3, then ka kb kc a b c
15. kx ky kz = k x y z = k3 D
3

2 1 1 kp kq kr p q r
1 3 1 = 2 ]11g - 1 ]3 g + 1 ]1 - 3g = 17
1 1 4 1 ~ - ~2 /2 1 ~ ~2
1
16. 1 1 1 =- 2 1 1 - 2
Option (a) gives, 1 # 2 # 3 b1 + 1 + 2 + 3 l = 17.
1 1 1 1 -1 0 1 -1 0

0 ~ ~2
y+z x y 2 1 1 1
z + x z x = ^ x + y + zh z + x z x
=- 2 0 1 - 2 = 0, (Apply C1 " C1 + C2 + C3)
12.
0 -1 0
x+y y z x+y y z
a1 ma1 b1 a1 a1 b1
a2 ma2 b2 = m a2 a2 b2 = 0, !a C1 / C2 + .
by R1 " R1 + R2 + R3
17.
1 1 1 a3 ma3 b3 a3 a3 b3
= ^ x + y + zh x z x ;
pa qb rc
x y z
18. We have qc ra pb
by C1 " C1 - C2 rb pc qa
= pqr ^a3 + b3 + c3h - abc ^ p3 + q3 + r3 h
= ^ x + y + zh . #^z - xy i - ^ xz - x h + ^ xy - xzh-
2 2

= pqr ]3abcg - abc ^3pqr h = 0,

= ^ x + y + zh]x - zg & k = 1
2

e o.
a p + q + r = 0, ` p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr
Trick : Put x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 , then a a + b + c = 0, ` a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
19. The determinant can be written sum of 2 # 2 # 2 = 8
5 1 2
4 3 1 = 5 ]7 g - 1 ]12 - 3g + 2 ]8 - 9g
determinants of which 6 are reduces to zero because
3 2 3
of their two rows are identical. Hence proceed.
13.6 Mathematics
20. Apply R1 " R1 + R2 and then expand along R1 . 1 + a -a -a
1 b 0
a a2 a3 - 1 a a2 a3 a a2 1 1 0 c
21. b b2 b3 - 1 = 0 & b b2 b3 - b b2 1 = 0
c c2 c3 - 1 c c2 c3 c c2 1 On expanding w.r.t R3,
ab + bc + ca + abc = m ............(i)
1 a a2 1 a a2
& abc 1 b b2 - 1 b b2 = 0 Given, a + b + c = 0
-1 -1 -1

1 c c2 1 c c2 1 1 1
& a + b + c = 0 & ab + bc + ca = 0
1 a a2 & m = abc, (From equation (i))
& ]abc - 1g 1 b b2 = 0
1 c c2 25. Given, Angles of a triangle = A, B and C. We know
2
1 a a
that as A + B + C = r , therefore A + B = r - C
Since a,b,c are different, so 1 b b2 ! 0
1 c c2 or cos ] A + Bg = cos ]r - C g =- cos C
Hence abc - 1 = 0 i.e., abc = 1. or cos A cos B - sin A sin B =- cos C

22. Trick : Put a = 1, b =- 1, c = 0 cos A cos B + cos C = sin A sin B

a' = 2, b' = 2, c' = 1 and sin ] A + Bg = sin ]r - C g = sin C .

0 -1 2
Then the determinant is 0 1 2 = 4 Expanding the given determinant, we get
-1 0 4
D =-^1 - cos2 Ah + cos C ]cos C + cos A cos Bg
Option (c) also gives the same value.
+ cos B ]cos B + cos A cos C g
Aliter:
=- sin2 A + cos C ]sin A sin Bg + cos B ]sin A sin C g
Divide the first row by b'c' the second by c'a' & the
=- sin2 A + sin A ]sin B cos C + cos B sin C g
third by a'b'.
=- sin2 A + sin A sin ] B + C g =- sin2 A + sin2 A = 0
a b c
Put x = a' , y = b' , z = c'
D = a 5ab - ca? + 1 :ca. c - b .abD + bc : b - c D
1 1 1 1 1
26.
We get,
& D = ]b - cg + 1 ]a - ag + ]c - bg & D = 0.
yz y + z 1
D = zx z + x 1 ]a'b'g]b'c'g]c'a'g y+z x-z x-y y+z x-z x-y
xy x + y 1 27. y - z z + x y - x = 2y 2x 0
z-y z-x x+y 2z 0 2x
= ^ x - yh^ y - z h] z - xg]a'b'g]b'c'g]c'a'g
R2 " R2 + R1 and R3 " R3 + R1
= ]ab' - a'b'g]bc' - b'cg]ca' - a'cg
y+z x-z x-y
23. By fundamental property =4 y x 0
z 0 x
1+a 1 1
24. 1 1+b 1 = m = 4 7^y + zh^ x2h - ]x - zg^ xyh + ^ x - yh]- zxgA
1 1 1+c
= 4 7x2 y + zx2 - x2 y + xyz - zx2 + xyzA = 8xyz
Applying C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C1,
Hence, k = 8
 Determinants 13.7
28. Using the sum property, we get 32. Since D = ~ - 2~ =- ~ . Therefore
2 2 2

/ ]2r - 1g / m Cr
m m m

m
/1 D 2 = ~ 4 = ~.
/ Dr = r=0
m2 - 1 2m
r=0
m+1
r=0
1 0 1 0 1 0
sin ^m h sin2 ]mg sin2 ]m + 1g
r=0
2 2 33. D2 D1 = = = bd.
c d a d c + ad bd
/ ]2r - 1g = 12 ]m + 1g]2m - 1 - 1g = m2 - 1,
m
But
r=0 log3 512 log 4 3 log2 3 log8 3
m m 34. #
log3 8 log 4 9 log3 4 log3 4
/ m Cr = 2 m and / 1 = m + 1.
=d n
r=0 r=0
log 512 log 9 log 3 log 8
log 4 - log 4 log 3
# #
m m2 - 1 2m m+1 log 3
` / Dr = m - 1
2
2 m
m+1 =0
#d n
log 3 log 4 log 3 log 4
r=0
sin2 ^m2h sin2 ]mg sin2 ]m + 1g log 2 log 3 - log 8 log 3
# #

= e log 3 # 2 o # e log 2 - o
n
log 29 log 32 log 23 log 22 log 22
/1 n n 2 -
k=1 log 2 log 2 log 23
n
29.
n
/ Dk = 56 & / 2k n2 + n + 1 n2 + n = 56
= b 2 - 2 lb2 - 3 l = 2 # 3 = 10
9#2 3 2 15 4
k=1 k=1

/ ]2k - 1g
n

C21 = ]- 1g2 + 1 ]18 + 21g =- 39

n2 n2 + n + 1
k=1 35.
n n n
or n ]n + 1g n2 + n + 1 n2 + n = 56 C22 = ]- 1g2 + 2 ]15 + 12g = 27

C23 = ]- 1g2 + 3 ]- 35 + 24g = 11.

n2 n2 n2 + n + 1

Applying C3 " C3 - C1 and C2 " C2 - C1, we get

Differention of determinants, system of linear quations
n 0 0
n ]n + 1g 1 0 = 56 or 36. The system of equations has infinitely many
n2 0 n+1
(non- trivial) solution, if D = 0 i.e., if
n ]n + 1g = 56 or n = 7
Minors, cofactors and product of determinants 3 -2 1
m - 14 15 = 0
30. The cofactor of element 4, in the 2nd row and 3rd 1 2 -3

column is & 3 ]42 - 30g - m ]6 - 2g + 1 ]- 30 + 14g = 0

1 3 1 & m = 5.
= ]- 1g2 + 3 8 0 1 =- "1 ]- 2g - 3 ]8 - 0g + 1.16 ,
37. It has a non-zero solution if
0 2 1
1 k -1
= 10.
3 - k - 1 = 0 & - 6k + 6 = 0 & k = 1.
a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1 1 -3 1
31. We know that DD' = a2 b2 c2 . A2 B2 C2
38. For the system of given homogeneous equations
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
1 1 -1
/ a1 A1 0 0 D 0 0
D = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1 ]- 1 - 3g - 1 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 1g
= 0 / a2 A2 0 = 0 D 0 = D3 1 -3 1
0 0 / a3 A3 0 0 D
=- 4 - 4 + 8 = 0.
& D' = D2 .
` There are infinite number of solutions.
13.8 Mathematics
39. The given system of homogeneous equations has a 1 2 3
D = 2 3 1 = 1 ]5 g - 2 ]1 g + 3 ]- 7g =- 18 ! 0
non-zero solution if, D = 0 3 1 2
1 1 -1 1 2 3
i.e., 3 - a - 3 =- 2a - 6 = 0 ,i.e. if a =- 3. Dx = 1 3 1 =- 3 Similarly Dy = Dz =- 3.
1 -3 1 1 1 2
D 1 1
Now, x = Dx = 6 , y = z = 6
40. It is based on fundamental concept.
Hence D ! 0, x = y = z, i.e., unique solution
41. Given set of equations will have a non trivial solution 44. D1 = x ^ x2 - abh - b ]ax - abg + b ^a2 - axh

if the determinant of coefficient of x, y, z is zero = x3 - 3abx + ab2 + a2 b

1 k 3 d ] g 2
^ 2 h
33
i.e., 3 k - 2 = 0 & 2k - 33 = 0 or k = 2 . dx D1 = 3x - 3ab = 3 x - ab = 3D2
2 3 -4 45. We have y = sin mx, therefore
42. For non-trivial solution D = 0 y1 = m cos mx, y2 =- m2 sin mx, etc
1 -k -1 y y1 y2
& k - 1 - 1 = 0 & k = 1, - 1. ` D = y3 y4 y5
1 1 -1 y6 y7 y8

43. We have x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = c sin mx m cos mx - m2 sin mx

= - m cos mx m 4 sin mx m5 cos mx
3
2ax1 + 3x2 + x3 = c
- m6 sin mx - m7 cos mx m8 sin mx
3bx1 + x2 + 2x3 = c
Let a = b = c = 1. sin mx cos mx - sin mx
12
Then =m - cos mx sin mx cos mx = 0
- sin mx - cos mx sin mx

EXERCISE - 2
Expansion and properties of determinants & x + 1 = 0 or x - 2 = 0 & x =- 1, 2 .
1 4 20
1. 1 -2 5 = 0 Trick: Obviously by inspection, x =- 1, 2 satisfy
1 2x 5x2
the equation.
0 6 15
& 0 - 2 - 2x 5 1 - x 2 h = 0 e
^ o
R1 " R1 - R2 1 4 20
R2 " R2 - R3
1 2x 5x 2 At x =- 1, 1 - 2 5 = 0
1 -2 5
0 1 1
& 3.2.5 0 - ]1 + x g 1 x2 = 0
- as R2 / R3
1 x x2
1 4 20
0 1 1 At x = 2 1 - 2 5 = 0
& ]1 + xg 0 - 1 1 - x = 0 1 4 20
1 x x2
as R1 / R3 .
 Determinants 13.9
1 ~ ~2 1 + ~ + ~2 ~ ~2 = ]2 + ig"- 4i + ]- 1 + 2ig, = ]2 + ig]4 - 1 + 2ig
2

2. 2
~ ~ 1 = 1 + ~ + ~2 ~2 1
~2 1 ~ 1 + ~ + ~2 1 ~ = ]2 + ig]3 + 2ig = 4 + 7i.

0 ~ ~2 -1 -2 x + 4
= 0 ~2 1 = 0 5. D = -2 -3 x + 8 ,
0 1 ~ - 3 - 4 x + 14

a-x c b C1 " C1 - C2
3. by
c b-x a = 0 C2 " C2 - C3
b a c-a
RS V
a+b+c-x c b SS- 1 - 1 x WWW
& a + b + c - x b - x a =0 = SS- 2 - 1 x WW,
SS W
a+b+c-x a c-a S- 3 - 1 x + 2WW
T X
1 c b C2 " C2 - C1
& ^x - / ah 1 b - x a =0 by
C3 " C3 + 4C1
1 a c-x
& x = / a = 0 (by hypothesis) =- ]- x - 2 + xg + 1. ]- 2x - 4 + 3xg + x ]2 - 3g

or 1 {(b - x) ]c - xg - a2} - c {c - x - a} + = 2 + x - 4 - x =- 2.
b {a - b + x} = 0 by expanding the determinant
Trick: Put x = 1.
or x2 - ^a2 + b2 + c2h + ]ab + bc + cag = 0
2 3 5
or x2 - _ / a2 i - 2 _ / a2 i = 0
1
Then 4 6 9 =- 2
"a a + b + c = 0 & ]a + b + cg2 = 0 , 8 11 15
1
& / a2 + 2 / ab = 0 & / ab =- 2 / a2} Note:Since there is a option “None of these”,
3/ 2 therefore we should check for one more different
or x = ! 2 a
3/ 2
` The solution is x = 0 or ! 2 a . value of x. Put x =- 1 .
Trick: Put a = 1, b =- 1 and c = 0 so that they
0 1 3
satisfy the condition a + b + c = 0. Now the 2 4 7 =- 1 ]26 - 42g + 3 ]18 - 24g =- 2
6 9 13
1-x 0 -1
determinant becomes 0 - 1 - x 1 =0 Therefore answer is (b).
-1 1 -x
& ]1 - xg" x ]1 + xg - 1 , + 1 ]1 + xg = 0 b b-c c
& ]1 - xg" x + x - 1 , + x + 1 = 0 & x ^ x - 3h = 0
2 2 6. D = ]b - ag]b - ag . a a - b b
c c-a a
Now putting these in the options, we find that option
(c) gives the same values i.e., 0, ! 3 . b b c
= ]a - bg2 a a b = 0 ,
1 1 i
] g
c c a
4. D = 2 + i 1 1 + 2i 1 + i
1 2 1-i [by C2 " C2 + C3] .
0 - 2i -1 1/a a2 bc 1 a3 abc 1 a3 1
= ]2 + ig 0 - 1 + 2i 2i by
R1 " R1 - R2
1 abc
R2 " R2 - R3 7. 2 3
1/b b ca = abc 1 b abc = abc 1 b3 1 = 0
1 2 1-i 1/c c2 ab 1 c3 abc 1 c3 1
13.10 Mathematics
b2 + c2 a2 a2 R2 " 3R1 + R2
8. 2 2 2
b2
= 4 ]90 # 2 - 45 # 4g = 0.
D= b c +a
2
c c 2
a + b2
2

0 c2 b2 13. Trick : Put x = 1, then we have

2 2
=- 2 b c + a 2
b2 , by R1 " R1 - ] R2 + R3g
2 2 2 2 -1 0 2 -1
c c a + b2
2
4 3 0 = A - 12 & 1 3 0 = A - 12
0 c2 b2 6 1 1 5 1 1
R2 " R2 - R1
=- 2 b2 a2 0 , by
R3 " R3 - R1 Apply C1 " C1 - C2
c2 0 a2
& - 2 + ]- 1g]- 14g = A - 12 & A = 24.
- 2 "- c2 ^b2 a2h + b2 ^- c2 a2h, = 4a2 b2 c2 .
14. We first operating R3 - 2R2 and R2 - 3R1 in given
Trick: Put a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 , so that the option give
determinant, then we get
different values.
9. A = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]a + b + cg = a 6a2 + ab - 2a2 - ab@ =- a3 = i.
B = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]ab + bc + cag 15. D' = D + pqrD = D ^1 + pqr h .
C = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]abcg
Trick : Check by putting a1 = b2 = c3 = 1 and all
1 k 3 other zero.
10. 3 k - 2 = 0 & k = 33 .
8
2 3 -1 16. Since determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of

11. Since it is an identity in m so satisfied by every value odd order is zero.

of m . Now put m = 0 in the given equation, we have 17. Apply R2 - R3 and note that
^ x + y h2 - ^ x - y h2 = 4xy
0 -1 3
t = 1 2 - 4 =- 12 + 30 = 18. a2 b2 c2
-3 4 0 `D=4 a b c
265 240 219 25 21 219 ]a - 1g2 ]b - 1g2 ]c - 1g2
12. 240 225 198 = 15 27 198
219 198 181 21 17 181 a2 b2 c2
= 4 a b c {Applying R3 " R3 - ] R1 - 2R2g} .
{Applying C1 " C1 - C2; C2 " C2 - C3} 1 1 1

4 21 9 1 15 8 2 15 8
= - 12 27 - 72 18. D1 = 1 35 9 , D2 = 4 35 9
4 17 11 1 25 10 8 25 10

{Applying C1 " C1 - C2; C3 " C3 - 10C2} 3 15 8 4 15 8

D3 = 9 35 9 , D4 = 16 35 9
4 21 9 27 25 10 64 25 10
= - 12 27 - 72 {Applying R3 " R3 - R1}
0 -4 2 5 15 8
D5 = 25 35 9
1 21 9 1 21 9
125 25 10
= 4 - 3 27 - 72 = 4 0 90 - 45 by
0 -4 4 0 -4 2
 Determinants 13.11
15 75 40 1 a2 a3 a a3 - 1
& D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 = 55 175 45 or abc 1 b b + a - b a - b3 0 = 0
2 3 3

225 225 50 1 c2 c3 a - c a3 - c3 0
or
= 15 ]3125g - 75 ]- 7375g + 40 ]- 32500g 1 a2 a3 a a3 -1
2 2 3 3
abc 0 a - b a - b + a - b a - b3 0 = 03

= 46875 + 553125 - 1300000 =- 700000. 0 a2 - c2 a3 - c3 ]a - cg ^a3 - c3h 0

a b aa - b 1 a2 a3
19. b c ba - c = 0 or ]abcg]a - bg]a - cg 0 a + b a2 + b2 + ab +
2 1 0 0 a + c a2 + c2 + ac

= a [- ]ba - cg] - b [- 2 ]ba - cg + [aa - b) a a3 -1

]a - bg]a - cg 1 a + b + ab 0
2 2

(b - 2c)] = 0 1 a2 + c2 + ac 0

=- aba + ac + 2b2 a - 2bc + aba - 2aca - b2 + 2bc or ]a - bg]a - cg []abcg[]a + bg^a2 + c2 + ach -
]a + cg^a2 + b2 + abh]] + ]- 1g]a - bg]a - cg
=0
6a2 + c2 + ac - a2 - b2 - ab@ = 0

= ]abcg6]a - bg]a - cg]c - bg]ac + ab + bcg@

2 2
& ac + 2b a - 2aca - b = 0

& ^ac - b2h - 2a ^ac - b2h = 0 + ]- 1g]a - bg]a - cg]c - bg]a + b + cg = 0

& ac - b2 = 0 or 1 - 2a = 0 & b2 = ac & ]abcg]ac + ab + bcg = a + b + c.

1
or a = 2 23. Applying C1 " C1 + C2 + C3

1 1 ^1 + b2h x ^1 + c2h x
f ] xg = 1 1 + b 2 x
a a ! 2 (As given in question)
^1 + c2h x ,

So, b2 = ac i.e., a,b,c are in G.P. 1 ^1 + b2h x 1 + c2 x

^a a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 = 0h
20. Put x = 0 which gives answer (a).
[Applying R2 " R2 - R1, R3 " R3 - R1 ]
12 22 32
21. 22 32 42 {Operate R3 " R3 - R2, R2 " R2 - R1} 1 ^1 + b2h x ^1 + c2h x
32 42 52 = 0 1-x 0 = ]1 - xg2
0 0 1-x
1 4 9
= 3 5 7 = 1 ]45 - 49g - 4 ]27 - 35g + 9 ]21 - 25g Hence degree of f ]xg = 2.
5 7 9
1 + sin2 i sin2 i sin2 i
=- 4 + 32 - 36 =- 8.
24. cos i 1 + cos i cos2 i = 0
2 2

SRSa a3 a 4 - 1WVW 4 sin 4i 4 sin 4i 1 + 4 sin i

SS W
22. SSb b b - 1 WWW = 0
3 4

SSc c3 c 4 - 1WW Using C1 " C1 - C2, C2 " C2 - C3

T X
1 0 sin2 i
a a3 a 4 a a3 - 1
& -1 1 cos2 i =0
or b b b + b b3 - 1 = 0
3 4
0 - 1 1 + 4 sin 4i
c c3 c 4 c c3 - 1
& 2 ]1 + 2 sin 4ig = 0 & sin 4i = 2 .
-1
13.12 Mathematics
N ] N + 1g - a3 c1 - a1 b3 - a3 c1 a3 b1
2 1 5 + +
/ Un = N]N + 16g]2N + 1g 2N + 1 2N + 1
N a2 c1 a1 b2 a2 c1 - a2 b1
= a12 ]b2 c3 - b3 c2g + a1 b1 ]- c3 a2 + a3 c2g
25.
] g 2
&N N+1 0
n=1
3N 2
+ a1 c1 ]- a3 b2 + a2 b3g + c1 b1 ]a3 a2 - a2 a3g = a1 D
2 3N

N ] N + 1g
6 1 5
29. It is a fundamental concept
= 4N + 2 2N + 1 2N + 1
3N ] N + 1g 3N2
12
3N -2 3 -1 -2
30. Minor of - 4 = =- 42, 9 = =- 3
8 9 -4 -5
6 1 6
= 4 N + 2 2N + 1 6N + 2 = 0 , and cofactor of - 4 = ]- 1g2 + 1 ]- 42g = 42,
3 N ] N + 1 g 3N 2 3N ] N + 1 g
cofactor of 9 = ]- 1g3 + 3 ]- 3g =- 3.
{Applying C3 " C3 + C2} 2
a1 a2 a3 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
26. Let first term = A and common difference = D 31. b1 b2 b3 = a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 ,
c1 c2 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
` a = A + ^ p - 1h D, b = A + ^q - 1h D,
c = A + ]r - 1 g D 1 0 0
6a A = A' @ = 0 1 0 = 1.
a p 1 A + ^ p - 1hD p 1 0 0 1
b q 1 = A + ^q - 1 h D q 1 Differentiation of determinants, system of linear
c r 1 A + ]r - 1 g D r 1 equations

Operate C1 " C1 - DC2 + DC3 a b ax + b

32. Let D = b c bx + c
A p 1 1 p 1 ax + b bx + c 0
= A q 1 = A 1 q 1 = 0.
Applying R3 " R3 - xR1 - R2; we get
A r 1 1 r 1
a b ax + b
Minors, cofactors and product of determinants D= b c bx + c
0 0 -^ax + 2bx + ch
2

27. It is a fundamental concept.

D = ^b2 - ach^ax2 + 2bx + ch
a1 c1
28. B2 = = a1 c3 - c1 a3 Now, b2 - ac < 0 and a > 0
a3 c3

=- ]a1 b3 - a3 b1g
a1 b1 & Discriminant of ax2 + 2bx + c is –ve and a > 0
C2 =-
a3 b3
& ^ax2 + 2bx + ch > 0 for all x ! R
=- ]a1 c2 - a2 c1g
a1 c1
B3 =-
a2 c2 & D = ^b2 - ach^ax2 + 2bx + ch < 0 , i.e.–ve.
a1 b1
C3 = = a1 b2 - a2 b1 33. The given system of homogeneous equations has
a2 b2
B2 C2 a1 c3 - a3 c1 - ]a1 b3 - a3 b1g 1 4 -1
- ]a1 c2 - a2 c1g a1 b2 - a2 b1
=
B3 C3 D = 3 - 4 - 1 = 1 ]- 4 - 3g - 4 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 4g
a1 c3 - a1 b3 a1 c3 a3 b1 1 -3 1
= +
- a1 c2 a1 b2 - a1 c2 - a2 b1
=- 7 - 16 + 5 ! 0.
There exists only one trivial solution.
 Determinants 13.13
34. For the equation to be inconsistent D = 0
& ]k + 1g]k + 3g = 8k and 8 ]3k - 1g = 4k ]k + 3g
1 2 -3
`D= 0 0 k + 3 = 0 & k =- 3 & k2 - 4k + 3 = 0 and k2 - 3k + 2 = 0
2k + 1 0 1
By cross multiplication,
1 2 -3
and D1 = 3 0 0 ! 0 k2 k 1
0 0 1 -8 + 9 = 3 - 2 = -3 + 4
So that system is inconsistent for k =- 3. k2 = 1 and k = 1, ` k = 1
a + b - 2c = 0
35. 2a - 3b + c = 0 38. ]1 + axg61 + b1 x@]1 + c2 xg - ]1 + b2 xg]1 + c1 xg]
a - 5b + 4c = a
1 1 -2 + ]1 + bxg6]1 + c1 xg]1 + a2 xg - ]1 + a1 xg]1 + c2 xg@
System is consistent, if D = 2 - 3 1 = 0
1 -5 4 + ]1 + cxg6]1 + a1 xg]1 + b2 xg - ]1 + b1 xg + ]1 + a2 xg@

0 1 -2 = A0 + A1 x + A2 x2 + A3 x3
and D1 = 0 - 3 1 = 0 and D2 also zero.
a -5 4 After solving, the coefficient of x is 0.

Hence, value of a is zero. Aliter:

After Using C3 " C3 - C1
1 -1 1 C2 " C2 - C1
D = 3 - 1 2 = 1 5- 1 - 2? - 1 56 - 3? + 1 53 + 3? = 0
1 + ax ]b - ag x ]c - agx
36.
D = 1 + a1 x ]b1 - a1gx ]c1 - a1gx
3 1 1

and 1 + a2 x ]b2 - a2gx ]c2 - a2gx

2 -1 1 1 + ax b - a c - a
D1 = - 6 - 1 2 = 2 ]- 1 - 2g - 1 ]- 36 + 6g + 1 = x 1 + a1 x b1 - a1 c1 - a1
2

- 18 1 1 1 + a2 x b2 - a2 c2 - a2

]- 6 - 18g & Minimum power of x = 2

=- 6 + 30 - 24 = 0 39. If r is the common ratio, then an = a1 r n - 1 for all

Also, D2 = 0; D3 = 0 n $ 1 & log an = log a1 + ]n - 1g log r

So the system is consistent ] D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0g = A + ]n - 1gR, where log a1 = A and log r = R.

i.e. system has infinite solution. Thus in D , on applying C2 " C2 - C1 and

37. For infinitely many solutions, the two equations C3 " C3 - C2 , we obtain C2 and C3 are identical.

k+1 8 4k Thus D = 0 .
must be identical & k = k + 3 = 3k - 1
13.14 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
3. x + y + z = 1 (1)
1. Equation x + ax + bx + c = 0 has roots a, b, c.
3 2

x + 2y + 4z = p (2)
Therefore, a + b + c =- a
x + 4y + 10z = p2 (3)
ab + bc + ca = b Since the given system of

equations has non-trivial solutions, we have 1 1 1

a b c D= 1 2 4
b c a =0 1 4 10
c a b
R1 " R1 - R2, R2 " R2 - R3
or a + b + c - 3abc = 0
3 3 3

0 -1 -3
or ^a + b + ch6a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca@ = 0 = 0 -2 -6 = 0
or ^a + b + ch7^a + b + ch2 - 3 ^ab + bc + cahA = 0 1 4 10

&- a 6a2 - 3b@ = 0 Since D = 0 , solution is not unique solution.

The system will have infinite solutions if
or a2 /b = 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
2. System of equations
1 1 1
ax + y + z = a - 1 (1) D1 = p 2 4 = 0
p2 4 10
x + ay + z = a - 1 (2)
C3 " C3 - C2
x + y + az = a - 1 (3)
1 1 0
Since system has no solution.
D1 = p 2 2 = 0
Therefore, ]1 g D = 0 and (2) a - 1 ! 0
p2 4 6

or 1 ]12 - 8g - 1 ^6p - 2p2 h = 0

a 1 1
1 a 1 = 0, a ! 1 or 4 - 6p + 2p2 = 0
1 1 a
or 2 ^ p2 - 3p + 2 h = 0
R1 " R1 - R3, R2 " R2 " R3
or p2 - 3p + 2 = 0 & p = 1 or 2
a-1 0 1-a
Also for these values of p, D2, D3 = 0
0 a-1 1-a = 0
1 1 a

or ]a - 1g[a ]a - 1g - ]1 - ag] + ]1 - ag[- ]a - 1g] = 0

or ]a - 1g [a ]a - 1g + ]a - 1g] + ]a - 1g2 = 0

or ]a - 1g2 []a + 1g + 1] = 0

or a = 1, 1, - 2 or a = 1, - 2

Since system has no solution, a ! 1 . ` a =- 2

 Determinants 13.15
3u2 2u3 1 1 x+y x+y+z
4. 3v2 2v3 1 = 0 7. D = x 2 3x + 2y 4x + 3y + 2z
3w2 2w3 1 3 6x + 3y 10x + 6y + 3z

R1 " R1 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R3 1 1 x+y

2 C3 " C3 - zC1
u2 - v2 u3 - v3 0 = x 2 3 4x + 3y
C2 " C2 - yC1
or v2 - w2 v3 - w3 0 = 0 3 6 10x + 6y
w2 w3 1
1 1 1
2 2
u + v u + v + vu 0 = x 2 3 4 6C3 " C3 - yC2@
3

or v + w v2 + w2 + vw 0 = 0 R1 " R1 - R2 3 6 10
w2 w3 1
= x3 ]6 - 8 + 3g = 64
u - w ^u2 - w2h + v ]u - wg 0
or v + w v2 + w2 + vw 0 =0 x3 = 64 or x = 4
w2 w3 1
1 u+w+v 0 a12 + 4a1 d a1 d
or v + w v2 + w2 + vw 0 = 0 8. D1 = a22 + 4a2 d a2 d , 6C3 " C3 - C2@
w2 w3 1 a23 + 4a3 d a3 d
or ^v2 + w2 + vwh - ]v + wg[]v + wg + u] = 0
or v2 + w2 + vw - ]v + wg2 - u ]v + wg = 0
where d is the common difference of A.P.

or uv + vw + wu = 0
a12 a1 1 a1 a1 d
5. Using C3 " C3 - ]C1 + C2g in D1 and D2 , we have = d a22 a2 1 + 4d a2 a2 d
a32 a3 1 a3 a3 d
D1 - 2b ]ad - bcg
D2 = b ]ad - bcg =- 2
= d ]a1 - a2g]a2 - a3g]a3 - a1g =- 2d 4
1 3 cos i 1
6. D = sin i 1 3 cos i Similarly, D2 =- 2d 4 .
1 sin i 1
f d e
Applying R3 " R3 - R1 9. B = 2.2 n l m
c a b
1 3 cos i 1
[Taking 2 common from R2 and C2 ]
= sin i 1 3 cos i
1 sin i - 3 cos i 0 2f d e 2c a b
= 2 2n l m = 2 2f d e
=- ]sin i - 3 cos ig]3 cos i - sin ig 2c a b 2n l m
= ]3 cos i - sin ig2 6R3 ) R2, then R2 ) R1@

Now, - 9 + 1 # 3 cos i - sin i # 9 + 1 a b 2c

& ]3 cos i - sin ig2 # 10

= 2 d e 2f = 2A
& D max = 10 l m 2n

6C1 ) C2 and then C2 ) C3@

13.16 Mathematics
10. Putting x = 0, a0 = 1 13. f ' ] xg = 0 & f ] xg is constant

^1 + ax + bx2h4 = ^1 + ax + bx2h^1 + ax + bx2h

` f ]1 g + f ]2g + ... + f ]30g = 60

14. px 2 + 3y 2 + 3xy + ^q - 3 h x - 3y - 1 = 0
^1 + ax + bx2h^1 + ax + bx2h
x ^ px + 2y - 3h + y ^ x + 3y - 4h + qx + y - 1 = 0

Clearly a0 = 1, a1 = coefficient of
Hence for the unique solution
px + 2y - 3 = 0, x + 3y - 4 = 0 and
x = a + a + a + a = 4a

qx + y - 1 = 0 must be concurrent.
a2 = coefficient of x = 4b + 6a
2 2
p 2 -3
Hence 1 3 - 4 = 0 & p + q = 1

Now D =- ^a 03 + a13 + a23 - 3a0 a1 a2 h
q 1 -1
a a0 + a1 + a2 ! 0 ` a0 = a1 = a2 15. Use R1 " R1 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R3 and expand to
` a0 = a1 = a2
1 5
1 = 4a = 6a2 + 4b & a = 4 , b = 32 get f ] xg = 2 + 4 sin 2x

11. R1 " R1 + R2 + R3 Now, f ' ] xg = 0

r
2x + 1 2x + 1 2x + 1 3-x 3-x 3-x x
& = 4
x 1 x + 1 1-x 1 = 0 ` f ] xgmax = 6

x x 1 1 1 1-x
2 -1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 16. 3 = 1 -2 1 = 0
]2 + 1g x 1 x + ]3 - xg 1 1 - x 1 = 0
x 1 1 m
x x 1 1 1 1-x

&m=1

C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C1
2 -1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
3z = 1 -2 -4 = 3 ! 0

]2 + 1g x 1 - x 0 + ]3 - xg 1 - x 0 = 0
x
1 1 4
x 0 1-x 1 0 -x
1 cos i 1
0 -1 - 3
17. cos i 1 cos i = 2 - 2 cos 2 i
12. Put x = 0 & 0 0 3 -1 = e
- 1 cos i 1
-1 3 -1
e
& = 3 - 1 (1) & = 2 and m = 0 & ] M + mg = 2
M

Put x = 1 log3 29 log 2 3 log 2 3 log 2 3 3

18.
2

log3 23 log 2 3 2 log3 2 2 log3 2 2

3 -1 0 1- 3
2

& 3 1 3 -1 = a+b+c+d+e 9 x x
0 3 0 x 2 x 3

Let log 2 3 = 3 2 2
a
& + b + c + d + e = 16 - 10 3 (2) x x x x

= b9 - 2 lb 2 - 3 l = 10
3 2

Put x =- 1
- 3 -1 -2 -1 - 3

& - 3 -1 3 -1 = a-b+c-d+e 19. sin x + cos x = 2 & x = 45° and y = 1 and z = 0
-2 3 +2 -2 1
0 2 1
a
& - b + c - d + e = 4 + 14 3 (3) 3 1 1 =- 3 + 15 = 12
adding (2) and (3), we get 2 ]a + c + eg = 20 + 4 3
0 5 2

a
& + c = 11 + 3 (from (1))
 Determinants 13.17
20. ] x - 1g] x + 2x + 4g = 0
2
-3
x 1 2
2

roots are a = 1, b = 2~ and c = 2~ 23. y = 2 2 1
2 1 1 1 1
x-1 0 2
1 -4 1

= ]1 - 0g - b1 - x - 1 l - 2 b0 - x - 1 l
1 1 -4 1 3 2
x
= ]16 - 1g - ]- 4 - 1g + ]1 + 4g
2
= - 1 + x - 1 + x - 1 = ] x - 1g + ]
1 3 4
x - 1g
x
30
= + 5 + 5 = 40

By applying A.M. - G.M. inequality, we have
p 4 1
y = ] x - 1g + x - 1 $ 2 ] x - 1g x - 1 = 4
21. D = 0 2 3 =0 4 4

3 0 -q

(As x > 1)
& p ^- 2q h + 3 ]12 - 2g = 0 & pq = 15

5 -1 -2 -1
0 4 1 24. M31 = = 7, M32 = =4
7 0 4 0
D1 = 1 2 3 = 0

-2 5
-2 0 -q
and M33 = =- 14 - 20 =- 34
4 7
& - 4 ^- q + 6 h + 1 ]4g = 0 & q = 5

M
` 31 + M32 + M33 =- 23
p 0 1
25. R2 " R2 - R1
D2 = 0 1 3 = 0

3 -2 -q

R3 " R3 - R1
& p ^- q + 6h + 3 ]- 1g = 0

x+1 x+3 x+7

& - pq + 6p - 3 & p = 3
gives 3 3 3 =0
` q 2 - p 2 = 25 - 9 = 4
7 7 7

22. Dc = D 2 = 9 & 2 + bx + c = 0 for all x.

ax

x3 - 1 0 x - x4
Hence for x = 1, a + b + c = 0.

Dc = 0 4
x - x x3 - 1
x - x x3 - 1
4
0

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
2. Operation C1 $ C1 + C2 + C3 gives
- 5 3 + 4i 5 - 7i
1. 1 bc ca
z = - 4i 6 8 + 7i
3
^ab + bc + cah 1 ca ab
5 + 7i 8 - 7i 9
1 ab bc
- 5 3 - 4i 5 + 7i
= z = 3 + 4i 6 8 - 7i = From the given equation, ab + bc + ca = 0. So, the
5 - 7i 8 + 7i 9
value of determinant is 0.
- 5 3 + 4i 5 - 7i
3 - 4i 6 8 + 7i = z
5 + 7i 8 - 7i 9

(Taking transpose) Hence, z is purely real.

13.18 Mathematics
1 - 2 sin2 x sin2 x 1 b-c c+b
^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 h
3. f ] xg = 2
sin x 1 - 2 sin2 x D= a 1 b c-a
1 - 8 sin x ^1 - sin xh 1 - sin2 x
2 2
1 b+a c

1 - 8 sin2 x ^1 - sin2 xh 1 b-c c+b
^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 h
1 - sin2 x = a 0 c -a - b
1 - 2 sin2 x 0 a + c -b

The required constant term is ^ R2 " R2 - R1, R3 " R3 - R1h

^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 h
1 0 1 1 0 0 ^- bc + a2 + ab + ac + bch
f ]0g = 0 1 1 = 0 1 1 = 1 ]0 - 1g =- 1
= a
1 1 1 1 1 0 (expanding along C1)
a b c
4. D= b c a = ^a2 + b2 + c2h]a + b + cg
c a b
Hence, D = 0 & a + b + c = 0
= ]a + b + cg^a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - cah
Therefore, line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the
= 2 ]a + b + cg6]a - bg2 + ]b - cg2 + ]c - ag2@ = 0
1

fixed point (1,1)

If a + b + c = 0 , we have
6. The degree of the determinant is
cos i + cos 2i + cos 3i = 0 and sin i - sin 2i + sin
n + ]n + 2g + ]n + 3g
3i = 0 or cos 2i ]2 cos i + 1g = 0 and sin 2i (1 - 2 = 3n + 5 and the degree of the expression on R.H.S

cos i) = 0 ]1 g which is not possible as cos 2i = 0 is 2. ` 3n + 5 = 2 or n =- 1

gives sin 2i ! 0, cos i ! 1/2. Therefore, Eq. (1) 7. The given determinant is
RS n + 1 V
does not hold simultaneously. Therefore, SS2 - 2 + p 2 - 2 + q p + r WWW
n n+2 n+1

SS 2 n + p 2n + 1 p + r WW
a+b+c ! 0 &a=b=c SS 2 W
S a +2 +p
n
b + 2 + 2q c2 - rWW
2 n
T X
` e ii = e -2ii = e3ii which is satisfied only be (Using R1 " R1 - R3 and 2q = p + r)

SS2 ]2 - 1g + p 2 ]2 - 1g + q p + r WWW
e ii = 1, i.e., cos i = 1, sin i = 0; RS n n+1 V
SS 2 n + p 2n + 1 + q p + r WW
so i = 2kr, k ! Z. SS 2 W
S a + 2 + p b + 2 + 2q c2 - rWW
n 2 n+1
T X
5. Applying C1 " aC1 and then C1 $ C1 + bC2 + cC3, RS n n+1 VW
SS 2 + p 2 +q p + rW
W
S p + r WW = 0
and taking ^a2 + b2 + c2h common from C1, we get
n n+1
=S 2 +p 2 +q
SS 2 W
Sa + 2 n + p b2 + 2 n + 1 + 2q c2 - rWW
T X
]a R1 / R2g
 Determinants 13.19
8. Consider the triangle with vertices
= b cot 2 - cot 2 lb cot 2 - cot 2 l
A B B C
B ^ x1, y1 h, C ^ x2, y2 h, and A ^ x3, y3 h and
0 0 1
AB = c, BC = a, and AC = b. Then area of triangle C
# 1 1 cot 2
x1 y1 1 A B B C A B
= s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg, where
1 x y 1 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2
is 2 2 2
= b cot 2 - cot 2 lb cot 2 - cot 2 lb tan 2 - tan 2 l
x3 y3 1 A B B C C A

2s = a + b + c Squaring and simplifying, we get B
tan 2 Since D = 0, we have
x1 y1 1 2
4 x2 y2 1 = ]a + b + cg]b + c - ag
A B B C
cot 2 = cot 2 or cot 2 = cot 2 or
x3 y3 1
A C
tan 2 = tan 2
]c + a - bg]a + b - cg Hence, k = 4.
y2 - xy x2 12. Since a, b, c, d, e, f are in G.P. and if r is the common
9. Let D = a b c ratio of the G.P., then
a' b' c'
xy2 - xy x2 y b = ar c = ar2 d = ar3 e = ar 4 f = ar5
1
Then, D = xy ax b cy a2 a2 r6 x
a'x b' c'y Therefore, given determinant is a2 r2 a2 r8 y
[Applying C1 " xC1, C3 " yC3] 1 1 x a2 r 4 a2 r10 z
0 - xy 0 = a2 a2 r6 = r2 r2 y
1
= xy ax + by b bx + cy r4 r4 z
= a 4 r6 ]0g = 0
a'x + b'y b' b'x + c'y
[Applying C1 " C1 + yC2, C3 " C3 + xC2]
ax + by bx + cy [ a C1, C2 are identical]
1
= xy xy [Expanding along R1 ]
a'x + b'y b'x + c'y
13. As a1 b1 c1, a2 b2 c2 and a3 b3 c3 are even natural
ax + by bx + cy
=
a'x + b'y b'x + c'y numbers, each of c1, c2, c3 is divisible by 2.Let
10. The total number of third-order determinants is 9! k1 a1 b1
The number of determinants is even and of these
ci = 2ki for i = 1, 2, 3. Thus, D = 2 k2 a2 b2 = 2m
there are 9!/2 pairs of determinants which are
k3 a3 b3
obtained by changing two consecutive rows, so
n
/ Di = 0 . where m is some natural number. Thus, D is
i=1

11. Applying C1 " C1 - C2, C2 " C2 - C3 , we get divisible by 2. That D may not be divisible by 4 can

0 0 1 be seen by taking the three numbers as 112, 122, and

A B B C C
cot 2 - cot 2 cot 2 - cot 2 cot 2
D= 2 1 1
B A C B A B
tan 2 - tan 2 tan 2 - tan 2 tan 2 + tan 2 134. Note that D = 2 1 2 = 2.
4 1 3
0 0 1
A- B B- C C
cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 which is divisible by 2 but not by 4.
= cot A - cot B B C
2 2 cot 2 - cot 2 A B
A B B C tan 2 + tan 2
cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2
13.20 Mathematics
14. We have 1 4 9 16
^ R3 " R3 - R2, R4 " R4 - R3 h
4 9 16 25
x 1 1 g x 1 1 g 17. D=
]1 - xg ]x - 1g
9 16 25 36
1 x 1 g 0 g
]1 - xg ] x - 1g
= 16 25 36 49
1 1 x g 0 g
g g g g g g g g 1 4 9 16
4 9 16 25
[Applying R2 " R2 - R1, R3 " R3 - R1, ..., Rn =
5 7 9 11
" Rn - R1] 15 21 27 33
= x ]x - 1gn - 1 + ]x - 1gn - 1 + ]x - 1gn - 1 + ... + 1 4 9 16
]n - 1gtimes
= 0 ] R4 " R4 - R3g
4 9 16 25
[Expanding along R1] ] =3
5 7 9 11
= x ]x - 1gn - 1 + ]n - 1g]x - 1gn - 1 5 7 9 11
= ]x - 1gn - 1 ]x + n - 1g 18. Since A + B + C = r and e ir = cos r + i sin r =- 1,

15. Applying C1 " C1 + C2 + C3, we get e i]B + cg = e i]r - Ag =- e iA and e -i]B + C g =- e iA

By taking e iA, e iB, e iC common from R1, R2 and R3 ,
x + 2a a a 1 a a e iA e -i] A + C g e -i] A + Bg
D = x + 2a x a = ]x + 2ag 1 x a respectively, we have D = e -i] B + C g
e iB e -i] A + Bg
x + 2a a x 1 a x e -i]B + C g e -i] A + C g e iC
iA iB iC
e -e -e
Applying R1 " R1 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R3, we get =- - e iA e iB - e iC
- e iA - e iB e iC
0 a-x 0
D = ]x + 2ag 0 x - a a - x = ]x - ag2 ]x + 2ag
By taking e iA, e iB, e iC common from C1, C2 and C3,
1 a x 1 -1 -1
respectively, we have D = - 1 1 - 1 =- 4
x m n 1 -1 -1 1
a x n 1 19. Applying C1 " C1 + 2C2 + C3, we get
16. = 0 [R1 " R1 - R2, R2 " R2 - R3,
a b x 1
a b c 1 n
Cr n-2
Cr - 1 n-2
Cr
S = / ]- 2g
n
r
R3 " R3 - R4] 0 1 1
r=2
0 -1 0
x-a m-x 0 0
/ ]- 2gr
n n
0 x-b n-x 0 = Cr
or =0 r=2
0 0 x-c a
/ ]- 2gr Cr - ^n C0 - 2 n C1h
n n
a b c 1 =
r=0

= ]1 - 2gn - ]1 - 2ng = 2n - 1 + ]- 1gn

x-a m-x 0
or 0 x-b n-x = 0
0 0 x-c 20. The given determinant D1 is obtained by
] x - bg n - x
or ]x - ag
] x - cg
=0
0 corresponding cofactors of determinant D2; hence
or ]x - ag]x - bg]x - cg = 0 & roots are independent
D1 = D22 . Now D1 D2 = D22 D2 = D23 .
of m,n
 Determinants 13.21
1 + x1 1 + x1 x 1 + x1 x2 cos ^a - bh cos ^b - ch cos ^c - ah
21. 1 + x2 1 + x2 x 1 + x2 x3 25. Let D = cos ^a + bh cos ^b + ch cos ^c + ah
1 + x3 1 + x3 x 1 + x3 x2 sin ^a + bh sin ^b + ch sin ^c + ah

1 x1 0 1 1 0 It is clear that either a = b or b = c or c = a is

= 1 x2 0 1 x 0 = 0 sufficient to make D = 0 . It is not necessary that
1 x3 0 1 x2 0
triangle is equilateral. Also, isosceles triangle can be
22. We observe that the elements in the pre-factor are the obtuse one.
26. The given system is consistent therefore,
cofactors of the corresponding elements of the post
1 1 -1
factor.
m c -b
3 D = 2 -1 -c = 0
Hence, - c m a = [m ^m2 + a2 + b2 + c2h] 3 =
- b 3b - c
b -a m or c + bc - 6b + b + 2c + 3bc = 0
5b
or 3c + 4bc - 5b = 0 or c = 4b + 3
^1 + a2 + b2 + c2h3 & m = 1
Now, c < 1
Alternate solution: Writing a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 on
5b 5b b-3
or & 4b + 3 < 1 or 4b + 3 - 1 < 0 or 4b + 3 < 0
both sides, we get
& b ! b- 4 , 3 l
3
23. Operating C1 " C1 + C2 + C3 on the LH.S. we get

0 c-a a-b a b c Multiple Options Correct

D = 0 c' - a' a' - b' = m a' b' c' 8 2 7 8 2 7
0 c" - a" a" - b" a" b" c" 27. 12 3 5 = 4 1 - 2
16 4 3 4 1 -2
&m=0
a 1 1 6R3 " R3 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R1@ = 0
24. We have D = 1 b 1 = abc - ]a + b + cg + 2 1/a a2 bc 1 a3 abc
1 1 c 1
2
1/b b ac = abc 1 b3 abc
1/c c2 ab 1 c3 abc
` D > 0 & abc + 2 > a + b + c
6R1 " aR1, R2 " bR2, R3 " cR3@
& abc + 2 > 3 ]abcg 1/3

1 a3 1
abc
:a A.M. > G.M. & a + 3b + c > ]abcg1/3D = abc 1 b3 1 [taking abc common from C3] = 0
1 c3 1
& x3 + 2 > 3x, where x = ]abcg1/3 a + b 2a + b 3a + b a + b 2a + b 3a + b

& x3 - 3x + 2 > 0 & ]x - 1g2 ]x + 2g > 0

2a + b 3a + b 4a + b = a a a
4a + b 5a + b 6a + b 2a 2a 2a
& x + 2 > 0 & x > - 2 & ]abcg1/3 > - 2 & abc > - 8 6R3 " R3 - R2, R2 " R2 - R1@ = 0
2 43 6 2 1 6
7 35 4 = 7 7 4 6C2 " C2 - 7C3@
3 17 2 3 3 2
1 1 6
= 0 7 4 6C1 " C1 - C2@ =2
0 3 2
13.22 Mathematics
28. Applying C1 " C1 - ^cot zh C2, we get ] B + Ag sin ]C + Ag
;- sin + sin B E
sin C
0 sin i sin z cos i sin ] A - Bg sin ] A - C g
= sin A
D= 0 cos i sin z - sin z
- sin i/ sin z sin i cos z 0 ;- sin
]r - C g sin ]r - Bg E
sin C + sin B
- sin z sin2 i - cos2 i sin z@ sin ] A - Bg sin ] A - C g : sin C sin B D
sin i 7
=-
sin z = - sin C + sin B = 0
sin A
[expanding along C1 ] = sin i x n-1
Cr Cr n
Cr
32. x+1
Cr n
Cr n+1
Cr = 0
which is independent of z. Also, x+2 n+1 n+2
Cr Cr Cr
]n - 1g!
= cos i & di E = cos ^r/2h = 0
dD dD x! n!
di r! ]x - rg! r! ]n - r - 1g! r! ]n - rg!
] x + 1g ! ]n + 1g!
i = r/2
n!
& ]x + 1 - rg
r! ]n - rg! r! ]n - r + 1g!
a3 + ax ab ac =0
r! !
29.
1
D= a 2 2
a b b + x bc ] x + 2g ! ]n + 1g! ]n + 2g!
r! ]x + 2 - rg! r! ]n + r - 1g ! r! ]n - r + 2g!
a2 c bc c2 + x
x!
Taking ]
r! x + 2 - rg!
common from C1, we have
Applying C1 " C1 + bC2 + cC3 and taking
quadratic equation in x.Now in (1), if we put
a2 + b2 + c2 + x common, we get
x = n - 1, C1 and C2 are the same; hence, x = n - 1
a ab ac
is one root of the equation.If we put x = n, then C1
D = a a + b + c + xh b b + x bc
1^ 2 2 2 2

c bc c2 + x and C3 are same. Hence , x = n is the other root.

Applying C2 " C2 - bC1 and C3 " C3 - cC1, we get 33. Applying C3 " C3 - xC2, C2 " C2 - xC1, we obtain
a 0 0 3 0 2a 2
D = a ^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + x h b x 0
1 D ] xg = 3x 2a 2
4a 2 x
c 0 x
2 2 2
3x + 2a 4a x 6a x + 2a2
2 2

Applying C3 " C3 - xC2, we get

= a ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh^ax2h = x2 ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh
1
3 0 1
D ] x g = 4a 2 3x 1 x
Thus D is divisible by x and x2 2 2
3x + 2a 2x x + 2a2
2

2x + 4 2x + 4 13 x2 + 4x - 3 2 13 Applying C1 " C1 - 3C3, we get

30. D' ]xg = 4x + 5 4x + 5 26 + 2x2 + 5x - 9 4 26 0 0 1
16x - 6 16x - 6 104 8x2 - 6x + 1 16 104 D ] x g = 4a 4 0 1 x = 16a6
2 2 2
- 4a 2x x + 2a
= 0 + 2 # 13 # ]0g = 0
34. In the left hand determinant, each element is the
& D ]xg = constant & a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
cofactor of the elements of the determinant
x y z x y z x y z
31. Applying R2 " R2 - R1 and R3 " R3 - R1 , we get
y z x = D * ^say h Hence, *2
D = y z x y z x
sin2 A cot A 1
] A - Bg z x y z x y z x y
] B + Ag sin ] B - Ag sin
D = sin sin A sin B 0 x2 + y2 + z2 xy + yz + zx xz + yx + zy
sin ] A - C g
sin ]C + Ag sin ]C - Ag sin A sin C 0 = / xy / x2 / xy
/ xy / xy / x2
sin ^b - ah
<a cot a - cot b = F r2 u2 u2
sin a sin b
= u2 r2 u2
Expanding along C3, we get u2 u2 r2
sin ] A - Bg sin ] A - C g
D= sin A 7a x2 + y2 + z2 = r2, xy + yz + zx = u2A
 Determinants 13.23
1 k 3 C1 " C1 + C2
35. k 2 2 =0
1 b 2 + c 2 bc
∆ =- 1 c 2 + a 2 ca ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g
2 3 4

or 8 + 4k + 9k - 12 - 4k2 - 6 = 0 1 a 2 + b 2 ab
or 4k2 - 13k + 10 = 0
Applying R3 " R3 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R1
or 4k2 - 8k - 5k + 10 = 0

or ]2k - 5g]k - 2g = 0 or k = 5/2, 2 1 b2 + c2 bc

∆ =- 0 a 2 - b 2 c ]a - bg ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g
36. Applying R1 " R1 + sin z ] R2g + cos z ] R3g, 0 b 2 - c 2 a ]b - cg

0 0 cos 2z + 1 ∆ = ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]a + b + cg

f ]xg = D = sin i cos i sin z
x 1 1
f ] xg = - 1 x 1
- cos z sin i cos z
39.
= ^cos 2z + 1h^sin2 i + cos2 ih -1 -1 x
= ^1 + cos 2zh f ] xg = x3 + 3x
Hence, D is indepenent of i,p
f ' ] xg = 3 ] x 2 + 1g ! 0
37. D=0
Comprehension type
6 3 2 Passage – 1 (Question. 40 – 42)
D1 = 7 λ 2 = ^6 - µ h]2λ - 6g
µ 3 2 a3 + ax ab ac
1 2 2
D= a a b b + x bc
D2 = 0 a2 c bc c2 + x

1 3 6 Applying C1 " C1 + bC2 + cC3 and taking

D3 = 0 1 λ 7 = ^6 - µ h]3 - λg
1 3 µ a2 + b2 + c2 + x common, we get

Clearly, if µ = 6 a ab ac
D = a ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh b b2 + c bc
1
& D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 and D = 0 c bc c2 + x
& infinite solution Applying C2 " C2 - bC1 and C3 " C3 - cC1, we get
For λ = 5, µ = 7 D1, D3 ! 0
= a ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh^ax2h
1
For λ = 3, µ = 5 D1, D3 ! 0
= x2 ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh
& No solution
Thus, D is divisible by x and x2 . Also, graph of
38. C2 " C1 - C2
f ]xg is
a ]b - cg2 bc
2

∆ =- b 2 ]c - ag2 ca 5
c 2 ]a - bg2 ab 4
3
C2 " C2 + 2C3 2
1
a 2 b 2 + c 2 bc
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
∆ =- b 2 c 2 + a 2 ca -1
c 2 a 2 + b 2 ab
13.24 Mathematics
Passage – 2 (Question. 43 – 45) Passage – 3 (Question. 46 – 48)

The system of equations 1 1 1

D = 1 2 3 = 2m + 3 + 2 - 2 - m - 6 = m - 3
- x + cy + bz = 0 (1)
1 2 m
cx - y + az = 0 (2) 6 1 1
bx + ay - z = 0 (3) D1 = 10 2 3 = 12m + 3n + 20 - 2n - 10m - 36
n 2 m
-1 c b
= 2m + n - 16
has a nonzero solution if D = c - 1 a = 0
1 6 1
b a -1
D2 = 1 10 3 = 10m + 18 + n - 10 - 3n - 6m
& a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc - 1 = 0 1 n m
or a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1 (4) = 4m - 2n + 8

Then clearly the system has infinitely many solutions. 1 1 6

D3 = 1 2 10 = 2n + 10 + 12 - 12 - n - 20
From (1) and (2), we have 1 2 n
x y z = n - 10
ac + b = bc + a = 1 - c2
Thus, the system has unique solutions if D ! 0
2
x2 y z 2
or m ! 3 and the system has inifinite solutions
]ac + bg2 ]bc + ag2 ^1 - c2h2
` = =
if D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 or m = 3 and n = 10.
2
x 2 y z 2
System has no solution if D = 0 and atleast one of
or
^1 - a2h^1 - c2h ^1 - b2h^1 - c2h ^1 - c2h2
= =
D1, D2, D3 is nonzero or m = 3 and n ! 10.

[from (4)] Passage – 4 (Question. 49 – 51)

x2 y2 z2
or
1-a 2 =
1-b 2 =
1 - c2
(5) ]1 + xga ]1 + 2xgb 1
Let 1 ]1 + xga ]1 + 2xgb = A + Bx + Cx2 + ...
From (5), we see that 1 - a2, 1 - b2, 1 - c2 are all
]1 + 2xgb 1 ]1 + xga
positive or all negative. Given that one of a, b, c is 1 1 1
Putting x = 0, we get A = 1 1 1 = 0
proper fraction, so 1 1 1

1 - a2 > 0, 1 - b2 > 0, 1 - c2 > 0, which gives Now differentiating both sides with respect to x and

a2 + b2 + c2 < 3 (6) putting x = 0, we get

Using (4) and (6), we get 1 < 3 + 2abc a 2b 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

B = 1 1 1 + 0 a 2b + 1 1 1 = 0
or abc > - 1 (7) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2b 0 a

Hence, coefficient of x is 0.Since f ]xg = 0 and

f' ]0g = 0, x = 0 is a repeating root of the equation

f ]xg = 0.
 Determinants 13.25
Matching Column Type 7 6 x2 - 13
b. 2
x - 13
52. a. Coefficient of x in f ]xg is coefficient of x in
2 2
2
x - 13 3 7
x 1 1 Let x2 - 13 = t. Then t3 - 67t + 126 = 0
1 x 2 Therefore, coefficient of x is - 2.
x2 1 0 & t =- 9, 2, 7 & x = ! 2, ! 20 , ! 15
1 3 cos i 1
b. Let D = sin i 1 3 cos i Hence, sum of other five roots is 2.
1 sin i 1
6 2i 3+ 6
= ]3 cos i - sin ig2 c. D = 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i
18 2 + 12 i 27 + 2i
D max = 10
Taking 6 common from C1, we get
c. f' ]xg = 0 & f' ]0g = 0
1 2i 3+ 6
0 2 0 D= 6 2 3 + 2 2i 3 2 + 6 i
d. a0 = 1 0 6 =- 2 ]1 g =- 2 3 2 + 2 3i 3 3 + 2 i
0 0 1
Applying R2 " R2 - 2 R1 and R3 " R3 - 3 R1 ,
53. a. The given determinant is
1 2i 3+ 6
x+2 x+3 x+5 we get D = 6 0 3 6i - 2 3
D = x+4 x+6 x+9 0 2 2i - 3 2
x + 8 x + 11 x + 15
3 6i - 2 3
= 6
Applying R2 " R2 - R1 and R3 " R3 - R2, we have 2 2i - 3 2

x+2 x+3 x+5 3 -2 3

= 6 [Applying C2 " C2 - 2i C1]
2 -3 2
D= 2 3 4
4 5 6 = 6 ^- 3 6 + 2 6 h =- 6, which is an integer

x x x+1 cos2 i cos i sin i - sin i

=2 2 3 4 d. f ]ig = cos i sin i sin2 i cos i
1 1 1 sin i - cos i 0

[Applying R1 " R1 - R2 and R3 " R3 - R2 ] Applying R1 " R1 + ]sin ig R3 and

x 0 1 R2 " R2 - ]cos ig R3, we get

=2 2 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 - sin i
f ]ig = 0 1 cos i
[Applying C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C2] sin i - cos i 0

=- 2 [Expanding along R3 ] = sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 & f ^r/3h = 1

13.26 Mathematics
54. a.Multiplying C1 by a, C2 by b and C3 by c, we 1 1 1
where D1 = - cot a - cot a tan a
obtain tan b - cot b 0

a b a+b 0 1 1
c c - c
1 b+c b c = 0 - cot a tan a
D = abc - a a a 1/ sin b cos b - cot b 0
b ]b + cg b ]a + 2b + cg b ]a + bg Applying C1 " C1 - C2, we get
- a ac - ac

D1 = sin b cos b 5tan a + cot a?

1
Applying C1 " C1 + C2 + C3, we get
1
b a+b = sin a cos a sin b cos b
0 c - c
1 b c a2 b sin A c sin A
D = abc 0 a a
b ]a + 2b + cg b ]a + bg d. b sin A 1 cos A
0 ac - ac
c sin A cos A 1
a2 a sin B a sin C
This shows that D is independent of a,b, and c. = a sin B 1 cos A
a sin C cos A 1
b. Applying C1 " C1 - ]cot bg C2, we get
1 sin B sin C
0 sin a sin b cos a 2
= a sin B 1 cos A
D= 0 cos a sin b - sin a sin C cos A 1
- sin a/ sin b sin a cos b 0
1 0 0
=- sin b 6- sin b sin2 a - cos2 a sin b@
sin a 2
= a sin B 2
1 - sin B cos A - sin B sin c
sin C cos A - sin B sin C 1 - sin2 C
[expanding along C1 ]
[Applying C2 " C2 - ]sin Bg C1 and
= sin a
C3 " C3 - ]sin C gC1]
c. Taking 1/ sin a cos b, 1/ sin a sin b, 1/ cos a
= a2 6cos2 B cos2 C - ]cos A - sin B sin C g2@
common from C1, C2, C3, respectively, we get
= a2 7cos2 B cos2 C - ^cos ] B + C g + sin B sin C h2A
1
D= D1
sin2 a cos a sin b cos b = a2 6cos2 B cos2 C - cos2 B cos2 C@ =0

Numerical Type 2. We observe 5P2 - P1 = 3P3

1. 2x - 3y = c + 5 So, 15 - K =- 6
ax + 5y = b + 1 & K = 21 .
Infinite many solution 3. x + y + z = 6 ...(1)
b+1 x + 2y + 3z = 10 ...(2)
a 5
2 = -3 = c + 5 3x + 2y + lz = m ...(3)
10 The three planes intersect in more than two
a =- 3 , 5c + 25 =- 3b - 3
points,hence they intersect in infinite points.
9a =- 30, 3b + 5c =- 28
From (1) and (2)
Now, 9a + 3b + 5c =- 58

If z = 0 & x + y = 6 and x + 2y = 10
9a + 3b + 5c = 58

& y = 4, x = 2
 Determinants 13.27
& ^2, 4, 0h is one point
& T x = 10 ^8 h - 2 ^- 10m + 6h - 3 ^12 + 20mh

Also, If y = 0 & x + z = 6 and x + 3z = 10 & T x = 80 + 20m - 12 - 36 - 60m
z
& = 2 and x = 4 & T x = 32 - 40m

& ^4, 0, 2h is another point

3 10 - 3

Ty = 2 6 - 2

So 3x + 2y + mz = n must pass through (2, 4, 0) and 1 5m - 1
^4 0, 2h
,
& T x = 3 ^- 6 + 10mh + 10 ^0 h - 3 ^10m - 6h

Hence, 6 + 8 = n & n = 14 and 12 + 2m = n
& Ty = 0
12
& + 2m = 14 & m = 1 3 - 2 10
Hence, n - m 2 = 14 - 1 = 13
& Tz = 2 - 4 6
Single Options Correct 1 2 5m
4. x + y + z = a & T z = 3 ^- 20m - 12h - 2 ^6 - 10mh + 10 ^8 h

ax + 2ay + 3z =- 1 & T z = 3240m
for inconsistency

x + 3ay + 5z = 4
& Tx ! 0

Has inconsistent solution
& 40m - 32 ! 0
1 1 1 4
&m! 5
D = a 2a 3 = 0

1 3a 5 4
Hence for inconsistency k = 3 & m ! 5
& ]a - 1g2 = 0
2 2a a

a=1 6. For non-trivial solution 2 3b b = 0

For a = 1 2 4c c
1 1 1 1 2a a
D1 = - 1 2 3 & 1 3b b = 0
4 3 5 1 4c c
= ]10 - 9g - ]- 5 - 12g + ]- 3 - 8g
& (3bc – 4bc) – (2ac – 4ac) + (2ab – 3ab) = 0
1
= + 17 - 11 ! 0
& – bc + 2ac – ab = 0

For a = 1 the system of equation has Inconsistent
solution & ab + bc = 2ac
1 1 1
5. Given the system of linear equations is & a, b, c in H.P. & a , , c in A.P.
3x - 2y - kz = 10 b
m 2 2
2x - 4y - 2z = 6 7. D = 2m 3 5
x + 2y - z = 5m 4 m 6
this system is inconsistent if D = ( m + 8) ( 2 – m ) for m =2
3 -2 -k 5 2 2
T= 2 -4 -2 = 0 D1 = 8 3 5 = 5 [18 - 10] - 2 [48 - 50]

1 2 -1
10 2 6
& 3 ^4 + 4h + 2 ^- 2 + 2h - k ^4 + 4h = 0
+ 2 (16 – 30] = 40 + 4 – 28 ! 0
& 24 - 2 ^0 h - k ^8 h = 0
No solutions for m = 2
& 8k = 24 8. The given system of linear equations can be written
&k=3 RS VR V R V
SS1 1 1 WWWSSSxWWW SSS 2 WWW
& at least one of T x or T y or T z must be nonzero as SS2 3 2 WWSSyWW = SS 5 WW

3 -2 -k SS WS W S W
S2 3 a2 - 1WWSzW SSa + 1WW
Tx = 2 - 4 - 2 T XT X T X
1 2 -1
13.28 Mathematics
1 1 1 = 4 + 4d – 2sinq + 2sinq + 2dsinq – sin2q – 2dsinq + d2
Now, let D = 2 3 2 = a2 - 3 = d2 + 4d + 4 – sin2q = (d + 2)2 – sin2q
2 3 a2 - 1
2 1 1 For a given d, minimum value of
D1 = 5 3 2 = a2 - a + 1
det(A) = (d + 2)2 – 1 = 8
a + 1 3 a2 - 1
1 2 1
⇒ d = 1 or – 5
D2 = 2 5
2 = a2 - 3 11. Given system of equations is
2 a+1 a -1
2
x + y + z = 5, x + 2y + 3z = 9, x + 3y + az = b
1 1 2 1 1 1
D3 = 2 3 5 = a - 4
Let D = 1 2 3 = ( 2α − 9) − 1(α − 3) + 1(3 − 2)
2 3 a+1 1 3 a
When |a| = 3,D=0 = a – 5 ...(i)
But, D3 = ± 3 − 4 ≠ 0
Since, the system of equations has infinitely many
∴System of linear equations is inconsistent when solutions, so D = 0 = Dx = Dy = Dz
|a| = 3 . From (i), a – 5 = 0 ⇒ a = 5
9. Given system of linear equations is 5 1 1
Now, D x = 9 2 3
x – 4y + 7z = g
b 3 5
3y – 5z = h
= 5(10 – 9) – 1(45 – 3b) + 1(27 – 2b) = b – 13
–2x +5y – 9z = k
a Dx = 0 ⇒ b – 13 = 0
1 -4 7
Let D = 0 3 - 5
⇒ b = 13 ∴ b – a = 13 – 5 = 8
-2 5 -9 x - 4 2x 2x
= 1(–27 + 25) + 4(0 – 10) + 7(0 + 6) 2x x - 4 2x
12.
2x 2x x - 4
= –2 – 40 + 42 = 0
g -4 7
R1 $ R1 + R2 + R3
Now, D1 = h 3 - 5 1 1 1
k 5 -9 ]5 - 4g 2x x - 4 2x
x
2x 2x x - 4
= g(–27 + 25) – h(36 – 35) + k(20 – 21)

C2 $ C2 - C1 C3 $ C3 - C1
= –2g –h – k 1 0 0
Similarly,D2 = 10g + 5h + 5k and D3 = 6g + 3h + 3k ]5x - 4g 2x - 4 - x 0
2x 0 - 4-x

Since, D = 0 and the given system of linear equations = ]5x - 4g] x + 4g
2

is consistent. ∴ D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ 2g + h + k = 0
A =- 4
10. We have,
B=5
-2 4+d sin i - 2 ^ A Bh = ^- 4, 5h
,
det ]Ag = 1 sin i + 2 d
1 1 1
5 2 sin i - d - sin i + 2 + 2d
13. ∆= 1 a 1 =0
Applying R1 → R1 + R3 – 2R2, we get
a b 1
& ]a - 1g2 = 0
1 0 0
&a=1
det ]Ag = 1 sin i + 2
d By putting a = 1 in second plane, plane 1 and 2
5 2 sin i - d 2 + 2d - sin i are coincident and in equation (3), putting b = 1, (1)
and (3) are parallel planes
= (2 + sinq)(2 + 2d – sinq) – d(2 sinq– d)
& hence no solution.
 Determinants 13.29
1 λ -1 18. 5 adj A = 5
14. λ -1 -1 = 0 & λ = 0, 1, - 1
125 adj A = 5
1 1 -λ
RS V 125 A 2 = 5
SScos x sin x sin x WW
SSsin x cos x W
15. sin x WW = 0 1
SS W A 2 = 25
sin x sin x cos xW
T X
19. ]1 - agx + y + z = 0
& ]cos x - sin xg2 ]cos x + 2 sin xg = 0
& sin x = cos x and tan x = 2
-1 x + ]1 - bgy + z = 0

& 2 solutions in : 4 , 4 D
-r r x + y + ]1 - cg z = 0

16. ]2 - λgx1 - 2x2 + x3 = 0 For non-trival solution

2x1 - ]3 + λg x2 + 2x3 = 0
1-a 1 1
- x1 + 2x2 - λx3 = 0
1 1-b 1 = 0
2 - λ -2 1 1 1 1-c
& 2 -3 - λ 2 = 0
-1 2 -λ & ab + bc + ca = abc
& λ = 1, 1, - 3
x 1 1 3 1 + α + β 1 + α2 + β2
17. 1 y 1 H0 20. 1 + α + β 1 + α 2 + β 2 1 + α3 + β3
1 1 2 1 + α 2 + β 2 1 + α3 + β 2 1 + α 4 + β 4

& xyz - ^ x + y + z h + 2 H 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 α β 1 α β
& xyz + 2 H x + y + z H 3 3 xyz
1 α2 β2 1 α2 β2
3
xyz = t
= 6]α - 1g^β - 1h^α - βh@
2

& t 3 + 2 H 3t & t3 - 3t + 2 H 0
& ]t - 1g2 ]t + 2g H 0 & t H- 2 &k=1
3
& t H- 8 & xyz H- 8

Single Options Correct p

(II) If r ! 100, then D y ! 0
q
1. If r = 10 & A = D & Dx = D y = Dz = 0 So no solution

So, there are infinitely many solutions

Look of infinitely many solutions can be given as (II) " ]S g
x+y+z = 1 p
(III) If q ! 10, then Dz ! 0 so, no solution
& 10x + 100y + 1000z = 0 & x + 10y + 100z = 0
Let z = m
(III) " (S)
then x + y = 1 - m
p
and x + 10y =- 100m
(IV) If q = 10 & Dz = 0 & Dx = D y = 0

10 1 so infinitely many solution

& x = 9 + 10m; y =- 9 - 11m

(IV) " Q, R, T
i.e., ^ x, y, z h / b 9 + 10m, - 9 - 11m, m l
10 1

Multiple Options Correct
Q b 9 , - 9 , 0 l valid for m = 0
10 1
1 sin i 1
f ]ig = 2 - sin i
1 1 sin i
2.
P b0, 9 , - 9 l not valid for any m .
10 1

- 1 - sin i 1
(I) " Q, R, T
13.30 Mathematics
Subjective Type
cos b i + 4 l tan b i - 4 l
r r
sin r
n n

+ sin b i - 4 l - cos 2
r r
log e b r
4l /k / n C k k2
4. k=0 k=0
=0
cot b i + 4 l log e b 4 l
n n
r r
tan r / n
Ck k / n Ck 3k
k=0 k=0

2 sin i 1 n ]n + 1g ]n + g n - 2
] g 1 0 2 n 1 2
f i = 1 sin i &
=0
2 n2 n-1
4n
0 - sin i 1
1 n-2
- sin b i - 4 l tan b i - 4 l ] g
r r
0 &
n n + 1 2 n-1
2 2 =0
n 2n + 1
+ sin b i - 4 l log e b r
4l
r
0
1
- tan b i - 4 l - log e b r
r 4l 0 &
n ]n + 1 g 2 2n - 3
2 1 =0
n 8
f ]ig = ^1 + sin 2 ih + 0 (skew symmetric) ⇒ n = 0, –1, 4 ⇒ n = 4
/ k +Ck1 = / 15 5 Ck + 1 = 15 ]25 - 1g = 31
4 4

g ]ig = f ]ig - 1 + fb 2 - i l - 1
4
r


k=0 k=0
5 = 6.2
for i ! :0, 2 D
r
= sin i + cos i
Numerical Type
g ]ig ! 61, 2 @
a1 a2 a3
5. det (P) = b1 b2 b3 = a1 (b2c3 – b3c2) – a2(b1c3
Again let P ] xg = k ^ x - 2 h] x - 1g
c1 c2 c3
2 - 2 = k ^2 - 2 h]2 - 1g
– b3c1) + a3(b1c2 – b2c1) ≤ 6

&k=1
^ P ]2g = 2 - 2 given h value can be 6 only if a1 = 1, a2 = –1, a3 = 1, b2c3

` P ] xg = ^ x - 2 h] x - 1g
= b1c3 = b1c2 = 1, b3c2 = b3c1 = b2c1 = – 1

⇒ (b2c3)(b3c1)(b1c2) = – 1 & (b1c3)(b3c2)(b2c1) = 1
for option (A) P c
3+ 2 m
< 0 correct
4 i.e. b1b2b3c1c2c3 = 1 and – 1
option (B) P c
1+3 2 m hence not possible
< 0 incorrect
4
Similar contradiction occurs when a1 = 1, a2 = 1, a3
option (C) P c
5 2 -1m
> 0 correct = 1, b2c2 = b3c1 = b1c2 = 1 b3c2 = b1c3 = b1c2 = – 1
4
option (D) P c
5- 2 m Now for value to be 5 one the terms must be zero
> 0 incorrect
4
but that will make 2 terms zero which means answer
3. We have cannot be 5
]1 + ag2 ]1 + 2ag2 ]1 + 3ag2 1 0 1
]2 + ag2 ]2 + 2ag2 ]2 + 3ag2 =- 648a Now - 1 1 1 = 4 Hence max value = 4
-1 -1 1
]3 + ag2 ]3 + 2ag2 ]3 + 3ag2
Applying R3 " R3 - R2, R2 " R2 - R1 6. ~ = e i2r/3, ~2 + ~ + 1 = 0

]1 + ag2 ]1 + 2ag2 ]1 + 3ag2 z+1 ~ ~2

& 3 + 2a 3 + 4a 3 + 6a =- 648a ~ z+~ 2
1 =0
2
5 + 2a 5 + 4a 5 + 6a ~ 1 z+~
Applying R3 " R3 - R2 1 ~ ~2
]1 + ag2 ]1 + 2ag2 ]1 + 3ag2 z 1 z + ~2 1 = 0
& 3 + 2a 3 + 4a 3 + 6a =- 648a 1 1 z+~
or z []z + wg2 ]z + wg - 1 - ~ ]z + ~ - 1g + ~2
2 2 2
Applying C3 " C3 - C2, C2 " C2 - C1
^1 - z - ~2h] = 0
]1 + ag2 a ]2 + 3ag a ]2 + 5ag
3 + 2a 2a 2a =- 648a or z3 = 0 or z = 0 is only solution.
2 ]2 + 3ag0- 2a ]2 +05ag =- 324a
2 2
& 2a
& - 4a =- 324a
& a = 0, ! 9
 14
Matrices 14.1

Chapter Matrices
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. If aij = 0 6 i ! j, matrix is diagonal
5. f ] Ag = 2A2 - 3A
2. Adding the equations,
3A = = G &A == G A2 = = G= G== G
6 6 2 2 -2 1 -2 1 4 1
12 - 9 4 -3 0 3 0 3 0 9

A2 = = G= G G-= G
cos a sin a cos a sin a
2A2 - 3A = =
8 2 -6 3
3.
- sin a cos a - sin a cos a 0 18 0 9

== G
cos2 a - sin2 a 2 cos a sin a
== G
14 - 1
- 2 sin a cos a - sin2 a + cos2 a 0 9

== G
cos 2a sin 2a
- sin 2a cos 2a 6. A T =- A

A== G , B== G
3 2 -1 2
4. & A, A T are skew symmetric
1 4 -1 1
7.
AB = = G= G== G
3 2 -1 2 -5 8 A ! 0.
1 4 -1 1 -5 6
cos i sin i cos i - sin i
8. AA T = = G= G
BA = = G= G== G
-1 2 3 2 -1 6
- sin i cos i sin i cos i
-1 1 1 4 -2 2
== G
1 0
AA T = = G= G = = G
3 2 3 1 13 11
0 1
1 4 2 4 11 17
9. From theory
A2 = = G= G = = G
3 2 3 2 11 14
1 4 1 4 7 18 10. A n is symmetric 6 n ! N, not only for odd values
B2 = = G= G== G
-1 2 -1 2 -1 0
-1 1 -1 1 0 -1 of n .
clearly, answer is (d)
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. From theory.
A ^adj A h =
10 0
4. 0 10
2. AA T = I , BB T = I
& A 2 = 100
] ABg] ABgT = ABB T A T = AA T = I

] BAg] BAgT = BAA T B T = BB T = I

& A = 10

5. AB = I
& AB, BA are also orthogonal.
R VR V
3. A - mI = 0 SSS2 0 7WWWSSS- x - 14x 7x WWW
& SS0 1 0WWSS 0 1 0 WW
1-m 3 SS WWSS W
& =0 S1 - 2 1WS x - 4x - 2xWW
2 2-m T XT X
& ]m - 1g]m - 2g - 6 = 0 & 5x = 1

& m2 - 3m - 4 = 0 1
&x= 5

& m =- 1, 4
14.2 Mathematics
6. det ^^Adj A h]2 ABg-1 h 1 K 3
9. 3 K -2 = 0
det ^Adj A h 2 3 -4
det ]2ABg
&- 4K + 6 - K ]- 12 + 4g + 3 ]9 - 2K g = 0
A 1 1
= = 4#2 = 8
4 A B
&- 2K + 33 = 0
-
1 2 1 adj A
7. A -1 = = G =
A 33
2 -1 &K= 2

== G
1/5 2/5 1 1 -1
2/5 - 1/5 a2 b2 c2
10. 1 -1 1
3= 2
a 4 1 a b2 c2
8. 1 1 1
b 3 1 =0
a2 b2 c2
c 2 1
& a - 4 ]b - cg + ]2b - 3cg = 0
1 1 -1
1 1 -1 1
=
a2 b2 c2
1 1 1
& a - 2b + c = 0
! 0 Also, x = ! a , y = ! b , z = ! c are solutions.
& a, b, c are in AP
Thus the system has finitely many solutions.

EXERCISE - 1
RS V
Types of Matrices and Algebra of Matrices SS1 3 m + 2WW
1. It is obvious. W
7. The matrix SS2 4 8 WW is singular
SS W
S3 5 10 WW
T X
Clearly, AB = = G= G
cos a - sin a cos b - sin b
2. 1 3 m+2
sin a cos a sin b cos b
If 2 4 8
cos ^a + bh - sin ^a + bh
=0
== G = BA ^verifyh 3 5 10
sin ^a + bh cos ^a + bh
RS V
SS1 0 1WWW & 1 ]40 - 40g - 3 ]20 - 24g + ]m + 2g]10 - 12g = 0
3. D = SS0 1 1WW =- 1 ! 0,
SS W
S1 0 0WW & 2 ]m + 2g = 12 & m = 4.
T X
hence matrix is non-singular. 8. By inspection, A’ is a matrix of order 3 × 3 and B’

RS VR V RS V is a matrix of order 3×2. Therefore multiplication of

SS1 0 0 WWWSSS1 0 0 WWW SS1 0 0WWW
4. A2 = A.A = SS0 1 0 WWSS0 1 0 WW = SS0 1 0WW = I these matrices is defined.
SS WS W SS W
Sa b - 1WWSSa b - 1WW S0 0 1WW
T XT X T X 9. In the product AB, the required element

A2 = = G= G = = G, and C33 = ]- 2g 3 + 2.5 + 0.0 =- 6 + 10 = 4.

1 1 1 1 1 2
5.
0 1 0 1 0 1
10. Since a square matrix A whose elements aij = 0 for
A3 = A2 .A = = G= G = = G
1 2 1 1 1 3
0 1 0 1 0 1
i < j .Then A is the lower triangular matrix.
& A n = A n - 1 .A = = G= G = = G.
1 n-1 1 1 1 n
0 1 0 1 0 1 11. 6aij@n # n square matrix is a upper triangular matrix
6. Since AB = O,even if A ! O and B ! O.
for aij = 0, i > j .
 Matrices 14.3
12. A = k B , by fundamental concept.
n RS VW RS VW
SS1 2 - 1WW SS1 0 0WW
22. A = SS3 0 2 WW, B = SS2 1 0WW
13. We have AB = B and BA = A . SS W SS W
S4 5 0 WW S0 1 3WW
T X T X
Therefore A2 + B2 = AA + BB = A ] BAg + B ] ABg
RS
SS 1 # 1 + 2 # 2 + ]- 1 g ]0g
S
AB = S 3 # 1 + 0 # 2 + 2 # 0
SS
= ] ABg A + ] BAg B = BA + AB = A + B, S 4#1+5#2+0#0
T
1 # 0 + 2 # 1 + ]- 1g]1 g 1 # 0 + 2 # 0 + ]- 1g]3 gWW
V
(a AB = B and BA = A) W
3 # 0 + 0 # 1 + 2 # 1 3 # 0 + 0 # 0 + 2 # 3 WW
W
14. A + B is defined & A and B are of same order 4 # 0 + 5 # 1 + 0 # 1 4 # 0 + 5 # 0 + 0 # 3 WW
RS V X
SS 5 1 - 3WWW
Also AB is defined & Number of columns in A ` AB = SS 3 2 6 WW .
SS W
S14 5 0 WW
= Number of rows in B Obviously, both T X
23. Given AB = A, ` B = I & BA = B, ` A = I
simultaneously mean that the matrices A and B are
Hence, A2 = A and B2 = B.
square matrices of same order. Special Types of Matrices, Transpose, Adjoint and
Inverse of Matrices
15. Given, A and B are square matrices of order n × n. RS V
SS 3 - 2 - 1WWW
We know that ] A - Bg2 = ] A - Bg] A - Bg 24. Let A = SS- 4 1 - 1WW, then
SS W
S 2 0 1 WW
T X
= A2 - AB - BA + B2 Note that AB ! BA in general.
3 -2 -1
16. We know that every identity matrix is a scalar matrix. A = -4 1 -1 = 1
2 0 1
17. Given, Matrix A = = G.
0 -1
The matrix of cofactors of A
1 0
RS V R V
SSc11 c12 c13WWW SSS1 2 - 2WWW
Weknowthat A2 = A.A = = G= G== G
0 -1 0 -1 -1 0
= SSc21 c22 c23WW = SS2 5 - 4WW
1 0 1 0 0 -1 SS W S W
Sc31 c32 c33WW SS3 7 - 5WW
]- 1g8 0 T X T X
Therefore A16 = ] A2g8 = =
8
G == G
-1 0 RS V
0 ]- 1g8
0 -1 SS 1 2 3 WW
Therefore, adj ] Ag = SSS 2 5
W
7 WW
W
= = G.
1 0 SS- 2 - 4 - 5WW
0 1 TR XV
SS 1 2 3 WW
S W
18. Matrix multiplication distributive and associative 1
` A = A .adjA = SS 2 5
-1
7 WW, ^a A = 1h
SS W
S- 2 - 4 - 5WW
not commutative. T X
25. ] ABg-1 = B -1 A -1 .
19. On expansion, A = k2 + 1, which can be never zero.
RS V
SS- 4 - 3 - 3WWW
Hence matrix A is invertible for all real k. 26. The cofactors of N = SS 1 0 1 WW are
SS W
S 4 4 3 WW
1 2 T X
20. Put a = 1; ` A = = 4-4 = 0
2 4 c11 =- 4, c12 = 1, c13 = 4; c21 =- 3, c22 = 0, c23 = 4
Hence, A is a singular matrix for a = 1. c31 =- 3, c32 = 1, c33 = 3
21. First note that PQ must be of order 3×2 and its SRS- 4 - 3 - 3VWW
S W
` adj N = SS 1 0 1 WW = N.
^1, 1hth entry is i ]- ig + 0 - i ] i g = 2 . SS W
S 4 4 3 WW
T X
14.4 Mathematics
27. It is obvious. 38. Adj A = A n-1
= dn - 1 .
28. ] I - Ag] I + Ag = I - A2 = O,
39. It is obvious.
{Since A is involuntory, therefore A = I} . 2

40. As I3 I3 = I3, therefore I3-1 = I3 .

RS V RS V
SS1 0 0WWW SSk 0 0WWW
29. Let I = SS0 1 0WW , then kI = SS0 k 0WW 41. When aij = 0 for i ! j and aij is constant for i = j,
SS W SS W
S0 0 1WW S0 0 kWW
T X T X then the matrix 6aij@n # n is called a scalar matrix.
RS 2 VW
SSk 0 0 WW
& adj ]kI g = SS 0 k2 0 WW = k2 I 42. The given matrix is a skew-symmetric matrix
SS W
S 0 0 k2WW
T X 5a A' =- A?.
30. We know by the fundamental concept that
43. Given, Square matrices A and B of same order. We
adj ^adj A h = A n-2
A.
know that if A and B are non-singular matrices of the
31. For A = = G, adj ] Ag = = G and A =- 1 .
i 0 i/2 0
0 i/2 0 i 2 same orders, then ] ABg-1 = B -1 A -1 .

` A -1 = A ^adj A h =
1 1 =i/2 0G =- i 0 G
44. We have, A ^adj A h = = G
= . 10 0
- 1/2 0 i 0 - 2i 0 10
32. A ^adj A h = A.A -1 A = A I.
or A ^adj A h = 10 = G = 10I
1 0
…..(i)
0 1
33. It is obvious.
and A -1 = A ^adj A h
1
RS V
SS 1 0 0WWW
34. A = SS 5 2 0WW
SS W A ^adj A h = A I …..(ii)
S- 1 6 1WW
T X
RS V R ` From equation (i) and (ii), we get A = 10.
V
SS2 - 5 32 WWW SSS 2 0 0WWW
& adj ] Ag = SS0 1 - 6WW = SS- 5 1 0WW . 45. By fundamental property,
SS W S W
S0 0 2 WW SS 32 - 6 2WW
T X T X adj ]mX g = m n - 1 ^adj X h .
35. Let A be a symmetric matrix.
Here n = 3
Then AA -1 = I & ] AA -1gT = I
` adj ]mX g = m3 - 1 ^adj X h
& ]A g A = I & ]A g = ]A g
-1 T T -1 T T -1

adj ]mX g = m2 ^adj X h

& ] A g = ] Ag , ]a A = Ag
-1 T -1 T

Relation Between Determinants and Matrices and

& A -1 is a symmetric matrix. Solution of Equations

36. Since A is a skew-symmetric matrix, therefore 46. Since det ]- Ag = ]- 1g3 det A =- det A.

A T =- A & ] A T gn = ]- Agn & ] A ngT = 47. We know that if A, B are n square matrices, then

)
A n, if n is even AB = A B .
- A n, if n is odd
37. If A' = A, then order of A' will be same to order of

A. So it is a square matrix.
 Matrices 14.5
RS VR V R V 51.
SS1 2 3WWW SSS xWWW SSS 6 WWW A =- 1, B = 3 & AB =- 3
48. SS3 1 2WW SS yWW = SS- 6WW
SS WS W S W
2 3 1W S zW S 0 W & 3AB = ]3 g3 ]- 3g =- 81.
T XT X T X
RS V
&AX=B SS1 2 3 WWW
52. A = SS1 4 9 WW
SS W
&X=A B -1
S1 8 27WW
T X
SRS - 5 7 7 WW
V Let cij be cofactor of aij in A.
SS 18 18 18 WW
SS 1 -5 7 WWW
-1
A = SS 18 Then cofactor of elements of A are given by
SS 18 18 WW
SS 7 1 - 5 WW
S 18 18 18 WW 4 9 2 3 2 3
T X C11 = = 36, C21 = =- 30, C31 =
8 27 8 27 4 9
RS VW
SS- 4WW =6
X = A -1 B = SS 2 WW
S W
S2W 1 9 1 3 1 3
T X C12 = =- 18, C22 = = 24, C32 =
1 27 1 27 1 9
& x =- 4, y = 2, z = 2
=- 6
SRS 1 - 1 - 1 WVW
SRS 1 0 1WVW SS 2 2 2 WWW 1 4 1 2 1 2
SS WW S C13 = = 4, C23 = =- 6, C33 = =2
-1 S 1 1 - 1 WW
49. Let A = S- 1 1 0W & A SS 2 2 2 WW
1 8 1 8 1 4
SS WW S
S 0 - 1 1W SS 1 1 1 WW
T X SS 2 2 2 WW
T X SRS 36 - 30 6 VWW
& Adj ] Ag = SS- 18 24 - 6WW
S W
SRS 1 - 1 - 1 WVW SS W
SS 2 2 2 W RS VW RS VW S 4 - 6 2 WW
SS 1 1 - 1 WWW SS1WW SS- 1WW T X
WS W S W
& Adj ] Ag = 36 ]48 - 36g + 30 ]- 36 + 24g + 6
` AX = B & X = A -1 B = SS 2 2 2 WW SS1WW = SS 0 WW .
SS
SS 1 1 1 WW SS2WW SS 2 WW
2 WW T X T X
]108 - 96g
S2 2
T X
RS VWRS VW RS VW
SS 1 0 1WWSSxWW SS1WW & Adj ] Ag = 144.
Aliter: SS- 1 1 0WWSSyWW = SS1WW
SS WS W S W
S 0 - 1 1WWSSzWW SS2WW
T XT X T X Aliter :- adj A = A n-1
RS VW RS VW
SS x + 0y + z WW SS1WW x+z = 1
& SS- x + y + 0zWW = SS1WW & - x + y = 1 = 123 - 1 = 144
SS W S W
S 0x - y + z WW SS2WW z-y = 2
T X T X 0 1 -1
& ^ x, y, zh = ^- 1, 0, 2h .
53.
D = -1 0 2 = 0
1 -2 0
50. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order,

say ]2n + 1g . Since A is skew-symmetric, therefore

1 1 -1
D1 = - 2 0 2 = 14 & D1 ! 0
A T =- A. 3 -2 0

& A T = - A & A T = ]- 1g2n + 1 A a D = 0 and D1 ! 0 , hence the system is

& A T =- A & A =- A inconsistent, so it has no solution.

& 2 A = 0 & A = 0.
14.6 Mathematics
2 1 -1 D = 0, D1 ! 0
54. D = 1 -3 2 = 0
1 4 -3 Hence number of solutions is zero

2 1 7 55. Given A = 6 and B = 5A2

D1 = 1 - 3 1 = 7
1 4 5 & B = 5 A 2 = 5 # 36 = 180.

EXERCISE - 2
Types of Matrices and Algebra of Matrices
10. Since A2 = = G= G== G! A
1 2 1 2 -4 2
1 2 1 2 5 8
M2 = = G= G== G
-3 0 -3 0 -3 -6
1.
2 3 2 3 8 13
B2 = = G= G== G! B
-1 0 -1 0 1 0
2
M - λM - I2 2 3 2 3 4 9

Now AB = = G= G== G
1 2 -1 0 3 6
5-λ-1 8 - 2λ
== G= 0 & λ = 4 -3 0 2 3 3 0
8 - 2λ 13 - 3λ - 1
and BA = = G= G== G
2. It is obvious that (m,n) =(3, 4). -1 0 1 2 -1 -2
2 3 -3 0 -7 4
3. By inspection, A2 and A matrix is of order 3 # 3,
Obviously, AB ! BA.
while B matrix is of order 3 # 2 . Therefore,
A== G & A2 = = G= I
0 i 1 0
11.
-i 0 0 1
A2 + 2B - 2A is not defined.
& ] A2g20 = A 40 = ] I g20 = = G .
1 0
A = A.A = = 2 G= G
ab b2 ab b2 0 1
4. 2
- a - ab - a2 - ab RS VW RS V
SS2WW SS2 4 6 WWW
12. BA = SS3WW [1 2 3] 1 # 3 = SS3 6 9 WW
== 3 G= O
a2 b2 - a2 b2 ab3 - ab3
SS WW SS W
- a b + a3 b - a2 b2 + a2 b2 S4W3 # 1 S4 8 12WW3 # 3
T X T X
RS VW
& A3 = A.A2 = 0 and A n = 0, for all n $ 2. SS2WW
AB = 51 2 3?1 # 3 SS3WW = 520?1 # 1 .
5. It is obvious. SS WW
S4W3 # 1
SRS2 0 0WVW RS 5 V R V T X
S 2 0 0 WW SSS2 0 0WWW So, AB and BA are defined.
SS WW S W
6. A = S0 2 0W & A = SS 0 2 0 WW = 2 SS0 2 0WW
5 5 4
SS W SS W SS W 13. AB = O & AB = O
S0 0 2WW S 0 0 25WW S0 0 2WW
T X T X T X
& A . B = 0 & A = 0 or B = 0
= 16 A.
When AB = O, neither A nor B may be O.
7. It is based on fundamental concept.
For example if A = = G and B = = G, then
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
3 1 5 -1
8. A== G B== G
AB = = G .
0 0
4 1 2 3
0 0
AX = B
aij = 2 ]3i - 2ig
1
14.
-1
&X=A B
& a11 = 1/2, a12 =- 1/2 and a21 = 2, a22 = 1
-1 1 5 -1 -3 4
== G= G == G
` A = 6aij@2 # 2 = = G
4 -3 2 3 14 - 13 a11 a12
a21 a22
9. We have ] A + Bg] A - Bg = A2 - AB + BA - B2
`A == G.
1/2 - 1/2
` Option (a) is not true. 2 1
 Matrices 14.7
JK- 1 0 0 NO
15. Given kA = = G & k= G== G
0 3a 0 2 0 3a K O
2b 24 3 -4 2b 24 (ii) ]- 1g I = KKK 0 - 1 0 OOO ! A
KK 0 0 - 1OO
& 2k = 3a, 3k = 2b, - 4k = 24 L P

2k 3k (iii) A = 1 ! 0 & A -1 exists.

& a = 3 , b = 2 , k =- 6
(iv) Clearly A, is not a zero matrix.
& k =- 6, a =- 4, b =- 9
Special Types of Matrices, Transpose, Adjoint and
2+x 3 4 Inverse of Matrices
16. Given, 1 - 1 2 = 0 21. In A -1 , the element of 2nd row and 3rd column is
x 1 -5
the c32 element of the matrix ^cij h of cofactors of
& ]2 + xg]5 - 2g - 3 ]- 5 - 2xg + 4 ]1 + xg = 0
element of A, (due to transposition) divided by
& 6 + 3x + 15 + 6x + 4 + 4x = 0
D = A =- 2.
]- 1g3 + 2 M32 - ]- 2g
25
& 13x =- 25 & x =- 13 .
` Required element = -2 = - 2 =- 1.
RS VR V R V
SS1 1 0WWWSSS1 1 0WWW SSS2 3 1WWW
where M32 = minor of c32 in A = = G = 0 - 2 =- 2.
1 1
17. A2 = AA = SS1 2 1WWSS1 2 1WW = SS5 6 2WW
SS WS W S W 2 0
S2 1 0WWSS2 1 0WW SS3 4 1WW
T XT X T X
R] s gR] t g = = G= G
cos s sin s cos t sin t
RS VWRS VW RS V 22.
SS2 3 1WWSS1 1 0WW SS 7 9 3WWW - sin s cos s - sin t cos t
& A3 = A2 A = SS5 6 2WWSS1 2 1WW = SS15 19 6WW
cos ]s + tg sin ]t + sg
== G = R ]s + tg .
SS WS W S W
S3 4 1WWSS2 1 0WW SS 9 12 4WW
T XT X T X - sin ]s + tg cos ]t + sg
RS VW
SS1 0 0WW 23. Since A,B are symmetric & A = A' and B = B'
Here, A - 3A = SS0 1 0WW = I & A3 - 3A2 - I = 0.
3 2

= ] AB - BAg ' = ] ABg ' - ] BAg ' = B'A' - A'B'

SS W
S0 0 1WW
T X
=- ] A'B' - B'A'g =- ] AB - BAg
2A + 2B = = G, A - 2B = = G
2 0 -1 1
18.
2 2 0 1
& ] AB - BAg is skew-symmetric.
On adding, we get 3A = = G & A = = G.
1 1 1/3 1/3
2 1 2/3 1/3 24. ] M'AM g ' = M'A'M = M'AM
19. Determinants of unit matrix of any order = 1.
{A is symmetric. Hence M'AM is a symmetric
JK 0 0 - 1NO
K O
20. Let A = KKK 0 - 1 0 OOO matrix).
KK- 1 0 0 OO
L P 25. A square matrix is to be orthogonal matrix if
Check by options.
A'A = I = AA'
JK 0 0 - 1NOJK 0 0 - 1NO
K OK O
(i) A = KKK 0 - 1 0 OOOKKK 0 - 1 0 OOO
2
& A ==
cos a sin a
G, A' = =
cos a - sin a
G
KK- 1 0 0 OOKK- 1 0 0 OO - sin a cos a sin a cos a
L PL P
& AA' = = G, A'A = = G
1 0 1 0
JK1 0 0NO
K O 0 1 0 1
A = KKK0 1 0OOO = I
2

KK0 0 1 OO ` AA' = A'A = I.

L P
14.8 Mathematics
26. 3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0 & I =- 3A3 - 2A2 - 5A JK 4 2 2 NOO
KK
38. Given, KK- 5 0 aOOO = 10A -1
& IA -1 =- 3A2 - 2A - 5I & A -1 =-^3A2 + 2A + 5I h KK 1 - 2 3 OO
L P
27. It is skew-symmetric. JK 4
K 2 2 NOOJKK1 - 1 1 NOO JKK10 0 0 NOO
RS V & KKK- 5 0 aOOOKKK2 1 - 3OOO = KKK 0 10 0 OOO
SS0 1 0WWW KK 1 3 OOKK1 1 1 OO KK 0 0 10OO
28. A = SS1 0 0WW & A =- 1 ]1 + 0g =- 1
-2
L PL P L P
SS W
S0 0 1WW &- 5 + a = 0 & a = 5
T X
RS V
SS A11 A21 A31WWW (Equating the element of 2nd row and first column).
adj ] Ag = SS A12 A22 A32WW
SS W
S A13 A23 A33WW 39. It is obvious.
T X
& A11 = 0, A12 =- 1, A13 = 0 Relation Between Determinants and Matrices and
A21 =- 1, A22 = 0, A23 = 0 Solution of Equations
40. Here A ! 0. Hence unique solution.
A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A33 =- 1
RS V
RS V SS2 0 0WWW
adj ] A g SS0 1 0WWW 41. A = SS0 2 0WW = 2I
SS W
& A -1 = = SS1 0 0WW = A. S0 0 2WW
A SS W T X
S0 0 1WW RS V
T X SS2 4 6WWW
29. Since adj A = A n-1
, therefore A = 0 ` AB = 2IB = 2B = SS0 2 6WW
SS W
S0 0 4WW
T X
& adj A = 0 & adj A is also singular. 2 4 6
Therefore AB = 0 2 6 = 2 ]8 g = 16
A. = G== G= G== G = 2= G = 2I.
1 1 1 -1 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 4
30.
-1 1 1 1 -1 1 0 2 0 1
Aliter: A = 2 # 2 # 2 = 8, B = 1 # 1 # 2 = 2
31. It is obvious.
32. We have, ] AA T g = ] A T gT A T = AA T (by reversal law)
` AB = A B = 2 # 8 = 16.

` AA T is symmetric matrix. 42. Form (ii) equation, 2 ^ x + y h = 3 or 2.2 = 3 or 4 = 3

Which is not feasible, so given equation has no
33. A = 1 ! 0 , therefore A is invertible. Thus (d) is
not correct. solution.

34. A2 - A + I = 0 43. A .adj ] Ag = A 3

for order n, DD' = D n .
& I = A - A 2 & I = A ] I - Ag
44. AX = B
& A -1 I = A -1 (A ] I - Ag) & A -1 = I - A.
SRS 2 1 WV
35. Since A2 = O (Zero matrix) and 2 is the least +ve SS 3 3 0 WW RS VW
SS - 1 W S0W
1 WWW SS3WW
integer for which A2 = O . Thus, A is nilpotent of & X = A -1 B = SS 2 0 2 WW SS WW
SS S W
index 2. SS 5 - 1 - 1 WWW T4X
S 6 3 2 W
T X
3 2 4 RS VW
SS 1 WW
36. K = A ; A = 1 2 - 1 = 11.
& X = SS 2 WW
0 1 1 SS WW
S- 3W
A. ^adj A h = A I . Here A = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1.
T X
37.
&x=1
Hence, A. ^adj A h) = = G .
1 0
y=2
0 1
z =- 3
 Matrices 14.9
1 1 -1
a2 b2 c2
45. 1 -1 1
3= 2
a b2 c2
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
1 1 -1
1
= 2 2 2 1 -1 1
a b c
1 1 1
! 0 Also, x = ! a , y = ! b , z = ! c are solutions. Thus the system has finitely many solutions.

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
or = G== G
a2 + bc ab + b - ab a b
ac + c - ac bc + ]1 - ag2 c 1-a
A == G
0 1
1.
or = G== G
3 0 a2 + bc b a b
c bc + ]1 - ag2 c 1-a
& A2 = A $ A = = G= G = = G
0 1 0 1 3 0
3 0 3 0 0 3 or a2 + bc = a

a - a2 = bc = 1/4 (given)
& A 4 = A2 $ A2 = = G= G = = G
3 0 3 0 32 0
0 3 0 3 0 32
f ]ag = 1/4

& A8 = = G
4
3 0
0 34 3. Given A2 = A

& I = ] I - 0.4Ag] I - aAg

and A6 = A 4 $ A2 = = 2G= G== G
32 0 3 0 33 0
0 3 0 3 0 33
= I - IaA - 0.4AI + 0.4aA2
Let V = = G
x
y
= I - Aa - 0.4A + 0.4aA
A 8 + A6 + A 4 + A2 + I
= I - A ]0.4 + ag + 0.4aA
= G+= G+= G+= G+= G== G
81 0 27 0 9 0 3 0 1 0 121 0
0 81 0 27 0 9 0 3 0 1 0 121
& 0.4a = 0.4 + a
] A 8 + A6 + A 4 + A2 + I g V = = G
0
11 & a =- 2/3

or = G= G = = G or = G== G
121 0 x 0 121x 0 & 9a = 6
0 121 y 11 121y 11 SRS3ax2 3bx2 3cx2WVW
S W
& x = 0 and y = 1/11 4. We have AB = SS a b c WW
SS W
S 6ax 6bx 6cx WW
T X
& V == G== G
x 0
y 1/11 Now tr. ] ABg = tr. ]C g

= G is an idempotent matrix. & 3ax2 + b + 6cx = ]x + 2g2 + 2x + 5x2 6x ! R

a b
2.
c 1-a
a b 2 a b (Identity)
&= G == G
c 1-a c 1-a
& 3ax2 + 6cx + b = 6x2 + 6x + 4
or = G= G== G
a b a b a b
c 1-a c 1-a c 1-a & a = 2, c = 1, b = 4
14.10 Mathematics
5. Given that AA T = 4I 9. A = a2 - 4

& A 2 = 4 or A = ! 2 A3 = 125
& A = 5 = a2 - 4
adj A
So A T = 4A -1 = 4 A & a2 = 9
RS V RS V 10. AB = A
SSa11 a21 a31WWW SSc11 c21 c31WWW
4
V A
& SSa12 a22 a32WW = A SSc12 c22 c32WW & ABA = 2
SS W SS W
Sa13 a23 a33WW Sc13 c23 c33WW
T X T X & AB = A2
4
Now aij = A cij & A = A2

&- 2cij = A cij ^as aij + 2cij = 0 h

4
&k=1

& A =- 2 Now A + 4I = A + AA T BA = B

V B
= A I + AT & BAB = 2

=- 2 I + A & BA = B2

& A + 4I + 2 A + I = 0, & B = B2

2 &l=1
so on comparing, we get 5m = 2 &= 5
] A + Bg3 = ] A2 + AB + BA + B2g] A + Bg
Hence, 10m = 4
= ] A + A + B + Bg] A + Bg
6. A diagonal matrix is commutative with every square
= 2 ] A + Bg2
matrix if it is scalar matrix; so every diagonal
element is 4. Therefore, A = 64 = 2 # 2 ] A + Bg

1 = 4 ] A + Bg
7. adj A -1 = A -1 2 =
A2
&m=4
& _adj A -1 i =
-1 1
adj A -1 & k+l+m = 6
2
= A =2 =4 2
11. AB = I
ABCr = Cr
A =e o
1 2
8.
-1 3 tr ]Crg = ]2r - 1g .3r

/ tr]Crg = / ]2r - 1g3r

50 50

Characteristic polynomial = ]1 - mg]3 - mg + 2 r=1 r=1

51
2
= m - 4m + 5 = 3 + 49.3
& a = 49, b = 51
& A2 - 4A + 5I = 0
a+b
& 25 = 4
Now, A6 - 4A5 + 8A 4 - 12A3 + 14A2

= ^ A2 - 4A + 5I h^ A 4 + 3A2 - I h + ]- 4A + 5I g

=- 4A + 5I

a + b =- 4 + 5 = I
 Matrices 14.11
12. AB = ] ABg -1

M2 = e oe o=e o
1 2 1 2 5 8
& ] ABg2 = I 14.
2 3 2 3 8 13
] ABg3 = AB, ] ABg4 = I and so on M2 - mM - I2 = 0
AB + ] ABg2 + ] ABg3 + ... + ] ABg100
&e o-e o-e o= 0
5 8 m 2m 1 0
= 50 ] AB + I g 8 13 2m 3m 0 1

&e o= 0
J NJ N 4 - m 8 - 2m
KKK2 0 7 OOOKKK- x 14x 7x OOO
Now, AB = KK0 1 0OOKK 0 1 0 O 8 - 2m 12 - 3m
KK1 - 2 1 OOKK x - 4x - 2xOOO
L PL P &m=4
JK5x N 15. A2 = 5A - 7I
KK 0 0 OO
= KK 0 1 0 OOO A3 = 5A2 - 7A
KK 0 10x - 2 5xOO
= 5 ]5A - 7I g - 7A
L P
JK5x 0 0 NOOJKK5x 0 0 NOO
KK
] ABg = KK 0
2
1 O K
0 OOKK 0 1 0 OOO = 18A - 35I
KK 0 10x - 2 5xOOKK 0 10x - 2 5xOO
L PL P A 4 = 18A2 - 35A
=I = 18 ]5A - 7I g - 35A
1
&x= 5
= 55A - 126I
50 ] AB + I g l
tr b 100 A5 = 55A2 - 126A

= 55 ]5A - 7I g - 126A
= 2 ]3 + 3g = 3
1

= 149A - 385I
A =e o
cos a sin a
13.
- sin a cos a 4a - 6b 4 # 149 + 6 # 385
1453 = 1453 =2
A2 = e oe o
cos a sin a cos a - sin a
- sin a cos a sin a cos a 16. BT A = AT
AT B = A

=e o
1 0
0 1 AAT B = A 2

Then A3 = A, A 4 = I and so on. B = A2

0 1 0 -1
B = A + 4A2 + 6A3 + 4A 4 + A5 & ==
B G & BT = = G
-1 0 1 0
= A + 4I + 6A + 4I + A
0 -K
G== G
0 - 2
= 8A + 8I `=

K 2 2 0
` = 2 & K4 = 4
K
= 8e o
1 + cos a sin a
17. AX = mX & ] A - mI gX = 0
- sin a 1 + cos a
B =1
but X ! 0 & A - mI = 0

& 64 6]1 + cos ag2 + sin2 a@ = 1 4-m 6 6

& 1 3 - m 2 =0
1 -1 -5 -2 - m
& 2 + 2 cos a = 64
& ]m - 1g]m - 2g2 = 0 & m = 1, 2, 2

1 - 127
& cos a = 128 - 1 = 128

Sum of distinct values 1 + 2 = 3
4 values of a in 6- 2r, 2r@
14.12 Mathematics
1 - ]1 + 2 + 3g 1 - 100
RS V RS V
SS 3 1 0WWW SS 3 1 0WWW ==
G ... = G
18. A = SS 1 - 3 0WW, AT = SS 1 - 3 0WW 0 1 0 1
SS W SS W
S0 0 2WW S0 0 2WW 1 - ]1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100g
T
T
X T X ==
G
AA & = 4I 0 1
4 $ adj A 4 $ adjA 100 ]101g
& T = 4A -1 =
A = -8
& a =- 2 =- 5050, b = 0
A
a
` + b =- 5050
& 2AT + adj A = 0

a = 2AT + adj A + AAT
d 22. A 2 - 4A + 4I = O & ] A - 2I g2 = O & A = 2I

& = 4I = 43 I = 64
d B = A ] A 4 + 4A3 + 6A 2 + 4A + 1g = A ] A + I g4

` d =8 = 2I ]3I g4 = 162I

19. Let A = =
-4 -5
G , then A =- 8 + 10 = 2 det ]Bg = ]162g2 = 26244

2 2
23. P = adj.Q
1 1

` 3= A -1
= = 2 & 2 3= 1 & P = adj.Q = Q

2
A
20. Characteristic equation of A is A - xI = 0 ` P = ]4g2 & P = 16

RS V
SS1 c 3WWW
& 3 - 3x 2 - x - 3 = 0
x & SS1 3 3WW = 16

SS W
2 4 4W

or T X
A3 - 3A 2 - A - 3I = 0
& 1 ]0 g - c ]- 2g + 3 ]- 2g = 16

] A - I g3 = 4A + 2I

& 2c = 22 & c = 11
^] - I g3 - 4Ah = 2I 24. adj. ^adj.A h = adj.A = ]16g2 = 256
2
A
25. det. ] MM - M ' M g = det. ] M - M 'g $ det.M
1 -1 1 -2 1 -3 1 - 100
21. = G= G= G ... = G M
a is 3rd order matrix
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 - ]1 + 2g 1 - 3 1 - 100
& M - M ' is skew-symmetric matrix
==
G= G ... = G
0 1 0 1 0 1 & det. ] M - M 'g = 0

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
A = diag ^d1, d2, ..., dnh Given, A3 = A
2. If A is nth root of I2, then A n = I2 . Now,
1.
& diag ^d13, d23, ..., d n3 i = diag ^d1, d2, ...dnh A2 = = G= G== G
a b a b a2 2ab
0 a 0 a 0 a2
& d13 = d1, d23 = d2,..., d n3 = dn
A3 = A2 A = = 2 G= G== G
a2 2ab a b a 3 3a 2 b
Hence, all d1, d2, d3,..., dn have three possible values 0 a 0 a 0 a3

Thus, A n = I & = G== G

! 1, 0. Each diagonal element can be selected in a n na n - 1 b 1 0
0 an 0 1
three ways. Hence, the number of different matrices
& a n = 1, b = 0
is 3 .
n
 Matrices 14.13
8. A is involuntary. Hence, A = I & A = A
AB = = G= G
2 -1
cos2 i cos i sin i cos2 z cos z sin z
3. 2
cos i sin i sin i cos z sin z sin2 z
also, ]kAg-1 = k ] Ag-1
1
==
cos2 i cos2 z + cos i cos z sin i sin z
cos i sin i cos2 z + cos i sin i cos z sin z
or b 2 A l = 2 ] Ag-1
1 -1
G
2 2
cos i cos z sin z + cos i sin i sin z
cos i cos z sin i sin z + sin2 i sin2 z or 2A
cos i cos z cos ^i - zh cos i sin z ^cos ^i - zhh 9. b A' - 1 I lb A - 1 I l = I and b A' + 1 I lb A + 1 I l
== G 2 2 2 2
sin i cos z cos ^i - zh cos i sin z ^cos i - z)h
=I
= ^cos ^i - zhh= G
cos i cos z cos i sin z
& A + A' = 0 (subtracting the two results)
sin i cos z sin i sin z
or A' =- A
Now, AB = O & cos ^i - zh = 0 & i - z =
& A2 =- 4 I or b 4 l = ^det ] Agh2
3 -3 n
]2n + 1g r/2, n ! Z.
Hence, n is even
4. (i) AB n = ABBBBgB
10. Z is idempotent, then
= ] ABg BBBgB

= B ] ABg BBBgB
Z2 = Z & Z3, Z 4, ..., Z n = Z

= BB ] ABg BBgB ` ] I + Z gn = n C0 I n + n C1 I n - 1 Z + n C2 I n - 2 Z2 + ... +

h n
Cn Z n

= Bn A = n C0 I + n C1 Z + n C2 Z + n C3 Z + ... + n Cn Z

(ii) Similarly , ] ABgn = A n B n = I + ^n C1 + n C2 + n C3 + ... + n Cnh Z

5. From given data, A = 2 4 & adj A = ]2 4g3 = I + ]2 n - 1gZ

& adj ^adj A h = ]2 4g9 = 236 11. We have, AB = A ^adj A h = A In

1 = & 2 0 = ' ]7 + 1g 1 = 1
` AB + KIn = A In + KIn
&'
det (adj (adj A)) 36 12

7 7 7 7
= ^ A + kh In
6. Given A2 = A. Now,

] I + Ag3 - 7A = I3 + 3I2 A + 3IA2 + A3 - 7A

& AB + KIn = ( A + k) In

^a aIn = a nh
= I + 3A + 3A + A - 7A

= I+O = ^ A + K hn

=I 12. A2005 - 6A2004 = A 2004

A - 6I

7. We have, A2 = O, A k = O, 6k $ 2
= ]- 22g 22004 = ]- 11g]2 g2005
0 11
= 22004
Thus, ] A + I g50 = I + 50A
2 -2
13. Given B r = I or B r B -1 = 1B -1
& a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, d = 1
or B r - 1 = B -1

& A -1 B r - 1 A - A -1 B -1 A = A -1 B -1 A - A -1 B -1 A = O
14.14 Mathematics
14. We have, A = ]a + ibg]a - ibg - ]- c + idg]c + idg 18. ] A -1 BAg2 = ] A -1 BAg] A -1 BAg

= a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1 = A -1 B ] AA -1gBA = A -1 BIBA = A -1 B2 A

and adj ] Ag = = G & ] A -1 BAg3 = ] A -1 B2 Ag] A -1 BAg

a - ib - c - id
c - id a + ib

Then A -1 = =
a - ib - c - id
G = A -1 B2 ] AA -1gBA = A -1 B2 IBA
- c + id a - ib
= A -1 B3 A and so on & ] A -1 BAgn = A -1 B n A
15. We know that adj ^adj A h = A ]n - 1g2

A =e o & A2 = e oe o=e o
a 0 a 0 a 0 a2 0
19.
]n - 1g2 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b2
& adj (adj (adj A)) = adj A
& A3 = e oe o e o
a2 0 a 0 a3 0
]n - 1g3 =
= A 0 b2 0 b 0 b3
8
= 2 = 256
& An = e o
an 0
A ]xg A ^ y h = ]1 - xg-1 ^1 - yh = G= G
-1 1 -x 1 -y 0 bn
16.
-x 1 -y 1
& ] A ng-1 =
1 eb 0 o ea o
n -n
0
1 + xy - ^ x + y h
=
= ^1 + xy - ^ x + y hh =
n n
G
-1 a b 0 an 0 b -n
- ^ x + y h 1 + xy
& lim ] A ng-1 = e o as a > 1 and b > 1
0 0
RS V
S x + y WW n"3 0 0
x + y -1 SSS 1 - 1 + xy WW
WW = A ] z g
= d1 - n S 20. ] I - Ag f ] Ag = I + A
1 + xy SS x + y W
S 1 + xy 1 WW
T X or f ] Ag = ] I + Ag] I - Ag-1
1 tan x
= ] I + Ag] I + A + A2g
17. A = 2
= 1 + tan x ! 0
- tan x 1
So A is invertible. Also,
= I + A + A2 + A + A2 + A3
T
adj A = = G == G
1 tan x 1 - tan x
- tan x 1 tan x 1 = I + 2A + 2A2
1
Now, A -1 = A adjA 21. We have, 6F ]xgG ^ y h@ = 6G ^ y h@ 6F ]xg@-1
-1 -1

= G ^- y h F ]- xg
1
=
^1 + tan2 xh= G
1 - tan x
tan x 1
22. Given A,B,A + I, A + B are idempotent. Hence,
RS V
SS 1 - tan x WW
A2 = A, B2 = B, ] A + I g2 = A + I and
2 W
S 1 + tan x 1 + tan x WW
2
= SS tan x 1 WW
SS
S 1 + tan2 x 1 + tan2 x WW
T X ] A + Bg2 = A + B
RS V
SS 1 - tan x WW
1 - tan x S 1 + tan x 1 + tan x WW
` A T A -1 = = GSS
2 2 & A2 + B2 + AB + BA = A + B
WW
tan x 1 SS tan x2 1 W
S 1 + tan x 1 + tan2 x WW & A + B + AB + BA = A + B
T X
SRS 1 - tan2 x - 2 tan x WVW
SS W & AB + BA = O
1 + tan2 x 1 + tan2 x WW
= SS 2 W
SS 2 tan x 1 - tan x WW
S 1 + tan2 x 1 + tan2 x W
T X
== G
cos 2x - sin 2x
sin 2x cos 2x
 Matrices 14.15
RS V
SS 1 2 0WWW
RS V
SS2 - 1 5WWW 28. We have, ] A - 2I g] A - 4I g = O
23. A + 2B = SS 6 - 3 3WW and 2A - B = SS2 - 1 6WW
SS W SS W or A2 - 2A - 4A + 8I = O
S- 5 3 1WW S0 1 2WW
T X T X
& tr ] Ag + 2tr ] Bg =- 1 and 2tr ] Ag - tr ] Bg = 3 or A2 - 6A + 8I = O

Let tr ] Ag = x and tr ] Bg = y. Then, or A -1 ^ A2 - 6A + 8I h = A -1 O

x + 2y =- 1 and 2x - y = 3 or A - 6I + 8A -1 = O

Solving, x = 1 and y =- 1. or A + 8A -1 = 6I

Hence, tr ] Ag - tr ] Bg = x - y = 2
1 4
or 6 A + 3 A -1 = I

24. A = 1 ]0 - 10g - 2 ]2 - 6g + 3 ]4 - 0g 29. Given, A2 = 2A - I

=- 10 + 8 + 12 = 10 Now, A3 = A ] A2g

& A !0 & Unique solution = A ]2A - I g

RS V
SSa1 a2 a3WW = 2A2 - A
W
25. Matrix SSb1 b2 b3 WW is orthogonal if
= 2 ]2A - I g - A
SS W
Sc1 c2 c3WW
T X
/ ai2 = / bi2 = / ci2 = 1; / ai bi = / bi ci = / ci ai = 3A - 2I

=0 A 4 = A ] A 3g

26. tr ] Ag = / aij = A ]3A - 2I g

i=j

= ]a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + a10310g

= 3A2 - 2A

= ^w2 + w 4 + w6 + ... + w20h = 3 ]2A - I g - 2A

= w2 ^1 + w2 + w 4 + ... + w18h = 4A - 3I
= w2 [(1 + w + w2) + ... + (1 + w + w2) + 1]
= w2 # 1 Following this, we can say A n = nA - ]n - 1gI.

30. We have = G= G== G

a b a b 1 0
= w2 c -a c -a 0 1

27. A ^a, bh = cos2 ae b + sin2 ae b = e b or =

a2 + bc
2
0
G== G
1 0
0 a + bc 0 1
Now, A ^a, bh = adj ^ A ^a, bhh
-1 1 or a2 + bc - 1 = 0
eb
RS b V Multiple Options Correct
SSe cos a - sin ae 0WWW det ]- Ag = ]- 1gn det ] Ag
b

1 31.
= b SSe b sin a cos ae b 0WW
e SS W
1WW
det ] A -1g =
S 0 0 1
det ] Ag
T X =1
RS VW
det ^adj A h = A
SScos a - sin a 0 WW n-1
=1
= SSsin a cos a 0 WW
SS W
S 0 0 e - bWW
T X Hence, ~A = ~ n A = 1 only when n = 3k, k ! Z.
= A ^- a, - bh
14.16 Mathematics
32. Given, ] A + Bg2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB Therefore, A is nonsingular; hence, its inverse exists.
or ] A + Bg] A + Bg = A2 + B2 + 2AB Also, multiplying the given equation both sides with
or A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB
A -1, we get A -1 =- 2 ] A + I g
1
or BA = AB
Also, if A were skew-symmetric AT =- A
or = G= G== G= G
a 1 1 -1 1 -1 a 1
b -1 2 1 2 1 b -1 & A 2 + A + 2I = 0

or = G== G Taking transpose ] A 2gT + AT + 2I = 0

a + 2 -a + 1 a-b 1+1
b - 2 -b - 1 2a + b 2 - 1
The corresponding elements of equal matrices are ] AT g2 + AT + 2I = 0
equal. a + 2 = a - b, - a + 1 = 2 & a =- 1 ]- Ag2 + ]- Ag + 2I = 0

b - 2 = 2a + b, - b - 1 = 1 & b =- 2 A 2 - A + 2I = 0

& a =- 1, b =- 2 & A 2 + 2I =- A
& - A + A = 0 & 2A = 0 Not possible
33. Given AB = A, BA = B
36. B is an idempotent matrix
& B # AB = B # A
` B2 = B
or ] BAg B = B or B = B2
Now, A2 = ] I - Bg2
Also, A # B # A = AB = ] I - Bg] I - Bg
= I - IB - IB + B2
& ] ABg A = A
= I - B - B + B2
& A2 = A = I - 2B + B2

Now ] A T g2 = ] A T # A T g = ] A # AgT = ] A2gT = A T

= I - 2B + B
= I-B
Similarly, ] B T g2 = B T =A
Hence, A T and B T are idempotent. Therefore, A is idempotent, Again

AB = ] I - Bg B = IB - B2 = B - B2 = B2 - B2 = O \
34. We have, A ]ig = 1
similarly, BA = B ] I - Bg = BI - B2 = B - B = O.
Hence, A is invertible.
sin ]r + ig i cos ]r + ig
A ]r + ig = = G sin A = = G
cos i sin i
37.
i cos ]r + ig sin ]r + ig - sin i cos i

== G =- A ]ig and cos A = = G

- sin i - i cos i sin i cos i
- i cos i - sin i cos i sin i

adj ] A ]igg = =
` sin A = cos2 i + sin2 i = 1.
G
sin i - i cos i
- i cos i sin i
Hence, sin A is invertible. Also,
& A ]ig = = G = A ]r - ig
-1 sin i - i cos i
]sin Ag # ]sin AgT = = G= G
- i cos i sin i cos i sin i cos i - sin i
- sin i cos i sin i cos i
35. Given A2 + A + 2I = O
== G
cos2 i + sin2 i 0
& A2 + A =- 2I
0 cos2 i + sin2 i
& A2 + A = - 2I
== G =I
1 0
& A A + I = ]- 2gn 0 1
& A !0
 Matrices 14.17
Hence, sin A is orthogonal. Also, 41. Since A is skew-symmetric, A =- A. We have,
T

2 sin A cos A = 2 = G= G
cos i sin i sin i cos i
A2 + I = O
- sin i cos i cos i sin i
& A2 =- I or AA =- I
= 2= 2 G
2 sin i cos i cos2 i + sin2 i
cos i - sin2 i 0 & A ]- Ag = I

= 2= G ! sin 2A
sin 2i 1
& AA T = I
cos 2i 0
adj ] Ag Again, we know that A = A T and kA = k n A
38. A -1 = A
where n is the order of A. Now,
adj ^adj A h
` ^adj A h =
-1
adj A A T = ]- 1gn # A or A T = ]1 gn A
A n-2 A A
or 61 - ]- 1gn@ A = 0
= =
A n-1 A
Also A ^adj A h = A I
Hence, either A = 0 or 1 - ]- 1gn = 0 , i.e., n is

or A -1 _adj A -1 i = A -1 I even. But A2 = O - I =- I

or A -1 _adj A -1 i = or AA -1 _adj A -1 i =
I A.I
A A & A 2 = ]- 1gn I = ]- 1gn ! 0
or I _adj A -1 i = or _adj A -1 i = = ^adj A h
A A -1
A A Hence, the only possibility is that A is of even order.

SRS0 1 1WVW SRS- 1 1 1 WVW 42. We have

SS WW 1 S W
39. S = S1 0 1W or S = 2 SS 1 - 1 1 WW A2 B = A ] ABg = AA = A2, B2 A = B ] BAg = BB = B2
-1
SS WW SS W
S1 1 0W S 1 1 - 1WW
T X T X
RS VWRS V ABA = A ] BAg = AB = A
SS0 1 1WWSSb + c c + a b - c WWW
We have SA = SS1 0 1WWSSc - b c + a a - bWW
SS WS W and BAB = B ] ABg = BA
S1 1 0WWSSb - c a - c a + bWW
RS VT XT X
SS 0 2a 2aWWW = B.
= SS2b 0 2bWW RS VR V R V
SS W
S2c 2c 0 WW SS1 2 2WWWSSS1 2 2WWW SSS9 8 8WWW
T RS X V R V 43. A2 = SS2 1 2WWSS2 1 2WW = SS8 9 8WW
SS 0 2a 2aWWW SSS- 1 1 1 WWW SS WS W S
S2 2 1WWSS2 2 1WW SS8 8 9WW
W
1
` SAS -1 = SS2b 0 2bWW 2 SS 1 - 1 1 WW T XT X T X
SS WW SS W
S2c 2c 0 W S 1 1 - 1WW We have,
RS VRT XV T X
SS0 a aWWWSSS- 1 1 1 WWW RS V RS V RS V
= SSb 0 bWWSS 1 - 1 1 WW SS9 8 8WWW SS1 2 2WWW SS1 0 0WWW
SS WS W A2 - 4A = 5I3 = SS8 9 8WW - 4 SS2 1 2WW - 5 SS0 1 0WW = O
Sc c 0WWSS 1 1 - 1WW SS W SS W SS W
TR XT X S8 8 9WW S2 2 1WW S0 0 1WW
SS2a 0 0 WVW T X T X T X
S W
= SS 0 2b 0 WW
SS W or 5I3 = A2 - 4A = A ] A - 4I3g
S 0 0 2cWW
T X
= diag ^2a, 2b, 2ch or I3 = 5 ] A - 4I3g or A -1 = 5 ] A - 4I3g
A 1

40. All are properties of diagonal matrix.

Note that A = 5. Since A 3 = A 3 = 53 ! 0, A3 is

invertible. Similarly, A2 is invertible

14.18 Mathematics
adj ]- Ag ]- 1gn - 1 adj ]ag adj ] Ag 46. Here X is an n # 1 matrix, C is a n # n matrix,
44. ]- Ag-1 = = ] gn = =
-A -1 A - A
and X T is a 1 # n matrix. Hence, X T CX is a 1 # 1
-A -1
(for any value of n) Given A = O n

matrix. Let X T CX = k. Then

Now, ] I - Ag] I + A + A2 + ... + A n - 1g = I - A n = I
^ X T CX hT = X T C T ] X T gT = X T ]- C g X =- X T CX =
or ] I - Ag-1 = I + A + A2 + ... + A n - 1
- k & k =- k & k = 0
AA -1 = I

& ] AA -1gT = IT = I & X T CX is a null matrix.

& ] A -1gT AT = I a1 a2 a3
47. A = a4 a5 a6
& ] A -1gT ] AT g] AT g-1 = I ] AT g-1 a7 a8 a9
& ] A -1gT = ] AT g-1
a1 + a3
a1 2 a3
45. Let i = k = 1 (say). Then, a4 + a6
= a4 2 a6
Ai Ak = Ak Ai = A1 A1 a7 + a9
a7 2 a9
RS V R V
SS0 0 0 1WW SS0 0 0 1WW a1 a1 + a3 a3 a1 a1 a3 a1 a3 a3
SS0 W S W 1 1 1
0 1 0WW SS0 0 1 0WW = 2 a4 a4 + a6 a6 = 2 a4 a4 a6 + 2 a4 a6 a6
Ai Ak = A1 A1 = SS W#S W
SS0 1 0 0WW SS0 1 0 0WW a7 a7 + a9 a9 a7 a7 a9 a7 a9 a9
SS1 W S W
0 0 0WW SS1 0 0 0WW
V T X T X
A = 12 ]0 + 0g = 0
RS
SS1 0 0 0WWW
S0 1 0 0WW
= SSS W=I
SS0 0 1 0WWW Also B =
a1 ia2
= a12 + a 22 ! 0
SS0 0 0 1WW ia2 a1
T R X V R V R V
SS 0 0 0 i WW SS 0 0 0 i WW SS1 0 0 0WW 48. adj A = A n-1
SS WW SS WW SS W
S0 0 -i 0W S 0 0 -i 0W S0 1 0 0WW
& adj ] KAg = KA
A2 A2 SS
= W#S W=S W=I
SS 0 i 0 0WW SS 0 i 0 0WW SS0 0 1 0WW n-1
SS- i W S W S W
0 0 0WW SS- i 0 0 0WW SS0 0 0 1WW
= ^ K n ^ A hh
T X T X T X n-1
` Ai Ak + Ak Ai = i + l = 2l

If i ! k let i = 1 and k = 2, then = K n]n - 1g A n-1

RS V R V R V 1 a a2
SS0 0 0 1WW SS 0 0 0 i WW SS- i 0 0 0WW
cos ^ p - d h x cos px cos ^ p + d h x
W S W S W
SS0 0 1 0WW SS 0 0 -i 0WW SS 0 i 0 0WW 49.
sin ^ p - d h x sin px sin ^ p + d h x
Ai Ak = A1 A2 = SS W#S W=S W
SS0 1 0 0WW SS 0 i 0 0WW SS 0 0 -i 0WW
W S W S W
SS1 0 0 0WW SS- i 0 0 0WW SS 0 0 0 i WW
= 1 ^sin ]dxgh - a 6sin ]2dxg@ + a 2 6sin ]dxg@
R T V XR T VW SRX T VX
SS 0 0 0 i WW SS0 0 0 1W S- i 0 0 0 WW
SS W S W S W
0 0 - i 0WW SS0 0WW SS 0 0 WW
= ]1 + a 2g^sin ]dxgh - a sin ]2dxg
S 0 1 i 0
A2 A1 = SS W#S W=S W
SS 0 i 0 0WWW SSS0 1 0 0WW SS 0 0 -i 0 WW
W S W
SS- i 0 0 0WW SS1 0 0 0WW SS 0 0 0 - iWW
T X T X T X & Depends on a, d, x
& A1 A2 + A2 A1 = O
 Matrices 14.19
Comprehension Type RS VW RS VW RS V
SS25 0 0 WW SS1 0 0WW SS 1 0 0WWW
Passage – 1 (Question 50 – 52) & A50 = SS25 25 0 WW - 24 SS0 1 0WW = SS25 1 0WW
SS W SS W S W
S25 0 25WW S0 0 1WW SS25 0 1WW
T X T X T X
50. Let a = = G
a b 50
c d ` A =1

& A2 - ]a + dg A + ]ad - bcgI Also, tr ] A50g = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. Further

RS VR V R V R V R V
== G= G - ]a + dg= G + ]ad - bcg= G SS 1 0 0WWWSSSxWWW SSS 1 WWW SSSxWWW SSS1WWW
a b a b a b 1 0
c d c d c d 0 1 SS25 1 0WWSSyWW = SS25WW & SSyWW = SS0WW
SS WS W S W S W S W
S25 0 1WWSSzWW SS25WW SSzWW SS0WW
== 2G - = G
a2 + bc ab + bd a2 + ad ab + bd T XT X T X T X T X
ac + cd bc + d ac + cd ad + d2 SRS0WVW SRS0WVW SRS1 0 0WVW
SS WW SS WW S W
+= G Similarly, , 2 = S1W and , 3 = S0W & , SS0 1 0WW
ad - bc 0
SS WW SS WW SS W
0 ad - bc S0W S1W S0 0 1WW
T X T X T X
=O
i.e., , = 1
51. If A = O, tr ] Ag = 0.
PASSAGE – 3 (Question 56 – 58)
Suppose A ! O and RS V
SS 2 1 1 WWW
56. A = SS 2 3 4 WW
A== G . Then A = 0 and
a b SS W
c d S- 1 - 1 - 2WW
T X
A2 - ]a + dg A + ]ad - bcgI = 0
RS VW
SS m 0 0 WW
& m I = SS0 m 0WW
SS W
& a+d = 0 S0 0 mWW
T X
RS V
52. ] I + Ag100 = 100 C0 I100 + 100 C1 I99 A + 100 C2 I98 A2 + ... + 2 -
SS m 1 1 WW
W
& A - m = SS 2 3 - m 4 WW
SS W
100
C100 A100 S - 1 - 1 - 2 - mWW
T X
= I + 100A + O + O + ... + O & det ] A - mI g =- ]m - 1g]m + 1g]m - 3g

= I + 100A Thus, the characteristic roots are - 1, 1 and 3

PASSAGE – 2 (Question 53 – 55) 57. Option (a) is not correct since its characteristic
-m 1
determinant is .The characteristic equation
A n - A n - 2 = A2 - I & A50 = A 48 + A2 - I 1 -m

is m2 - 1 = 0. Therefore, m = 1, - 1 Hence,
Further,
eigenvalues are 1 and - 1 .We similarly note that
A 48 = A 46 + A2 - I matrices given in options (b) and (c) have
A 46 = A 44 + A2 - I eigenvalues 1 and - 1. Hence, they are not correct.
Option (d) has characteristic equation ]1 - mg2 = 0.
h h h h
4 2 2
A = A +A -I
A50 = 25A2 - 24I Hence, eigenvalues are not 1 and - 1.
RS VR V R V
SS1 0 0WWWSSS1 0 0WWW SSS1 0 0WWW
Here, A2 = SS1 0 1WWSS1 0 1WW = SS1 1 0WW
SS WS W S W
S0 1 0WWSS0 1 0WW SS1 0 1WW
T XT X T X
14.20 Mathematics
RS V RS V
SSa1 b1 c1WWW 1 b - a - 1 SS
1 - 2WW
(ii) We have BA = > HSS 3 1 WW
W
58. Let A = SSa2 b2 c2WW
SS W a 1 2 SSS W
Sa3 b3 c3WW - 1 2 WW
T R X V T X
SSa1 - m b1 c1 WW
== G
SS W 2 + 3b - 3a b - a - 4
& A - m = S a2 b2 - m c2 WW a+1 5 - 2a
SS W
S a3 b3 c3 - mWW
T X ` Tr ] BAg = 3b - 5a + 7
& det ] A - mI g = ]a1 - mg6]b2 - mg]c3 - mg - b3 c2@
& For Tr. ] BAg to be maximum,
- b1 6a2 ]c3 - mg - a3 c2@ + c1 6a2 b3 - a3 ]b2 - mg@
a =- 8 and b = 2
Now one of the eigenvalues is zero, so one root of
equation should be zero. Therefore, constant term in
So, BA = = G
32 6
the above polynomial is zero. - 7 21

` det. ] BAg =
` a1 b2 c3 - a1 b3 c2 - b1 a2 c3 + b1 c2 a3 + c1 a2 b3 - c1 a3 b2 32 6
= 714
= 0 (collecting constant terms) - 7 21
But this value is value of determinant of A. (iii) Tr. ] BAg = 3b - 5a + 7 = Tr. ] ABg
(verify yourself)
& For tr. ] ABg to be maximum,
` det A = 0
PASSAGE – 4 (Question 59 – 61)

a = 2 and b =- 8 So, BA = = G
- 28 - 14
Given, f ]xg = - log2 r sin -1 b 5 l
2 x+3
3 1

& log2 r sin -1 b 5 l # 0

2 x+3 ` det.(BA) = - 28 + 42 = 14 = det.(adj..(BA))

As, det.(adj.P) = P n-1

where n is the order of
& 0 < r sin -1 b 5 l # 1 (Double-inequality)
2 x+3
matrix P.
& - 1 # r sin -1 b 5 l # 1
2 x+3
Matching Column Type

& - 2 # sin -1 b 5 l # 2
r x+3 r
62. a. Since A is idempotent, we have A2 = A

x+3 & A3 = AA2 = AA = A2 = A, A 4 = AA3 = AA = A2 = A

&- 1 # 5 # 1 &- 5 # x + 3 # 5
& - 8 # x # 2 ....(1) & An = A

Also, r sin -1 b 5 l > 0 & ] I - Agn = n C0 I - n C1 A + n C2 A2 - n C3 A3 + ...

2 x+3

& x !- 3 ...(2) = I + ^- n C1 + n C2 - n C3 + ...h A

` ]1 g + ]2 g = I + [^n C0 - n C1 + n C2 - n C3 + ...) - n C0] A = I - A
& Domain of f ]xg = x ! 6- 8, 2@ - !- 3 +
b. A is involuntary. Hence, A2 = I
(i) As, a, b, ! I and a, b ! domain of f ]xg, so,
& A3 = A5 = ... = A and A = A = A = ... = I
a & b ! "- 8, - 7, - 6, - 5, - 4, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2 ,
2 4 6

& ] I - Agn = n C0 I - n C1 A + n C2 A2 - n C3 A3 + ...

Hence, the number of ordered pairs ( a, b ) is
= n C0 I - n C1 A + n C2 I - n C3 A + n C4 I - ...
= 10 # 10 = 100
= ^n C0 + n C2 + n C4 + ...h I - ^n C1 A + n C3 + n C5 + ...h
 Matrices 14.21
A=2 n-1
] I - Ag b. We have ] I - Ag] I + A + A + .... + A g
2 7

& [] I - Agn] A -1 = 2 n - 1 (I - a) A -1 = 2 n - 1 ] A -1 - I g = I + A + A2 + ... + A7 + ]- A - A2 - A3 - A 4 ... - A8g

c. If A is nilpotent of index 2, then = I - A8 = I ( if A8 = O)

A2 = A3 = A 4 ... = A n = O
c. A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is singular
& ] I - Ag = C0 I - C1 A + C2 A - C3 A + ...
n n n n 2 n 3

d. If A is symmetric, A -1 is also symmetric for

= I - nA + O + O + ...
matrix of any order.
= I - nA
64. a. A = 2 & 2A -1 = 23 / A = 4
d. A is orthogonal. Hence, AA T = I
b. adj (adj ]2Ag) = 2A 4 = 212 A 4 = 212 /212 = 1
& ] A T g-1 = A
c. ] A + Bg2 = A2 + B2
63. a. Since A is idempotent, A = A = A = g = A.
2 3 4
& AB + BA = O
Now, ] A + I g = I + C1 A + C2 A + ... + Cn A
n n n 2 n n
& AB = - BA =- BA =- AB
= I + n C1 A + n C2 A2 + ... + n Cn A n
& AB = 0
= I + n C1 A + n C2 A + ... + n Cn A
= I + ^n C1 + n C2 + ... + n Cnh A & B =0
= I + ]2 n - 1gA
d. ABC is undefined
& 2 n - 1 = 127 &n=7

Numerical Type M T M is seven

-1 a a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 + f2 + g2 + h2 + i2 = 7
1. A = = G
0 b Case-I : Seven ones and two zeroes
-1 a -1 a number of ways of arranging the digits
A2 = = G= G
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0
0 b 0 b
1 - a + ab = 9 C2 = 36
== G Case-II : One two, three ones and five zeroes
0 b2
` Tn = " A d S; A n]n + 1g = I ,
number of ways of arranging the digits
2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

` b must be equal to 1 9!
= 1!5!3 = 504
` In this case A 2 will become identity matrix and

Total number of required matrices
a can take any value from 1 to 100
= 36 + 504 = 540
` Total number of common element will be 100.
3. Let A = [aii] 3 # 3
SRSa d gWVW
S W tr (AAT ) = 3

2. Let M = SSb e h WW
SS W a112 + a122 + a132 + a 21
2 2
+ .......... + a33 =3
c f iW
Now, T X
possible cases
RS VWRS V
SSa b c WWSSa d gWWW 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 " 1 _bb
bb
M T M = SSd e f WWSSb e h WW 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 1, - 1, - 1 " 1 bb 9
S WS W ` C6 # 8 = 84 # 8 = 672
Sg h i WSc f i W
T XT X 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, - 1 " 3 bbb
b
given that the sum of diagonal elements of the matrix 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 1, 1, - 1 " 3 bb
a
14.22 Mathematics
Single Options Correct cos ]nig sin ]nig
Now, A -n = = G
4. S = " n | 1 # n # 50 and n is odd , - sin ]nig cos ]nig
= " 1 , 3 , 5 .......... 49 ,, 25 term
cos 50i sin 50i
A = 1 + a2 ` A -50 = = G
- sin 50i cos 50i
/ det (adjA) = / A 2 = / ]1 + a2g2 r
adS adS At i = 12 , we have
22100
= = 100m RS V

m = 221 SS cos 50 # r sin 50 # r WWW
12 12 W
A -50 = SSS r WWW
5. Given that A and B be 3 # 3 real matrices such SS- sin 50 # r
cos 50 #
that A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew- 12 12 W
RS T VW RS 3 VW X
symmetric matrix. SS cos r sin r WW SS 1 WW
S 6 6 W SS 2 2 WW
& AT = A .....(i) and B T = B .....(ii) = SS W=S
SS- sin r cos r WWW SS- 1 3 WW
Now let C = A B - B A
2 2 2 2 6 6 S 2 2 WW
T X T X
take transpose 8. Given,
& C T = (A 2 B 2) T - (B 2 A 2 ) T RS t VW
SSe e t - cos t e -t sin t WW
use the formula ^ ABhT = B T A T A = SSe t - e t cos t - e t sin t - e -t sin t + e -t cos tWW
SS t WW
& C T = (B2) T (A2) T - (A2) T (B2) T Se 2e -t sin t - 2e -t cos t W
T X
& C T = (B T) 2 (A T) 2 - (A T) 2 (B T) 2 1 cos t sin t
From (i) & (ii) we get Now, |A| = e -t 1 - cos t - sin t - sin t + cos t
1 2 sin t - 2 cos t
C T = (- B) 2 (A) 2 - (A) 2 (- B) 2
& C T = B2 A2 - A2 B2 1 cos t sin t

=e -t
0 - sin t - 2 cos t cos t - 2 sin t
& C T =- C
0 2 sin t - cos t - 2 cos t - sin t
Hence C is a skew-symmetric matrix or order 3 # 3,
[Applying R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1]
so det ^C h = 0
= e–t[(–sin t – 2cos t) (–2cos t – sin t)
Hence the system
– (cos t – 2sin t) (2sin t – cos t)]
CX = O
= e [5cos2t + 5sin2t]
–t
has infinite solutions.
= 5e–t ≠ 0 6 t ∈ R
RS1 1 2 VWW
SS W ∴ A is invertible 6 t ∈R.
6. ; A ;= SSS1 3 4WW = ((9 + 4) - 1 (3 - 4) +
SS WW 9. For non–zero solutions, D = 0
1 - 1 3W
T X 1 k 3
2 (- 1 - 3)) = 13 + 1 - 8 = 6
3 k -2 = 0
; adjB ; = ; adjadjA ; = ; A ; (n - 1) =; A ; 4 = (36) 2
2 4 -3
2

; C ; = ; 3A ; = 33 # 6

1(–3k + 8) – k ( – 9 + 4) + 3 (12 – 2k) = 0

(–3k + 8) + 5k + 36 – 6k = 0
; adjB ; 36 # 36
44 = 4k & k = 11
= 3 =8
;C; 3 #6
Now equation becomes .......
7. Given,
x + 11y + 3z = 0 ..(1)
cos i - sin i cos i sin i
3x + 11y – 2z = 0 ..(2)
A== G and A T = = G
2x + 4y – 3z = 0 ..(3)
sin i cos i - sin i cos i

3x + 15y = 0 ... Solve (1) and (3)
cos i - sin i cos i sin i
Now AA T = = G= G
x = – 5y
sin i cos i - sin i cos i

` 6y + 3z = 0
= I
– 2y = z
cos i sin i
& A -1 = A T = = G xz ^- 5y h^- 2y h
- sin i cos i 2 = = 10
y y2
 Matrices 14.23
RS VR V
1 WWWSSS 3 - 1 WW Also, A - 2A - 3A + I
3 2
SS 3
= A ]5A - 7I g - 2 ]5A - 7I g - 3A + I
S 2 W
2 WWSS 2 2 WW
10. PP = SS
T
3 WWSS 3 WW
= 5 ]5A - 7I g - 7A - 10A + 14I - 3A + I
SS - 1 WS 1 W
S 2 2 WS 2 2 W
T XT X = 5A - 20I
== G= I
1 0
So both statements are true.
0 1
14. AA T
Now, P Q T 2015
P RS VR V RS V
SS1 2 2 WWWSSS1 2 aWWW SS9 0 0WWW
= P T PAP T Q2014 P = AP T Q2014 P = SS2 1 - 2WWSS2 1 2WW = SS0 9 0WW
SS WWSS WW SS W
Sa 2 b WS2 - 2 b W S0 0 9WW
AP T PAP T Q2013 P T XT X T X
RS VW RS V
= A2 P T Q2013 P SS 9 0 a + 4 + 2b WW SS 9 0 0WW
W
= A2 P T PAP T Q2012 P & SS 0 9 2a + 2 - 2bWW = SS0 9 0WW
SS W S W
= A3 P T Q2012 P Sa + 4 + 2b 0 a2 + 4 + b2 WW SS0 0 9WW
= T X T X
& a + 2b =- 4 & a - b =- 1
h
= A2014 P T Q P & a =- 2 , b =- 1

A== G
= A2014 P T PAP T P 0 -1
15.
=A A 2014 1 0

A2 = = G
= A2015 -1 0
2015 0 -1
== G
1 1

A3 = = G
0 1 0 1
-1 0
== G
1 2015

A4 = = G
0 1 1 0
0 1
A== G and A T = = G
5a - b 5a 3
11.
3 2 -b 2 On evaluating the terms in the options given, we
observe that (c) is not correct.
AA T = = G
2 2
25a + b 15a - 2b
15a - 2b 13 16. 5 adj A
= 53 adj A
Now, A adj A = A I2 = = G
10a + 3b 0
0 10a + 3b = 53 A 2 = 5
1
Given AA T = A. adj A & A =! 5
15a - 2b = 0 ... ]1 g 17. B = A -1 A' & AB = A'
10a + 3b = 13 ... ]2 g ABB' = A'B' = ] BAg ' = ] A -1 A'Ag' = ] A -1 AA'g' = A.
Solving we get 5a = 2 and b = 3 & BB' = I.
` 5a + b = 5
18. B2 = 0
12. A2016 - 2A2015 - A2014
] I + Bg50 - 50B
= A A2 - 2A - I
2014

= ]- 1g2014 =c
I + 50 C 1 B + 50 C2 B2 + ... + 50 C50 B50 m
20 5
1444444444442444444444443 - 50 B
- 15 - 5 =0
=- 25 =I
det I = 1.
13. A2 - 5A + 7I = 0
& 7I = 5A - A2 19. Pre-multiplying by A -1, we have
RS V R V
& I = A # 7 ]5I - Ag SS0 0 1WWW SSS1 2 3WWW
1
A -1 SS1 0 0WW = SS0 2 3WW
SS W S W
& A -1 = 7 ]5I - Ag
1 S0 1 0WW SS0 1 1WW
T X T X
14.24 Mathematics
RS VR V-1
SS1 2 3WWWSSS0 0 1WWW
Adj A = A 2
& A -1 = SS0 2 3WWSS1 0 0WW
SS WS W
S0 1 1WWSS0 1 0WW Adj A = 16
TV XT X
RS
SS3 1 2WWW 1 ]12 - 12g - a ]4 - 6g + 3 ]4 - 6g = 16.
= SS3 0 2WW 2a - 6 = 16.
SS W
S1 0 1WW 2a = 22.
T X
RS V
SS1 a 3WWW a = 11.
20. P = SS1 3 3WW
SS W
S2 4 4WW
T X

Single Option Correct

& b =- M =- 4 - bsin2 i cos2 i + 2 l
7 1 2
R V
SSS 5 3 WW
2 WW
& b * =- 4 - b 4 + 2 l =- 4 - 16 =- 16
2 7 1 1 2 7 9 37
1. M = SSS 3 W
SS- - 1 WWW
2 2 29
T X *a + b * =- 16
RS V
3
SS + 1 3 WW
2 2 WW SRSa1 a2 a3WVW
M = SSS 3 WW
ai ! "0, 1, 2 ,
3 S W
SS -
2 - 2 + 1 WW 2. M = SSa4 a5 a6WW
SS WW
T X Sa7 a8 a9W
3= 1 1 G T RSa1 a4X a7VWRSa1 a2 a3VW
M = I+ 2 SS WWSS WW
-1 -1
M T M = SSa2 a5 a8WWSSa4 a5 a6WW
1 1 SS WS W
Let A = = G Sa3 a6 a9WWSSa7 a8 a9WW
T XT X
-1 -1
& dij ] M T M g = ^a12 + a 42 + a72h + ^a22 + a52 + a82h + ^a32 + a62 + a92h
1 1 1 1 0 0
A2 = = G= G== G where a i2 ! "0, 1, 4 ,
9

-1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 5= / ai2
i=1

M 2022 = b I + 2 A l
3 2022
9! 9#8#7#6
(I) 5ai = 1, 4ai = 0 & 5!4! = 24 = 126
= I + 3033A
(II) 1ai = 1, 1ai = 2, 7ai = 0
1 0 1 1
==
G + 3033 = G 9!
0 1 -1 -1 & 7!1!1! = 9 # 8 = 72
3034 3033
==
G Total = 72 + 126 = 198
- 3033 - 3032
Multiple Options Correct
1 0
= G
cos 4 i 1 + sin2 i
1. M = a = G +
b
0 1 M - 1 - cos i sin 4 i
2 3. a P is formed from I by exchanging second and
third row or by exchanging second and third column.
on comparing we have
So, PA is a matrix formed from A by changing
b cos 4 i second and third row.
sin 4 i = a + | M |
b ]1 + sin2 ig
Similarly AP is a matrix formed from A by changing
- 1 - sin2 i = second and third column.
|M |
Hence, Tr(PAP) = Tr(A) ....(1)
& a = sin4 q + cos4 q RS1 0 0 VW
Now a = (sin2 q + cos2q)2 – 2 sin2 q cos2 q SS WW
(a) Clearly, SSS0 1 0 WWW = 1
sin2 2i 1 SS W
= 1- 2 & a *= 2 0 0 1W
TR X
We have, |M| = sin4 q cos4 q + (1 + sin2q) (1 + cos2q) SS1 2 3 VWW JK1 3 2 NO
SS WW KK OO
= 2 + sin2 q cos2 q + sin4 q cos4 q and PE = SS8 13 18WW & PEP = KK8 18 13OO = F
SS W KK O
= (sin2 q cos2 q + 1/2)2 + 7/4 2 3 4 W L 2 4 3 OP
T X
 Matrices 14.25
PEP
& = F & PFP = E ....(2) (a) (adj M) + (adj M ) = (|M| M ) + |M | M =
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1

(b) a | E | = | F | = 0 M M 2M
+ = =- M
-1 -1
M M M

So, | EQ + PFQ | = | PFPQ + PFQ |
RS VW RS1 VW RS VW RS VR V R V
SSaWW SS WW SSaWW SS- 1 1 - 1WWWSSS1 WWW SSS 1 WWW
= P || F || PQ + Q -1 | = 0
| 1
(b) M SSbWW = SS2WW & SSbWW =- 2 SS 8 - 6 2 WWSS2WW = SS- 1WW
SS WW SS WW SS WW SS WS W S W
Also, | EQ |+| PFQ -1 | = 0
c 3 c S- 5 3 - 1WWS3W S 1 W
T X T X T X T XT X T X
(c) From (2) ; PFP = E and | P | =- 1 a = 1, b = – 1, g = 1 ⇒ a – b + g = 3
(c) |adj M2| = |M2|2 = |M|4 = 16

So, | F | = | E |
(d) a = 2, b = 1, a + b = 3

Also, | E | = 0 = | F | 7. R = PQP–1
So, | EF | 3 = 0 = | EF | 2
det (R) = det (PQP–1)

(d) a P 2 = I & P -1 = P |R| = |PQP–1|

So, Tr (P -1 EP + F) = TR (PEP + F) = Tr (2F)
= |P| ∙ |Q| ∙ |P–1|
1
Also Tr (E + P -1 FP) = Tr (E + PFP) = Tr (2E)
= |P| ∙ |Q| ∙
P

Given that Tr(E) = Tr(F) = |Q|

& Tr (2E) = Tr (2F) 2 x x
2 x
4. a I - EF = G -1 det (Q) = 0 4 0 = 4
x 6
x x 6
G
& - GEF = I and G - EFG = I
= 4 (12 – x2) = 48 – 4x2.

Clearly GEF = EFG (option C is correct)
det (R) = det (Q) = 48 – 4x2
Also (I - FE) (I + FGE) = I - FE + FGE - FE + FGE
(a) For x = 0

= I - FE + FGE - F (G - I) E
RS VR V
I
= - FE + FGE - FGE + FE SS1 1 1 WWWSSS2 0 0WWW
PQ = SS0 2 2WWSS0 4 0WW
I
= (option B is correct and D is incorrect) S WS W
S0 0 8WS0 0 6W
Now, (I - FE) (I - FGE) = I - FE - FGE + F (G - I) E RS T VW XT X
SS2 4 6 WW
I
= - 2FE = SS0 8 12WW
SS W
(
& I - FE) (- FGE) =- FE 0 0 18W
T X
1 ^AdjP h
|
& I - FE || FGE | = | FE | P–1 = '
P
RS V
5. det (M) ! 0 SS6 - 3 0 WWW
1
= 6 SS0 3 - 2WW

M–1 = adj(adj M) SS W
0 0 2W

& M–1 = det(M).M T X
R= PQP –1

& M–1M = det(M).M2 RS V R V
SS2 4 6 WWW SSS6 - 3 0 WWW

& I = det(M).M2 …. (i) 1
= SS0 8 12WW 6 SS0 3 - 2WW

& det(I) = (det(M))5 SS WW SS W
0 0 18 0 0 2W

& 1 = det(M) …. (ii) T X T R X V
RS VW SS2 1 2 WW

From (i) I = M2 S 12 6 4 WW SS 3 WW
1S
= 6 SS 0 24 8 WW = SSS0 4 4 WWW

(adj M)2 = adj (M2) = adj I = I SS W
0 0 36W SSS 3 WW
T X 0 0 6W
6.
M adj M = |M| I ⇒ a = 2, b = 1 R V R TV X
SSS1 WWW SSS1 WWW
RS V Given, R SSaWW = 6 SSaWW
SS0 1 2WWW S W S W
& = SS1 2 3WW & M =- 2
M SbW SbW
SS W T X T X
3 1 1W
T X
14.26 Mathematics
R V A = AT.
SSS1 WWW
⇒ (R – 6I) SSaWW = 0 XT = (P1AP1T + P2AP2T + ... + P6AP6T)T
SS WW
b = X
RS T 2X VW
SS- 4 1 WRS VW
SS 3 WWSS1 WW So X is symmetric matrix
& SS 0 - 2 4 WWWSSaWW = 0 RS VW
SS1 WW
SS 3 WSS WW
S 0 0 0 WWTbX Let Q = SS1 WW
T X SS WW
2 1
&- 4 + a + 3 b = 0 … (1) T X
X = P1AP1TQ + P2AP2TQ + ... + P6AP6TQ
T
4
- 2a + 3 b = 0 … (2) = P1AQ + P2AQ + ... + P6AQ
From (1) and (2) R V
SSS6WWW
2a = 4 ⇒ a = 2 and b = 3 = (P1 + P2 + ... + P6) AQ, AQ = SS3WW
SS WW
So, a + b = 5. RS VWRS VW RS VW 6
SS 2 2 2 6 30
WWSS WW SS WW T X
(b) For x = 1 SS2 2 2WWSS3WW = SS30WW = 30Q & a = 30
SS WS W S W
det (R) = 48 – 4x2 = 48 – 4 = 40 2 2 2WS6W S30W
T XT X T X
det (R) ≠ 0
SRSaWVW SRS0WVW XQ = 30Q ⇒ (X – 30I) Q = O has non-trivial
S W S W RS1 VW
R SSbWW = SS0WW SS WW
SS WW SS WW solution as Q = SSS1 WWW . So, |X – 30I| = 0,
c 0
SS WW
⇒TaX= bT =Xg = 0 1
T X
Hence, ati + btj + ckt cannot be a unit vector. So, not invertible.
2 x x
trace (Pk A Pk ' ) = 3
(c) det 0 4 0 +8
x x 5
⇒ Trace X = 3 × 6 = 18.
2 x 9. Δ = 0 so for at least one solutions Δ1 = Δ2 = Δ3 = 0
=4 +8
x 5
⇒ b1 + 7b2 = 13b3 ..........(1)
= 4 (10 – x2) + 8 = 40 – 4x2 + 8 = 48 – 4x2.

option (a) Δ ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution ⇒ option (a) is
(d) PQ = QP correct
RS VWRS VW RS VWRS VW
SS1 1 1 WWSS2 x xWW SS2 x xWWSS1 1 1 WW
option (d) Δ ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution ⇒ option (d) is
SS0 2 2WWSS0 4 0WW = SS0 4 0WWSS0 2 2WW
SS WS W S WS W correct
0 0 3WSx x 6W Sx x 6WS0 0 3W
T XT X T XT X
option (c) Δ = 0 ⇒ equations are x – 2y + 5z = –b1
If we equate a12 from both b
x + 4 + x = 2 + 2x
x – 2y + 5z = 22
⇒ 4 = 2
x – 2y + 5z = b3
⇒ x ∈ f, no value exists.

There planes are parallel so they must be coincident
RS V RS V RS V
SS1 0 0WWW SS1 0 0WWW SS0 1 0WWW b
8. P1 = SS0 1 0WW, P2 = SS0 0 1WW, P3 = SS1 0 0WW
⇒ –b1 = 22 = b3
SS W SS W SS W
All b1, b2, b3 obtained from equation (1) may not
0 0 1W 0 1 0W 0 0 1W
TR XV TR XV TR X satisfy this relation so option (c) is wrong.
SS0 1 0WW SS0 0 1WW SS0 0 1VWW
S W S W S W 111
P4 = SS0 0 1WW, P5 = SS1 0 0WW, P6 = SS0 1 0WW option (b) 3= 522 = 0 . Also Δ1 = 0

SS W SS W SS W 211
1 0 0W 0 1 0W 1 0 0W
T RS X V T X T X
For infinite solutions, Δ2 and Δ3 must be 0
SS2 1 3WWW
X = / Pk SS1 0 2WW P kT 1 b1 1
SS W ⇒ 5 b2 2 = 0

3 2 1W 2 b3 1
RS T V X
SS2 1 3WWW
⇒ –b1 –b2 + 3b3 = 0 which does not satisfy (1) for
Let A = SS1 0 2WW all b1, b2, b3 so option(b) is wrong
SS W
3 2 1W
T X
 Matrices 14.27
10. From options square of the determinant value of = 0 (by(2))
matrices in option (A) and (C) is -1 which is not real Since M + N2 = 0 so B option is correct
so options (A) & (C) (B) If A = 0 then AU will have 3 solutions,
Thus ^ M 2 + MN 2h U = 0 will have many 'U' as
11. PQ = KI
solution & B is correct
Q = K.P -1 a b
14. M== G
RS V b c
SS 5a - 10 - a WW
W a b
K SS 3a - 6 - 3a - 4WW
SS W (A) = G & = G are transpose
S- 10 12 - 2 WW b c
= T 12a + 20 X
a b
&= G== G & a = b = c
]3a + 4g8 = 12a + 20 b c & M = 0 & wrong
24a + 32 = 12a + 20
(B) 6b c@ & = G are transpose
a
12a =- 12 b
a =- 1
& a = b = c & wrong
Q = K3 . 1 a 0
(C) = G & M = ac
P
K3 K2 0 c
& 12a + 20 = 2
a b & ac ! λ 2
8 (D) M = = G
K= 2 =4 b c & D is correct
(C) P . Q 2 15. (a) ] N T MN gT = N T M T N = N T MN if M is
symmetric and is - N T MN if M is skew symmetric
8 # b 48 l = 29
3 2

(b) ] MN - NM gT = NT MT - MT NT = NM - MN =-] MN - NM g.
(D) Q . P 2 So, ] MN - NM g is skew symmetric
K3 P 2
= 43 # 8 29 (c) ] MN gT = N T M T = NM ! MN if M and N are
P . symmetric. So, MN is not symmetric
12. (c) ] X 4 Z3 - Z3 X 4gT = ] X 4 Z3gT - ]Z3 X 4gT (d) ^adj.M h^adj.N h = adj ] NM g ! adj ] MN g .
= ]Z g ] X g - ] X g ]Z g
T 3 T 4 T 4 T 3
Integer Type
3 4 4 3
= Z X -X Z JKb 0 1 NO
K O
=- ] X Z - Z X g
4 3 3 4 16. A = KKK 2 1 - 2OOO | A | =- 1
K 3 1 - 2O
(d) ] X23 + Y23gT =- X23 - Y23 & X23 + Y23 L P
is skew-symmetric & A7 - ^b - 1h A6 - bA5 = 0
& A
5
A 2 - ^b - 1h A - bI = 0
13. MN = NM
& A 5
^ A 2 - bA h + A - bI = 0
N2 M = N ] NM g

& A
5
A ^ A - bI h + I ^ A - bI h = 0
= N ] MN g
A ] A + I g^ A - bI h = 0
5

= ] NM g N JKb + 1 0 1 NO
= ] MN g N
K O
A + I = KKK 2 2 - 2OOO & A + I =- 4,

KK 3 1 - 1OO
= MN2 ....(1) L P
] M - N g] M + N g = M2 + MN2 - N2 M - N 4
2 2 Here A ! 0 & A + I ! 0

JK0 0 1 NOO
= M2 - N 4 (by(1)) KK
=0 A - bI = KK2 1 - b - 2 OOO

K3 1 - 2 - b O
As M - N2 ! 0 & M + N2 = 0 ...(2) L P
Now, M2 + MN2 = M ] M + N2g A - bI = 2 - 3 ^1 - bh = 3b - 1 = 0 & b = 13
= M M + N2 9b = 3

14.28 Mathematics
17. M-I a =- 1
If a = 1
a b x-y+z = 1
A2 = = G
2
a + bc ab + bd
Let A = =
G x+y+z = 1
c d ac + dc bc + d 2 x-y+z = 1
x+y+z = 1
- x + y - z =- 1
A3 = = 2 G
a3 + 2abc + bdc a 2 b + abd + b 2 c + bd 2 x + y + z =- 1
2 2 x-y+z = 1
a c + adc + bc + d c abc + 2bcd + d3 No solution Infinite

Given trace(A) = a + d = 3 Hence 1 + a + a2 = 1 . Ans. a =- 1

and trace(A3) = a3 + d3 + 3abc + 3bcd = –18
RS V R V RS VW

& a3 + d3 + 3bc(a + d) = –18 SSa d l WWW SSS0WWW SS- 1WW
19. Let M = SSb e mWW SS1WW = SS 2 WW

& a3 + d3 + 9bc = –18 SS W S W S W
Sc f n WW3 # 3 SS0WW3 # 1 SS 3 WW
T X T X T X

& (a + d)((a + d)2 – 3ad) + 9bc = –18
d =- 1 RSSa d l VWWRSS 1 VWW RSS 1 VWW

& 3(9 – 3ad) + 9bc = –18 S WS W S W
e = 2 . SSb e mWWSS- 1WW = SS 1 WW
SS WWSS WW SS WW

& ad – bc = 5 = determinant of A f = 3 Sc f n WS 0 W S- 1W
T XT X T X

M-II a-d = 1 & a = 3
a b
A== G ; 3 = ad - bc b-e = 1 & b = 3

c d
c - f =- 1 & c = 2
A - mI = ]a - mg]d - mg - bc
RS VR V R V
= m 2 - ]a + d g m + ad - bc
SSa d l WWWSSS1WWW SSS 0 WWW
= SSb e mWWSS1WW = SS 0 WW
SS WS W S W
= m 2 - 3m + 3
Sc f n WWSS1WW SS12WW
T XT X T X
& = A 2 - 3A + 3 I
O
a+d+l = 0 & l = 1
& 2 = 3A - 3 I
A
b + e + m = 0 & m =- 5
& 3 = 3A 2 - 3 A
A c + f + n = 12 & n = 7
= 3 ]3A - 3 I g - 3 A

RS V
= ]9 - 3gA - 3 3 I
SS0 - 1 1 WWW
M = SS3 2 - 5WW Sum of diagonal entries = 9.
SS W
a b
= ]9 - 3g=
1 0 S2 3 7 WW
G- 3 3= G T X
c d 0 1
20. A = ]2k + 1g3, B = 0
` trace A3 = ]9 - 3g]a + d g - 6 3

(since B is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3)
& - 18 = ]9 - 3g]3 g - 6 3

27
= -93 & det ^adj A h = A n-1
= ((2k + 1) 3) 2 = 106

9 & 3 = 45 & 3 = 5 & 2k + 1 = 10 or 2k = 9

RS 2V
SS1 a a WWW & 5K ? = 4.
18. D = SSa 1 a WW = 0
SS W
Sa a 1 WW
T X
1 ]1 - a2g - a ]a - a3g + a2 ]a2 - a2g = 0

1 - a2 - a2 + a 4 = 0
1 + a 4 = 2a 2 a 4 - 2a2 + 1 = 0
]a2 - 1g2 = 0
a2 = 1 a =! 1
 15
Vectors 15.1

Chapter Vectors

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. As m a is a unit vector, ma = 1 & d1 = 6a - b , d2 = 4a + 5b Thus,

& m || a |=1 & m =

|
1
& m =!
1
d1 = 6a 2 + - b 2 + 2 6a - b cos ]r - r/4g
a a
2. We have, ]5 - xg a | < | 2a = 36 ^2 2 h + 9 + 12.2 2 .3. d -
1
n = 15.
2
2
& 5-x a < 2 a & 5-x < 2
π
d2 = 4a 2 + 5b 2 + 2 4a 5b cos 4 =


& - 2 < 5 - x < 2 & 3 < x < 7. 1
= 16 # 8 + 25 # 9 + 40 # 2 2 # 3 # = 593 .
3. r = 3i - 4j + 5k; r = 3 2 + ]- 4g2 + 5 2 = 5 2
2
3 -4 5
` Length of the longer diagonal = 593

Hence, direction cosines are , ,
5 2 5 2 5 2 8. We have, P + Q = 18N ; | R |=| P + Q | = 12N
3
-4 1

i.e., , ,.
5 2 5 2 2 α = 90° & P + Q cos θ = 0 & Q cos θ =- P

4. We have AD + EB + FC Now, R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos θ


= (AB + BC + CD ) + (ED + DC + CB) + FC & 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2P ]- Pg = Q 2 - P 2
R

= AB + (BC + CB) + (CD + DC ) + ED + FC & 12 2 = ^ P + Q h^Q - P h = 18 ^Q - P h

AB
= + O + O + AB + 2 AB = 4AB Q
& - P = 8 and Q + P = 18 & Q = 13, P = 5

[ED = AB, FC = 2 AB] ` Magnitude of two forces are 5N, 13N.
E D

F C

A B
9. Let a = 7i - 4j - 4k and b =- 2i - j + 2k
5. Resultant vector r = (2i + 4j - 5k) + (i + 2j + 3k)
Now required vector c = λ c a + b m
a b

= 3i + 6j - 2k . Unit vector parallel to

= λc m
1 1 7i - 4j - 4k - 2i - j + 2k
r=
r= +
r 3 2 + 6 2 + ]- 2g2 9 3
= 9 ^i - 7j + 2k h ; c 2 = 81 # 54 = 150
λ λ2

i ^3 + 6j - 2k h = 17 ^3i + 6j - 2k h
& λ = ! 15 & c = ! 3 ^i - 7j + 2k h
5

6. Let a = 1, b = 1 and a + b = 1
10. Let position vector of B is x. The point C(a) divides
& a+b 2 = 1

AB in 2 : 3.
2x + 3 ]a + 2bg
1

& 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ = 1 & cos θ =- 2
aa=
2+3 & 5a = 2x + 3a + 6b
°

& θ = 120
` = a - 3b
x
` a - b 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 cos θ = 3
A (a + 2b)
& a-b = 3.

2
C
7. Length of the two diagonals will be (a)
d1 = ]5a + 2bg + ]a - 3bg and 3

d2 = ]5a + 2bg - ]a - 3bg

O B (x)
15.2 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. AB = (α - β) 2 + (β - γ) 2 + (γ - α) 2 = BC = CA
From (i) and (ii) ,

ABC is an equilateral triangle. a c µ λµ

2 + 4 = ]1 + λg^1 + µ h a + ]1 + λg^1 + µ h c
`
A (αi + βj + γk )
1 µ

& 2 = and
(1 + λ)(1 + µ)

1 λµ 1
B C 4 = (1 + λ)(1 + µ) & λ = 2 ,
(βi + γj + αk )
(γi + αj + βk )
1
2. | AB |=| (2i + j - 2k) - (i - j - 3k) |=| i + 2j + k | AF AF λ 1
` AC = AF + FC = = 32 = 3
1+λ
= 12 + 22 + 12 = 6
2

| AC |=| (- 5i + 2j - 6k) - (i - j - 3k) | =|- 6it + 3tj - 3kt | A (a)

= ]- 6g2 + 3 2 + ]- 3g2
1
λ
F

= 54 = 3 6 . µ E
1
6 1

BD: DC = AB: AC = = 3. (0 ) B D
C (c)
3 6

` Position vector of 1 
 c
2 
1.(- 5i + 2j - 6k) + 3 (2i + j - 2k)
D= 1+3 4. As the three points are collinear,
= 4 ^i + 5j - 12k h
1 x (60i + 3j) + y (40i - 8j) + z (ai - 52j) = 0


such that x, y, z are not all zero and x + y + z = 0.
AD
` = position vector of D - Position vector of
& 60x + 40y + az) i + (3x - 8y - 52z) j = 0 and x +
(
A = 4 (i + 5j - 12k) - (i - j - 3k) = 4 ^- 3i + 9j h
1 1 y+z=0


& 60x + 40y + az = 0, 3x - 8y - 52z = 0 and x + y
= 4 ^- i + 3j h
3
+z=0
3 3
| AD | = 4 (- 1) 2 + 3 2 = 4 10

For non-trivial solution,
A (i − j − 3k ) 60 40 a
3 - 8 - 52 = 0 & a =- 40
1 1 1
ALITER: If A, B, C are given points, then
B C
AB = k ]BC g & - 20i - 11j = k 6]a - 40gi - 44j@
(2i + j − 2k ) D (−5i + 2j − 6k )

3. Let position vector of A with respect to B is a and 1

On comparing, - 11 =- 44k & k = 4 and
that of C w.r.t. B is c.
- 20 = 4 ]a - 40g & a =- 40.
1
0+c c

Position vector of D w.r.t. B = 2 = 2
c 5. AB = (i - 3j) - (2i + j) =- i - 4j ;
a+ 2 a c

Position vector of E = 2 = 2 + 4 ...(i)
CD = (i + λ j) - (3i + 2j) =- 2i + (λ - 2) j ;


Let AF : FC = λ:1 and BE = EF = µ: 1

AB || CD & AB = x CD
λc + a

Position vector of F =
1+λ - i - 4j = x{- 2i + (λ - 2) j}

µ b 1 + λ l + 1.0
λc + a
1

Now, position vector of E =
& - 1 =- 2x,- 4 = (λ - 2) x & x = 2 , λ =- 6
µ+1
...(ii).
 Vectors 15.3
6. As a + 2b and c are collinear a + 2b = λc ...(i) 2 1 3 1
Again b + 3c is collinear with a
0 0 0 - (λ + 2)

& =0 ,
-1 3 -2 6
` b + 3c = µa ...(ii) 1 1 1 1
Now, a + 2b + 6c = (a + 2b) + 6c

Operating [R2 " R2 - R1 - R4]
= λc + 6c = ]λ + 6g c
...(iii) 2 1 3
Also, a + 2b + 6c = a + 2 (b + 3c)

& - (λ + 2) - 1 3 - 2 = 0 & λ =- 2.
= + 2µa = ^2µ + 1 h a
1 1 1
a ...(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), ]λ + 6g c = ^2µ + 1 h a
9. The given vectors are linearly dependent hence,
there exist scalars x, y, z not all zero, such that
But a and c are non-zero , non-collinear vectors,
xa + yb + zc = 0
` λ + 6 = 0 = 2µ + 1 . Hence, a + 2b + 6c = 0.
i.e., x (i + j + k) + y (4i + 3j + 4k) + z (i + αj + β k) = 0
7. As the three vectors are coplanar, one will be a linear
i.e., (x + 4y + z) i + (x + 3y + αz) j + (x + 4y + βz) k = 0
combination of the other two.
& x + 4y + z = 0, x + 3y + αz = 0, x + 4y + βz = 0
` 4i + 11j + mk = x (7i + 2j + 6k) + y (i + 5j + 4k) 1 4 1

& 4 = 7x + y ...(i)
For non-trivial solution, 1 3 α = 0 & β = 1
c 2=3 1 4 β
11 = 2x + 5y ...(ii)
m = 6x + 4y ...(iii) & 1 + α 2 + β 2 = 3 & α 2 = 2 - β 2 = 2 - 1 = 1;

3 23
` α =! 1

From (i) and (ii), x = 11 , y = 11 ; From (iii),
3 23 ALITER: c = 1 + α 2 + β 2 = 3 & α 2 + β 2 = 2


m = 6 # 11 + 4 # 11 = 10.
a a, b, c are linearly dependent, hence

ALITER: a Vectors 4i + 11j + mk, 7i + 2j + 6k 1 1 1
and i + 5j + 4k are coplanar.
4 3 4 = 0 & β = 1.
1 α β
4 11 m

` 7 2 6 =0 ` α 2 = 1 & α = ! 1.

1 5 4 10. AB = 2 2 + 4 2 + 4 2 = 6

& 4 (8 - 30) - 11 (28 - 6) + m (35 - 2) = 0
AC = 2 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 = 3


& - 88 - 11 # 22 + 33m = 0

&- 8 - 22 + 3m = 0

& 3m = 30 & m = 10.
8. The given four points are coplanar
` x (2i + 3j - k) + y (i + 2j + 3k) + z (3i + 4j - 2k) +
w (i - λ j + 6k) = 0 and x + y + z + w = 0,

where x, y, z, w are not all zero.
AB: AC = BD: DC
& 2x + y + 3z + w) i + (3x + 2y + 4z - λw) j
(
& BD: DC = 2: 1
(- x + 3y - 2z + 6w) k = 0 and x + y + z + w = 0
2c + b b 13 l

& 2x + y + 3z + w = 0, 3x + 2y + 4z - λw = 0,
p.v of D = 3 = 2, 3 , 6

- x + 3y - 2z + 6w = 0 and x + y + z + w = 0 A = ^4, 7, 8h

22 + b 3 l + 22
2 1 3 1 8 2
AD
& =
3 2 4 -λ

For non-trivial solution, =0 64 2
-1 3 -2 6
= 8 + 9 = 3 34
1 1 1 1
15.4 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k & a.b + b.c + c.a =- 25.

` a.i = (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) .i = a1, a.j = a2, a.k = a3
A

` a.i) i + (a.j) j + (a.k) k = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = a.

(
c
b
2. a + λb is perpendicular to a - λb
` ]a + λbg . ]a - λbg = 0
B
a C

& a - λ ]a.bg + λ ]b.ag - λ b = 0
2 2 2
6. As angle between a and b is obtuse, a.b < 0
|a | 3
| 2 2 2
& a | - λ | b | = 0 & λ =! |b | =! 4 & 2λ 2 i + 4λj + k).(7i - 2j + λk) 1 0
(

3. Let a unit vector in the plane of 2i + j + k and & λ 2 - 8λ + λ 1 0

14
i - j + k be at = α (2i + j + k) + β (i - j + k) 1

λ (2λ - 1) 1 0 & 0 1 λ 1 2 ...(i)
= (2α + β) i + (α - β) j + (α + β) k
π
Angle between b and k is acute and less than 6 .

As at is unit vector, we have

b.k =| b |.| k |cos θ & λ = 53 + λ 2 .1.cos θ

= 2α + β) 2 + (α - β) 2 + (α + β) 2 = 1
(
λ
2 2 cos
& θ=
6
& α + 4αβ + 3β = 1 .....(i) 53 + λ 2
π π 3
As at is orthogonal to 5i + 2j + 6k, we get

θ 1 6 & cos θ > cos 6 & cos θ 2 2

5(2α + β) + 2(α - β) + 6 (α + β) = 0 λ 3
&
2 2 & 4λ 2 - 3 (53 + λ 2) 2 0
18
& α + 9β = 0 & β =- 2α 53 + λ 2
& λ 2 2 159 & λ 1 - 159

From (i), we get 6α 2 - 8α 2 + 12α 2 = 1

1 2
or λ > 159 ...(ii)

& α =! & β =" . Thus
10 10
From (i) and (ii), λ = φ. ` Domain of λ is null set.
3 1
at = !c
j- km 7. Given curve is y = x 2 + x + 10 ...(i)
10 10
a.b When x = 1, y = 1 2 + 1 + 10 = 12

4. Angle between a and b is given by, cos θ =
a b
(2i + 2j - k).(6i - 3j + 2k) ` A / (1,12); ` OA = i + 12j


=
2 + 2 2 + (- 1) 2 . 6 2 + (- 3) 2 + 2 2
2 dy

From (i), dx = 2x + 1
12 - 6 - 2 4

Equation of tangent at A is y - 12 = a dx k(1,12) (x - 1)
= 3.7 = 21 dy

5. We observe, | a | 2 +| b | 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2 = | c | 2

& y - 12 = (2 # 1 + 1)(x - 1)
` a.b = 0

y
& - 12 = 3x - 3
b.c = b c . cos b π - cos -1 5 l = 4 # 5 &- cos b cos -1 5 l0
4 4
` = 3 ] x + 3g
y
= # 5 # b - 54 l =- 16
4 This tangent cuts x-axis (i.e., y = 0) at ^- 3, 0h

c.a = c a . cos b π - cos 5 = 5.3. &- cos cos 5 0
-1 3l b -1 3 l OB =- 3i + 0. j =- 3i ; OA.AB = OA .(OB - OA )

= 5.3. b - 53 l =- 9
= i + 12j).(- 3i - i - 12j) = (i + 12j).(- 4i - 12j)
(
` a.b + b.c + c.a = 0 - 16 - 9 =- 25

=- 4 - 144 =- 148.
ALITER : a a + b + c = 0 8. As c is the unit vector perpendicular to a and b, we
Squaring both the sides a + b + c 2 = 0
have | c | = 1, a.c = 0 = b.c

& a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ]a.b + b.c + c.ag = 0

2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3

Now, b1 b2 b3 = b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 =
& 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) =- (9 + 16 + 25)
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
 Vectors 15.5
2
a +a +a
1
2
2
2
3a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 9. Let p = xit + yjt + zkt
a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 b12 + b 22 + b32 b1 c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3
a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 b1 c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3 c12 + c 22 + c32 p .a = 0 & 2x + 3y - z = 0
| a | 2 a . b a .c | a | 2 a.b 0 p .b = 0 & x - 2y + 3z = 0
= a.b | b | b.c = a.b | b | 2 0 = | a | 2 | b | 2 - (a.b) 2
2

a.c b.c | c | 2
Also, 2x - y + z =- 6.
0 0 1

= a | 2 | b | 2 - `| a || b |cos 6 j =| a | 2 | b | 2 a1 - 4 k
π 2 3
On solving: x =- 3, y = 3, z = 3
|
= 2_ a + b i
2 2 2 2
1 1 10. a+b + a-b
= 4 | a | 2| b | 2 = 4 (Σa12)(Σb12)

& 100 + 64 = 2 _25 + b 2 i


& b = 57
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
b
& 2p = (p + 1)cos θ - sin θ ....(ii) and
1. Projection of a on b = a.bt = a. | b | =

1 = (p + 1)sin θ + cos θ ....(iii)
(2i + 3j - 2k).(i + 2j + 3k) 2 + 6 - 6
Squaring and adding, 4p 2 + 1 = ^ p + 1 h + 1
2
| i + 2j + 3k | = =
2
14 14
2. Without loss of generality, we can assume v = 2i & p + 1) 2 = 4p 2 & p + 1 = ! 2p
(
and w = 3j. Let u = xi + yj + zk, u = 1
1

& p = 1, - 3 .
& 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
x .....(i)
y
Y
Projection of v along u = Projection of w along u
X
j
& v.u = w.u & 2i. (xi + yj + 2k) = 3j. (xi + yj + zk)
^
J θ
^

& 2x = 3y & 3y - 2x = 0 θ I
x
O i
Now, | u - v + w | = | xi + yj + zk - 2i + 3j |

5. 3a - 2b =- 8it - 7tj + 3kt

= | (x - 2) i + (y + 3) j + zk | = (x - 2) 2 + (y - 3) 2 + z 2
]3a - 2b g.c
= (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) + 2(3y - 2x) + 13

projection =
c

= 1 + 2 # 0 + 13 = 14 - 32 - 28 - 6 - 66

= 6 = 6 =- 11
3. b = b1 + b2
6. Let a be the unit vector
` 2 = b - b1 = ^3j + 4k h - b 2 i + 2 j l
3 3
b a & = α _2it + tj + kt i + β _it - tj + kt i
3 3 & a = 1 & ^2α + βh + ^α - βh + ^α + βh = 1
2 2 2
=- 2 i + 2 j + 4k

Clearly, b1 = 2 ^i + j h = 2 a i.e., b1 is parallel to a

3 3 & α 2 + 4αβ + 3β 2 = 1
6

b2 a = a- 2 i + 2 j + 4k k. (i + j) = 0 ;
3 3 a is orthogonal to 5it + 2tj + 6kt so,

.
& ^2α + βh + 2 ^α - βh + 6 ^α + βh = 0
5
` 2 is = r to a
b
18
& α + 9β = 0 & 2α =- β
4. Without loss of generality, we can write
a = 2pi + j = (p + 1) It + Jt .....(i) ` α 2 - 8α 2 + 12α 2 = 1
6
Now, It = cos θ i + sin θ j & α 2 = 1
10
1 2 3tj - kt
Jt =- sin θ i + cos θ j
& α =! & β =" `a=
10 10 10
` From (i), 2pi + j = (p + 1)(cos θ i + sin θ j)
7. AB + AC = 2AD
+ (- sin θ i + cos θ j)

` AD = 2 #]- 3 i + 4k g + ^5 i - 2j h + 4k g-
1

& 2pi + j = {(p + 1)cos θ - sin θ}i +

= ^ i - j + 4k h Length of AD = 1 + 1 + 16 = 18

{(p + 1)sin θ + cos θ} j

15.6 Mathematics
8. OA = a OB = b , AB = b - a +AOB = 120° A vector of magnitude 3 along these vectors is
3 ^3i - j h 3 ^i + 3j - 2k h

From the diagram, it is clear that or
10 14
π 3
+OBC = 30° = 6
Now, (i + 3j – 2k).(i – 2j + k) is negative and
14
3
hence (i + 3j – 2k) makes an obtuse angle with
14
b.
10. If it, tj, kt are the unit vectors in the oxyz system and
it1, tj1 , kt1 are the unit vectors in the system ox'y'z'
1 t 1 t
obtained after rotation, then it1 = i+ j
2 2
tj1 = - 1 it + 1 tj and kt1 = kt
2 2
9. A vector bisecting the angle between a and b is a = 2 2 i 1 + 3 2 tj1 + 4kt1
t

j m + 3 2 d-
1 t 1 t
a
!
b
; in this case
2i + j - k i - 2j + k
! = 2 2c

1 t 1 t
i+ i+ j n + 4kt
|a | |b | 6 6 2 2 2 2
3i - j i + 3j - 2k =- it + 5tj + 4kt


(i.e.) or
6 6
So that the components in the oxyz system are – 1,
5, 4.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k i j k
4. a # b = 3 1 1 = 3i - j - 8k;
` a # i = (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) # i =- a2 k + a3 j
2 -2 1
]a # i g2 = ]a # i g. ]a # i g = (- a2 k + a3 j).(- a2 k + a3 j)
|a # b | 74 74
2 2 sin θ = | a || b | = = 99
a
= +a 2 3 11 . 9
Similarly ^a # j h = a32 + a12 5. a, c, b form a right handed system.
2

and (a # k) 2 = a12 + a 22

Hence, b # a = c & c = j # (xi + yj + zk) =

` (a # i) 2 + (a # j) 2 + (a # k) 2 - xk + zi = zi - xk

= 2 ^a12 + a 22 + a32h = 2 a 2 .
6. AB = (2i + j - k) - (i - j + 2k) = i + 2j - 3k,

2. (a# b) 2 + (a.b) 2 = ^ a b sin θ η

t h2 + ^ a b cos θh2 AC = (3i - j + 2k) - (i - j + 2k) = 2i

b 2 ^sin 2 θ ^η t h + cos 2 θ h = ]a.ag]b.bg

t .η 1
= a
2

Area of triangle ABC = 2 | AB # AC |
^sin 2 θ + cos 2 θh = a 2 b 2 .1 = a 2 b 2 .
1 1
= 2 | (i + 2j - 3k) # 2i | = 2 |- 4k - 6j |=|- 3j - 2k | = 13
3. Let a = 6i + 2j + 3k 7. Area of the parallelogram with diagonals a + b and
and b = 3i - 6j - 2k
1
b + c = 2 | (a + b) # (b + c) |

i j k 1
a # b = 6 2 3 = 14i + 21j - 42k
2 {(i + j + k) + (i + 3j + 5k)} # {(i + 3j + 5k)
|
3 -6 -2 + (7i + 9j + 11k)} |

1
= 7(2i + 3j - 6k); a # b = 7 2i + 3j - 6k = 7.7
= 2 | {(2i + 4j + 6k) # (8i + 12j + 16k)} |

= 4 | (i + 2j + 3k) # (2i + 3j + 4k) |

a#b 1
` | a# b | = 7 (2i + 3j - 6k) , which is a unit vector

i j k
= 4| 1 2 3 |= 4 |- i + 2j - k | = 4 6

perpendicular to a and b.

2 3 4
 Vectors 15.7
8. Let P, Q, R, S be the middle points of the sides of the
Area of parallelogram PQRS =
quadrilateral ABCD.
| SP # SR |= a 2 k # ` 2 j
b-d c-a

a+b b+c

Position vector of P = 2 , that of Q = 2 , 1
= 4 b#c-b#a-d#c+d#a
c+d d+a

that of R = 2 and that of S = 2 1
= 4 a#b+b#c+c#d+d#a

Mid point of diagonal
9. a # b = a # ]a # c g = ]a .c ga - ]a .a g c
SQ / a 2 + 2 k 2 = 4 (a + b + c + d)
d+a b+c 1 1


= 2a - 3c
1
Similarly mid point of PR / 4 (a + b + c + d)
i j k

As the diagonals bisect each other, PQRS is a a b
# = 1 1 1 = 3it - 3kt
parallelogram. 1 -2 1

` = 3 ]2a - a # b g = 3 _- it + 2tj + 5kt i

a+b d+a b-d 1 1

SP = c
2 - 2 = 2 ;
c+d d+a c-a 10. If A, B, C are the three points

SR = 2 - 2 = 2

AB = 2i + 3j - 3k, AC = 5j - k
AB # AC 6i + j + 5k

Required unit vector =
AB # AC 62
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
1. (u + v - w).[u - v # (v - w)] 4. As a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors. ` 5abc? ! 0
= u + v - w).[(u # v) - (u # w) - 0 + (v # w)]
( Now, a + 2b + 3c, λb + 4c and ]2λ - 1gc will be

non-coplanar

= [uuv] + [vuv] - [wuv] - [uuw] - [vuw]+ [wuw]
iff (a + 2b + 3c). "]λb + 4cg # ]2λ - 1gc , ! 0

i.e., ]a + 2b + 3cg . " λ ]2λ - 1g]b # cg, ! 0
+ [uvw] + [vvw] - [wvw]


i.e., λ ]2λ - 1g5abc? ! 0
= 0 + 0 - [uvw] - 0 + [uvw] + 0 + [uvw]


+ 0 - 0 = [uvw] = u.(v # w) .
1

` λ ! 0, 2 Thus, given vectors will be non-coplanar
2. Volume of the parallelepiped for all values of λ except two values: λ = 0 and
1
V = [i + aj + k j + ak ai + k]
2.
5. a, b, c are non-coplanar ` [abc] ! 0
= i + aj + k).{(j + ak) # (ai + k)}
(
Now, [xa + yb + zc, xb + yc + za, xc + ya + zb] = 0

= i + aj + k).{i + a 2 j - ak)} = 1 + a3 - a
(

& (xa + yb + zc).{(xb + yc + za) # (xc + ya + zb)} = 0
dV 2 d2 V dV
da = 3 a - 1 ; = 6a; da = 0
da 2 & (xa + yb + zc).{(x 2 - yz)(b # c)
1 + (z 2 - xy)(a # b) + (y 2 - zx)(c # a)} = 0

& 3a 2 - 1 = 0 & a = !
3 & x (x 2 - yz)[abc]+ y (y 2 - zx)[bca] + z (z 2 - xy)

2
1 d V 6 [cab] = 0

At a = , 2 = >0
3 da 3
1 & x3 - xyz)[abc] + (y3 - xyz)[abc] + (z3 - xyz)
(
` V is minimum at a =
3 [abc] = 0

3. As a , b , c are non-coplanar, they can be used as a As [abc] ! 0, x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 0

basis to express any other vector r in 3D space, ie. & x + y + z)(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx) = 0
(
r = k1 a + k2 b + k3 c for some unique k1 k2 k3 ! R. 1
& 2 (x + y + z){(x - y) 2 + (y - z) 2 + (z - x) 2} = 0

So r can be equal to (A), (B) or (C) depending of x
& + y + z = 0 or x = y = z
choices of x, y, z.
But x, y, z are distinct. ` x + y + z = 0.
15.8 Mathematics
1 b#c c#a a#b
6. a (a # b)# c = 3 | b || c |a & (a.c) b - (b.c) a 8. p = [abc] , q = [abc] , r = [abc]
1 (b # c) (a.c) b - (a.b) c
= 3 | b || c |a a # p = a # [abc] = [abc]
1 (a.b) c - (b.c) a
( & a.c) b = {(b.c) + 3 | b || c |} a Similary b # q = and
[abc]
& a.c) b = | b ||c | &cos θ + 3 0 a
1
( (b.c) a - (a.c) b
c#r =
[abc]
As a and b are not parallel,

1
1 ` a # p + b # q + c # r = [abc] {(a.c ) b - (a.b) c

a.c = 0 and cos θ + 3 = 0

1
5abc? 0 = 0

+ (a.b) c - (b.c) a + (b . c) a - (a.c) b} = #
1 2 2
cos
& θ =- 3 & sin θ = 3 9. Four point of coplanar the volume of tetrahedron
formed by them is zero.
7. (a # b) # c = λa + µb & (a.c) b - (b.c) a = λa + µb
10. Let A, B, C, D be the four vertices with position
& λ =- b.c, µ = a.c
vectors, a , b , c and d

` λ + µ = a.c - b.c = (a - b).c

DA = a - d

DB = b - d
= i + j + k) - (i + j)}.i = k .i = 0
{(

DC = c - d

Hence volume = 6 6a - d .b - d c - d @
1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
3. [(b # c) ( c # a),(a # b)] = (b # c) . {[ c# a) # (a # b)}
1. Let b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
= b # c).{[cab]a - [aab] c}
(
i j k
Now, j - k = a b = 1 1 1
# = b # c).{[abc]a - 0} = [bca][abc] = [abc] 2
(
b1 b2 b3 4. Let P(r) be a point on the locus. ` AP = BP

& b3 - b2 = 0,b1 - b3 = 1,b2 - b1 =- 1
& r - a |= | r - b |& | r - a | 2 = | r - b | 2
|

& b3 = b2,b1 = b2 + 1
& r - a).(r - a) = (r - b).(r - b)
(
Now, a.b = 1 & b1 + b2 + b3 = 1

1
& 2r . (a - b) = a .a - b.b & r .(a - b) = 2

& 3b2 + 1 = 1 & b2 = 0 & b1 = 1,b3 = 0 . Thus b = i
(a + b).(a - b)

2. Let dt = α i + β j + γ k
1
a.dt = 0 & (i - j).(α i + βj + γk) = 0 & α - β = 0
` r - 2 (a + b)].(a - b) = 0 . This is the locus of P.
[

&α=β P(r)

[bcd] = 0 & (b # c).d = 0

i j k
& 0 1 - 1 . ( α i + β j + γ k) = 0
A(a) B(b)

-1 0 1
& i + j + k) . (α i + β j + γ k) = 0
( 5. The vectors reciprocal to a , b , c are given by

& α + β + γ = 0 & γ =- (α + β) =- 2α;(β = α) b#c c#a a#b
]a b c g ]a b c g ]a b c g
p= , , = so that
| dt | = 1 & α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 1 & α 2 + α 2 + 4α 2 = 1


a .p = 1, a .q = a .r = 0, b .q = 1, c .q = a .q = 0,
1 2

& α =! = β and γ = " .
c r = 1, c .p = c .r = 0
6 6
1
This gives (l a + m b + n c ). ( l p + m q + n r )
` dt = !
(i + j - 2k) .
6

= l2 + m2 + n2.
 Vectors 15.9
6. a .a = _it + tj + kt i . _it + tj + kt i 9. Let r = xi + yj + zk

=1+1+1=3 ` # ^i + 2j - k h = i - k
r

b .b = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 & ^ y - 2z h i - j ] x - zg + k ^ x - 2y h = i - k


c .c = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6
Compare
` = xi + ]2x + 1g i + xk for any x.

a .b = 1 - 1 + 1 = 1 = b .a
r

b .c = 1 - 2 - 1 =- 2 = c .b
10. x # a + ] x .b g c = d

c .a = 1 + 2 - 1 = 2 = a .c
3 1 2 ` " x # a + ] x .b g c , # c = d # c or


Value = 1 3 - 2 = 16 ] x # a g # c + ] x .b g]c # c g

2 -2 6
= d # c & ] x .c ga - ]a .c gx = ]d # c g

7. E / d . 6a # ]b # c # d g@
a # "] x .c ga - ]a .c gx , = a # ]d # c g =
= 6a # ]b # d g c - ]b # d gd = d #
d
6]b # d g]a # c g - ]a # d g]b # c g@
- ]a .c g]a # x g = a # ]d # c g a a # a = 0

E / ]b # a g6d a c @ - ]b # c g
a # ]d # c g
x#a =

6d # ]a # d g@/2 = ]b # d g6d a c @
a .c
a # ]d # c g

Putting values, we get E = 98 a # ]x # a g = a #

8. r # a = b & a # ]r # a g = a # b
a .c

& ]a .a g r - ]a . r ga = a # b a # ]d # c g
]a a gx - ]a .x ga = a #
.
& 3r = ]a .r ga + ]a # b g
a .c
...(i)
a # ]d # c g
a x = ]a .x ga + a
2 2

Now, r # a = b = 2 or
2

2 = ]r # a g . ]r # a g
a .c

]a .x ga a # ]d # c g
r .r a .r
]a .c ga 2

x= 2 +a#

= a
a .r a .a

& r .a = ! 1. ...(ii) a # ]d # c g a .x
]a .c ga 2

x = λa + a # &λ= 2
a
` = 3 ]a # b ! a g
1
r from (i) and (ii)

EXERCISE - 1
Definition, Modulus, Addition of Vectors, Position Vector
6. 7 = (5 + 1) 2 + (4 - 2) 2 + (a + 2) 2 & a + 2 = ! 3
1. a = 4i + 2j - 4k & | a | = 16 + 16 + 4 = 6

or a =- 5, 1.
b =- 3i + 2j + 12k & | b | = 144 + 4 + 9 = 157
7. Direction is not determined.
c =- i - 4j - 8k & | c | = 64 + 16 + 1 = 9
8. It is a fundamental concept.

Hence perimeter is 15 + 157 . 3 3
9. = .
32 + 42 + 52 50
2. AB = i - 2j + 2k & | AB | = 3.
3. R = 4 + 100 + 121 = 15. 10. Here, OA = 2i + 3j + 4k, OB = 3i + 4j + 2k

4. It is a fundamental concept. OC = 4i + 2j + 3k

5. Resultant vector = 2i + 2j + 2k. So, AB = i + j - 2k, BC = i - 2j + k ,

1 1 1 CA = 2i - j - k . Clearly | AB |=| BC |=| CA |= 6

Direction cosines are c
, , m.
3 3 3
So these points are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
15.10 Mathematics
11. AB = Position vector of B – Position vector of A 1 1
17. AP = AB + BP = AB + 2 BC = AB + 2 AD ...(i)
= 2i + 3j - 6k) - (6 i - 2 j + 3k) =- 4i + 5j - 9k
( 1 1
AQ = AD + DQ = AD + 2 DC = AD + 2 AB ...(ii)
& AB |= 16 + 25 + 81 = 122 , BC = i + 3j + 4k
|
By (i) and (ii), we get
|
& BC |= 1 + 9 + 16 = 26 and 3 3 3

AP + AQ = 2 (AB + AD ) = 2 (AB + BC ) = 2 AC .
AC =- 3i + 8j - 5k
Q
D C
|
& AC |= 98
P
Therefore, AB 2 = 122, BC 2 = 26 and AC 2 = 98.

2
AB
& + BC 2 = 26 + 122 = 148
A B
Since AC 2 1 AB 2 + BC 2 , therefore 3 ABC is an

18. a + b = 4i + 4j, therefore unit vector
obtuse-angled triangle.
4(i + j) i + j
12. Vector A = 3i - 4j + 5k. We know that direction = .
32 2
cosines of
19. Let b should be added, then a + b = i
3 -4 5

A= , ,
32 + 42 + 52 32 + 42 + 52 32 + 42 + 52 & b = i - a = i - (3i + 4j - 2k) =- 2i - 4j + 2k.

3 -4 1 3i + 5j + 4k
=
, , 20. R = 3i + 5j + 4k & Rt = .
5 2 5 2 2 5 2
13. AB = (6 - 2) i + (- 3 + 9) j + (8 + 4) k 21. | a + b |=| 3i + 4j - 12k |=| 3 2 + 4 2 + 12 2 |= 13
= 4i + 6j + 12k
` a + b = 13.


| AB |= 16 + 36 + 144 = 14. 22. It is obvious.
(3 + 5) i + (0 - 2) j + (4 + 4) k b+c b + c - 2a
14. P.V. of AD = 2 23. AD = OD - OA = 2 -a = 2 ,
= 4i - j + 4k
(where O is the origin for reference)
A
Similarly,
c+a c + a - 2b

BE = OE - OB = 2 -b = 2 and
a + b - 2c

CF = 2 .
B C A (a)
D

| AD | = 16 + 16 + 1 = 33
F E
15. Given, position vectors of A, B and C are 7j + 10k,
- i + 6j + 6k and - 4i + 9j + 6k respectively.
B (b) C (c)
D
` | AB | = |- i - j - 4k | = 18


Now, AD + BE + CF
| BC | = |- 3i + 3j | = 18

b + c - 2a c + a - 2b a + b - 2c

= 2 + 2 + 2 = 0.
| AC | = |- 4i + 2j - 4k | = 36

Clearly, AB = BC and ] AC g2 = ] ABg2 + ]BC g2
24. Since given that AC = 3AB . It means that point C

divides AB externally. Thus AC : BC = 3: 2

Hence, triangle is right angled isosceles. A
16. Let A / ^1, 1, - 1h, B / ^2, 3, 0h, C / ^3, 5, - 2h ,
D / ^0, - 1, 1h
a

So, AB = (1, 2,1), BC = (1, 2, - 2), CD = (- 3, - 6,3),


DA = (1, 2,- 2) Clearly, BC || DA , but AB ! CD O b B
3.b - 2.a
So, it is a trapezium. Hence OC = 3 - 2 = 3b - 2a.

 Vectors 15.11
25. Let position vector of D is xi + yj + zk, then
` Position vector of

AB = DC 6 (2i + 5j + 7k) + 3 (2i + 3j + 4k)

D= 6+3
&- 2j - 4k = (7 - x) i + (7 - y) j + (7 - z) k
18i + 39j + 54k 1
= 9 = 3 (6i + 13j + 18k) .

& x = 7, y = 9, z = 11.
1 2 3
Hence position vector of D will be 7i + 9j + 11k.
32. λ 4 7 = 0 & λ = 3.
26. AB =- i - j - 2k and CD = 6i + 6j + 12k -3 -2 -5

Hence, AB || CD . 33. PQ = 3a + 3 3 b
27. Since position vector of a point C with respect to B and RS = 2a + 2 3 b

is

Hence PQ || RS .
BC = i + j
…..(i)
34. Let the B divide AC in ratio λ: 1, then
Similarly, AB = i - j
…..(ii)
λ (11i + 3j + 7k) + i - 2j - 8k
Now by (i) and (ii), AC = AB + BC = 2i.
5i - 2k =

λ+1
2
1 (OB ) + 2 (6b - 2a) 3 & λ - 2 = 0 & λ = 3 i.e., ratio = 2 : 3.
28. OP = 1+2 35. Since a and b are collinear, we have a = mb for some
A(6b – 2a)
scalar m.
1
P (a, b) & i - j = m (- 2i + kj) & i - j =- 2mi + kmj

2 &- 2m = 1, km =- 1
1
O B ` m =- 2 , So k = 2.

Scalar Product of Vectors
& 3 (a - b) = OB + 12b - 4a & OB = 7a - 15b.

36. Let a = xi + yj + zk.
29. 2OA + 3OB = 2 (OC + CA ) + 3(OC + CB )
Then (a.i) i + (a.j) j + (a.k) k = a.


= 5OC + 2CA + 3CB = 5OC , {a 2CA =- 3CB }.
37. Let r = xi + yj + zk. Since r.i = r.j = r.k
30. BE + AF = OE - OB + OF - OA
x
& =y=z .....(i)
C
2 2 2
Also | r | = x + y + z = 3 & x = ! 3 , {By (i)}
Hence the required vector r = ! 3 (i + j + k) .

E F
Trick : As the vector ! 3 (i + j + k) satisfies both

the conditions.
A D B
38. a.b = a.c & a.b - a.c = 0 & a. (b - c) = 0

OA + OC OB + OC & Either b - c = 0 or a = 0 & b = c

= 2 - OB + 2 - OA
or a = (b - c) .

OA + OB
39. a.b =-| a || b |, ]a cos θ =- 1g
= OC - 2 = OC - OD = DC .
31. Let the bisector of angle A meets BC at D, then AD
divides BC in the ratio AB : AC 40. Squaring (a + b + c) = 0,

` Position vectors of D we get a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2a.b + 2b.c + 2c.a = 0

| AB | (2i + 5j + 7k) +| AC | (2i + 3j + 4k) & a | 2 +| b | 2 +| c | 2 + 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0

|

| AB |+| AC | & 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) =- 3

Here, | AB | = |- 2i - 4j - 4k | = 6 and
3
& a.b + b.c + c.a =- 2 .

| AC | = |- 2i - 2j - k | = 3

15.12 Mathematics
41. Since a, b and c are mutually perpendicular, so 49. Parallel vector = (2 + b) i + 6j - 2k
a.b = b.c = c.a = 0
(2 + b) i + 6j - 2k

Unit vector =
Angle between a and a + b + c is
b 2 + 4b + 44

According to the condition,
a. (a + b + c)

cos θ = | a || a + b + c | .....(i) (2 + b) + 6 - 2

1=
Now | a | = | b | = | c | = a
b 2 + 4b + 44
| a + b + c | 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 a . b + 2 b. c + 2 c . a
& 2 + 4b + 44 = b 2 + 12b + 36
b
= 2 + a2 + a2 + 0 + 0 + 0
a
& 8b = 8 & b = 1.
| 2 2
& a + b + c | = 3a & | a + b + c | = 3 a 50. Let unit vector be yi + zk, then y 2 + z 2 = 1 …..(i)
1 (yj + zk).(yj)
Putting this value in (i), we get θ = cos -1
.
Since given that cos 30c = | yj + zk || yj |
3
42. Three mutually perpendicular unit vectors = a, b
and c. y2 3 3
= 2 &y= 2
_ y2 + z2 i y
&
Therefore | a |=| b |=| c |= 1 and a.b = b.c = c.a = 0.

_a y 2 + z 2 = 1 by (i))
We know that
(yj + zk). zk 1
| a + b + c | 2 = (a + b + c).(a + b + c) = | a | 2 +| b | 2

Similarly, cos 60c = | yj + zk || zk | & z = 2
3 1
+ | c | 2 + 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 3 or

Hence the components of unit vector are 0, 2 , 2 .
| a + b + c |= 3 .

Trick : Since the vector lies in yz-plane, so it will be
3 1 1 3
43. a + b = c &| a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2a.b =| c | 2 and either 0i + 2 j + 2 k or 0i + 2 j + 2 k.

| a |+| b |=| c | &| a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2 | a || b |=| c | 2

3 1
But the vector 2 j + 2 k makes angle 30° with

` a.b =| a || b | & cos θ = 1 & θ = 0.
y-axis and that of 60° with z-axis.

44. Since a = b & a.b = 0 51. Σ F = 2j - k, AB = 2i + 4j - k,
2 2 2 2
| a - b | = (a - b) = a + b - 2a.b = 25 + 25 ` Σ F . AB = 8 + 1 = 9.

& a - b |= 5 2 .
| 52. a.b = aa cos 120c, "a| a |=| b |= a (say) ,
a2
45. (a + b) . (a + b) =| a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2a.b or & - 8 =- 2 & a = 4
θ θ 1
(Negative sign does not occur in moduli).
| a + b | 2 = 2.2 cos 2 2 & cos 2 = 2 | a + b | .
46. a + b =- c & | a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2 | a || b | cos θ = | c | 2 53. | 4a + 3b | = (4a + 3b) . (4a + 3b)
π = 16 | a | 2 + 9 | b | 2 + 24a.b

& cos θ = 0 & θ = 2 .

= 144 + 144 + 24 # 3 # 4 # a 2 k = 12.

47. Angle between i + j + k and i is equal to -1

cos -1 ' | i + j + k || i | 1 & α = cos -1 c
(i + j + k).i 1
m 54. Let the required vector be α = d1 i + d2 j + d3 k,
3
where d12 + d 22 + d32 = 51 , (given) .....(i)
Similarly angle between i + j + k and j is

Now, each of the given vectors a, b, c is a unit vector

1
β = cos -1 c
m and between i + j + k and k is d .a d .b d .c
3
cos θ = | d || a | = | d || b | = | d || c |
1
γ = cos -1 c m. Hence α = β = γ.
3 or d .a = d .b = d .c

48. Let r = xi + yj + zk | d | = 51 cancels out and | a | = | b |=| c |= 1
& r .i = x, r . j = y, r .k = z
Hence, 13 (d1 - 2d2 + 2d3) = 15 (- 4d1 + 0d2 - 3d3) = d2

& r .i) 2 + (r . j) 2 + (r .k) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 .
( d
& 1 - 5d2 + 2d3 = 0 and 4d1 + 5d2 + 3d3 = 0
 Vectors 15.13
d d d 62. (a - 2 b) 2 = 1 & 1 + 2 - 2 2 a.b = 1
On solving, 51 = - 21 = - 35 = λ (say)

Putting d1, d2 and d3 in (i), we get λ = ! 1 1 1 π
& a.b =
& cos θ = &θ= 4.
2 2
Hence the required vectors are ! (5i - j - 5k) .

63. It is obvious from figure.

Trick : Check it with the options. b
55. r = p + λ q & r .q = p.q + λ q.q
30°
1 a
0
& = 7 + 14λ & λ =- 2 3a
– 4b 150°
1
Therefore, r =- 2 (i + 5j - 4k) .

56. Let a = xi + yj, then a.b = 0 64. Given condition is a + b = c.
x y Using dot product, ]a + bg . ]a + bg = c.c

& 4x - 3y = 0 & 3 = 4 & x = 3λ, y = 4λ, λ ! R.
Now | a |=| b |& x 2 + y 2 = 16 + 9 + 25 & a.a + b.b + 2a.b = c.c

= λ 2 + 16λ 2 = 50
9
&| a | . | a | cos 0c +| b | . | b | cos 0c + 2 | a | . | b | cos α

& λ = ! 2 & x = ! 3 2, y = ! 4 2 =| c | . | c | cos 0c, (a | a |=| b |=| c |= 1)
1 2π
Hence, a = ! 2 (3i + 4j) .
& 1 + 1 + 2 cos α = 1 & cos α =- 2 & α = 3
57. Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, then a.i = a1, a.j = a2, a.k = a3 65. Let a = 1 and b = 1
` a = (a.i) i + (a. j) j + (a.k) k

Also
58. a-c = b-c | a + b | 2 = 1 2 & 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ = 1 & θ = 120c

a-c
2
= b-c
2
` a - b | 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 cos θ = 3 &| a - b |= 3 .
|

a + c
2 2
- 2a .c = b
2
+ c
2
- 2b .c 66. Let the vector is xi + yj + zk. Now according to the
conditions, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 & x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 ...(i)
2c ]b - a g = b
2 2
- a

6x + 5y - 2z = 0 ...(ii)
2c ]b - a g = ]b - a g. ]b + a g
.

and 3x + y - 4z = 0 ...(iii)
& ]b - a g. : b +2 a - c D = 0.
[ a it is perpendicular to both vectors, hence by
59. Let a = xi + yj + zk . a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = 0] On solving the equation (i),
(ii) and (iii), we get x = 2, y =- 2 and z = 1.
Then a.i = (xi + yj + zk).i = x and a.(i + j) = x + y

Therefore, the required vector is 2i - 2j + k.

and a.(i + j + k) = x + y + z

Trick : By inspection, the vector 2i - 2j + k is of

a Given that x = x + y = x + y + z
length 3 and also perpendicular to the given vectors.

Now x = x + y & y = 0 and x + y = x + y + z
67. | a + b | = | a - b | ; Squaring both sides, we get
& = 0 Hence x = 1; ` a = i.
z
4a.b = 0 & a is perpendicular to b.

60. Since a + λb is perpendicular to a - λb, then their
68. a.b = 0 = 4 - a - 1 & a = 3.
product will be zero.
So, (a + λb) . (a - λb) = 0 & | a | 2 - λ 2 | b | 2 = 0 69. a + tb = 2i + 2j + 3k + (- ti + 2tj + tk)
|a | 2 = 2 - t) i + (2 + 2t) j + (3 + t) k
(
9
or λ 2 =
& λ 2 = 16 Given that it is perpendicular to c = 3i + j

|b | 2
3
Hence (2 - t) 3 + (2 + 2t) 1 + (3 + t) 0 = 0
or λ = ! 4 , [a| a | = 3, | b | = 4]

& 6 - 3t + 2 + 2t = 0 & t = 8.
61. AB = i + 4j - k, CD =- 2i - 8j + 2k
70. a.b = (2 - 4 - λ) = 0 & λ =- 2.
AB .CD - 2 - 32 - 2

cos θ = = (i + 2j + 3k)
| AB | . | CD | 18 . 72 2
71. (2i + 3j - 2k) . = .
- 2 - 32 - 2 14 14

= 2 # 18 =- 1 & θ = π.
15.14 Mathematics
b.a a.b | a | 7 i j k
72. Required value = | b | | a | = | b | = 3 .
and a # b = 1 - 1 1

73. | W |= (i - 3j + 5k) . (- 2i - 4j + k) b1 b2 b3

=- 2 + 12 + 5 = 15 unit. =- i (b2 + b3) + j (b1 - b3) + k (b2 + b1)

74. Projection of xi - j + k on 2i - j + 5k & #b = c
a
(xi - j + k) (2i - j + 5k) 2x + 1 + 5 Comparing the coefficients of i, j and k respectively,


= =
4 + 1 + 25 30
we get b2 + b3 = 1 …..(ii)
2x + 6 1
But, given =
b1 - b3 =- 1 …..(iii)
30 30
-5
b2 + b1 = 0 …..(iv)
& 2x + 6 = 1 & x = 2
75. (3a - 4b) (2a + 5b) = 6 | a | 2 - 20 | b | 2 + 7a.b
By solving the equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we
= 6 - 20 + 7a.b
get b1 = 0, b2 = 0 and b3 = 1.
Given, | a + b | 2 = ( 3 ) 2 & | a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2a.b = 3
84. Since a # b = b # c ! 0 & a # b - b # c = 0
1 & a # b + c # b = 0 & (a + c) # b = 0

& 2a.b = 1 & a.b = 2

Therefore, (3a - 4b) . (2a + 5b)
& + c is parallel to b & a + c = kb.
a
1 7 - 21 85. a = i + j - 3k, b =- 2i + 2j + 2k
6 = - 20 + 7 # 2 =- 14 + 2 = 2 .
i j k
Vector Product a # b = 1 1 - 3 = 8i + 4j + 4k

π -2 2 2
76. | a # b |= 1 & | sin θ |= 1 & sin θ = 1 & θ = 2
77. (b - a) # (c - b) = 0 or 2i + j + k

Hence unit vector = ! .
6
b # c + a # b + c # a = 0.

i j k
78. (a - b) # (a + b) = a # a - b # a + a # b - b # b 86. a # b = 2 3 - 5
= a # b - b # a = a # b + a # b = 2 ( a # b) .
m n 12
79. Since a + b + c = 0 = 36 + 5n) i - (24 + 5m) j + (2n - 3m) k = 0
(
& a # (a + b + c) = 0 & a # a + a # b + a # c = 0
- 24 - 36

&m= 5 ,n = 5 .
& # b =- a # c = c # a
a ...(i)
87. Unit vector is equal to

Similarly,
a#b 1
b # (a + b + c) = 0 & a # b = b # c
...(ii) | a # b | = 5 (2i + k) .

By (i) and (ii), we get a # b = b # c = c # a.

88. AB = 2i - j - 2k, AC = 3i - 3j + 0k
80. | a # b | = (a.b) & ab sin θ = ab cos θ i j k
ab π AB # AC = 2 - 1 - 2 = (- 6i - 6j - 3k)

tan
& θ = ab = 1 & θ = 4
3 -3 0
81. 14 (a # b) + 15 (b # a) = b # a.
Hence unit vector = ! a k.
2i + 2j + k
3
82. a.b = 0 & a = b or a = 0 or b = 0 and
i j k
a # b = 0 & a || b or a = 0 or b = 0

89. a # b = 3 2 - 1 =- 5i + 3j - 9k
Hence, either a or b is a null vector.
12 5 - 5

83. Let b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k 25 + 9 + 81 115

& sin θ = =
But (i - j + k) . (b1 i + b2 j + b3 k) = 1
14 . 194 14 . 194
90. It is obvious.
b
& 1 - b2 + b3 = 1 ......(i)
 Vectors 15.15
98. Force ]F g = 2i + j - k and its position vector
2
i j k
91. | a # i | 2 = a1 a2 a3 , (Since a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) = 2i - j. We know that the position vector of a force
1 0 0
about origin (r) = (2i - j) - (0i + 0j + 0k) or
=| a3 j - a2 k | 2 = a32 + a 22
r = 2i - j. Therefore, moment of the force about

Similarly, | a # j | 2 = a12 + a32 and | a # k | 2 = a12 + a 22
i j k
Hence the required result can be given as origin = r # F = 2 - 1 0 = i + 2j + 4k.
2 (a12 + a 22 + a32) = 2 | a | 2 .
2 1 -1
92. Since a, b,c form a right handed system 99. ` n is perpendicular to a and b
` c = b # a = j # (xi + yj + zk)
i j k
= x (j # i) + z (j # k) =- xk + zi = zi - xk .
1 -1 0
93. We know that (a # b) 2 + (a.b) 2 =| a | 2 | b | 2 1 1 0 2k
n = a # b; n = 2 =k
` 144 = 16 | b | 2 &| b | = 3.
2 # 2
| ` c . n | =| (i + 3j + 5k) . (k) |= | 5 |= 5 .
94. If angle between b and c is α and b # c = 15
Scalar Triple Product
b c sin α = 15
a.b # c b.a # c [abc] [bac]
15 1 100. c # a.b + c.a # b = [cab] + [cab]

sin α = 4 ; ` cos α = 4
[abc] [abc]
b - 2c = λ a & | b - 2c | 2 = λ 2 | a | 2
= [cab] - [cab] = 0.
| b | 2 + 4 | c | 2 - 4.b.c = λ 2 | a | 2
101. [a + b b + c c + a] = (a + b) . {(b + c) # (c + a)}
16 + 4 - 4 {| b || c | cos α} = λ 2
= a + b) . (b # c + b # a + c # c + c # a)
(
1
16 + 4 - 4 # 4 # 1 # 4 = λ 2
= a + b) . (b # c + b # a + c # a), "a c # c = 0 ,
(
& λ 2 = 16 & λ = ! 4
= a.b # c + a.b # a + a.c # a + b.b # c

95. Here OA = i - j + 2k and OB = 2i + j - k and + b.b # a + b.c # a

OC = 3i - j + 2k
= abc] + [bca] = 2 [abc]
[
These implies AB = OB - OA = i + 2j - 3k
102. Here, OA = 2i - 3j = a (say)
and AC = OC - OA = 2i
OB = i + j - k = b (say)
1 and OC = 3i - k = c
(say)
Hence required area is given by = 2 | AB # AC |
i j k
Hence volume is
AB # AC = 1 2 - 3 =- 2 (3j + 2k) 2 -3 0
2 0 0 [abc] = a.(b c) = 1 1 - 1 = 4
#
1
Area of triangle = 2 # 2 | 3j + 2k | = 13 . 3 0 -1
1
96. 3 = 2 a # b 103. a. (b # c) = 0 or (a # b) .c = 0.
i j k 104. a. (c # b) = c. (b # a) = 0 ,
But a # b = 3 1 - 2 =- 2i - 14j - 10k.
1 -3 4 (Since a and b are parallel)

1 1 105. If the given vectors are coplanar, then their scalar

Hence ∆ = 2 | a # b | = 2 4 + 196 + 100 = 5 3 .
6 triple product is zero.
97. OA = 3i + 2j - 9k; F = (9i + 6j - 2k) # 11
i j k 2 -1 1
6 1 2 - 3 = 0 & λ =- 4.
` Moment = OA # F = 11 3 2 - 9
9 6 -2 3 λ 5
6 150
= 11 (50i - 75j) = 11 (2i - 3j) .

15.16 Mathematics
106. We have p.(a + b) = p.a + p.b i j k
(b # c).a (b # c).b [bca] [b c b] 115. a (b c) = a 2 - 1 1 = a # (- 2i + 3j + 7k)
# # #

= [abc] + [abc] = [abc] + [a b c] 1 3 -1
= 1 + 0 = 1 "a[bca] = [abc] and [bcb] = 0 ,
i j k
Similarly, q. ]b + cg = 1 and r. ]a + cg = 1
= 1 2 - 2 = 20i - 3j + 7k.


-2 3 7
116. a. 7c # ^a # b hA = a. 6^c.bh a - ^c.ah b@

Thus, required result is 1+1+1=3.

107. Let a = 3i - 2j - k, b = 2i + 3j - 4k, c =- i + j + 2k = ]ag2 ^c.bh - ^c.ah^b.ah

and d = 4i + 5j + λk. Since the points are coplanar, = 14 ]- 3g - ]4g]8 g =- 74.

So, [d bc] + [d ca] + [d ab] = [abc]
117. a # (b # c) = 0 & a || (b # c) or b # c = 0
4 5 λ 4 5 λ 4 5 λ
i.e., b || c or a = 0.

& 2 3 -4 + -1 1 2 + 3 -2 -1
- 1 1 2 3 -2 -1 2 3 -4 118. It is a fundamental concept.
3 -2 -1 119. a = b # c and a # b = c
= 2 3 -4 ` is perpendicular to both b and c and c is
a
- 1 1 2 perpendicular to both a and b.
- 146 ` a, b, c are mutually perpendicular

& 40 + 5λ + 37 - λ + 94 + 13λ = 25 & λ = 17 .
- 12 0 α Now, a = b # c = b # (a # b) = (b.b) a - (b.a) b

108. Since 0 3 - 1 = 546 & α =- 3. or a = b 2 a - (b.a) b = b 2 a, "a a = b ,

2 1 - 15 & 1 = b 2, ` c = a # b = ab sin 90cnt

109. We have [a b a # b] = (a # b).(a # b) =| a # b | 2
Take moduli of both sides, then c = ab, but
110. (a # j).(2j - 3k) = a.{j # (2j - 3k)}
b = 1 & c = a.
= a.{- 3 (j # k)} =- 3 (a.i) =- 12.
120. (i # i) + (j # j) + (k # k) = 0.
111. i .(j # k) + j .(k # i) + k. (i # j) 121. [b # c c # a a # b] = (b # c). [(c # a)#(a # b)]
= i .i + j . j + k .k = 3.
Let a # b = d

112. [a - b b - c c - a] = {(a - b) # (b - c)}.(c - a) so, (b # c) [(c # a) # d] = (b # c) [(d.a) c - (d.c) .a]

= a # b - a # c - b # b + b # c).(c - a)
( = b # c) [a. (a # b) .c - (a # b) c.a]
(
= a # ab + ca # a + b # c).(c - a)
( = b # c) [abc] a = a. [b # c] . [abc]
(
= a # b).c - (a # b).a + (c # a).c - (c # a).a
( = abc] [abc] = [abc] 2
[
= a # b) .c - (a # b) .a + (c # a) .c - (c # a) .a
( 122. a # (b # c) = (a.c) b - (a.b) c

+ (b # c) .c - (b # c) .a a a = b , ` a.b = 0


= [abc] - [aba] + [cac] - [caa] + [bcc] - [bca] = 0. a a || c, ` a.c = 1 (a, b and c are unit vectors)

Vector Triple Product, Product of four Vectors a # (b # c) = (1) b - (0) c = b.

123. We have a # (b # c) = (a # b) # c
113. b # c is a vector perpendicular to b, c. Therefore,
a # ]b # cg is a vector again in plane of b, c. & a.c) b - (a.b) c = (a.c) b - (b.c) a
(

114. Let a = xi + yj + zk & - (a.b) c =- (b.c) a & (b.c) a - (b.a) c = 0

i # (a # i) + j # (a # j) + k # (a # k)
& b # (a # c) = 0.

= i.i) a - i (a.i) + (j.j) a - j (a.j) + (k.k) a - k (a.k)

( 124. (a # b) # (c # d) = [abd] c - [abc] d

= 3a - a = 2a.
a a, b, c, d are coplanar vectors

` abd] = [abc] = 0. So, (a # b) # (c # d) = 0.
[
 Vectors 15.17

EXERCISE - 2

1. Let a = li + mj + nk, where l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1. R sin θ = 6 sin 0c + 2 2 sin (180 o - B) + 5 sin 270 o

π
a makes an angle 4 with z-axis. sin
R θ = 2 2 sin B - 5 …..(ii)
1 2 1 From (i) and (ii),
`n= , l + m2 = 2 …..(i)
2
R 2 = 36 + 8 cos 2 B - 24 2 cos B + 8 sin 2 B

k
` a = li + m j +
+ 25 - 20 2 sin B
2
k
= 61 + 8 (cos 2 B + sin 2 B) - 24 2 cos B - 20 2 sin B
a + i + j = (l + 1) i + (m + 1) j +
2
Its magnitude is 1, hence
a ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle
1
i.e., +B = +C = 45c
(l + 1) 2 + (m + 1) 2 = 2
.....(ii)
1 1 1 1

From (i) and (ii), 2lm = 2 & l = m =- 2 ` R 2 = 61 + 8(1) - 24 2 $
- 20 2 $ = 25
2 2
i j k
` R = 5.
Hence a =- 2 - 2 +
.
2 Aliter AB = 6it

2. AB = 4i - 5j + 11k CA =- 5tj


Direction cosine along y-axis BC =- 2it + 2tj

-5 -5 R = 4it - 3tj


= = .
16 + 25 + 121 162 R =5
3. OP .i = OP cos ]45°g
6. By triangle law, AB = AD - BD , AC = AD - CD
8

x= =4 2 E D
2
OP .tj = OP cos ]60°g = 2 = 4 = y
8

F C
& 2 + y2 + z2 = 82 & z = ! 4
x
Trick : Here the only vector is 4 ( 2 i + j ! k),
A B
whose length is 8.

Therefore, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
4. AB = (3 - 2) i + (- 2 - 1) j + (1 + 1) k = i - 3j + 2k

= 3AD + (AE - BD ) + (AF - CD ) = 3AD

BC = (1 - 3) i + (4 + 2) j + (- 3 - 1) k =- 2i + 6j - 4k

Hence λ = 3 , [Since AE = BD, AF = CD ] .
CA = (2 - 1) i + (1 - 4) j + (- 1 + 3) k = i - 3j - 2k
7. AP + PB + PC = PQ or AP + PB = PQ + CP
| AB |= 1 + 9 + 4 = 14

or AB = CQ . Hence it is a parallelogram.

| BC |= 4 + 36 + 16 = 56 = 2 14
A

| CA |= 1 + 9 + 4 = 14

So, | AB |+| AC | =| BC | and angle between AB and
B C
BC is 180°. ` Points A, B, C can not form an P
isosceles triangle. Hence A, B, C are collinear.
Q
5. R cos θ = 6 cos 0c + 2 2 cos (180 o - B) + 5 cos 270 o
8. Let a + 2b = xc and b + 3c = ya, then a + 2b + 6c
C
= x + 6) c and a + 2b + 6c = (1 + 2y) a So,
(
2 2
5
(x + 6) c = (1 + 2y) a Since a and c are non-zero and
non-collinear, we have x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 2y = 0
A 6 B 1
i.e., x =- 6 and y =- 2 . In either case, we have
cos
R θ = 6 - 2 2 cos B …..(i) a + 2b + 6c = 0.
15.18 Mathematics
9. Obviously, AE = AC + CD + DE 15. Ol A = Ol O + OA
E D
Ol B = Ol O + OB

Ol C = Ol O + OC
F C A

A B

= AC + AF - AB , " a CD = AF and DE =- AB ,
O′

O
10. 3OD + DA + DB + DC
B C
OD
= + DA + OD + DB + OD + DC
O
& l A + Ol B + Ol C

= OA + OB + OC .

= 3Ol O + OA + OB + OC
11. Let - 2a + 3b - c = xp + yq + zr

Since OA + OB + OC = OOl =- Ol O
&- 2a + 3b - c

O
` l A + Ol B + Ol C = 2Ol O
= ^2x + y - 3z h a + ^- 3x - 2y + z h b + ^ y + 2z h c

16. Comparing the coefficients of i, j and k the

` 2x + y - 3z =- 2, - 3x - 2y + z = 3 and

corresponding equations are

y + 2z = - 1
x + 3y - 4z = λx or (1 - λ) x + 3y - 4z = 0 ...(i)

Solving these, we get
x - (λ + 3) y + 5z = 0 ...(ii)
7 1
3x + y - λz = 0 ...(iii)

x = 0, y =- 5 , z = 5

These equations (i), (ii) and (iii) have a non-trivial
(- 7q + r ) solution, if
`- 2a + 3b - c = 5 .
(1 - λ) 3 -4
Trick : Check alternates one by one
1 - ( λ + 3 ) 5 = 0 & λ = 0, - 1.
i.e., (a) p - 4q =- 2a + 5b - 4c
3 1 -λ
- 7q + r

(b) 5 =- 2a + 3b - c. 17. If A, B, C are collinear. Then AB = λ BC
12. We have, & 2i + (4 - x) j + 4k = λ[(y - 3) i - 6j - 12k]

p = AC + BD = AC + BC + CD = AC + λAD + CD
& 2 = (y - 3) λ ...(i)

= λ AD + (AC + CD ) = λ AD + AD = (λ + 1) AD .
and 4 - x =- 6λ ...(ii)
Therefore p = µAD & µ = λ + 1.
-1
4 & =- 12 λ & λ = 3
13. A, B, C, D, E are five co-planar points. By (i), y =- 3 and by (ii), x = 2 ; ` (x, y) = (2,- 3) .

DA + DB + DC + AE + BE + CE Scalar Product of Vectors

= (DA + AE ) + (DB + BE ) + (DC + CE ) 18. | a + b |2| a - b |

= DE + DE + DE = 3DE .
Squaring both sides, we get
14. GA + GB + GC = 0 and Gl Al + Gl Bl + Gl C l = 0 a 2 + b 2 + 2a.b2a 2 + b 2 - 2a.b

(
& GA - Gl Al ) + (GB - Gl Bl ) + (GC - Gl C l ) = 0 & 4a.b 2 0 & cos θ 2 0 Hence θ < 90°, (acute).

(
& GA + Gl G - Gl Al ) + (GB + Gl G - Gl Bl ) 19. Given that a = b + c and angle between b and c is
π

+ (GC + Gl G - Gl C l ) = 3Gl G 2.
So, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 2 b.c

& (GA - GAl ) + (GB - GBl ) + (GC - GC l ) = 3Gl G
π
or a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 2 | b || c |cos 2

& Al A + Bl B + C l C = 3Gl G
or a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 0, ` a 2 = b 2 + c 2

AA
& l + BBl + CC l = 3GGl
i.e., a 2 = b 2 + c 2 .

 Vectors 15.19
20. (a + b + c) = 0 2
This gives, a = p + r .....(i)
& a | 2 +| b | 2 +| c | 2 + 2 a.b + 2 b.c + 2 c.a = 0
| b = p + 2r .....(ii)
& 9 + 1 + 16 + 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0
c = 2p + r .....(iii)
26 For the vector ai + bj + ck to be perpendicular to

& a.b + b.c + c.a =- 2 =- 13.
i + j + k, we will have (ai + bj + ck).(i + j + k) = 0
-1
21. AB . AF = | a || a |cos 120c = 2 a 2 and a
& +b+c = 0 ......(iv)
1 2 1 2
2 BC = 2 a
Adding equation (i) to (iii), we get
E D

4p + 4r = a + b + c

& 4 (p + r) = 0 & p =- r
F C

Now with the help of (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
120°
a
a = 0, b = r, c = p =- r
A a B
Hence the required vector is r (j - k)

1 2 1 1
Therefore AB . AF + 2 BC = 2 a 2 - 2 a 2 = 0. 1
To be its unit vector r 2 + r 2 = 1 & r = !

2
22. We have AB . AC + BC . BA + CA .CB
1

Hence the required unit vector is, ! (j - k) .
(AB)(AC) cos θ + (BC)(BA) cos (90 o - θ) + 0
2
B i-j

Trick : Check for option (a), is a unit vector
2
and perpendicular to i + j + k.

90o–θ
1 -1
0
2 2
θ 4
C
A
But 1 1 2 =- ! 0.
2
1 2 1
AB (AC cos θ + BC sin θ) = AB c AB + AB m
(AC) 2 (BC) 2
So it is not coplanar with the given vector.

j-k
Check for option (b), ! d n is a unit vector and
2
AC
= + BC 2 = AB 2 = p 2
2
23. Let
1 -1
0
r1 = x1 it + y1 tj + z1 kt
2 2
also perpendicular to i + j + k, 1 1
2 =0
r2 = x2 it + y2 tj + z2 kt
1 2 1
r3 = x3 it + y3 tj + z3 kt

So, it is also coplanar with the given vectors.
r1 .r1 r1 .r2 r1 .r3 25. Here AB =- 3i + 6j - 3k, BC =- 2i + j + 4k and
r2 .r1 r2 .r2 r2 .r3 = 0

AB . BC = 6 + 6 - 12 = 0 & +ABC = 90c.
r3 .r1 r3 .r2 r3 .r3
26. According to the given conditions, a.b > 0 and
x1 y1 z1 x1 x2 x3
b.c < 0, where c = (0, 1, 0).
& x2 y2 z2 y1 y2 y3 = 0
x3 y3 z3 z1 z2 z3 & 2x 2 - 3x + 1 2 0 and x < 0. Hence the result.

x1 y1 z1 27. (a + 2b).(5a - 4b) = 0
& x2 y2 z2 = 0
x3 y3 z3 & d is false. or 5a 2 + 6a.b - 8b 2 = 0

24. Let the vector be given as ai + bj + ck. For this or 6 a.b = 3, (a a 2 = 1, b 2 = 1)

vector to be coplanar with i + j + 2k and i + 2j + k, 1 1
` a.b = 2 or | a || b |cos θ = 2

we will have
1
ai + bj + ck = p (i + j + 2k) + r (i + 2j + k)
`cos θ = 2 , ` θ = 60 o .

15.20 Mathematics
28. | a - b | = 1 2 + 1 2 - 2.1 2 cos θ = 2(1 - cos θ) 36. Unit vector perpendicular to both the given vectors
is,
θ θ θ |a - b |
= 2 # 2 sin 2 = 2 sin 2 &sin 2 = 2 . (6i + 2j + 3k) # (3i - 6j - 2k) 2i + 3j - 6k
|(6i + 2j + 3k) # (3i - 6j - 2k) | = 7
14 3
29. 14cos 60c, 14sin 60c or 7, 2 or 7, 7 3 . 37. a.b =| a || b | cos θ; But | a # b |=| a || b |sin θ
3 3 |a # b | 4 3
30. b2 = b - b1 =- 2 i + 2 j + 4k and obviously b2 is & sin θ = | a || b | = 5 & cos θ = 5

perpendicular to a. 3
Therefore, a.b = 2 # 5 # 5 = 6.
31. Required work done
38. | a.b | = ab cos θ = 3 ...(i)
= 3i + 2j - 3k + 2i + 4j + 2k).(5i + 4j + 2k - i
(
and | a # b | = absin θ = 4
...(ii)
- 2j - k)


Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
= 5i + 6j - k).(4i + 2j + k) = 20 + 12 - 1 = 31
(
4 3 3
tan θ = 3 & cos θ = 5 & θ = cos -1 5 .
32. a. (b + c) = 0 & a.b + c.a = 0 ...(i)
39. Here (la + mb) # b = c # b & la # b = c # b
b (c + a) = 0 & b.c + a.b = 0
...(ii)
(c # b).(a # b)
c. (a + b) = 0 & c.a + b.c = 0
...(iii) & l (a # b) 2 = (c # b).(a # b) & l =

(a # b ) 2
From (i), (ii) and (iii), 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0
(c # a).(b # a)

Similarly, m =
Now | a + b | 2 +| b + c | 2 +| c + a | 2 = 6 2 + 8 2 + 10 2
(b # a ) 2
40. Let A be the origin and let the poisition vectors of B,
& 2[| a | 2 +| b | 2 +| c | 2] + 2 [a.b + b.c + c.a] = 200

C and D be b, c and d respectively.
& 2 | a + b + c | 2 = 200 & | a + b + c | = 10
Then AB = b, CD = d - c, BC = c - b, AD = d,

Vector Product
CA =- c and BD = d - b.

| a.b |
33. Component of a along b = a cos θ = | b |

` | AB # CD + BC # AD + CA # BD |
Similarly component of a perpendicular to b
=| b # (d - c) + (c - b) # d - c # (d - b) |

|a # b |

= a sin θ = |b | . =| b # d - b # c + c # d - b # d - c # d + c # b |

34. Let angle between a and b be θ.
=|- b # c + c # b |=|- 2b # c |= 2 | b # c |

v = a # b =| a || b | sin θ nt


= 4 (area of triangle ABC).
` v |= sin θ, ;a | a |= 1,| b |= 1, nt = | a # b | = | v | E
(a # b) v
| D
C
u = a - (a.b) b = a - cos θ b

(a a.b =| a || b | cos θ = cos θ)

u.u = | u | 2 = 1 + cos 2 θ - 2 cos θ cos θ = sin 2 θ

B
A
` u | = sin θ
|
41. Unit vector perpendicular to plane of 3 ABC is,
u.a = a.a - cos θ a.b = 1 - cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ

AB # AC
u.b = a.b - cos θ b.b = cos θ - cos θ = 0
,
| AB # AC |
u.(a + b) = (a - cos θ b).(a + b)
where AB = i + 2j - 5k and AC = 6i + 3j + 8k

2

= 1 + cos θ - cos θ - cos θ ` AB # AC = 31i - 38j - 9k and

= 1 - cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ

| AB # AC |= 2486
35. a # b = b # c & (a + c)# b = 0, but a + c ! 0 31i - 38j - 9k

` Required vector = .
& a + c || b.
2486
 Vectors 15.21
42. Unit vector perpendicular to plane
V = 1 (- 8 + 25) + 1 (4 - 15) + 1 (- 10 + 12)
AB # AC (b - a) # (c - a)
V = 17 - 11 + 2 = 8 unit.
= =
| AB # AC | (b - a) # (c - a)
52. [i k j]+ [k j i] + [j ki]=[i k j] + [i k j]- [i k j]
a#b+b#c+c#a = [i k j] =- 1.

= .
a#b+b#c+c#a
53. We have a.b = b.c = c.a = 0 and the scalar triple
43. Here a + b + c = 0. Take cross products with a and
b by turn. product of three vectors is that, [abc] = (a # b) .c

44. Vector area = 12 (AB # AC ) = 12 | (- i + k) # (- j + k) | a a.b = 0, ` a = b

So, angle between a and b is θ = 90° .

1 i j k
1
= 2 - 1 0 1 = 2 ( i + j + k) Similarly, [abc] = | a || b | nt .c , where nt is a normal

0 - 1 1 vector
Hence by comparing, α = i + j + k. ` abc] = | a || b | nt c
[
Vector Triple Product, Product of three & four Vectors
a t and c are parallel to each other
n
b#c+c#a+a#b
45. p + q + r = [abc] ` abc] = | a || b || nt | | c | cos θ = | a || b || c | .
[
[abc] + [bca] + [cab] 54. [abc] = a. (b # c) = a. (| b || c | sin θ nt )
(a + b + c).(p + q + r) = [abc] =3
2π 3
= a (3 # 4 sin 3 .nt ) = a. (12 # 2 nt )

a a c a 0 c
46.
1 0 1 = 0 & 1 -1 1 = 0 = 6 3 | a || nt | = 6 3 # 2 # 1 & 12 3 .

c c b c 0 b 55. [λ (a + b) λ 2 b λc] = [a b + c b]
{Applying C2 $ C2 - C1 +

& λ (a + b) . (λ 2 b # λc) = a. ((b + c) # b)

2

& a (- b) + c (c) = 0 & c = ab.
& λ (a + b) .λ3 (b # c) = a. (b # b + c # b)

Hence c is the geometric mean of a and b.

& λ 4 [a. (b # c) + b. (b # c)] = a. (c # b)

47. a = b # c , c -1 = a # b , b -1 = c # a
-1
[abc] [abc] [abc] & λ 4 [a b c] =- [a b c] & [a b c] (λ 4 + 1) = 0

& [a -1 b -1 c -1] = [abc] . c [abc] # [abc] m

(b c) (c a) (a # b)
# # Since a, b, c are non-coplanar, so [a b c] ! 0


` λ 4 =- 1 . Hence no real value of λ.

= [abc] . 8 [abc] B = [abc] ! 0
b#c a 1

56. (a # b) # c = (a.c) b - (b.c) a
1 -1 1 = 3 + 2 + 4) (2i + j - k) - (2 - 2 - 2) (3i - j + 2k)
(
48. 1 2 - 1 = 0 & p =- 6.
3 p 5 = 18i + 9j - 9k + 6i - 2j + 4k = 24i + 7j - 5k .

57. i # j # k = k # k = 0 .
49. Since d = λa + µb + νc
58. As we know, a # (b # c) = (a.c) b - (a.b) c ......(i)
` d. (b # c) = λ a. (b # c) + µ b. (b # c) + µ c. (b # c)

b
[d bc] [bcd] a a # (b # c) = 2
(Given)
= λ 6abc@
& λ = [abc] = [bca]

From equation (i),
50. [a # b b# c c # a] = (a # b).[(b # c) # (c # a)]
(a.c) b - (a.b) c = 2 or a a.c - 2 kb - (a.b) c = c
b 1

= a # b).([bca]c - [bcc]a)
(
Comparison on both sides of b and c

= a # b).([bca]c - 0)
(
1
= bca][abc] = [abc][abc] = 4.4 = 16.
[ a . c - 2 = 0, a . b = 0

51. Volume of parallelopiped V = 5abc? 1 1
& a || c | cos θ = 2 & (1) (1) cos θ = 2 & θ = 60c
|
1 -1 1 or a.b = 0, ` θ = 90c


`V = 2 - 4 5
So the angle between a with b and c are 90° and

3 -5 2 60° respectively.
15.22 Mathematics
i j k 61. a # [a # (a # b)] = a # {(a.b) a - (a.a) b}
59. a # b = 2 1 - 2 = 2i - 2j + k
= (a.b) (a # a) - (a.a) (a # b) = (a.b)0 + (a.a) (b # a)
1 1 0
= a.a) (b # a) .
(
` a # b |= 4 + 4 + 1 = 3
|
62. Multiplying (i) scalarly by a, we get a. x + a. y = a 2
2
| c - a | = 2 2 &| c - a | = (c - a) = 8 2
` a. y = a 2 - 1 …..(iv), {By (iii)}
&| c | 2 - 2a.c +| a | 2 = 8 &| c | 2 - 2 | c |+ 9 = 8

Again or a # (x # y) = a # b or

&| c | 2 - 2 | c |+ 1 = 0 &| c | = 1

(a. y) x - (a. x) y = a # b

3
| ` (a # b) # c |=| a # b || c | sin 30c = 2 . (a 2 - 1) x - y = a # b …..(v), {By (iii) and (iv)}

60. a # [a # {a # (a # b)}] = a # [a # {a # ab nt }] Adding and subtracting (i) and (v), we get
= a # [a # a b] = a # a b nt = | a | 4 b.
2 3 a + ( a # b)
x= and y = a - x etc.
a2
63. (b # c.a) c - (b # c.c) a = [bca] c - 0 = [abc] c .

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type n-1

3. / OAi # OAi + 1 = OA1 # OA2 + OA2 # OA3 ... +
i=1
1. Angle between vector a & b remains same even
if we presume them as unit vector. Here for sake of OA n - 1 # OA n = ]n - 1g]OA1 # OA 2g

= ]1 - ng]OA 2 # OA1g when n = 20 & λ =- 19

convinience let a , b , c , d are unit vectors.

π 1 1

a .b = cos 3 = 2 ...(1) ; b .c = 2 ...(2)
4. Let O ]0 g be the circumcentre of 3 ABC

a .d = cos α ...(3) ; b .d = cos β ...(4)
also b = λ ]a + c g

Given a = b = c = R & 0 =
a+b+c
3

Since b is presumed as unit vector
a
& +b+c = 0
A(a)
P (P)

O (0)
(c)
λ ]a + c g = 1 & λ 2 ^a 2 + c 2 + 2a .c h = 1 B C

)
( b
or λ 2 ]1 + 1 - 1g = 1 & λ = 1

` = ]a + c g & c = b - a again
2 2 2
PA + PB + PC
b =?
R2
d .c = d c cos θ = d . ]b - a g
2 2 2
P-a + P-b + P-c
cos
& θ = cos β - cos α
&
R2
& θ = cos -1 ^cos β - cos αh
3 P + a + b + c - 2P. ]a + b + c g 6R 2
2 2 2
; 2 =6
2. ]R - C g # B = O & R = C + λB R2 R

& A.C + λA.B = 0 & 15 + 3λ = 0
& λ =- 5 & R =- it - 8tj + 2kt

 Vectors 15.23
5. vectors a , b & c are non coplanar so are the vectors 9. it # 7^a - tj h # itA = ]it.itg^a - tj h - ^it. ^a - tj hhit

= a - tj - ]it.a git
a # b , b # c Let position vector of circumcentre

r / x ]a # b g + y ]b # c g + z ]c # a g also


OE = AE = EB = EC ` a - tj - ]it.a git + a - kt + ^ tj.a htj + a - it - ]kt.a gkt = 0


& r = r-a = r-b = r-c 3a - _it + tj + kt i - a = 0

2 2 2

or r = r + a - 2r .a
a = 2 _it + tj + kt i = xit + yjt + zkt
1
2 2 2 2 2


= r + b - 2r .b = r + c - 2r .c
1
x
` =y=z= 2

& 8 _ x3 - xy + zx i = 8 ] x3 - x 2 + x 2g = 8 # 8 = 1
1

10. a # b = pa + qb + rc taking dot product with a , b

& c

2 2 2

& 2r .a = a , 2r .b = b , 2r .c = c or 3 3

0 = p + 5 q + 5 r ...(i)
2
2y 6a b c @ = a & y =
a 2

2 a b c@
6 3 3

0 = 5 p + q + 5 r ...(ii)

Similarly z & x can be obtained
6a b c @ = 3 p + 3 q + r
...(iii)
6. a = ]b + c g & a . ]b + c g = 0 5 5
RS V

& a .b + a . c = 0 and two similar results a .a a .b a .c SS 1 3/5 3/5WWW
6a b c @ = b .a b .b b .c = SS3/5 1 3/5WW = 44
adding, 2 ]a .b + b . c + c . a g = 0
2

SS W 125
c .a c .b c . c 3/5 3/5 1 W
= ]a + b + c g . ]a + b + c g
2
Now a + b + c
T X
= a + b + c 2 + 2 ^ a . b + b . c + c .a g

2 2

from (i), (ii) and (iii)
9
= + 16 + 25 + 0 = 50 56 @ 2

11 a b c =- 3 q
` a+b+c = 5 2

25 44 4 2 2

121 # 125 = 9 q & 55q = 9
7. Area of quadrilateral OABC = 3 OAC + 3 ABC
2 2
1 1 11. xa - yb + c = 2it
= 2 OA # AC + 2 AB # BC
& 2 + y 2 + 1 - 2xy ]a $ b g - 2y ]b $ c g + 2x ]a $ c g
= 2 a # ]b - a g + 2 ]2a + 10b - a g # ]b - 2a - 10b g
1 1 x

= 2 a # b + 2 ]a + 10b g # ]2a + 9b g
1 1
=4

1 11 x 2 + y 2 = 3


= 2 a#b + 2 a#b = 6 a#b
a#b = m 12. a . ^b # ]a # b gh = a b ]a # b g

l = 2λm
= a#b

& 6 a # b = 2λ a # b
& a
2
b
2
sin 2 i = 8 & b = 4

& λ = 3. 13. Let V1 = 3it + 4tj + 10kt and
8. / 7 p # #^ x - q h # p -A = 0 V2 = f ] xg it + g ] xgtj + h ] xg kt

& / 7 p # ^ x # p hA - / 7 p # ^q # p hA = 0
U ] xg = V1 .V2 = V1 V2 cos i

& / p x - / ^ p .x h p - / p q + / ^ p .q h p = 0 # V1 V2

2 2

& 3p x - p x - p ^ p + q + r h = 0
2 2 2
= 9 + 16 + 10 f 2 + g 2 + h 2 # 3 125 = 1125

N
` = 1125
& 2p x = p ^ p + q + r h & x = 2 ^ p + q + r h
2 2 1

15.24 Mathematics
14. ^2x - y - 5 h a = ^ x - 2y - 4 h b
and 3 - b = 0 & b = 3 (3)

` 2x - y = 5 (1)
with a = 1 and b = 3, m = 1

hence a + b = 4

x - 2y = 4 (2)

from (1) and (2) 19. p - q = p .q (given)
1
2 ^2y + 4 h - y = 5 & 3y =- 3 & y =- 1
2 2
p + q - 2p .q = 2 cos i & cos i =
2

and x = 2; hence x + y = 1 1 1
Area = 2 p . q sin i = 2
15. v .ut = w .ut 20. Let a = b = m ]> 0g and a .b = 0 (Given)

v = w & v .w = 0 Now 3a + 4b

2
= 9m 2 + 16m 2 = 25m 2 (1)

now,
and 4a - 3b
2
= 16m 2 + 9m 2 = 25m 2 (2)
2 2 2 2
u-v+w = u + v + w - 2u .v - 2w .v + 2u .w
` From (1) and (2), we get
= 1 + 4 + 9 3 + 4b + 4a - 3b = 5m + 5m = 20 (Given)
a
So u - v + w = 14

Hence m = 2 = a = b .

{ a u .v = w .v = u .w = 0 } 21. ` PM = v2 sin i = 5 sin i
16. [Hint: a + b = mc (1) v1 .v2 6 2 1

As, cos i = = = & sin i =
v1 v2 3 5 5 5

and b + c = na (2)
` ]mc - a g + c = na [putting b = mc - a ]
P(1, 3, 5)

]m + 1g c = ^n + 1h a & m = n =- 1

v2 = 0^i + ^j + 2k^
a
` + b + c = 0 now proceed]

17. [Hint: nt = a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt, 

2 2 2

where a + a + a = 1
1 2 3
A M
(1, 2, 3) v1 = ^i + 2^j + 2k^

u .nt = 0 & a1 + a2 = 0
` PM = v2 sin i = 5 d
1

Also v .nt = 0 & a1 - a2 = 0 n = 1.
5

hence, a1 = a2 = 0 22. Vector a and ]a # b g # a are perpendicular
a
` 3 = 1 or - 1
` Triangle is right angled.
` t = kt or - kt
n
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
.
w nt = 3
= 4 sin A sin C (Let +B = 90° )

18. The given points are
= 2 ^cos ] A - C g - cos ] A + C gh

A ^1, a, bh; B ^a, 2, bh; C ^a, b, 3h

= 2 cos ] A - C g &a A + C = 2 0
r
AB = ]a - 1g it + ]2 - agtj + 0kt;

BC = 0it + ]b - 2gtj + ]3 - bgkt

` Maximum value of sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C is 2.
AB = mBC = m _0it + ]b - 2gtj + ]3 - bgkt i
a .a a .b a .c 4 2 2
23. 6a b c @ = b .a b .c b .c = 2 4 2 = 32
2

where m ! 0
c .a c .b c . c 2 2 4

hence a - 1 = 0 & a = 1 (1)
6a b c @ = 4 2 & 6a b c @ cos 45° = 4
2 - a = m ]b - 2g (2)

 Vectors 15.25
24. Let c = ma + nb 25. BA = p + q + ]3 - ag r

take dot by b CB = b - 1 p - 3q - ar

0 = m ]a .b g + n ]b g =- m + 5n
2

BA = mCB

& m - 5n = 0 (1) b-1 3 a

& 1 =- 1 =- 3 - a

again a .c = 7 (given) 9

& b =- 2 and a = 4
& ma + n ]a .b g = 7
2
1

& =4
a+b
3
& m - n = 7 (2)
5 1

Solving (1) and (2) m = 2 , n = 2

` = 2 _- it + tj + kt i + 2 ]2it + ktg =- 2 + 2 tj + 3kt

5 1 3it 5
c
2 2 1

& 7 c = 7 # 35 = 5

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
& 18α + 9β = 0 & 2α =- β
a a c
` 6α 2 - 8α 2 + 12α 2 = 1
1. 1 0 1 = 0 & c 2 - ab = 0
& α2 = 1
10
c c b
0 = 4c 2 - 4ab = 4 ]c 2 - abg = 0 1 2 3tj - kt

& α =! & β =" `a=
10 10 10
2c c

4. a = ^1, 3, sin 2αh makes an obtuse angle with z-axis
roots are =- 2a =- a # 0

So roots are real and equal.

sin 2α < 0
2. A vector bisecting the angle between a and b is

b and c are orthogonal b .c = 0
a b 2i + j – k i – 2j + k
! ; in this case ! tan
& 2
α - tan α - 6 = 0
|a | |b | 6 6
3i - j i + 3j - 2k tan
& α = 3 or - 2

(i.e.) or
6 6 If tan α = 3

A vector of magnitude 3 along these vectors is 2 tan α 3
3 ^3i - j h 3 ^i + 3j - 2k h sin 2α =
= > 0 (not possible),
1 + tan 2 α 5
or
10 14 tan α =- 2

3

Now, (i + 3j – 2k).(i – 2j + k) is negative and 4
14 tan 2α = 3 > 0

3

hence (i + 3j – 2k) makes an obtuse angle with
sin 2α < 0
14
b

2α lies in the third quadrant
3. Let a be the unit vector α

& 2 lies in 1st quadrant
& = α _2it + tj + kt i + β _it - tj + kt i
a ` sin α/2 is valid and α = ]4n + 1g π - tan -1 2.

& a = 1 & ^2α + βh + ^α - βh + ^α + βh = 1
2 2 2
1 2 1
5. Condition for coplanarity is a 1 2 = 0
& α 2 + 4αβ + 3β 2 = 1
6
1 2 a
a is orthogonal to 5it + 2tj + 6kt so,
which gives 2a – 3a + 1 / (2a – 1)(a – 1) = 0 or
2

& ^2α + βh + 2 ^α - βh + 6 ^α + βh = 0
1
5
a = 2 and 1.
15.26 Mathematics
6. 5 i + 2j + k = l1 ^ i + j h + l2 ] i + k g + l3 ^ j + k h 12. ^3p + q h $ ^5p - 3q h = 0 or 15p - 3q = 4p $ q
2 2

= ]l1 + l2g i + ]l1 + l3g j + ]l2 + l3gk

...(1)

l1 + l2 = 5 b_b ^2 + q h $ ^4p - 2q h = 0 or 8p = 2p & q = 4p
p
2 2 2 2

bb ...(2)
`
l1 + l3 = 2 b`b Adding l1 + l2 + l3 = 4 p$q 2 2
l2 + l3 = 1 bb now c cos i =
p q
; substituting q = 4p in (1)
a

` l1 = 3 2

3p = 4p $ q
l2 = 2 2
p
= 8 & sin i = 8 & ]Bg
3 3 55
l3 =- 1
cos i = 4 .
p 2 p
7. If the incentre I be chosen as the origin and a , b , c 13. a # ]b # c g = ]a . c g b - ]a .b g c ...(i)
be the position vectors of A,B,C then the position Similarly b # ]c # a g = ]b .a g c - ]b . c g a
...(ii)
αa + βb + γ c
vector of I =
α+β+γ c # ]a # b g = ] c . b g a - ] c . a g b
...(iii)

But position vector of I is zero, since it is chosen as
Adding all the three equations we get (i) + (ii) + (iii)
the origin. =0
αa + βb + γ c 14. a # b = 2a # c

` = 0 & αa + βb + γ c = 0
& # ]b - 2c g = 0
α+β+γ
a
8. a # b = a # ]a # c g = ]a .c ga - ]a .a g c
b
& - 2c = λa
i j k

Taking modulus on both sides and then squaring we

= 2a - 3c a # b = 1 1 1 = 3it - 3kt 2 2
get, b - 2c = λ2 a
1 -2 1
2 2 2

& b +4 c - 4 b c cos θ = λ 2 a
` = 3 ]2a - a # b g = 3 _- it + 2tj + 5kt i
1 1
c
1
& 16 + 4 - 4.4.1. 4 = λ 2 .1

9. The vectors reciprocal to a , b , c are given by
& λ 2 = 16

b#c c#a a#b
]a b c g ]a b c g ]a b c g
p= , , = so that

& λ =! 4

a .p = 1, a .q = a . r = 0, b . q = 1, c .q = a .q = 0, 15. a + b + c + d = ]α + 1g d = ^β + 1h a

c . r = 1, c . p = c . r = 0 β+1

d = α+1a
This gives ]a + mb + nc g. ^l p + mq + nr h

β+1
& So a + b + c = αd = α c α + 1 m a

= l2 + m2 + n2 .

β+1
10. PQ # RS - QR # PS + RP # QS & '1 - α + 1 α 1 + b + c = 0
a
= ^PS + SQ h # RS - QR # PS + ]RS + SP g # QS
& 6a b c @ ! 0 & α =- 1

PS
= # ^RS + SQ + QR h - SQ # SR - SQ # SR a
& +b+c+d = 0

= PS # 0 - 2SQ # SR = 4 # area of 3 QRS 16. x # a + ] x .b g c = d

11. Let p = x i + yj + zk &` " x # a + ] x .b g c , # c = d # c

` # i = ^ x i + yj + zk h # i
p & or ] x # a g # c + ] x .b g]c # c g = d # c

&= ] x .c ga - ]a .c gx = ]d # c g

z
= j - yk
2
& a # "] x .c ga - ]a .c gx , = a # ]d # c g

` p # i = z2 + y2

&=- ]a .c g]a # x g = a # ]d # c g a a # a = 0

` 2 / p # i = 2 _2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 i
3 2 3
a # ]d # c g


& x#a =
= 3_ x2 + y2 + z2 i = 3 p
2 2
= 3p a .c
 Vectors 15.27
a # ]d # c g & ^b = c, a =- d h or (b = – c, a = d).
& a # ]x # a g = a #


a .c
Now w 1 = a 2 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ,

a # ]d # c g
& ]a .a gx - ]a .x ga = a #
w 2 = b2 + d2 = c2 + d2
a .c
a # ]d # c g
& a x = ]a .x ga + a
2
w 1 .w 2 = ab + cd = ab + b(– a) = 0

a .c
23. Let A = ait + bjt + ckt and B = xit + yjt + zkt given
]a .x ga a # ]d # c g
]a .c ga 2

&x= 2 +a#
a
that A.B = 2 & A B cos θ = 2
a # ]d # c g a .x & x2 + y2 + z2 . a2 + b2 + c2 $ 2

]a .c ga 2

& x = λa + a # &λ= 2
a
2 2 & ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g_ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 i $ 4

17. 2a .b =- 4a .b + 3b & 2a .b = b
4
Similarly the others.

& a .b + 2
b +2 24. Since a makes obtuse angle with z-axis
= ]1 + a .b g +
4
2 ]a .b + 1g
-1 $ 2 2 -1 sin 2α

` < 0 i.e. sin 2α < 0
1 + 9 + sin 2 2α
18. ]a + 3b - c g. "]a - b g # ]- c g,
π 3π
` either 2 < α < π or 2 < α < 2π ....(i)
=- ]a + 3b g . ! a # c - b # c +

since b and c are orthogonal
= a . ]b # c g - 3b . ]a # c g
tan
` 2
α - tan α - 6 = 0 i.e. tan α = 3, - 2 ...(ii)
= 5a b c ? + 3 5a b c ?
= 4 5a b c ?
from (i) and (ii), we get
19. a + 2b + 3c = 0 tan α =- 2 ` α = π - tan -1 2

& # b + 3 ]c # b g = 0 i.e. a # b = 3 ]b # c g
a or α = 2π - tan -1 2

a # c + 2 ]b # c g = 0 i.e. 2 ]b # c g = c # a
25.
2
AC = 2AB
2

` a # b + b # c + c # a = 3 ]b # c g + b # c + 2 ]b # c g & 4it + ]4x - 2gtj + 2kt = 4 _it + xjt + 3kt i

2 2

= 6 ]b # c g
& 16 + ]4x - 2g2 + 4 = 4 ]1 + x 2 + 9g

20. c = λ ]a # b g & 20 + 16x 2 + 4x - 16x = 4 + 4x 2 + 36

& 12x 2 - 16x - 16 = 0

1 = ]a # b g.c =
2
c .c c 1 1
= = &λ= 3 & 3x 2 - 4x - 4 = 0

λ λ 3λ
c = λ 2 ]a # b g
2 2
2

& x = 2, - 3 ...(i)
1 1 ^a 2 b 2 sin 2 θh 1 # #
3 =9 = = 9 2 3 sin 2 θ
1 π
sin& 2θ = 2 ` θ = 4
Multiple Options Correct

21. Before rotation a = 2pit + tj after rotation
a = ^ p + 1 h it' + tj'. Since length of vector remains
angle between AB and AC is
unaltered 4p 2 + 1 = ^ p + 1 h + 1
2
AB.AC AB.AC
cos θ = =
& 4p = ^ p + 1 h & p + 1 = ! 2p
2 2 AB AC 2 AB
2

1 11 ^i + xj + 3k h . ^4i + ]4x - 2g j + 2k h 4 + x ]4x - 2g + 6
p & = 1 or - 3
& 14 =
2 ]1 + x 2 + 9g
=
2x 2 + 20
22. As given a2 + b2 = c2 + d2, ac + bd = 0 from second & 11x 2 + 110 = 70 + 28x 2 - 14x

a d
relation ac = – bd & b =- c using in first relation & 17x 2 - 14x - 40 = 0
λ 2 b2 + b2 = c2 + λ 2 c2 20

` x = 2, - 17 ...(ii)
& 2 = c2 & a2 = d2
b
from (i) and (ii) x = 2
15.28 Mathematics
26. any such vector

= λ ]at + btg = λ c
7it - 4tj - 4kt - 2it + tj + 2kt m
9 + 3
= 9 77it - 4tj - 4kt + 3 _- 2it - tj + 2kt iA
λ

= 9 7it - 7tj + 2ktA & c = 5 6 & 9 1 + 49 + 4

λ λ


If ]a # b g. ]c # d g = 1, then following figure is
5
= 6

λ 9#5 6 possible then + between b and d = 30°
& 9 54 = 5 6 & λ = ! = ! 15
54
& = ! 9 _it - 7tj + 2kt i = ! 3 _it - 7tj + 2kt i
15 5
c
27. line is r = _3it + tj - kt i + λ _2it - tj + 2kt i . Let position
vector of point is p & p = _3it + tj - kt i + λ (2it - tj
+ 2kt) given that p - a = 15
32. (A) 6d b c @ a + 6d c a @ b + 6d a b @ c - 6a b c @ d
& p - _3it + tj - kt i = 15 or λ _2it - tj + 2kt i = 15

= ^6b c d @ a - 6b c a @ d h + ^6d a b @ c - 6d a c @ b h

& 3λ = 15 & λ = ! 5

= ]b # c g # ]a # d g + ]d # a g # ]c # b g

& = _3it + tj - kt i ! 5 _2it - tj + 2kt i
p
= ]d # a g # ]b # c g - ]d # a g # ]b # c g = 0

28. V = λ _- 2it + tj + kt i # _it + tj - 2kt i # _it - 2tj + kt i
_it - tj + kt i $ V
= 9λ _- tj + kt i & =! 6 3 & λ =! 1
it - tj + kt

29. Let vector is υ = λ1 at + λ 2 bt + λ3 ]at # btg also

υ.at υ.bt υ ]at # btg
(B)
cos θ =
= =
υ at υ bt υ at # bt
& υ.at = υ.b = υ. ]at # bg

t t

I/
aa + bb + cc
6 at # bt = at bt sin 90° = 1@
a+b+c
33. V = 2it + tj - kt & W = it + 3kt
& λ1 = λ 2 = λ3 = λ ]letg ` υ = λ ]at + bt + at # btg

& 6u v w @ = u . 7_2it + tj - kt i # ]it + 3ktgA

λ at 2 + bt 2 + ]at # btg + 2at.bt + 2bt. ]at # btg + 2 ]at # btg.at = 1
2
υ =
1 = u . _3it - 7tj - kt i = u 3it - 7tj - kt cos θ

& m =
3 =- 59 # 6u v w @ # 59
30. Let r = xi + yj + zk, then 6r b c @ = 0
x y z 34. a , b , c are coplanar and hence ^a , b , c h = 0

& 1 2 - 1 = 0, - 3x + y - z = 0 ....(1)

Also scalars exist such that l a + mb + nc = 0
1 1 -2
2 2x - y + 3
Taking the dot product with a and b ,
r .a 2
=! 3 & =! 3
a 6
l a .a + ma .b + na .c = 0
& 2x - y + z = ! 2 ...(2)
l b .a + mb .b + nb .c = 0 a b c

from (1) and (2) x = " 2 ; y - z = " 6
Eliminating l, m, n, we have a .a a .b a .c = 0

therefore r = " 2i + yj + (y ± 6)k $ (A) & (C) are b .a b .b b .c
answer

Taking dot product with c and eliminating l, m, n
31. If λ = – 1 then a = b , c = d and angle between we get the other determinant equal to zero.
a # b , c # d is π

+ between b and d = 360° – (90° + 90° + 30°) =
150°
 Vectors 15.29
35. a # ]b # c g = ]a # b g # c 3 c + 2 a + µ a - 3µ c

&λ= ...(6)
& ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c = ]a .c gb - ]c .b ga 3 c +2 a
& ]a .b g c - ]c .b ga = 0
3 c +2 a

µ= Put value of µ is equation 6
& # ]c # a g = 0
b 3c
& ]c # a g # b = 0
µ^ a - 3 c h
λ = 1+

b & # ]c # a g = ]c # a g # b = 0 3 c +2 a
Comprehension Type a -3 c 1 a

λ = 1+ =3
Passage – 1 (Question. 36 – 38) 3 c c
1 a
2c + b So position vector of F is = a + 3 c

E= c
3
1 a
equation of OP r = λ d n
a c A F = p.v. of F - p.v. of A = a + 3 c-a
+ ...(1) c
a c
1 E 2 1 a
C(c) B(b) =3 c
c

P Passage – 2 (Question. 39 – 41)

F 39. We have: a ' = λ ]b # c g, b ' = λ ]c # a g and
c ' = λ ]a # b g,
A(a)

O(0)
2c + b 1

Let P divide EA in µ: 1 & P > µa + 3 H
where λ =
6a b c @
µ+1

P lies in (1) a # a ' = a # λ ]b # c g = λ " a # ]b # c g,
2c + b
µa + 3 = λ "]a .c gb - ]a .b g c ,

= λd n& a+c = b
a c
+
b # b ' = b # λ ]c # a g = λ "b # ]c # a g,
µ + 1 a c
3c + a
µa + 3 = λ "]b .a g c - ]b .c ga , .Similarly for
= λd n
a c
&
+
µ+1 a c

c # c'

Comparing coefficient of a and c
]b # c g # ]c # a g c
1 c c 1 40. a ' # b ' =
6a b c @
=
6a b c @
2

µ+ 3 = &µ= -3
a a
a+b+c
3a c
a' # b' + b' # c' + c' # a' =

Putting &
1
=
λ
&λ= 6a b c @
c 2 c c c +2 a
+3
so m = 1.
a

41. ]a' # b'g # ]b' # c'g =

a c c#a
d n.
3a c

So position vector of P r = + 6a b c @
2
3 c +2 a a c

Now for solution of 4 equation of AB
6a b c @
2
&< 2F =
c#a a#b b#c
r = a + λ ]b - a g = a + λ ]c g ...(4)

6a b c @ 6a b c @ 6a b c @ 6a b c @
2 2 6

equation of
= 6a b c @ ` n =- 4
-4

CP & r = c + µ d
3 c a
-cn
3a c
+
3 c +2 a 3 c +2 a Passage – 3 (Question. 42 – 44)

- 12 0 λ
r = c + µ;
3 c a+3 a c-3 c c-2 a c E
3 c +2 a 42. 0 3 - 1 = 546 & λ =- 3
2 1 - 15
& = c + µ;
3 c a+ a c-3 c c E
r ...(5)
3 c +2 a 43. Vector equation of the plane through 3 points
Comparing (4) and (5)
a , b , c is 6r b c @ + 6r c a @ + 6r a b @ = 6a b c @

µ a - 3µ c
λ = 1+
Since d also lies in the plane r = d satisfies.
3 c +2 a
15.30 Mathematics
44. By using a = a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt, b = b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt Type of Number of Arrangement
and c = c1 it + c2 tj + c3 kt selection selection
a , b , c are coplanar and hence ^a , b , c h = 0
2 alike, 2alike 1 4!/2!2!
2 alike, 2
C1 # 3 C2 4!/2!

Also scalars exist such that l a + mb + nc = 0
2 different

Taking the dot product with a and b , 4 different 1 4!

l a .a + ma .b + na .c = 0
` Number of ways = 6 + 6 × 12 + 24 = 102

l b .a + mb .b + nb .c = 0 dx
a b c
(d) # ]x 2 + 1g]x 2 + 4g

Eliminating l, m, n, we have a .a a .b a .c = 0
b .a b .b b .c =3

1 # c x2 1+ 1 - x2 1+ 4 mdx

Taking dot product with c and eliminating l, m, n 1 1 x
= 3 tan -1 x - 6 tan -1 2 + k

we get the other determinant equal to zero.

` a = 1, b = 3, c = 6, d = 2
Matching Column Type

& 2a + b + c + d = 13
45. (a) a # b = b # c = c # a = 2 3 ABC
47. (a) Take 2, 3, 5 outside.

Also directions of a # b , b # c and c # a are the
(b) ]a + b g. ^]b + c g # ]c + a gh


same. Hence, a # b = b # c = c # a
= ]a + b g]b # c + b # a + c # a g = 2 5a b c ?

(b) For regular tetrahedron all sides are of equal
(c) ]b # c g # ]c # a g = 5a b c ? c

length, hence, a = b = c . Also, all the faces
are equilateral triangle. Therefore, angle between ]c # a g # ]a # b g = 5a b c ? a

a and b is 60º, b and c is 60º, and between a ]a # b g # ]b # c g = 5a b c ? b

and c is 60º. Hence, a .b = b .c = c .a (d) 6b # c c # a a # b ?


(c) Since, a # b = c & a = c and b = c = ]b # c g. ^]c # a g # ]a # b gh = 5a b c ?2


and b # c = a & b = a and c = a 48. (a) r = a + λb , r = b + µa

& a , b , c are mutually perpendicular.
Solving two lines λ = µ = 1

Also, a # b = c & a b = c ` OP = 3it + tj - kt

` 2 ]OPg = 11
l

and b # c = a & b c = a
(b) a # ]b # c g = ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c = 10b - 3c + 0.a


& a = b = b = c =1
x
` +y+z = 7

(d) Since a + b + c = 0
(c) a .b < 0
& a + b + c + 2 ]a .b + b .c + c .a g = 0

2 2 2
` 9 ] x 3 - 1g + x ] x 3 - 1g + 1 < 0
x
3 x12 + x 4 - x9 - x + 1 < 0


& a .b + b .c + c .a =- 2
For x G 0, x12 - x9 + x 4 - x + 1 > 0

46. (a) Clearly order is 2 and degree is 3
For x ! ^0, 1h, x12 + ] x 4 - x9g + ]1 - xg > 0

a
` +b = 5
For x ! [1, 3), ] x12 - x9g + ] x 4 - xg + 1 > 0
(b) a # ]b # c g = ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c



L.H.S > 0 6 x ! R

= 10b - 3c + 0.a

(d) obviously points P, Q and R are collinear points
x
` +y+z = 7

` Area of 3 POR = 0

(c) Available digits are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
 Vectors 15.31

+ b 2 + 1 ltj + (3 + 1 + 1) kt
2
5
Numerical Type

idb4, 3 l = b 4 + 4 + 25 l
r r 1 49
1. a = 4, b = 3 & 2 a+b+c

2

]a - b g # ]a + b g + 4 ]a $ b g
2 2
& 2 a+b+c

2
= 75
2
a#b-b+a 2
+ 4a b cos i2 2
a+1 a a
2 ]a # b g + 4a 2 b 2 cos 2 i 3. a a+1 a = 0 & a+1+a+a = 0
2

a a a+1
4a 2 b 2 sin 2 i + 4a 2 b 2 cos 2 i

1
4a 2 b 2 = 4 # 16 # 9 = 576
a & =-
3
2. Given that 2 t 1t 1 t
P = i - j- k
3 3 3
a =- it + tj + kt .....(i), 1
b = 2it + kt .....(ii), Q = (- it + 2tj - 2kt)
3
.
ab=7 .....(iii) 1
R = (- it - tj + 2kt)
3

Also given that b is perpendicular to c 1 1
P .Q = (- 2 - 2 + 1) =-
9 3
.
bc=0 .....(iv)
i j k

& c is coplanar with a and b , 1
R#Q = -1 2 -1 =
9

so let’s assume the c is -1 - 1 2
c = m ^b # ]a # b gh
1
= (i (4 - 1) - j (- 2 - 1) + k (1 + 2))
9

Apply vector triple product 1 i+j+k
= (3i + 3j + 3k) =
& c = m ^]b .b ga - ]b .a gb h 9 3
1 1
& c = m _ b 2 a - ]b .a gb i
2
; R # Q ;= 3 & R #Q =
3 3
2 2

From (i) & (ii) 3 (P .Q ) - m R # Q = 0
1 1
& c = m _5 _- it + tj + kt i + 2it + kt i 3. - m. = 0 & m = 1
9 3
& c = m _- 3it + 5tj + 6kt i .....(v)
Single Options Correct
bt = c + 2 ]c # atg

Take dot product with a 2 2
4.
& a .c = ma . _- 3it + 5tj + 6kt i
bt = c + 4 c # at + 4c $ ]c # atg
2 2 2


from (iii) put a. c = 7 & from (i) put the value of a 3 -1
2

1 = c 2 + 4 c 2e
o
7
& = 3m + 5m + 6m 2 2
3+ 3
14
& m=7 c 2= 1 = 6
3- 3
So 6 c = 6 ^3 + 3 h
1

&m= 2 2 2

1 5. P (3, - 1, 2)

put m = 2 in c
& = 2 _- 3it + 5tj + 6kt i .....(vi)
1 (
Q 1, 2, - 4)
c

Now form (i), (ii) & (vi) put the values of a , b & c PR ; ; 4it - tj + 2kt
Hence the required value is QS ; ;- 2it + tj - 2kt

2 + b + c = 2 b - 2 - 1 + 2 l it
2 3
dr’s of normal to the plane containing P, T & Q
a
will be proportional to:
15.32 Mathematics
it tj kt m

= [4it + 2tj + 4kt]
4 - 1 2 3 2
-2 1 -2
Compare with a = ait + 2tj + bkt
2m
=2&m=3 2
P Q 3 2
& a = 4it + 2tj + 4kt

T Not in option so now consider
it + tj it - tj + 4kt
a = nf - p
l m n 2 3 2

`0 = 4 = 2
n
a= (3it + 3tj - it + tj - 4kt)
Equation of line PT can be given as 3 2
x-3 y+1 z-2 n
LPT / 4 = - 1 = 2 = m = (2it + 4tj - 4kt)
3 2

Similarly equation of line QT can be given as
y-1 Compare with a = ait + 2tj + bkt
x-1 z+4

LQT / 2 = 1 = - 2 = n
4n 3 2

Now point T on line PT is =2&n=
3 2 2
T : (4m + 3, - m - 1, 2m + 2)
& a = it + 2tj - 2kt


Also point T on line QT is
& a .kt + 2 = 0


T: (2n + 1, n + 2, - 2n - 4)
(– 2 + 2 = 0)

On comparison we get

4m + 3 =- 2n + 1 & 2m + n =- 1, and 7. We have, a # c + b = 0

-1 - m = 2 + n & # c =- b & ]a # c g # a =- b # a
a

& m + n =- 3 & m = 2 , and n =- 5 & ]a·a g c - ]c·a g a = a # b


Also, the above value of m, n satisfies the equation

& 2c - 4a = a # b & 2c = 4a + a # b ...(i)
2m + 2 =- 2n - 4
^ ^ ^

So point T:(11, - 3, 6) i j k
^ ^ ^
Now, a # b = 1 - 1 0 =- i - j + 2k
2tj + kt
OA = (11it - 3tj + 6kt) ! e
o 5 1 1 1
5
3^ 5^ ^
OA = (11it - 3tj + 6kt) ! (2tj + kt)
∴ from (i), c = 2 i - 2 j + k

OA = 11it - tj + 7kt
9 25 38 19

` c = 4 + 4 +1 = 4 = 2

or 2 19
c = 2
OA = 9it - 5tj + 5kt

OA = 121 + 1 + 49 = 171 a·b
8. Given, projection of b on a = = a
a

or
b1 + b2 + 2
81 + 25 + 25 = 131 .
& = 4 & b1 + b2 = 2
4
6. angle bisector can be a = m (bt + ct) or a = n (bt - ct)
Also, ]a + b g = c & ]a + b g·c = 0
it + tj it + tj + 4kt
a=m f + p ⇒ (1 + b1) 5 + (1 + b2) 1 + 2 2 ^ 2 h = 0
2 3 2
⇒ 5b1 + b2 = –10 ...(ii)
m
= [3it + 3tj + it - tj + 4kt] Solving (i) and (ii), we get b1 = –3 and b2 = 5
3 2
Now, b = b12 + b22 + 2 = 6
 Vectors 15.33
9. Here, 1
cos
& θ =- 3
^ ^ ^

a = 2i + m1 j + 3k,
2 2
b = 4i + ]3 - m2gj + 6k
^ ^ ^
& sin θ = 3 .

14. 6a # b b # c c # a @ = 6a b c @
c = 3i + 6j + ]m3 - 1gk
2
^ ^ ^

λ = 1.
a b = 2a
& 4i + ]3 - m2gj + 6k = 2 _2i + m1 j + 3k i
AB + AC

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
15. AM = 2
^ ^ ^

= 4i + 2m1 j + 6k AM = 4it - tj + 4kt

So, 3 – l2 = 2l1 ⇒ l2 = 3 – 2l1
Now, a.c = 0 ⇒ 6 + 6l1 + 3(l3 – 1) = 0 AM = 16 + 16 + 1 = 33
⇒ 2l1 + l3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ l3 = –1 – 2l1
Now, (l1, l2, l3) = (l1, 3 – 2l1, – 1 – 2l1)
So, only b - 2 , 4, 0 l can be possible value of (l1, l2, l3).
1

10. 6u .a .b @ = 0 & u = xa + yb
u .a = 0 Now u .a = 0 & xa 2 + ya .b = 0

u .b = 24 u .b = 24 & xa .b + yb 2 = 24 16. AE = vector component of q on p

^14x + 2y = 0h - ^2x + 2y = 24h = 12x =- 24

^ p .q h

AE = 2 p ` From 3 ABE; AB + BE = AE
p
x =- 2 & y = 14
^ p .q h p ^ p .q h
^ p .p h
u =- 2a + 14b
& q+r = & r =- q + p
p .p
u =- 4it + 8tj + 15kt & u = 4 + 8 + 16 2 2 2

2
u = 336 & u = 336
2 2
11. c + a - 2a .c = 9
2

& c - 2a .c = 0 and a # b . c . sin 30° = 3
1

& 3# c # 2 = 3

& c =2 17. c .d = 0

` a .c = 2 2 2

&5 a + 6a .b - 8 b =0
12. a # ]b # c g = 2 ]b + c g
3

& 6a .b = 3

& ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c = 2 ]b + c g
3 1

& a .b = 2

& ]a .b g = 3
3 3 π
& a .c = 2 and a .b =- 2
3
cos
& θ =- 2 where θ is angle between a and 18. a + 3b = mc
b
b + 2 c = na
5π
`θ= 6 . a + 3b + 6c = ]m + 6g c = ^1 + 3nh a

13. ]a .c gb - ]b .c ga = 3 b c a
1

As a and c are non collinear
1
m + 6 = 1 + 3n = 0
&- b .c = 3 b c
1 a
& + 3b + 6c = 0
& - b c cos θ = 3 b c
15.34 Mathematics
p 1 1 & _b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt i . _it - tj - kt i = 0

19. 1 q 1 =0

b1 - b2 - b3 = 0 and a .b = 3
1 1 r
b
& 2 - b3 = 3
& q r - ^ p + q + r h =- 2
p

b1 = b2 + b3 = 3 + 2b3
b = ]3 + 2b3git + ]3 + b3gtj + b3 kt.
20. c = b # a


& b .c = 0

Single Option Correct Now ]a + b g. _- 7it + 2tj + 3kt i = ! ]- 14 + 6 + 12g

1. OP $ OQ + OR $ OS = OR $ OP + OQ $ OS =! 4
x-2 y-3 z-5
$ ^OQ - OR h = OS $ ^OQ - OR h
4. Equation of OR is 1 = 4 = 1
OP
&
Let P / ^2 + λ, 3 + 4λ, 5 + λh
& ]OP - OS g $ ^RQ h = 0


]SP g $ ^RQ h = 0


10 + 5λ - 12 - 16λ - 5 - λ = 1

- 7 - 12λ = 1
]SP g $ ^RQ h = 0
& λ = 3 then P / b 3 , 3 , 3 l

-2 4 1 13

Let S = ^2 + µ, 3 + 4µ, 5 + µ h
SP
& = RQ

TS = ^µ h it + ^4µ + 2htj + ^µ + 1 h kt

Similarly SR = OP and SQ = PR


Hence, S is orthocentre
TS. _it + 4tj + kt i = 0

it tj kt
µ + 16µ + 8 + µ + 1 = 0
2. Area of base ^ PQRS h = PR # SQ = 3 1 - 2
1 1
2 2 1
1 -3 -4
µ =- 2
1
= 2 - 10it + 10tj - 10kt = 5 it - tj + kt = 5 3
S = b 2 , 1, 2 l
3 9

1-2+3 2
Height = proj. of PT on it - tj + kt =
=
b 4 - 3 l + 4 + b 13 - 9 l
2 2
3 3 PS = 3 2 9 3 2
Volume = ^5 3 hd
2
n = 10 cu.units. 1 4 1 1 4
3
= 36 + 9 + 36 = 18 + 9
9 1

= 18 =
2
5. v = λa + µ b
= λ _it + tj + kt i + µ _it - tj + kt i

Projection of v on c
v .c 1
3. Let c = 2it + 3tj + 4kt =
c 3

a#c = c#b 7^λ + µ h it + ^λ - µ htj + ^λ + µ h ktA . _it - tj - kt i 1
& ]a + b g # c = 0

&
3
=
3

& λ+µ-λ+µ-λ-µ = 1
& ]a + b g || c

Let ]a + b g = λc

& µ-λ = 1 & λ = µ-1

v = ^µ - 1h_it + tj + kt i + µ _it - tj + kt i

& a+b = λ c

= µ ]2it + 2ktg - it - tj - kt

& 29 = λ $ 29


& λ =! 1 v = ^2µ - 1 h it - tj + ^2µ - 1 h kt

` + b = !_2it + 3tj + 4kt i
a At µ = 2, v = 3it - tj + 3kt.

 Vectors 15.35
Multiple Options Correct 1

OC = (OB - mOA )
6. a = 3it + tj - kt 2
OB # OC = OB # ]OB - mOA g =-
1 m
b = it + b2 tj + b3 kt

2 2
OB # OA = ]OA # OB g
c = c1 it + c2 tj + c3 kt
m

JK 0 - c c NOJK 1 NO JK 3 - c NO 2
KK 3 2 OK O K 1 O i j k
KK c3 0 - c1OOOKKKb2OOO = KKK 1 - c2 OOO Now, OA # OB = 2 2 1 = 6it - 3tj - 6kt
KK- c c 0 OOKKb3 OO KK- 1 - c3OO
L 2 1 PL P L P 1 -2 2

multiply & compare 3m t t
So, OB # OC = (2i - j - 2kt)
b2 c3 - b3 cL = c1 - 3 … (1) 2
c3 - b3 c1 = 1 - c2 ... (2) 9m 9
; OB # OC ;= =
c2 - b2 c1 = 1 + c3 …(3) 2 2
(1) it - (2) tj + (3) kt So, m = 1 (a m > 0)
1
it_b2 c3 - b3 c2 i - tj _c3 - b3 c1 i + kt_c2 - b2 c1 i
OC = (OB - OA )
2
= c1 it + c2 tj + c2 kt - 3it - tj + kt
1
OC = (- it - 4tj + kt)
b#c = c-a
2
Take dot product with b
(A) Projection of OC on OA
0 = c$b-a$b
1
(- 2 - 8 + 1)
b$c = 0
OC $ OA 2 3
= = =-
b=c
; OA ; 3 2
/
b c = 90c
1 9
(B) Area of the triangle OAB = OA # OB =
Take dot product with c
2 2
2 (c) Area of the triangle ABC is
0= c
-a$c
2 it tj kt
a$c = c

1 1 -1 - 4 1
a$c ! 0
AB # AC =
2 2 5 1
- -4 -
b#c = c-a
2 2

Squaring 1 t t 9
= 6i - 3j - 6kt =
b
2
c
2
= c
2
+ a
2
-c$a 2 2

b
2
c
2
= c
2
+ 11 - 2 c
2
(d) Acute angle between the diagonals of the
2 2 2 parallelogram with adjacent sides OA and OC = i
b c = 11 - c
(OA + OC ) $ (OA - OC )
c _b + 1 i = 11
2 2
. = cos i
2 11 ; OA + OC | | OA - OC |
c = 3 3 5 1
d it + kt n $ d it + 4tj + kt n
2
b +1
c # 11 2 2 2 2 18
cos i = =
given a $ b = 0
3 90 3 2 90
b2 - b3 =- 3 also
2#
2 4
b 22 + b32 - 2b2 b3 = 9
b2 b3 > 0 r
i! .
22 2
b + b = 9 + 2b2 b3
3
3
22 2
b + b = 9 + 2b2 b3 > 9
3
8. S R
22 b +b 2 9 2
3

b = 1 + b 22 + b32
b > 10 ai  bj
7. OA = 2it + 2tj + kt

OB = it - 2tj + 2kt
P ai + bj Q
15.36 Mathematics
^ai + bj h u
& 1 + 2u3 = 0
u = ^i + j h .
a+b
= 2 & u1 = 2 u3

a2 + b2 a + b2
^i + j h . ^ai - bj h

For vt, wt = vt and ut # vt = 1
a-b
& vt sin a = 1
v = =
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 So, v can take many values where u > 1 and
u + v = w w .v = 0
]a + bg + ]a - bg b+c = a
11.

& = 2 2 2 2
a2 + b2
& b + c + 2b .c = a
2

For a $ b
& 48 + c + 48 = 144
2a = 2 . a 2 + b 2

& c =4 3
2
& 4a 2 = 2a 2 + 2b 2
c

` 2 - a = 12
& a2 = b2 ` a = b
...(1)
Also, a + b = c


(a > 0, b > 0) 2 2 2

& a + b + 2a .b = c

Similarly for a # b we will get a = b

& a .b =- 72

Now area of parallelogram

a+b+c = 0 & a#b = c#a
= ^ai + bj h # ^ai - bj h

& a # b + c # a = 2 a # b = 48 3


= 2ab
` 2ab = 8 12. a is in direction of x # ^ y # z h
i.e. ] x .z gy - ^ x .y h z

ab = 4 ...(2)

from (1) and (2)
& = λ1 :2 # 2 ^ y - z hD

a = 2, b = 2 ` a + b = 4 option (A) 1
a
length of diagonal is 2ait = 4it = 4


so option (C) a = λ1 ^ y - z h
...(1)
^ Now a .y = λ1 ^ y .y - y .z h

9. P.V. of point P, p = mi
^ ^ ^ = λ1 ]2 - 1g & λ1 = a .y
...(2)
P.V. of point Q, q = nj + k
From (1) and (2), a = a .y ^ y - z h Similarly,

b = ]b .z g] z - x g
^ ^ ^
P.V. of point R, r = i + j + rk
PQR are collinear. Hence x ^PQ h = y ]PR g Now a .b = ^a .y h]b .z g7^ y - z h. ] z - x gA

x 1-m 1 = ^a .y h]b .z g51 - 1 - 2 + 1?

& y = = n =r
=- ^a .y h]b .z g
-m

1^ ^ m ^ ^
q& = r j + k or q = j+k,
m-1 13. The common perpendicular is along
where r ≠ 0, l ≠ 0,
m
≠1 it tj kt
m-1 1 2 2 =- 2it + 3tj - 2kt
⇒ m ≠ 0, 1.
^ ^ ^ 2 2 1
Hence, q ! k or j + k
Let M / ^2λ, - 3λ, 2λh
10. wt $ ]ut # vtg = 1
2λ - 3 - 3λ + 1 2λ - 4

So, 1 = 2 = 2 &λ=1

& wt ut # vt cos i = 1
cos
& i=1 &i=0 So, M / ^2, - 3, 2h


Let the required point be P
w
& t is parallel to plane of ut and vt

Given that PM = 17
w
& t = ut and wt = vt
& ]3 + 2s - 2g2 + ]3 + 2s + 3g2 + ]2 + s - 2g2 = 17

u
& 1 + u2 + 2u3 = 0
& 9s 2 + 28s + 20 = 0


If ut in xy plane & u3 = 0 10
& s =- 2, - 9

& 1 =- u2 & u1 = u2
u
So, P / ^- 1, - 1, 0h or b 9 , 9 , 9 l
7 7 8

If ut in xz plane & u2 = 0
 Vectors 15.37

We have a + b + c = 0
c
& =- a - b
a . ]- a - 2b g 3
]- a - b g. ]a - b g 7

Now, =

9 + 2a .b 3

& 9 - 16 = 7

& a .b =- 6
& a # b = a 2 b 2 - ]a .b g = 9 # 16 - 36 = 108
2 2

Comprehension Type c· (a + b)
18. =3 2
14. OX # OY = OX OY sin ]π - Rg a+b
sin
= R = sin ^ P + Q h & aa·a + bb·b + ^a + bh a·b
=3 2
3 2

& 6a + 6b + (a + b)3 = 18

⇒a+b=2
^c - ]a # b gh ·c = a2 a + b2 b + 2aba.b - ]a # b g.c

2 2

= 6a2 + 6b2 +6ab (as c is linearly dependent on a
& b

15. - ^cos P + cos Q + cos Rh = OX.OY + OY.OZ
= 6 [(a + b)2 - ab ] , max ab = 1
& min. ^c - ]a # b gh ·c = 18

+ OZ.OX " " "
19. "c = x"a + yb + " a ×b & "
]OX + OY + OZ g2 - _ OX 2 + OY 2 + OZ 2 i
a .b = 0
" "
= 2 a c"c = b c"c =a
" "

3
$- 2 c ."
a ="c . b = 2 cos a
⇒ x = Y = 2 cos a
Numerical Type " 2 "2
c = x +y + " a × b = 2 (4 cos a) + 1 - 0
2 2 2

16. Given 5uv vv wv ? = 2 4 = 8 cos2 a + 1 ⇒ 8 cos2 a = 3

uv $ uv uv $ vv uv $ wv 20.
Also 5uv vv wv ? = vv $ uv vv $ vv vv $ wv = 2
2

wv $ uv wv $ vv wv $ wv
Let uv $ vv = k and substitute rest values, we get
1 K 1
K 1 1 =2
1 1 4
& 4K 2 - 2K = 0

1

& uv.vv = 0 or uv.vv =
point S b 2 , 2 , 2 l point T (1, 1, 1)
2 1 1 1
(rejected)
1

` uv.vv = c
i - cj - kc
2
p = SP =
1 2
| 3uv + 5vv | 2 = 9 + 25 + 30 #
= 49
2 - ci + cj - kc

q = SQ = 2
|
& 3uv + 5vv | = 7

17. - ci - cj + kc

r = SR = 2
P
c
i + cj + kc
c b
t = ST = 2
c
i j k 1 1 c c
c
i + cj
_ i
c c
Now p × q ×
1 - 1 - 1 4 4 2i + 2j
= = 2

Q R -1 -1 -1
15.38 Mathematics
c 8#6#4
i j - 2ci + 2cj - ci + cj
Alternate Solution: Required value =
c c
k 1 3!
r × t -1 -1 ×
1 4 = 4 = 2
1 1 1
` p=5
c

Alternate Solution:
j
Now ^p × q h] r × t g
c c
i k 1 kc
1 1 × =
0 4 2
-1 1 0
c
i j k
⇒ ^p × q h × ] r × t g =
c c
1 kc
×
1 1 0 4 2 =
-1 1 0
⇒ ^p × q h] r × t g = 2 = 0.5
1

21. s = 4p + 3q + 5r
s = x ^- p + q + r h + y ^ p - q + r h + z ^- p - q + r h

s = ^- x + y - z h p + ^ x - y - z h q + ^ x + y + z h r

Number of ways to select 3 vectors out of 8 possible

&- x + y - z = 4 & x - y - z = 3 vectors is 8 C3 = 56. Out of 56 selections, how many
x
& +y+z = 5 are coplanar As ABC‘D’ is a plane 4 C3 = 4 selections.
9 7 Similarly for CDA'B', BCD'A', ADC'B', ACC 'A'

On solving, we get x = 4, y = 2 , z =- 2
and BDD'B' & 4 # 6 = 24 selections are coplanar

& 2x + y + z = 9
& - 24 = 32 = 25 are non-coplanar
56
22. a = b = c =1

& selection & P = 5

a # b + b # c = pa + qb + rc
a . ]b # c g = p + q ]a .b g + r ]a .c g
24. 6 - 2a .b - 2b .c - 2c .a = 9


q r
p + 2 + 2 = 6a b c @ ...(1) ]a b + b .c + c .a g = -23
.
p r a+b+c $ 0
2
2 + q + 2 = 0 ...(2)
p q 3 + 2 ]a .b + b .c + c .a g $ 0

6 @
2 + 2 + r = a b c ...(3) -3
p
& = r =- q
a .b + b .c + c .a $ 2
p 2 + 2q 2 + r 2 -3
=4
Since a .b + b .c + c .a = 2
q2
& a+b+c = 0 & a+b+c = 0

23. Let (1, 1, 1), (–1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1), (–1, –1, 1) be vectors
a , b , c , d rest of the vectors are - a , - b , - c , - d & 2a + 5 ]- a g = 3a & 3

and let us find the number of ways of selecting co–
planar vectors. Observe that out of any 3 coplanar 25. r # b = c # b taking cross with a
vectors two will be collinear (anti parallel) a # ]r # b g = a # ]c # b g

Number of ways of selecting the anti parallel pair= 4
Number of ways of selecting the third vector = 6 ]a b g r - ]a .r gb = a # ]c # b g
.
Total = 24 & =- 3it + 6tj + 3kt
r
Number of non co–planar selections = 8C3- 24 = 32
= 25 , p = 5
r .b = 3 + 6 = 9.
 16
3 Dimensional Geometry 16.1

Chapter 3 Dimensional Geometry

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
6. If given points are collinear, then
1. Distance = x 2 + z 2 = 16 + 25 = 41
x1 − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= 1 = 1
2. Let the points be A(5, –4, 2), B(4, –3, 1), C(7, –6, 4) x2 − x3 y2 − y3 z2 − z3
and D(8, –7, 5). 5−6 2 +1 4−2
⇒ = =
AB = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, 6 − 8 −1 + 7 2 − k
−1 3 2 1 2
CD = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, ⇒
= = ⇒ = ⇒ k = −2.
−22 6 2 − k 2 2−k
BC = 9 + 9 + 9 = 3 3, 7. D.c.’s of two lines are proportional to (2, 3, –6) and
AD =
9+9+9 = 3 3 (3, – 4, 5) i.e. d.r.’s are (2, 3, –6) and (3, –4, 5)

Length of diagonals 2(3) + 3(−4) + (−6)5
∴ cos θ =

AC = 4 + 4 + 4 = 2 3, 22 + 32 + (−6) 2 32 + (−4) 2 + 52

BD = 16 + 16 + 16 = 4 3 6 − 12 − 30 −36 −18 2
= = ⇒ cos θ =

i.e., AC ≠ BD. Hence, A, B, C, D are vertices of a 49 . 50
7.5 2 35
parallelogram. −1  18 2 
Taking acute angle, q = cos 
.
 5k + 2 k + 2 −2k + 1  35 
3. Let the point P be  , , .
k +1 k +1 k +1  8. We have, l + 2m + 3n = 0 ...(i)
5k + 2 3lm – 4ln + mn = 0 ...(ii)

Q Given that =4
k +1

From equation (i), l = – (2m + 3n) . Putting the value
−2(2) + 1
⇒ k = 2 ∴ z-co-ordinate of P =
= −1 of l in equation (ii)
2 +1

⇒ 3 (–2m – 3n) m + mn – 4(–2m – 3n) n = 0
4. (1, 2, –1) is the centroid of the tetrahedron
⇒ –6m2 – 9mn + mn + 8 mn + 12n2 = 0
0 + a +1+ 2 0+ 2+ b +1
⇒ 6m2 – 12n2 = 0 ⇒ m2 – 2n2 = 0
1= ⇒ a = 1, 2 =
4 4
⇒ m + 2n = 0 or m − 2n = 0
0+3+ 2+c

∴ ⇒ b = 5, − 1 = l + 2m + 3n = 0 ...(i)
4
0.l + m + 2n = 0 ...(ii)

⇒ c = – 9.
0.l + m + 2n = 0 ...(iii)

∴ (a, b, c) = (1, 5, –9).
0.l + m − 2n = 0  ...(iv)

Its distance from origin = 1 + 25 + 81 = 107.
From equation (i) and equation (iii),
i j k l m n
1 = =
5. ∆ = (2 − 1) (0 + 1) ( −1 − 2) 2 2−3 − 2 1
2
From equation (i) and equation (iv),
(0 − 2) (2 − 0) (1 + 1)
i j k l m n
= =
1 −2 2 − 3 2 1
= 1 1 −3
2
Thus, the direction ratios of two lines are
−2 2 2
2 2 − 3, − 2 ,1 and − 2 2 − 3, 2 ,1
1
= | i (88) − j( −4) + k (4) | (l1 , m1 , n1 ) = (2 2 − 3, − 2 , 1), (l2 , m2 , n2 )
2
= ( −2 2 − 3, 2 , 1), l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
=| 4i + 2 j + 2k | = 16 + 4 + 4 = 24 = 2 6 .

Hence, the angle between them p/2.
16.2 Mathematics
1.1 + 1.1 + 1.0
9.
Angle: cos i =
1 + 12 + 02 12 + 12 + 12
2

& i = cos -1 b
2l
3

10. We have, r = (4i – j) + s (2i + j – 3k) and r = (i – j +

2k) + t (i – 3j + 2k)

We know that,
b1.b 2
cos θ = ,
| b1 || b 2 |
(2i + j − 3k ).(i − 3j + 2k ) 2−3−6 −7

Direction ratios of diagonal of a face cos θ = = = ,
4 +1+ 9 1+ 9 + 4 14 . 14 14
= ]1 - 0g, ]1 - 0g, ]0 - 0g 1
= ^1, 1, 0h
cos θ = −
2

Direction ratios of diagonal of cube π
 1
= ]1 - 0g, ]1 - 0g, ]1 - 0g Hence, acute angle θ = cos −1   i.e. θ = .

 2 3
= ^1, 1, 1h

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. We know that equation of a straight line is of the
x − b′ z − d′
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 = y, = y
form = = a′ c′
l m n
x − b′ y − 0 z − d ′ ...(ii)
D.r.’s of the line = (–1 –4, 5 + 5, 3 + 2) ⇒ = =
a′ 1 c′

i.e., (–5, 10, 5) or (–1, 2, 1).
Q Given, lines (i) and (ii) are perpendicular
x−4 y+5 z+2
∴ a (a′) + 1(1) + c(c′) = 0, aa′ + cc′ = – 1

Hence the equation is = =
−1 2 1
x−4 y+5 z+2
4. Let d.r.’s of line be l, m, n.

i.e., = = .
1 −2 −1 Q line is perpendicular to given line
2. We have 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2
∴ 2l – 3m + n = 0 ...(i) l + 2m – 2n = 0 ...(ii)
6 ^ x - ]2/6gh 3 ^ y + ]1/3gh 2 ] z - 1g
From equation (i) and (ii)

⇒ 1 = 1 = 1
l m n l m n.
= = or = =
x − (1 / 3) y + (1 / 3) z − 1 6 − 2 1+ 4 4 + 3 4 5 7

⇒ = =
1/ 6 1/ 3 1/ 2
Hence, d.r.’s of line (< 4, 5, 7 >).
x − (1 / 3) y + (1 / 3) z − 1 x y+a z

⇒ = = 5. Given lines are = = = λ (say)
1 2 3 1 1 1

d.r.’s of line are (1, 2, 3).
∴ Point is P (l, l –a, l)

Hence d.c.’s of line are (1 / 14 , 2 / 14 , 3 / 14 ) .
3. We have, x = ay + b, z = cy + d
x−b z−d
= y, = y
a c
x − b y − 0 z − d ...(i) x+a y z x+a y z
⇒ = = and = = i.e. = = =µ
a 1 c 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 2 1 1

and x = a′y + b′, z = c′y + d′ (say)
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.3

∴ Point Q(2m – a, m, m)
Direction ratios of the given line are 1, 2, 3 which is
perpendicular to PL.

Since d.r.’s of given lines are 2, 1, 2 and d.r.’s of
PQ = (2m – a – l, m – l + a, m – l)
∴ (l – 1). 1 + 2(l – 5)2 + (3l – 1) 3 = 0

According to question,
⇒ 14l – 14 = 0 ⇒ l = 1
2µ − a − λ µ − λ + a µ − λ
= = So, co-ordinates of L are (1, 3, 5). Let Q(x1, y1, z1) be
2 1 2
the image of P (1, 6, 3) in the given line.

Then l = 3a, m = a. Therefore, points of intersection
are P(3a, 2a, 3a) and Q(a, a, a).
Then L is the mid-point of PQ.
x1 + 1 y +6 z +3

Alternative method: Check by option x = y + a = z
∴ = 1, 1 = 3 and 1 =5
i.e. 3a = 2a + a = 3a 2 2 2

⇒ a = a = a and x + a = 2y = 2z i.e. a + a = 2a = 2a
⇒ x1 = 1, y1 = 0 and z1 = 7.

⇒ a = a = a. Hence (b) is correct.

Hence the image of P(1, 6, 3) in the given line is
x−4 y − 7 z −1 (1, 0, 7).
6. Equation of BC, = =
−1 −2 2 8. Given that, a = 6i + 7j + 7k, b = 3i + 2j – 2k and

α = i + 2 j + 3k
 
 2(a − α ).b  
Then, β = 2a −  2  b−α
 |b| 

 2(5i + 5 j + 4k ).(3i + 2 j − 2k ) 
= 2(6i + 7 j + 7k ) −  
 9+4+4
x−4 y − 7 z −1 (3i + 2 j − 2k ) − (i + 2 j + 3k )

i.e. = = = r (say)
1 2 −2  
Any point on the given line is D (r + 4, 2r + 7, On solving, β = 5i + 8 j + 15k. Thus β is the position
–2r + 1) Then, d.r.’s of AD = (r + 4 – 1, 2r + 7 –0, vector of Q, which is the image of P in given line.
–2r + 1 – 3) i.e. d.r.’s of AD = (r + 3, 2r + 7, –2r – 2)
and d.r.’s of BC = (–1, –2, 2) Since AD is ^
Hence image of point (1, 2, 3) in the given line is
to given line,
(5, 8, 15).

∴ (–1) (r + 3) + (2r + 7) (–2) + (2) (–2r – 2) = 0

⇒ –r – 3 – 4r – 14 – 4r – 4 = 0 2 −1 4−2 5−3

⇒ –9r – 21 = 0 ⇒ r = –7/3 2 3 4

∴ D is {4 – (7/3), 7– (14/3), (14/3)+1} 3 4 5

i.e. D is (5/3, 7/3, 17/3). 9. S.D. =
(15 − 16) 2 + (12 − 10) 2 + (8 − 9) 2
7. Let P (1, 6, 3) be the given point, and let L be the
1 2 2
foot of the perpendicular from P to the given line.
The co-ordinates of a general point on the given line 2 3 4
x−0 y −1 z − 2 3 4 5 1
are given by = = = λ. = = .
1 2 3 1+1+ 4 6

(b1 × b 2 ).(a 2 − a1 )
10. S.D. =
| b1 × b 2 |
[(3i − j) × (2i + 3k )].(3i − j)
=
| (3i − j) × (2i + 3k) |


i.e. x = l, y = 2 l + 1, z = 3 l + 2. (−3i − 9 j + 2k ).(3i − j)
=
9 + 81 + 4

Let the co-ordinates of L be (l, 2l + 1, 3l + 2)...(i)
−9 + 9 + 0

So, direction ratios of PL are l – 1, 2l + 1 – 6, =
94
3l + 2 – 3 i.e. l – 1, 2l – 5, 3l – 1.

Hence, S.D. = 0.
16.4 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3

x y z 6. Distance of the plane from (2, 1, –1)

1. We know that + + = 1 ...(i)
a b c 2 − 2(1) + 4(−1) − 9 13

= = .
 a b c 1 + 4 + 16 21
Centroid  , ,  i.e. a = a/3, b = b/3, g = c/3
 
3 3 3 PQ × PR

⇒ a = 3a, b = 3b, c = 3g 7. We know that,  
| PQ × PR |
x y z  

From equation (i), + + = 1. PQ = i + j − 3k , PR = −i + 3 j − k
3α 3β 3γ
i j k
x y z  

\ + + = 3. PQ × PR = 1 1 −3 = 8i + 4 j + 4k
α β γ
−1 3 −1
2. We know that, equation of plane is a (x – x1) + b  
and | PQ × PR |=
4 6
(y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0 It passes through (2, 2, 1)
4(2i + j + k )

∴ a (x – 2) + b (y – 2) + c (z – 1) = 0 ...(i)
Hence, the unit vector is i.e.
2i + j + k 4 6

Plane (i) also passes through (9, 3, 6) and is .
6
perpendicular to the plane 2x + 6y + 6z = 1
8. We know, the equation of the plane is (r – a). n = 0

∴ 7a + b + 5c = 0 ...(ii)
or (r – (2i + 3j – k)). (3i – 4j + 7k) = 0

and 2a + 6b + 6c = 0 ...(iii) ⇒ (xi + yj + zk – 2i – 3j + k). (3i – 4j + 7k) = 0
a b c a b c ⇒ 3x – 4y + 7z + 13 = 0
= = or = =
6 − 30 10 − 42 42 − 2 −24 −32 40 Hence, perpendicular distance of the plane from
13 13
a b c origin = = .

or = = = k (say). 2 2
3 + (−4) + 7 2 74
3 4 −5

From equation (i), 3k (x – 2) + 4k (y – 2) + (–5) k 9. Let P be the point (2, –1, 3) and Q be its reflection
in the given plane. Then, PQ is perpendicular to the
(z – 1) = 0. Hence, 3x + 4y – 5z = 9.
given plane. Hence, d.r.’s of PQ are 3, –2, 1 and
3. Any plane through the given planes is (x + 2y + 3z – consequently, equations of PQ are
4) + k (4x + 3y + 2z + 1) = 0. It passes through (0, 0,
x−2 y +1 z −3
0) ∴ –4 + k = 0 = k = 4 = =
3 −2 −1
∴ Required plane is (x + 2y + 3z – 4) + 4 (4x + 3y +
2z + 1) = 0 ⇒ 17x + 14y + 11z = 0.
Any point on this line is (3r + 2, –2r – 1, – r + 3)
4. The equation of a plane through the line of
Let this point be Q. Then mid-point of PQ
intersection of plane r.a = l and r.b = m can be
 3r + 2 + 2 −2r − 1 − 1 − r + 3 + 3 
written as r. (a + kb) = l + km...(i) = , , 
 2 2 2

This passes through the origin, therefore putting the  3r + 4 −r + 6 
-m = , − r − 1, 
value of k = n in (i)  2 2 

r (ma – lb) = 0 ⇒ r. (lb – ma) = 0.
This point lies in given plane i.e.
5. We know that,  3r + 4   −r + 6 
3 − 2(− r − 1) −  =9
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2  2   2 
cos θ =
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
⇒ 9r + 12 + 4r + 4 + r – 6 = 9
4
1(−5) + 2(3) + 2(4) 9 3 2 ⇒ 14r = 8 ⇒ r =

= = = 7
1 + 4 + 4 25 + 9 + 16 3.5 2 10
Hence, the required point Q is
3 2   4  4 −4   26 −15 17 
i.e. θ = cos −1 

 3  7  + 2, − 2  7  − 1, 7 + 3 =  7 , 7 , 7 
.
 10 
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.5
10. Angle between two plane faces is equal to the angle i j k
between the normals n1 and n2 to the planes. n1, the n2 = 1 −1 2 = i − 5 j − 3k ...(ii)
normal to the face OAB is given by −2 −1 1
i k j
If q be the angle between n1 and n2, Then
  n1.n 2
OA × OB = 1 1 = 5i − j − 3k ...(i)
2 5.1 + 5 + 9
cos θ = =
2 3 1 | n1 || n 2 | 35 35
  19

n2, the normal to the face ABC, is given by AB × AC  19 

cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos −1   .
35  35 

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. Equation of plane containing i and i + j is x −1 y −1 z − k
4. We have, = = or vector form of
[r – i, i, i + j] = 0 2 3 k
⇒ (r – i) . [i × (i + j)] = 0 equation of line is r = (i + j + kk) + l (2i + 3j + kk)
⇒ [(x – 1) i + yj + zk]. k = 0 i.e. b = 2i + 3j + kk and normal to the plane, n = 2i +
⇒ z = 0 ...(i) 3j + 4k. Given that, b.n = 0
Equation of plane containing i – j and i + k is
⇒ (2i + 3j + kk) . (2i + 3j + 4k) = 0
⇒ [r – (i – j) i – j i + k] = 0

⇒ 4 + 9 + 4k = 0 ⇒ k = –13/4.
⇒ (r – i + j) [(i – j) × (i + k)] = 0
⇒ x + y – z = 0 ... (ii) x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
5. Let equation of line = = ...(i)
Let a = a1i + a2j + a3k. l m n
Since a is parallel to (i) and (ii)
We have 4x + 4y – 5z = 12 ...(ii)
a3 = 0, a1 + a2 – a3 = 0 ⇒ a1 = –a2, a3 = 0
and 8x + 12y – 13z = 32 ...(iii)
Thus a vector in the direction of a is u = i – j. If q is

Let z = 0. Now putting z = 0 in (ii) and (iii),
the angle between a and i – 2j + 2k.
1(1) + (−1)(−2) 3
we get, 4x + 4y = 12, 8x + 12y = 32, on solving these
Then cos θ = ± =±
1+1 1+ 4 + 4 2. 3 equations, we get x = 1, y = 2.

1
Equation of line passing through (1, 2, 0) is
⇒ cos θ = ±
⇒ p/4 or 3p/4. x −1 y − 2 z − 0
2 = =
l m n
2. Let d.r.’s of normal to plane (a, b, c)

From equation (i) and (ii),

a (x – 1) + b (y – 0) + c (z – 0) = 0 ...(i)

4l + 4m – 4n = 0 and 8l + 12m – 13n = 0

It is passes through (0, 1, 0). ∴ - a + b = 0 ⇒ b = a. l m n
= = l m n
D.r.’s of normal is (a, a, c) and d.r.’s of given plane is
⇒ i.e. = = .
8 12 16 2 3 4
(1, 1, 0)
x −1 y − 2 z
π a+a+0
Hence, equation of line is = = .

∴ cos = 2 3 4
4 a2 + a2 + c2 2
6. The lives are skew they don’t intersect each other
⇒ 4a 2 = 2a 2 + c 2 ⇒ 2a = c
x−3 y−6 z−4

Then, d.r.’s of normal (a, a, 2a ) or (1, 1, 2 ) . 7. Any plane through the line = =
1 5 4
is
al + bm + cn
3. We know that sin θ =
a + b + c 2 l 2 + m2 + n2
2 2
a (x – 3) + b (y – 6) + c (z – 4) = 0 ...(i)

where, a + 5b + 4c = 0 ...(ii)
3(2) + 4(−2) + 5(1) 3
sin θ = =
9 + 16 + 25 4 + 4 + 1 5 2 .3
Plane (i) passes through (3, 2, 0), if

2
a (3 – 3) + b (2 – 6) + c (0 – 4) = 0
Hence, sin θ =
.
10
–4b – 4c = 0 i.e. b + c = 0 ...(iii)
16.6 Mathematics

From equation (ii) and (iii), a + b = 0. ∴ a = – b = c. 10. The given line is r = (i + j + 2k) + l (2i + 5j + 3k)

∴ Required plane is a (x – 3) – a (y – 6) + a (z – 4)
a = i + j + 2k, b = 2i + 5j + 3k
= 0 i.e. x – y + z – 3 + 6 – 4 = 0 i.e. x – y + z = 1.

Given plane, r. (2i + j – 3k) = 5

Trick:

⇒ r.n. = p
x−3 y−6 z−4 x−3 y−6 z−4

Since b.n = 4 + 5 – 9 = 0
3−3 2−6 0−4 = 0 −4 −4

∴ The line is parallel to plane. Thus the distance
1 5 4 1 5 4
between line and plane is equal to length of

⇒ x – y + z = 1. perpendicular from a point a = i + j + 2k on line to
given plane.
x−2 y +1 z − 2
8. Any point on the line = = = r is
3 4 12
Hence, required distance
(3r + 2, 4r – 1, 12r + 2) This lies on x – y + z = 5, (i + j + 2k ).(2i + j − 3k ) − 5
then 3r + 2 + 4r + 1 + 12r + 2 = 5 i.e. r = 0. =
4 +1+ 9

∴ Point is (2, –1, 2). Its distance from (–1, –5, –10)
2 +1− 6 − 5 8
=
= .
is 9 + 16 + 144 = 13 . 14 14
9. Given, point (4, 2, k) is on the line and it also passes
through the plane 2x – 4y + z = 7 ⇒ 2(4) – 4(2) + k
= 7 ⇒ k = 7.

EXERCISE - 1
System of co-ordinates, Direction cosines and direction 7. Co-ordinates of P are ^lr, mr, nr h
ratios -1 -1 2 -2

Here l = 2 2
2
= 3 ,m = 3 ,n = 3
1. From x-axis = 2 2
y + z = 4 + 9 = 13 1 +2 +2

and r = 3 , (given)

From y-axis = 1 + 9 = 10

` Co-ordinates of P are (–1, 2, –2).

From z-axis = 1 + 4 = 5 .
8. D.c’s of line PQ is
a-2+4 1+b+7 x -x y2 - y1 z -z
2. 0 = 3 & a =- 2, 0 = 3 & b =-8 l = | 2PQ |1 , m = | PQ | , n = | 2PQ |1
3-5+c
and 0 = 3 &c = 2

a x2 - x1 =- 6, y2 - y1 =- 2, z2 - z1 =- 3
4 - (- 2) -3 - 4
and | PQ | = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
3. Check option (c), - 3 - 4 ! - 2 - (- 3)
6 2 3

Therefore, this set of points is non-collinear.
` l = 7 ,m = 7 ,n = 7 .

4. Let point be ^ x, y, z h , then x 2 + y 2 + z 2 9. Since cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1

= x - a) 2 + y 2 + z 2 = x 2 + (y - b) 2 + z 2
( & Σ sin 2 α = 3 - 1 = 2

= x 2 + y 2 + (z - c) 2
10. cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1

1 - a 15 k - a 3 k
a b c 14 2 1 2

Therefore x = 2 , y = 2 and z = 2 . cos
& γ=

= 9 - a 225 k = ! 15
5. Required distance = 3 2 + 5 2 = 34 . 8 196 2

6. Since ZOX plane i.e. y = 0 divides the join of 3 1 -1
11. cos γ =
1- 4 - 2 = 4 ,
(1,–1, 5) and (2, 3, 4) in the ratio λ: 1.
3λ - 1 1
which is not possible.

` = 0&λ = 3
λ+1
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.7

12. Ratio = - a - 2 k = 2
3 3 26. Required distance
(5 - 1) 2 + (4 - 0) 9 + (- 1 - 0) 5 2
= (5 - 1) 2 + (4 - 0) 2 + (- 1 - 0) 2 - <
F
` Required co-ordinates of the points are, 4 + 81 + 25

: 6 - 6 , 10 + 3 , - 14 + 24 D = a0, 13 , 2 k
39 # 39 2109
33 - 110 = 110
5 5 5 5
13. Here, cos 2 α + cos 2 (90 - α) + cos 2 γ = 1 27. The line through ^a, b, ch is
cos
& 2
α + sin 2 α + cos 2 γ = 1 x-a y-b z-c
l = m = n …..(i)
cos
& 2
γ + 1 = 1 & γ = 90 o
Since the line is parallel to z-axis, therefore any
14. It is obvious. point on this line will be of the form ^a, b, z1h .

15. It is a fundamental concept.

Also any point on line (i) is (lr + a, mr + b, nr + c) .

16. AB = (a - 1) 2 + 3 2 + 0 = 5 lr + a = a

Hence &l = m = 0
mr + b = b

& a - 1 = !4 & a =- 3, 5
x-a y-b z-c

Hence the line will be 0 = 0 = 1 .
CD = (a - 1) 2 + (a + 5) 2 + (a - 1) 2 = 6

28. It is obvious.
& a 2 - 2a - 15 = 0 & a =- 3, 5

29. It is obvious.

But common solution of (i) and (ii) is – 3.
y-3 30. It is obvious.
x+1 z-2
^r2 - r1 h . ]a # b g
17. Equation of AB is 3 = 0 = 3 …..(i)
x+1 y-3 z-2 31. Shortest distance =
and that of AC is 4 = 2 = - 4 .....(ii) a#b
12 + 0 - 12 Here r1 = 3it + 8tj + 3kt

Hence +A = cos -1 c m = 90 o
9 + 9 16 + 4 + 16 r2 =- 3it - 7tj + 6kt

Line
(1) (2) + (2) (- 3) + (1) (6) a = 3it - tj + kt

18. θ = cos -1 < F
1 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 2 2 + ( - 3) 2 + 6 2 b =- 3it + 2tj + 4kt

cos -1 ; E = cos -1 ; ^r2 - r1 h . ]a # b g
2-6+6 2
E
6 49 7 6 32. S.D =
a b c a#b
19. As (1/bc) = (1/ca) = (1/ab) ,
Here, r1 = 3i - 2tj - 2kt
t
Hence lines are parallel.
r2 = it - tj + 2kt

20. θ = cos -1 d n
3+0-5
1 1 9 + 16 + 25
+ a = it

a +-10 = cos -1 a 5 k
-1 2 k 1 b = tj
cos=
Plane
21. l = m = n ; ` (l, m, n) are ^1, 1, - 1h .
-2 -2 2
33. θ = cos -1 ; E = cos -1 (0) = 2
6 + 4 - 10 π
22. It is obvious. 50 9
x-3 y-2 z-4 34. Equation of plane parallel to y-axis is,
23. Required line is 4 - 3 = 5 - 2 = 2 - 4
1
y-2
ax + bz + 1 = 0 Also 2a + 1 = 0 & a =- 2 and
x-3 z-4
i.e., 1 = 3 = - 2 .
1

3b + 1 = 0 & b =- 3
24. It is obvious.

` 3x + 2z = 6.
2 # (- 1 ) + 5 # 8 + (- 3 ) # 4
25. cos θ = x z
2 + 5 2 + (- 3 ) 2 (- 1 ) 2 + 8 2 + 4 2
2 Aliter : Equation of plane 2 + 3 = 1& 3x + 2z = 6
- 2 + 40 - 12 26 y z

cos θ = =c m x
35. Equation is - 6 + 3 + 4 = 1 or - 2x + 4y + 3z = 12
9 38 9 38
26 ` Length of perpendicular from origin
` θ = cos -1 c
m
9 38 12 12

= =
4 + 16 + 9 29
16.8 Mathematics
36. Equation of a plane parallel to xy-plane is z = k 45. According to question, (x - 3) 2 + (y - 4) 2 + (z + 2) 2
` z = 3.
= x - 2) 2 + (y - 3) 2 + (z + 3) 2
(
37. Equation of plane bisecting the angle containing ` The equation reduces to a plane as 2nd degree
origin is (making constant term of same sign) terms cancel out. The equation is 2x + 2y + 2z = 7,
- 3x + 6y - 2z - 5 4x - 12y + 3z - 3 hence equally inclined to axes.
2 =+ < F
46. It is a line passing through ^α, β, γ h and whose
2 2
3 +6 +2 4 2 + 12 2 + 3 2
- 3x + 6y - 2z - 5 4x - 12y + 3z - 3 direction cosines are a, b, c.

or 7 = 13
47. θ = cos -1 ; E = cos -1 a 6 k = 60 o
2-1+2 3

or 67x - 162y + 47z + 44 = 0.
6 6
38. Planes are perpendicular, if 6 - 6 + 2k = 0 & k = 0. 48. Equation of plane passing through intersection of
39. Given, equaiton of plane is passing through the point given planes
(–1, 3, 2)
(x + y + z - 1) + λ (2x + 3y - z + 4) = 0 ...(i)

` A (x + 1) + B (y - 3) + C (z - 2) = 0 .....(i) Plane (i) is parallel to x-axis, then ]1 + 2λg 1 = 0


Since plane (i) is perpendicular to each of the planes 1

& λ =- 2

x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0
Put the value of λ in (i), we get y - 3x + 6 = 0,

So, A + 2B + 3C = 0 and 3A + 3B + C = 0
which is the required plane.
A B C 49. Obviously, (x - 2) + 5 (y + 3) - 6 (z - 1) = 0

` 2-9 = 9-1 = 3-6 = K

& A =- 7K, B = 8K,C =- 3K
& x + 5y - 6z + 19 = 0.

Put the values of A, B and C in (i) 3
50. (x + y + z - 6) + λ (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0 & λ = 14
we get, 7x - 8y + 3z + 25 = 0, which is the required
equation of the plane.
& 20x + 23y + 26z - 69 = 0
7
7- 2 7
40. Required distance = = . 51. Plane passing through (1, 1, 1) is
1+4+9 2 2

a (x - 1) + b (y - 1) + c (z - 1) = 0
41. Equation of plane parallel to x - 2y + 2z = 5 is

x - 2y + 2z + k = 0 ...(i)
It also passes through (1, – 1, 1) and (–7, – 3, – 5),
1-4+6+k 3

Now, according to question, =! 1 then b = 0, a =- 4 c
9

or k + 3 = !3 & k = 0 or - 6
Hence the required equation is 3x - 4z + 1 = 0.
x
` - 2y + 2z - 6 = 0 or x - 2y + 2z = 6. 52. Let the co-ordinates of the points where the plane cuts
42. Plane parallel to the plane 2x + 3y - 4z = 0 is the axes are (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), (0, 0, c). Since centroid

2x + 3y - 4z + k = 0 .....(i) is ^α, β, γ h , therefore a = 3α, b = 3β, c = 3γ.
x y z

Also plane (i) is passing through (1, 2, 3) Equation of the plane will be a + b + c = 1
(
` 2)(1) + (3) (2) - (4) (3) + k = 0 & k = 4 x y z x y z
& 3α + + 3γ = 1 & α + + γ = 3.
3β β
` Required plane is 2x + 3y - 4z + 4 = 0.
6 - 18 + 8 + 11 53. Obviously, 3 # 4 + (- 2) # 3 + 2 # (- k) = 0
43. Required distance = 7 = 1.

& 12 - 6 - 2k = 0 & k = 3.
44. Equation of plane containing the line of intersection
of planes is, (2x - y) + λ (y - 3z) = 0 ...(i) 54. If plane x - 3y + 5z = d passes through point

Also, plane (i) is perpendicular to
(1, 2, 4). Then 1 - 6 + 20 = d & d = 15
4x + 5y - 3z - 8 = 0 x y z

` Plane, x - 3y + 5z = 15 & 15 + - 5 + 3 = 1
3
& 14λ =- 3 & λ =- 14

Hence length of intercept cut by it on the axes

Put the value of λ in (i), we get 28x - 17y + 9z = 0, (x, y, z) are respectively (15, – 5, 3).
which is the required plane.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.9
55. Equation of a plane, when direction ratio and length 63. Let point be (a, b, c), then 2a + 4b - c = 1 .....(i)
of perpendicular is given, and a = 2k + 1, b =- 3k + 2 and c = 4k - 3,
ax + by + cz = p a 2 + b 2 + c 2
(where k is constant)
Substituting these values in (i), we get

Given, (a, b, c) " (- 3, 2, 6)
2(2k + 1) + 4(- 3k + 2) - (4k - 3) = 1 & k = 1
- 3x + 2y + 6z = 7 ]- 3g2 + 2 2 + 6 2
Hence required point is (3, –1, 1).

- 3x + 2y + 6z = 49. Trick : The point must satisfy the lines and plane.
56. Equation of plane passing through P ^1, 2, - 3h and
Obviously (3, – 1, 1) satisfies.
x-2 y+1 z-2
perpendicular to OP is, 64. Any point on the line 3 = 4 = 12 = t

1(x - 1) + 2(y - 2) - 3(z + 3) = 0 is (3t + 2, 4t - 1,12t + 2)

This lies on x - y + z = 5
or x + 2y - 3z - 14 = 0.
Line and Plane
` 3t + 2 - 4t + 1 + 12t + 2 = 5 i.e., 11t = 0 & t = 0
` Point is ^2, - 1, 2h .
Its distance from
57. Ratio -; 2 (2) + (-3) (1) + (1) (1) - 7 E =- : --10 =- a 2 k
5D 1
2 (3) + (- 4) (1) + (-5) (1) - 7 ^- 1, - 5, - 10h is,
2(2) - 3(1) - 3(2) - ( - 4) = (2 + 1) 2 + (- 1 + 5) 2 + (2 + 10) 2

`x= 1 = 1, y = 1 =- 2
1(2) - (-5)
= 9 + 16 + 144 = 13.
and z = 1 = 7 .Therefore, P ^1, - 2, 7h . y-2
x-1 z-3
65.l = m = n or
Trick : As (1, – 2, 7) and (– 1, 2, 7) satisfy the
equation 2x + y + z = 7 , but the point (1, – 2, 7) is
l - m + 2n = 0 and 3l + m + n = 0
collinear with (2, – 3, 1) and (3, – 4, – 5). x-1 y-2 z-3
` -3 = 5 = 4 .

Note : If a point dividing the join of two points
in some particular ratio, then this point must be 66. Required plane is, 7(x + 10) - 3(y - 5) - (z - 4) = 0
collinear with the given points.
or 7x - 3y - z + 89 = 0.
x y-1 z+2 x+3 y-2 z+1
58. 1 = 2 = 3 = r , (say) 67. Line is
3 = - 2 = 1 = λ (Let)
So, x = r, y = 2r + 1, z = 3r - 2
x = 3λ - 3; y =- 2λ + 2; z = λ - 1 line intersects
-1
` 2r + 3(2r + 1) + (3r - 2) = 0 & r = 11
plane, therefore,
-1 9 25
4 (3λ - 3) + 5 (- 2λ + 2) + 3 (λ - 1) - 5 = 0
Hence, x = 11 , y = 11 , z =- 11 .
& λ = 2 . So, x = 3; y =- 2; z = 1
59. The given line is perpendicular to z-axis. Hence
parallel to xy-plane.
Trick : Since the point (3, – 2, 1) satisfies both the
y equations.
x z
60. Obviously the line is 6 = 3 = 2 . So required plane
68. It is a fundamental concept.
is 6(x - 0) + 3(y - 0) + 2(z - 0) = 0
69. Let the plane be a ] x - 0g + b ^ y - 0h + c ] z - 0g = 0
61. 4 ]2g - 2 ]3 g - 1 ]2g = 0
ax + by + cz = 0

` Line is parallel to the plane. As it contains (1, 2, 3) ]a + 2b + 3cg = 0

62. The line passes through point (1,2,3) is
Also, 5a + 4b + 5c = 0
x-1 y-2 z-3 a b c
a = b = c and it is perpendicular to
& 10 - 12 = 15 - 5 = 4 - 10

the plane x + 2y - 5z + 9 = 0, therefore the line a b c
- 2 = 10 = - 6
x-1 y-2 z-3
&- 2x + 10y - 6z = 0

must be 1 = 2 = - 5 because
1 . 1 + 2 . 2 + ( - 5) ( - 5) x
& - 5y + 3z = 0
sin θ =
=1
12 + 22 + 52 . 12 + 22 + 52
Trick: A general point (5r + 1, 4r + 2, 5r + 3) on
& θ = 90 o
the line should satisfy the required plane, which is
satisfied by x - 5y + 3z = 0.
16.10 Mathematics
70. Obviously the line perpendicular to the plane x-3 y-5 z+7
a b c - 5 = - 4 = 15 = K, (Let) ...(i)
because a = b = c ie., their direction ratios are
proportional of normal and line. ` x =- 5K + 3, y =- 4K + 5, z = 15K - 7

71. Equation of line a Line (i) meets the yz-plane

x-3 y-4 z-1
`- 5K + 3 = 0 & K = 3/5
2 = - 3 = 5

Put the value of K in x, y, z

Putting z = 0

So the required point is (0, 13/5, 2).
13 23

x= 5 ,y= 5 ,z=0
x-1 y+2 z-3
75. Given line is,
3 = 4 = - 2 = k, (say)
Trick: From option (c), the point lies on xy-plane
and divides the join of P and Q in – 1:6 i.e., 1:6
` Point on the line is
externally.
x = 3k + 1, y = 4k - 2, z =- 2k + 3 ...(i)
72. Any plane through given line is
This point must satisfies the equation of plane
(
A x - 1) + B (y + 2) + C (z - 3) = 0 .....(i)
` 2 (3k + 1) - (4k - 2) + 3 (- 2k + 3) - 1 = 0

and 5A + 6B + 4C = 0 …..(ii)
k
& =3

Since, plane (i) passes through (4, 3, 7), we get

From (i), (x, y, z) = (10,10,- 3)
3A + 5B + 4C = 0 .....(iii)
A B C 76. Equation of plane passing through the point

Solving (ii) and (iii), we get 4 = - 8 = 7

` Equation of required plane is 4x - 8y + 7z = 41. (2, –1, –3) is,

Also, A (x - 2) + B (y + 1) + C (z + 3) = 0
73. Angle between the plane and line is

Also, 3A + 2B - 4C = 0 and 2A - 3B + 2C = 0
aal + bbl + ccl

sin θ = A B C
a + b 2 + c 2 al2 + bl2 + cl2
2

` - 8 = - 14 = - 13 = k, (Let)

Here aal + bbl + ccl = 2 # 3 + 3 # 2 - 4 # 3 = 0
So, A =- 8k, B =- 14k, C =- 13k

Equation of required plane is,
` sin θ = 0 & θ = 0 o .


- k [8 (x - 2) + 14 (y + 1) + 13 (z + 3)] = 0
74. Line joining the points ^3, 5, - 7h and ^- 2, 1, 8h is,

i.e., 8x + 14y + 13z + 37 = 0.
x-3 y-5 z - (- 7)
(- 2) - (3) = (1) - (5) = 8 - (- 7)

EXERCISE - 2
System of co-ordinates, Direction cosines and direction Y
(0,a,0)
ratios C a B(a,a,0)
(a,a,a)
1. Let side of the cube = a (0,a,a) G a
D (0,0,0)

Then OG, BE and AD, CF will be four diagonals. X′ a A
X
O
(a,0,0)

d.r.’s of OG = a, a, a = 1, 1, 1 (0,0,a)
Z
E
(a,0,a)
F

d.r.’s of BE = – a, – a, a = 1, 1, –1
-l + m + n l-m+n

d.r.’s of AD = – a, a, a = – 1, 1, 1
cos γ = ,cos δ =
3 3

d.r.’s of CF = a, – a, a = 1, –1, 1 cos
& 2 2 2 2
α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ

Let d.c.’s of line be l, m, n. 1
= 3 [(l + m + n) 2 + (l + m - n) 2 + (- l + m + n) 2


Therefore angle between line and diagonal
+ (l - m + n) 2]

l+m+n l+m-n

cos α = ,cos β = , 4 8
3 3 = 3 & sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ + sin 2 δ = 3 .

 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.11
2. Distance from x-axis = y 2 + z 2 = ( b 2 + c 2) 1 -1

l= , m = 0, n =
2 2
3. If l, m, n are direction ratios of line, then by
Angle i between the lines

Al + Bm + Cn = 0
= cos -1 d 0. .0 + d nd nn
1 1 -1 -1
+

For x - y + z - 5 = 0, l - m + n = 0 …..(i) 2 2 2 2
= cos -1 ]1/2g = 3
r

For x - 3y - 6 = 0, l - 3m + 0n = 0 …..(ii)
l m n l m n a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2

or 0 + 3 = 1 - 0 = - 3 + 1 or 3 = 1 = - 2 8. cos θ =
a1 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22
2

` Direction ratios are ^3, 1, - 2h .

=
1 2a - 3 + 10
2 12 + 22 + 12 a2 + 32 + 52
3 1 2
Note : Option (c), c
, ,- m may also be & 9(a 2 + 34) = 2[2a + 7] 2 = 2[4a 2 + 28a + 49]
14 14 14
an answer but best answer is A(3, 1, - 2) because in & 2 - 56a + 208 = 0 & a = 4
a
(c) direction cosines are written. (2 + 10 - 12)
9. θ = cos -1 = cos -1 (0)
4. Since the three lines are mutually perpendicular, 4 + 25 + 16 1 + 4 + 9

` l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0 & θ = 90 o .

l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = 0 10. By solving two equations,

l3 l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1 = 0 (l1, m1, n1) = (2 2 - 3,- 2 ,1)

(l2, m2, n2) = (- 2 2 - 3, 2 ,1)
Also, l12 + m12 + n12 = 1,l 22 + m 22 + n 22 = 1, l32 +


l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
m32 + n32 = 1

` The angle between them is π/2.
Now, (l1 + l2 + l3) 2 + (m1 + m2 + m3) 2 + (n1 +

Line
n2 + n3) 2

11. x - ay - b = 0 and cy - z + d = 0
= l12 + m12 + n12) + (l 22 + m 22 + n 22) + (l32 + m32 + n32)
(
l m n

2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2) + 2 (l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3)
` If l, m, n are direction cosines, then a = 1 = c .

+ 2 (l3 l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1) = 3
Hence direction ratios are (a, 1, c).

& (l1 + l2 + l3) 2 + (m1 + m2 + m3) 2 + (n1 + n2 + n3) 2 = 3 12. Let r1 = (x2 - x1) i + (y2 - y1) j + (z2 - z1) k

Hence, direction cosines of required line are : r2 = li + mj + nk

l1 + l2 + l3 m1 + m2 + m3 n1 + n2 + n3 r .r
c
, , m ` cos θ = | r 2|| r1 |

1 2
3 3 3
Also, d =| r1 | sin θ, d 2 = | r1 | 2 sin 2 θ


Note: Students should remember it as a fact.
(x2, y2, z2)
5. cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ
= 2cos 2 α - 1 + 2cos 2 β - 1 + 2cos 2 γ - 1
d
= 2(cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ) - 3 = 2 - 3 =- 1.
θ
(x1, y1, z1)
6. Let the d.c. & of the line be ^l, m, nh
d.c.'s

As the line is perpendicular to ]l1 m1 n1g and ]l2 m2 n2g
& d 2 = | r1 | 2 (1 - cos 2 θ)

ll
& 1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0 and ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0 ]r1 .r2g2
l m n & d 2 =| r1 | 2 d1 -
n

& m n -m n = n l -l n = l m -l m | r1 | 2 | r2 | 2
1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1

7. l + m + n = 0 & d 2 = | r1 | 2 - (r1 .r2) 2, {where r2 = 1 }

l2 + m2 - n2 = 0 & d = | r1 | 2 - (r1 .r2) 2

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Therefore, distance of the point ^ x1, y1, z1 h from the

1 -1 line is

& Either l = 0, m = ,n = or
2 2
d= ] x2 - x1g2 + ^ y2 - y1h2 + ]z2 - z1g2 - 6l ] x2 - x1g + m ^ y2 - y1h + n ]z2 - z1g@2 .
16.12 Mathematics
13. Let a, b, c be the d.r.’s of required line x-4 y-1 z
18. Let
5 = 2 =1 =m

` 3a + 2b + c = 0 and a + b - 2c = 0
x
& = 5m + 4
a b c a b c
- 4 - 1 = 1 + 6 = 3 - 2 or - 5 = 7 = 1
y = 2m + 1
In order to find a point on the required line we put
z=m
z = 0 in the two given equation to obtain, 3x + 2y =
This point also lies on the second line
5 and x + y = 3. Solving these two equations, we 5m + 4 - 1 2m + 1 - 2 m - 3

& 2 = 3 = 4
obtain x =- 1, y = 4.

15m + 9 = 4m - 2
` Co-ordinates of point on required line
are ^- 1, 4, 0h . Hence required line is
& m =- 1
x+1 y-4 z-0
-5 = 7 = 1 & Point / ^- 1, - 1, - 1h

14. Projection of [(1, 2, 3) – (6, 7, 7)] along line 19. Let the point be ^10m + 11, - 4m - 2, - 11m - 8h

=
- 15 - 10 + 8 - 17
= 10 ]10m + 9g - 4 ]- 4m - 1g - 11 ]- 11m - 13g = 0

17 17

237m + 237 = 0
` Distance = (5 2 + 5 2 + 4 2) - 17 = 49 = 7

m =- 1
15. Here, three given lines are coplanar if they have
common perpendicular. Let d.c.’s of common & Point / ^1, 2, 3h

perpendicular be l, m, n

Distance = 14
20. A / ^- 2, 4, - 7h

& ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0 …..(i)

B / ^3, - 6, - 8h

ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0 …..(ii)

C / ^1, - 2, - 2h

and ll3 + mm3 + nn3 = 0 …..(iii)


Solving (ii) and (iii), we get

AB = 25 + 100 + 225 = 350 = 5 14
l m n
m2 n3 - n2 m3 = n2 l3 - n3 l2 = l2 m3 - l3 m2 = k
BC = 4 + 16 + 36 = 56 = 2 14

& l = k (m2 n3 - n2 m3), m = k (n2 l3 - n3 l2),
AC = 9 + 36 + 81 = 126 = 3 14

n = k (l2 m3 - l3 m2) Substituting in (i), we get BC & + CA = AB & collinear

l1 (m2 n3 - n2 m3) + m1 (n2 l3 - n3 l2) + n1 (l2 m3 - l3 m2) = 0 Plane
l1 m1 n1 l1 n1 m1 21. Length of sides are a 2 + b 2 , b 2 + c 2, c 2 + a 2
& l2 m2 n2 = 0 & - l2 n2 m2 = 0. respectively.
l3 m3 n3 l3 n3 m3 1

Now use ∆ = 2 s (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)
16. Here l = cos θ, m = cos β, n = cos θ, (a l = n)

Trick : Put a = 2, b = 2, c = 2, then sides will be 2 2 , 2 2
Now, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 & 2 cos 2 θ + cos 2 β = 1

& 2 cos 2 θ = sin 2 β
and 2 2 i.e., equilateral triangle. So area of this
Given, sin 2 β = 3 sin 2 θ & 2 cos 2 θ = 3 sin 2 θ
3
triangle will be ∆ = 4 # (2 2 ) 2 = 2 3 sq. units
3
& 5 cos 2 θ = 3,`cos 2 θ = 5 . 1 1
Now option (a) & ∆ = 2 16 + 16 + 16 = 2 # 4 3
17. The direction ratios are given by
= 2 3 . Hence the result.
i j k
Aliter : AB =- ait + bjt

2 - 16 7 & 24it - 4tj - 16kt
-2 8 -5 1
AC =- ait + ckt . Area = 2 AB # AC


Equation of line =
it tj kt
x-1 y-2 z+4 1 1
6 = - 1 = - 4
= 2 -a b 0 = 2 b2 c2 + c2 a2 + a2 b2
-a 0 c
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.13
22. According to question, 2(x - 2) + 4(y - 4) - 3(z a b c
5 + 8 = 2 - 5 = -4 - 1 = k

+ 3) = 0 or 2x + 4y - 3z - 29 = 0.
a b c
13 = - 3 = - 5 = k . Therefore, the required
23. A ^0, b, ch in yz-plane and B ^a, 0, ch in zx-plane. equation of plane is - 13x + 3y + 5z + 33 = 0
Plane through O is px + qy + rz = 0. It passes 30. Equation of plane passing through the point (1,0,–1)
through A and B. is,
a (x - 1) + b (y - 0) + c (z + 1) = 0 ……(i)

` 0p + qb + rc = 0 and pa + 0q + rc = 0
p q Also, plane (i) is passing through (3, 2, 2)
r

& bc = ca = - ab = k

` a (3 - 1) + b (2 - 0) + c (2 + 1) = 0

& p = bck, q = cak and r =- abk.
or 2a + 2b + 3c = 0 …..(i)

Hence required plane is bcx + cay - abz = 0
Plane (i) is also parallel to the line
x-1 y-1 z-2
x y z 1 2 = - 2 = 3
24. Plane is a + b + c = 1 , where p =

1 1 1 1
or 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 ...(i)
/ a a12 k
` 2a - 2b + 3c = 0 …..(ii)
a b c p a b c

From (i) and (ii), - 3 = 0 = 2
Now according to equation,

Therefore, the required plane is,
a b c

x = 4 ,y = 4 ,z = 4
- 3(x - 1) + 0(y - 0) + 2(z + 1) = 0 or
Put the values of x, y, z in (i), we get the locus of the
- 3x + 2z + 5 = 0.
centroid of the tetrahedron. 31. Mid-point of (2,3,4) and (6, 7, 8) is (4, 5, 6). This
lies on x + y + z - 15 = 0. Hence this is the required
25. The planes are concurrent, therefore
plane.
-1 c b
32. According to question,
c - 1 a = 0 & a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc = 1
b a -1
| 3 + 4 - 12k + 13 |=|- 9 - 12 + 13 |

` 3 + 4 - 12k + 13 = 8 & k = 1
26. Equation of plane passing through the intersection
of given planes, is 33. Graph of y 2 + z 2 = 0 is y = 0, z = 0, which is
x-axis.

(x + 2y + 3z + 4) + λ (4x + 3y + 2z + 1) = 0 ...(i)
34. Obviously, co-ordinates of A, B, C are respectively

Plane (i) is passing through origin i.e., (0, 0, 0) (3a, 0, 0), (0, 3b, 0) and ^0, 0, 3ch .
4
` + λ = 0 & λ =- 4 Hence centroid is ^a, b, ch .


Put the value of λ in (i), 35. Equation of plane passing through ^- 1, 3, 0h is

- 15x - 10y - 5z = 0 & 3x + 2y + z = 0. A (x + 1) + B (y - 3) + C (z - 0) = 0 ......(i)
27. It is obvious.
Also, plane (i) is passing through the points (2, 2, 1)
and (1, 1, 3). So, 3A - B + C = 0 .....(ii)
28. The equation of the plane through the intersection of

2A - 2B + 3C = 0 .....(iii)
the plane x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y - z + 4 = 0 is
A B C

(x + y + z - 1) + λ (2x + 3y - z + 4) = 0
Solving (ii) and (iii), - 3 + 2 = 2 - 9 = - 6 + 2

or (1 + 2λ) x + (1 + 3λ) y + (1 - λ) z + 4λ - 1 = 0
` A: B: C =- 1: - 7: - 4 or A: B: C = 1: 7: 4

Since the plane parallel to x-axis,
From (i), 1 (x + 1) + 7 (y - 3) + 4 (z) = 0

1
or x + 7y + 4z - 20 = 0
1
` + 2λ = 0 & λ =- 2

` Distance from the plane to the point (5, 7, 8) is,

Hence, the required equation will be y - 3z + 6 = 0.
1 # 5 + 7 # 7 + 4 # 8 - 20 5 + 49 + 32 - 20
29. a (x - 4) + b (y - 3) + c (z - 2) = 0 =
12 + 72 + 42 66
a
` + b + 2c = 0 and a - 4b + 5c = 0 66

= = 66
66
16.14 Mathematics
Line and Plane P

36. The equation of a plane through the line of

intersection of the planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and Q R

al x + bl y + cl z + d l = 0 is

(ax + by + cz + d) + λ (al x + bl y + cl z + d l ) = 0 or

x (a + λal ) + y (b + λbl ) + z (c + λcl ) + d + λd l = 0
N M
...(i)

This is parallel to x-axis i.e., y = 0, z = 0
| PQ |= (0 - 0) 2 + (0 - 1) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 = 2

` 1(a + λal ) + 0(b + λbl ) + 0(c + λcl ) = 0
a
| RP | = | MP |-| MR |=| MP |-| NQ | = 0

&λ =- l
a

Putting the value of λ in (i), the required plane is
` NM |=| QR |= PQ 2 - RP 2 = ( 2 ) 2 - 0 = 2 .
|
y (al b - abl ) + z (al c - acl ) + al d - ad l = 0
i.e., (ab' - a' b) y + (acl - al c) z + ad l - al d = 0
41. When folded co-ordinates will be
(
D 0, 0, a); C (a,0,0); A (- a, 0, 0); B (0, - a, 0)
37. Obviously the line and the plane are parallel, so to y
D
find the distance between the line and the plane,
take any point on the line i.e., (1, – 2, 1). Now a a
x
A a a C
the perpendicular distance of the point (1, – 2, 1)
from the plane will be the required distance.Hence
B
2(1) + 2(- 2) - 1(1) - 6 9
distance = = =3
22 + 22 + 12 9
x y z-a
2+1 Equation of DC is a = 0 = - a
38. sin θ = & θ = 45 o
2# 9 x+a y z
Equation AB is a = - a = 0
39. The equation of plane containing the line
2a
x+1 y-3 z+2 ` Shortest distance = , (By formula).
3
- 3 = 2 = 1 is
a (x + 1) + b (y - 3) + c (z + 2) = 0 .....(i) 42. Equation of planes passing through intersecting the

where - 3a + 2b + c = 0 .....(ii) planes 3x - y - 4z = 0 and x + 3y + 6 = 0 is,

This passes through (0, 7, –7)
(3x - y - 4z) + λ (x + 3y + 6) = 0 ……(i)
` a + 4b - 5c = 0 ..…(iii)
Given, distance of plane (i) from origin is 1.
a b c 6λ

From (ii) and (iii), - 14 = - 14 = - 14 or
` =1
(3 + λ) 2 + (3λ - 1) 2 + 4 2
a b c

1 =1 =1 or 36λ 2 = 10λ 2 + 26 or λ = ! 1


Thus, the required plane is
Put the value of λ in (i),

x + y + z = 0. ` (3x - y - 4z)!(x + 3y + 6) = 0
40. Given plane is x + y + z - 3 = 0. From point P and
or 4x + 2y - 4z + 6 = 0 or 2x + y - 2z + 3 = 0
Q draw PM and QN perpendicular on the given
and 2x - 4y - 4z - 6 = 0
plane and QR = MP.

Thus the required planes are x - 2y - 2z - 3 = 0
0+1+0-3 -2 -2

| MP |= = , | NQ |= and 2x + y - 2z + 3 = 0.
12 + 12 + 12 3 3
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.15
x y z x-3 y-4 z-5
43. Equation of plane is, a + b + c = 1 48. Any point on the line1 = 2 = 2 is
{a, b, c respectively are intercepts on x, y, z axes}
(r + 3, 2r + 4, 2r + 5) which satisfies the plane.
abc
So, r + 3 + 2r + 4 + 2r + 5 = 17 & r = 1.

Then =p
a b + b2 c2 + c2 a2
2 2

` The point is (4, 6, 7).
1 1 1 1

& 2+ 2+ 2 = 2
a b c p
Hence required distance is 1 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 = 3.

Therefore locus of the point (x, y, z) is 49. The lines will be coplanar
1 1 1 1 a-d-b+c a-b a+d-b-c
2 + 2 + 2 = 2
x y z p α - δ α α+δ =0
x y z β-γ β β+γ
44. The plane by intercept form is 1 + 1 + c = 1
1
Add 3rd column to first and it becomes twice the
D.r’s of normal are 1,1, c and of given plane are second and hence the determinant is zero as the two
1,1, 0. Now, columns are identical.
1
π 1.1 + 1.1 + c .0 1 2
Again the equation of the plane in which they lie is

cos 4 = & =
c 2 + 2m 2
2 c + 2m 2
1 1 x-a+d y-a z-a-d
c c2
α - δ α α+δ = 0
1 1 1 β-γ β β+γ

& + 2 = 4 & c2 = 2 & c =
c2 2

Adding 1st and 3rd columns and subtracting twice
` D.r’s of required normal are 1, 1, 2 . the 2nd, we get
x y z
45. Equation of planes be a + b + c = 1 and x + z - 2y y - a z - a - d
x y z 0 α α+δ = 0
l + l + l = 1 (Perpendicular distance on plane
a b c 0 β β+γ
from origin is same)

& {α (β + γ) - β (α + δ)}(x + z - 2y) = 0
-1 -1

` =
1 1 1 1 1 1 x
& + z - 2y = 0 .
+ + + +
a2 b2 c2 al2 bl2 cl2
1 1 50. We have,
` / 2 -/ 2 = 0
a al 3 # 2 - 6 # 3 + 2 # 4 + 11
P1 =
=1
46. Obviously, 4(2) + 4(3) - k (4) = 0 & k = 5 3 2 + (- 6) 2 + (2) 2
47. Direction cosines of line = a 7 , 7 , 7 k
2 3 -6 3 # 1 - 6 # 1 + 2 # 4 + 11 16
P2 =
= 7
3 2 + (- 6) 2 + (2) 2
2r 3r 6r
Now, xl = 1 + 7 , yl =- 2 + 7 and zl = 3 - 7
So, equation whose roots are P1 and P2 is,

` a1 + 7 k - a- 2 + 7 k + a3 - 7 k = 5 & r = 1.
2r 3r 6r 7P 2 - 23P + 16 = 0.

EXERCISE - 3
 
Numerical Type
∠AOB = 90° ⇒ AO . OB = 0
x+2 y−3 z−k
1. = = =l  2k 
1 2 3 ⇒ 7 −3 +  = 0

 3

⇒ (l – 2, 2l + 3, 3l + k) for A, l = 2
9
k
or k = ⇒ 2k = 9

A (0, 7, 6 + k), for B l = – 2
3
 k 2k 
⇒ B  −2 − , 3 −
, 0
 3 3 
16.16 Mathematics
2. The planes are 2b 2 c 2 2a 2 c 2
l = ,r =
a 2b2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
a 2b2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2

 2a 2 bc 2  a 2b2 + b2 c 2 − c 2 a 2  
A 0, 2 2 2 2 2 2
, c  2 2 
 a b +b c +c a  a b + b2c2 + c2 a 2  

 2ab 2 c 2  b2 c 2 − a 2b2 − c 2 a 2   2

B 2 2 2 2 2 2
, 0 , c  2 2  d
 a b +b c +c a  a b + b2c2 + c2 a 2  

y + z = 0 ...(1) 4a 2 b 4 c 4 4a 4 b 2 c 4
= +

z + x = 0 ...(2) (a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 )2 (a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 )2

x + y = 0 ...(3) + 4c 2 (a 4b 4 )
(a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 )2

x + y + z = 1 ...(4)
4 (a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 )2
Solving above equations we get vertices of the =
d2 a 2b4 c 4 + a 4b2 c 4 + a 4b4 c 2
tetrahedron as (0,0,0), (–1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1) and
a 2b2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
(1, 1, –1) =
a 2b2 c 2
−1 1 1 4 1 1 1
⇒ 2 = 2 + 2 + 2.
1 d a b c

Required volume = 1 −1 1
6
1 1 −1 ^b1 - b2 h . ^ p # q h

Shortest distance d =
p#q
0 2 1
1 4 2 2 b1 = ckt
=
6
2 0 1 = = ⇒t = 3 & b1 = b2 = 2ckt
6 3 3 b2 =- ckt
0 0 −1
p # q = ]- bcgit + ]acgtj + ]- abgkt
⇒ 3t = 2.
2abc

d=
b c + a2 c2 + a2 b2
2 2
x y z−c x y z+c
3. L1 : = = = r ; L2 : = = =l
0 b −c a 0 c 4 1 1 1

& = + + &m=4
d2 a2 b2 c2

4. Equation of line L1 is 7iˆ + 6 ˆj + 2kˆ + λ (−3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ)

Equation of line L2 is 5iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ + µ (2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ)

Dr’s of AB are –al, br, –cr – cl + 2c CD = 2it + 3tj - 2kt + λ _- 3it + 2tj + 4kt i

⇒ AB is perpendicular to both the lines
- µ _2it + tj + 3kt i


0(–all) + b. br + (–c) (–cr– cl + 2c) = 0
Since it is parallel to 2iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ


⇒ (b2 + c2) r + c2l = 2c2...(1)
2 − 3λ − 2µ 3 + 2λ − µ −2 + 4λ − 3µ

and a(– al) + 0 (br) + c (–cr– cl + 2c) = 0
\ = =
2 −2 −1

⇒ –(a2 + c2) l – c2r + 2c2 = 0  
\ l = 2, m = 1 \ CD =−6iˆ + 6 ˆj + 3kˆ \ CD = 9.


(a2 + c2) l + c2r = 2c2 ...(2)

from (1) and (2)
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.17
x−2 y +1 z +1 8.
5. = = ⇒ 4a + b + c = 0 ...(i)
a b c
iˆ iˆ kˆ
2x + y = 0 = x – y + z ⇒ 2
1 0
1 −1 1
= iˆ(1 − 0) − ˆj (2 − 0) + kˆ(−2 − 1) =iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ


a – 2b – 3c = 0 ... (ii)

From (i) and (ii)

4a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a – 2b – 3c = 0 PB = 3 2 + 12 2 = 153
a b c a b c

⇒ = = ⇒ = = d = AB = PB 2 + AP 2

−3 + 2 1 + 12 −8 − 1 −1 13 −9
d

\ Equation of the line
= 153 + 16 = 169 = 13 d = 13 & 13 = 1
x−2 y +1 z +1 3−2 α +1 β +1
= = ⇒ = =
−1 13 −9 −1 13 −9 9. In the tetrahedron OABC, take O as the initial point

⇒ a = –14 and b = 8 ⇒ | a + b | = 6. and let the position vectors of A, B and C be a , k
x+4 y + 6 z −1 and c respectively the volume of the tetrahedron is
6. L1 : = = = r;
equal to 6 a $ ]k # c g.
3 5 −2 1

L2 : 3x – 2y + z + 5 = 0 = 2x + 3y + 4z – k

Let the intersection point be (3r – 4, 5r – 6, – 2r + 1)

Also BC = c - k so that

volume of tetrahedron i.e. V = 6 a . ^k # ]k + BC gh

As lines are coplanar therefore this point must lie on 1
both the planes representing the second line
= 6 a . ]k # BC g = 6 k . ]BC # a g
1 1


3(3r – 4) – 2(5r – 6) + (– 2r + 1) + 5 = 0 ⇒ r = 2
1

and 2(3r – 4) + 3(5r – 6) + 4(– 2r + 1) – k = 0 = 6 k . BC a sin θnt, where nt is the unit vector

⇒k = 4 along PN, the line perpendicular to both OA and BC.
7. Since 3(2) + 4(–3) + 6(1) = 0 and 3(1) + 4(2) + 6(–3) Also |BC| = b.
+7=0
1 1
x −1 y − 2 z + 3
Here V = 6 ab sin θk $ nt = 6 ab sin θ

\ the line = = lies in
2 −3 1
the plane 3x + 4y + 6z + 7 = 0. In the new
[projection of OB on PN]
position again the line lies in the plane. 1

= 6 ab sin θ [projection distance between OA and
Let the equation of the new position of the plane be
1 1
ax + by + cz = 0, then 2a – 3b + c = 0 and a + 2b –
BC] = 6 ab sin θ.d = 6 abd sin θ
3c = 0
a b c

\ = = i.e. a = b = c
9 − 2 1+ 6 4 + 3

\ equation of the required plane is x + y + z = 0
16.18 Mathematics
x y z
dr’s of plane 2x – y + mz – 2 = 0 is 2, –1, m
10. z-axis 0 = 0 = 1

for line to be parallel to plane i.e. line is perpendicular
Take a point on the z-axis (0, 0, 1)
to the normal to the plane so

5.2 + 8(–1) + 1.m = 0

& m = –2
12. Here d1 = d cos ]90° - αg, d2 = d cos ^90° - β h and
d3 = d cos ^90° - γ i


d1 = d sin α, d2 = d sin β, d3 = d sin γ

& 12 + d 22 + d32 = kd 2
d
& d 2 ^sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ i = kd 2

Foot of perpendicular from P

x-0 y-0 z-1

Q/ 3 = -4 = 1
` k = 2.
]0 - 0 + 2 + 1g 13. Line of shortest distance will be along
=- 26
it tj kt
Q / b 26 , 26 , 26 l
- 9 12 23

2 3 4 =- it + 2tj - kt

Image of point P in the plane 3 4 5
x-0 y-0 z - 1 - 2 ]0 - 0 + 2 + 1g _- it + 2tj - kt i
` x = _it + 2tj + 2kt i .

R/ 1
3 = -4 = 1 = 26 =
6 6
R / b 13 , 13 , 13 l
- 9 12 10
cos
& -1
^cos 6 x h = cos ]cos 1g = 1
-1

x y z+1
L1 / SQ = - 9 = 12/26 = 49/26 14. Any point of L1 and L2 can be
26 ^2m + 1, 3m + 2, 4m + 3h and

x y z+1

L2 / SR = - 9/13 = 12/13 = 23/13 ^n + 2, 2n + 3, 4n + k h respectively.

x y z+1

L1 / - 9 = 12 = 49
For point of intersection P
x y z+1

L2 / - 9 = 12 = 23
2m + 1 = n + 2 (i)

normal to L1 & L2
3m + 2 = 2n + 3 (ii)
= ^- 26 # 12, 26 # - 9, 0 h

4m + 3 = 4n + k (iii)
= ^12, 9, 0h

Solving (i) and (ii) we have m = 1 and n = 1.

Equation of plane 12x + 9y = 0 or 4x + 3y = 0
` From (iii) k = 3
distance from ^1, 2, 3h

So, point of intersection P will be (3, 5, 7)
4+6+0
Its least distance from given plane

= 5 =2
11. a, b, c be dr’s of line
= Perpendicular distance

3x – 2y + z + 3 = 0 = 4x –3y + 4z + 1 3 $ 3 - 4 $ 5 - 12 $ 7 + 4
3 2 + ]- 4g2 + ]- 12g2

= =

so 3a – 2b + c = 0 and 4a – 3b + 4c = 0 - 91
13 = 7 units

so a : b : c = 5 : 8 : 1
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.19
15. A / 3m + 7, 2m + 7, m + 3 18. Here midpoint is M / ^3, 3, 4h and normal vector

B = 2n + 1, 4n - 1, 3n - 1
of the plane is parallel to PQ

`
3m - 2n + 6 2m - 4n + 8 m - 3n + 4
= = Hence n = 4it + 2tj + 2kt = 2 _2it + tj + kt i

2 2 1

P (5, 4, 5)
B

v = (2, 2, 1) M

|
A
Q (5, 4, 5)

` Equation of plane passing through the midpont

` m = 2 and n = 0
M of PQ, is

& A / ^13, 11, 5h, B = ^1, - 1, - 1h

2 ] - 3 g + 1 ^ y - 3 h + 1 ] z - 4g = 0
x

AB
` = 18
2x + y + z = 13 / ax + by + cz = d

16. Direction ratio of line L1 is

& a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = 13

it tj kt a
& + b + c + d = 17

1 -2 4 =- 6it + 7tj + 5kt 19. Since Q is intersection of L1 and rQ ^5, - 4, 1h;
2 1 1

and R is intersection of xy plane and L1R (7, -7, 0),
a 1 = L2 & 2 ]- 6g + 7 ]1 g + 2a $ 5 = 0 & a = 2
1
L
A ^3, - 4, 0h &

17. L
7

Volume of OARQ = 3
P2 : 2x + ky + 5z = 8

` 3m - 5n = 6
B
M (1,  1, 2) 20. Given line is parallel to the line of intersection of
|

two planes x + y + 0z = 2 and 0x + 0y + z = 0
P1 : x + 2y  3z = 21
So it is along n1 # n2 = it - tj


Line ‘L’ prependicular to P1 and passing through M
` a = 1, b =- 1, c = 0
a ]m + 2g2 + m 2 + p 2 = 18
x-1 y+1 z-2

is 1 = 2 = - 3
a A ^m + 1, 2m - 1, - 3m + 2h lies on P1 (0, 0, 0)

`m=2
Hence A / ^3, 3, - 4h
3 2
& is ^- 1, - 5, 8h which lies on P2 x-2 y-0 z-p
B 1 = -1 = 0 = m
 + 2, , p
k
` =6

& m+2+m = 0

m =- 1 and p = 4.
16.20 Mathematics
21. Vector normal to the plane is n = it - 3tj + 2kt and m-5
1 n-8
24. We have, 12 = 1 = 2
vector along the line is V = 2it + tj - 3kt
A (2, 3, 5)
n$v 2-3-6 7

Now sin i = = = 14 .
n v 14 14

Hence cosec i = 2.
22. Plane P passes through (1, 5, 3) and normal to
A = ^2, 3, 6h is

2 ] - 1g + 3 ^ y - 5 h + 6 ] z - 3g = 0
|| || C
x B D
 (, 5, )

& 2x + 3y + 6z = 35 3, 2)
( 1,

` Perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to the plane
& m = 7, n = 10
13
= -735 = 5. 25. OQ =
26
23. Let V is the vector along the line of intersection of
OR = 38

the planes 2x - y - 3z - 8 = 0

x + 2y - 4z - 14 = 0, then Q
R(1, 1, 6)
it tj kt
V = 2 - 1 - 3 = 5 _2it + tj + kt i

1 2 4

This is = to join of (a, 2, 2) and ^6, 11, - 1h .

Vector V 1 along this is,
V = ]a - 6g it - 9tj + 3kt
O (0)
1
= ]ORg2 - ^OQ h
2

Now, V $ V1 = 0 gives a = 9. QR
`
63 7

= 2 =3 2.

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 3. a(x – 2) + b(y – 3) + 6( z – 1) = 0 ...(1)

2a – 2b – 3c = 0 and 4a + 0.b + 6c = 0
1. OP ^ AP a b c
⇒ = =
−12 − 0 −12 − 12 0 + 8
a b c
= = = λ (let)
3 6 −2

Put these values of a, b, c in (1)

3(x – 2) + 6(y – 3) – 2(z – 1) = 0

⇒ 3x + 6y – 2z – 22 = 0

a(a – 1) + b(b – 2) + g(g – 3) = 0 −15 − 24 − 16 − 22 77

⇒d = = = 11 .
\ Locus of P (a, b, g) is 9 + 36 + 4 7

x2 + y2 + z2 – x – 2y – 3z = 0.
2. (2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ).(3iˆ – 2 ˆj – mkˆ) =0

= 6 – 2 – 2m = 0 or m = 2.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.21
4. Let A(2l + 1, 4l + 3, 3l + 2) 4t + 1 + 7 t+2 t+m

& = = 2

⇒ (2l + 1 – 3) . 3 + (4l + 3 – 8). 2 m m-6

On solving,

+ (3l + 2 – 2) (– 2) = 0

m =- 2, 8

6l – 6 + 8l – 10 – 6l = 0 ⇒ l = 2
iˆ + ˆj + kˆ iˆ + ˆj − kˆ

\ A(5, 11, 8) 9. Dr’s of bisector + =λ (iˆ + ˆj )
3 3

\ AP = (2) 2 + (3) 2 + (6) 2 = 7

5. The equation of plane containing A, B and C is

x-1 y-1 z-1
1 1 0 =0
2 -1 -2

&- 2x + 2y - 3z + 3 = 0 ...(1)
Hence Dr’s are l, l, 0 (l ∈ R)

Equation of bisector

x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 2
= = ⇒ = ;z−3= 0
λ λ 0 2 2

10. If q is the angle between the normal to the plane and

1
the incident ray, then cosθ = .
3

Clearly, M ^a, 2, 1h satisfy equation (1), so

If l, m, n are the d.c. of the reflected ray, then

- 2a + 4 - 3 + 3 = 0 & a = 2 Ans. 1+l 1 0+m -1 0+n 1
= , = and -=
2 cos i 3 2 cos i 3 2 cos i 3
6. Let the point on line is (2 + 3l, –1 + 4l, 2 + 12l) it
lies on plane so 1 2 2

& l =- 3 , m =- 3 , n = 3

2 + 3l – (–1 + 4l) + 2 + 12l = 5

Hence (d) is the correct answer.

⇒ 5 + 11l = 5
11. a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 6 + 2 + 12 is positive

⇒l = 0

so that the acute angle bisector is

So point is (2, –1, 2) Distance of (–1, –5, –10) from
(2, –1, 2) is 9 + 16 + 144 = 13. 2x − y + 2z + 3 3x − 2 y + 6 z + 8
=−
3 7
λ −1 7 µ+2
⇒ 23x – 13y + 32z + 45 = 0.
7. Dc’s of AM − 2 , − 3, − 5 , where M
2 2 2
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
is the mid-point of BC.
12. Let direction cosines of straight line be

Since AM is equally inclined to the axes

l, m, n ⇒ 4l + m + n = 0, l – 2m + n = 0
λ−5 1 µ−8

∴ = = ⇒ l = 6, m = 9 l m n l m n
2 2 2 ⇒ = = ⇒ = = .
3 −3 −9 −1 1 3

⇒ l + m = 15.
8. Let a point on the first line be ^4t + 1, t + 2, t h Equation of straight line is x − 2 = y + 1 = z + 1 .

−1 1 3

This point also lies on the second line

Hence (c) is the correct choice.
16.22 Mathematics
13. Equations of straight line through the origin are
(2x – y + 3z + 4) + l (ax + y – z + 2) = 0
x−0 y−0 z−0
= = where l ((b + c) + m (c + a) x(2 + al) + y(l – 1) + z(3 – l) + (4 + 2l) = 0 ...(2)
l m n

x – 3y + z = 0 = x + 2y + 2 + 1 ...(3)
+ n (a + b)) = 0 and l (b – c) + m (c – a) + n(a – b)
Q equation of plane passing through (3) is
= 0 On solving,
(x – 3y + z) + m(x + 2y + z + 1) = 0
l m n
⇒ x(1 + m) + y(2m – 3) + z(m + 1) + m = 0 ...(4)
= =
(
2 a − bc 2
) ( 2
2 b − ca ) ( 2
2 c − ab )
if lines (1) and (3) are coplanar, then

Equations of the straight line are 2 + aλ λ −1 3 − λ 4 + 2λ
y = = =
x z µ +1 2µ − 3 µ + 1 µ
2 = =
a - bc b 2 - ca c 2 - ab

Hence (c) is the correct answer. Solving this we get, l = – 1, m = 1 \ a = – 2.
2 + 12
17. Distance between plane = =2
14. x = y = z = r ...(1) 7
1 2 3
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= = ...(2)
3 −1 4
x+k y −1 z − 2
= = ...(3)
3 2 h
Q P (r, 2r, 3r) lies on (2) \
r − 1 2r − 2 3r − 3
Angle between line and plane = q
= = ⇒ r =1
3 −1 4 6 − 12 + 30 24
= 2

\ point of intersection of (1) and (2) be (1, 2, 3).
sin q = sin q =
5 2 .7 35 2 PQ
(1, 2, 3) will also satisfy (3) as the lines are concurrent
35 2 35 2
1+ k 1 1 1
⇒ PQ = 2 × = .

\ = = ⇒ h = 2 ; k = Ans. 24 12
3 2 h 2
18. Equation of plane containing L1 and parallel to L2 is
x−2 y −1 z +1
15. x − 1 = y − 2 = z − 3 = r...(1)
3 1 2 1 0 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x – 3y – z = 2
x − 3 y −1 z − 2 1 1 −1
= = ...(2)
1 2 3
2 2

∴ coordinates of any point P on line (1) distance from origin =
=
14 7

∴ P(3r + 1, r + 2, 2r + 3) for point of intersection of 19. Let the tetrahedron cut x-axis, y-axis and z-axis at a,
(1) and (2) b and c respectively.

3r + 1 − 3 r + 2 − 1 2r + 3 − 2 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
= =
volume = [ai bj ck ] (given)
6
1 2 3
1
3r − 2 r + 1 2r + 1
Then ( abc) = 64 K 3 ...(1)

⇒ = = ∴r=1 6
1 2 3
Let centroid be (x1, y1, z1)

∴ point of intersection is (4, 3, 5)
a b c

∴ the equation of required plane \ x1 =
, y1 = , z1 =
4 4 4

⇒ 4(x – 4) + 3(y – 3) + 5(z – 5) = 0
Put in (1) wet get x1y1z1 = 6K3

⇒ 4x + 3y + 52 = 50.
\ Locus is xyz = 6K3
The required locus is xyz = 6K3
16. 2x – y + 3z + 4 = 0 = ax + y – z + 2 ... (1)
Q equation of plane through (1) is
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.23
20. r.n = d ...(1)    23. Any plane passing through first line 2x + y + z – 1 +
r = r0 + tn ...(2)

from (1) and (2) λ (3x + y + 2z – 2) = 0, if it is parallel to second line
  (2 + 3 λ )1 + (1 + λ )1 + (1 + 2 λ )1 = 0 & λ = – 2/3.
   d − r0 .n

(r0 + tn ).n = d ⇒ t = 
n2  
Plane is y – z + 1 = 0
  d − r .n  
r = r0 +   20  n 1
substitute the value of ‘t’ in (2)  n 
Distance from (0, 0, 0) = .
2
21. A point on the line can be taken as 24. The d.c’s of incident ray are (–1, 0, 0). Let the

x = 2m + 1 d.c’s of reflected ray be (l, m, n), then the direction

y =- 3m - 1 ratios of the normal to the plane of mirror will be

z=m (l – 1, m , n).

Distance from (l, m, n) N(1, –1, 1)
^1 - 1, 0h = 4 14
,
& ]2m + 1 - 1g2 + ]- 3m - 1 + 1g2 + ]m - 0g2 = 224

& m 2 + 9m 2 + m 2 = 224
4
& m 2 = 16


& m =! 4 O (–1, 0, 0)

Nearer the origin when m =- 4

22. dr’s of diagonal through the origin are (1, 1, 1)
l-1 m n
y 1 = - 1 = 1 = k (say)
So,

& l = k + 1, m =- k, n = k
& (k + 1)2 + (– k)2 + (k)2 = l2 + m2 + n2
= 1 & k = –2/3. So, (l, m, n) is a 3 , 3 , - 3 k .
1 2 2

25. It’s direction ratio is < 3, 1, 0 >
x
` Option (1) and (2) are correct.
O

Any point on the line is < 3 + 3 m, 2 + m, 1 >

Hence, for m = 1, Option (3) is correct.
z


Line and plane are parallel to each other.

dr’s of edge, parallel to x-axis
Hence, Option (4) is incorrect.

and in the plane z = 0, are (1, 0, 0) 26. We must have 3= 0

Hence d.c. of the line of shortest distance are ]a + 1g3 ]a + 2g3 ]a + 3g3
c0
,
1
,–
1
m i.e., ]a + 1g ]a + 2g ]a + 3g = 0

2 2 1 1 1

Projection of line segment joining (1, 1, 1) and
Put u = a + 1, v = a + 2, w = a + 3
1
(1, 1, 0) on the line of shortest distance =-
2
then u - v =- 1, v - w =- 1, w - u = 2

Also, u + v + w = 3a + 6 . Now, 3= 0
u3 v3 w3

& u v w =0
1 1 1
i.e., ]u - vg]v - wg]w - ug]u + v + wg = 0

& ]- 1g]- 1g]2g]3a + 6g = 0 or a =- 2

16.24 Mathematics
27. Let the plane be a ] x - 1g + b ^ y + 2 h + c ]2 - 1g = 0 3
i.e. 2 λ 2 Also equation of plane ABC is


The normal is perpendicular to the normals of the
two planes r . 6a # b + b # c + c # a @ = 6a b c @
& 2a - 2b + c = 0 ` distance of O from plane
a - b + 2c = 0 6a b c @ λ3 / 2 2

= = =λ
a b c a b c 6a # b + b # c + c # a @ 3 λ2 3
& -4 + 1 = 1 - 4 = 0 &1 =1 =0 2

Equation / x - 1 + y + z = 0 Multiple Options Correct
 
x
& + y =- 1 31. Let A = a iˆ + b ˆj + c kˆ and B = xiˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ
   
1+2+1 given that A . B = 2 ⇒ | A | | B | cos q = 2

Distance = =2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
28. Let the plane be ⇒ x + y + z . a +b +c ≥2

^2 + y - z - 4 h + m ]3x + 5z - 4g = 0
x
⇒ (a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) ≥ 4
& ]2 + 3mgx + ]1 g y + ]- 1 + 5mgz - 4 - 4m = 0

Similarly the others.
4 + 4m 32. cos q = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 ; Dc’s of b1 (bisector)
= 4 + 4m & 2 + 3m = 1
2 + 3m

& m =- 1/3 & Option (b)
29. Equation of plane through P ^α, β, γ h is
xα + yβ + zγ = p 2

` A / c α , 0, 0 m, B / d 0, , 0 n, C / d 0, 0, γ n
p2 p2 p2

β

Now l1 + l2
4
1 1 p
x
3 = area of 3 BOC = 2 .OB.OC = 2 . .
βγ (l1 + l2 ) + (m1 + m2 ) 2 + (n1 + n2 ) 2
2

4
1 1 p l1 + l2 l1 + l2
y
3 = area of 3 COA = 2 .OC.OA = 2 . αγ .

= =
2 + 2(l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 ) 2 + 2 cos θ
4
1 1 p
z
3 = area of 3 AOB = 2 .OA.OB = 2 . l1 + l2 m + m2 n1 + n2
αβ
= Similarly 1 ,

` Required area of 2 cos θ / 2 2 cos θ / 2 2 cos θ / 2
= ]3 xg2 + ^3 yh + ]3 zg2
2
ABC
3
Similarly Dc’s for bisector b2
4 5
p p l1 − l2 m1 − m2 n1 − n2

= α2 + β2 + γ2 = , , .
2αβγ 2αβγ θ θ θ
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
30. Let OABC be a regular tetrahedron such that
2 2 2

OA = a , OB = b , OC = c and lm + mn + nl
33. cos q = ...(i)
a = b = c = λ. l 2 + m2 + n2
λ2
x3 + x2 – 4x – 4 = 0
Now a .b = b .c = c .a = λ 2 cos 60° = 2


⇒ l+ m + n = – 1
and a .a = b .b = c .c = λ 2


⇒ lm + mn + nl = – 4
a .a a .b a .c 2
6a b c @ = b .a b .b b .c = λ

(l + m + n)2 = l2 + m2 + n2 + 2 (– 4)
2
c .a c .b c . c
⇒ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 + 8 = 9
Also b # c + c # a + a # b = 2 Area of 3 ABC
4

∴ cos q = – \ acute angle between the lines is
9
4
cos–1
9
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.25
34. Any point on line is (3l + 2, 2l – 1, 1 – l) x −1 y −1 z −1 15
= = =−

but it lies on the curve xy = c2 and z = 0 7 13 4 117

⇒ (3l + 2) (2l – 1) = c2 and l – l = 0 12 −78 57

x= ,y = ,z = ⇒ b = 117.
117 117 117

⇒ (3l + 2) (2l – 1) = c2 and l = 1 ⇒ c2 = 5
2x − 3y − 7z = 0 

⇒c = ± 5 
37. 3 x − 14 y − 13z = 0  obviously all the three planes
35. A (2 – x, 2, 2), B (2, 2 –y, 2), C (2, 2, 2 – z), D (1, 1, 8 x − 31 y − 33 z = 0 
1)
pass through origin
2 −3 −7
D= 3
−14 −13
8 −31 −33

= 2(462 – 403) + 3(– 99 + 104) – 7(– 93 + 112)

= 118 + 15 – 133 = 0
 
From the theory of system of equations
DA = (1 − x) iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ; DB =iˆ + (1 − y ) ˆj + kˆ ;


D = D 1 = D2 = D3 = 0
DC = iˆ + ˆj + (1 − z ) kˆ


If four points are coplanar then
⇒ System of equations has infinite solutions.

6DA DB DC @ = 0

\ Hence three planes intersect in a common line

1− x 1 1
38. For line ^l, m, nh to be equally inclined i1 = i 2
⇒ 1
1− y 1 =0
cos i1 = cos i 2
1 1 1− z l + 2m + 2n 2l + m + 2n
l 2 + m 2 + n 2 l 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 = l 2 + m 2 + n 2 2 2 + 1 2 + 2 2

c1 → c1 – c2 and c2 → c2 – c3
l
& = m
−x 0 1 39. Volume = Area of base # Height

⇒ y −y 1 =0 1

= 2 AB # AC # h
0 z 1− z
1

∴ –x (– y + yz – z) + 1 (+ yz) = 0 3 = 2 it + 2tj + kt # h

⇒ xy – xyz + xz + yz = 0
h = 6 Let A1 / a1 & A = a

1 1 1
a1 = a ! h . = ^1, 0, 1h ! ^1, 2, 1h

xy + yz + zx = xyz ∴ + + = 1.
x y z 40. x + y + z – 1 + 0

4x + y – 2z + 2 = 0
36. Let the plane is

\ direction ratios of the line are < –3, 6, – 3>

(2x + 3y – z) + 1 + l (x + y – 2z + 3) = 0 ...(1)

i.e. <1, – 2, 1>

(2 + l) x + (3 + l) y – (1 + 2l) z + 1 + 3l = 0

Let z = k, then x = k – 1, y = 2 – 2k

3 (2 + l) – (3 + l) + 2(1 + 2l) = 0

i.e. (k –1, 2 – 2k, k) is any point on the line

⇒ + 6l + 5 = 0 ⇒ l = – 5/6

Putting value of l in (1)  1 1
\ (–1, 2, 0), (0, 0, 1) and  − 2 ,1, 2 


7x + 13y + 4z – 9 = 0 ⇒ a = 9
\ (a), (b) and (c) are correct options

Now image of (1, 1, 1) in plane p is

x −1 y −1 z −1  7 + 13 + 4 − 9  ;
= = = −2 
7 13 4  49 + 169 + 16 
16.26 Mathematics
41. Equation of required plane is 46. The plane will pass through points (x1, y1, z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) and will parallel to line whose d.r.s are d1,

lx + my + lz = 0 ...(i)
d2, d3

angle between (i) and lx + my = 0 is a.
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
2 + m2
So equation of plane is x - x2 y - y2 z - z2 = 0

⇒ cos a = d1 d2 d3
2 + m2 2 + m2 + λ 2
x - x2 y - y2 z - z2
2 + m2

⇒ cos a = 2 2
2 2
⇒ λ = ±  2 + m 2 tan a
or x1 - x2 y1 - y2 z1 - z2 = 0
 +m + λ d1 d2 d3
42. Normal to P1 = _2tj + 3kt i # _ 4tj - 3kt i
Hence (a) and (b) are the correct answers.

=- 18it
47. Let P(2r1, – 3r1, r1) and Q(3r2 + 2, – 5r2 + 1, 2r2 – 2)
be the points on the given lines so that PQ is the line
Normal to P2 = _ tj - kt i # ^3it + 3tj h
of shortest distance
= 3it - 3tj - 3kt

d.r.s of PQ(2r1 – 3r2 – 2, – 3r1 + 5r2 – 1, r1 – 2r2 + 2)
D.R of A = ]- itg # _it - tj - kt i

Since it is perpendicular to given lines
=- tj + kt Angle between A and 2it + tj - 2kt

2(2r1 – 3r2 – 2) – 3(3r1 + 5r2 – 1) + (r1 – 2r2 + 2) = 0
-1 - 2 !1
and (2r1 – 3r2 – 2) – 5(– 3r1 + 5r2 – 1) + 2(r1 – 2r2

cos i = =
3 2 2 + 2) = 0

& r1 = 31/3, r2 = 19/3
43. Equation of plane containing L1 is
& P is a 3 , - 31, 3 k and Q is a21, 3 , 3 k
y z 62 31 - 92 32

λx + b + c - 1 = 0
d.r.s of PQ is b 3 , 3 , 3 l
1 1 1
λ 1 -1
As it is parallel to L2 ` c + 0 + ac = 0 & λ = a
x y z Hence (a), (b) and (c) are the correct answers.
So required plane is a - b - c + 1 = 0
48. n1 = 2it - tj + kt ; n2 = it + njt + 2kt ;
1-0-0+1
Also 2d = r 2-n+2 1
1 1 1 cos 3 = = 2
+
a2 b2 c2
+ 6 5 + n2
& 2 + 16n - 17 = 0 & n =- 17
n
44. p ` z j + ` z j + 3 ` z j` z j + ` z j + 2 ` z j + q = 0
x 2 y 2 x y x y
(reject as n ! N g or n = 1

To factorise make 3= 0
49. AC = BC
p # 1 # q + 2 # 2 # 1 # 2 - p # 12 - 1 # a 2 k
1 3 1 2
AC 2 = BC 2

- qa 2 k = 0 ] x - 1g2 + ^ y + 1h + ] z - 1g2
3 2

2

and also for perpendicularity p + q + 1 = 0 = ] x + 1g2 + ^ y - 1 h + ] z + 1g2
2

& 4p 2 - p - 14 = 0
(4p + 7) (p - 2) = 0
0 = 4x - 4y + 4z
-7 3 x
& -y+z = 0
p = 2, q =- 3, p = 4 ,q = 4
45. Any point on the line (3l – 2, 2l – 1, 2l + 3), then
Normal is perpendicular to normal in options (a),
(3l – 3)2 + (2l – 3)2 + (2l)2 = 18
(b), (d)
30

& λ = 0, 17 & points are (– 2, – 1, 3) and

a 17

56 43 111 k
, 17 , 17 .

Hence (a) and (c) are the correct answers.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.27
x y z Passage - 2 (Question. 54 - 56)
50. Let 1 = z = 3 = m
& ^ x, y, z h = ^m, 2m, 3mh
1
54. Volume of pyramid = × base area × height
3
Now, 3b 2 x + 3 ]1 - 2ag y + z = 3

1
& ^3b 2 + 6 ]1 - 2ag + 3 hm = 3
=
3
× 16 × 6 = 32

& ^b 2 - 4a + 3 hm = 1
...(1) 55. Co-ordinates of centroid of faces EAB, EBC, ECD
 10 10   14 
And, 2 _6a 2 x + 3 ^1 - 2bh y + 2z i = 3

-1 and EDA are (2, 2, 2)  , 2,  ,  2, 2, 3  ,
 3 3
2 10 
& 2 ^6a 2 + 3 ^1 - 2bh 2 + 2.3 h m = 3
-1
 , 2,  . y-co-ordinate of each point is 2. hence
3 3
& ^- a 2 + 2b - 2 hm = 1
....(2) these points are co-planar and plane is parallel to
base plane.

From (1) and (2)
56. ortho-centre of DABD is (0, 0, 0) equation of plane
b 2 - 4a + 3 =- a 2 + 2b - 2
x−4 y z
& ]a - 2g2 + ^b - 1h = 0
2
EBC is −2 6 6 =0
& ^a, bh / ^2, 1h
0 0 4

4. ((x – 4).6 + 2y) = 0
& Options a, b, c are correct
Comprehension type
⇒ 6x – 24 + 2y = 0 ⇒ 3x + y – 12 = 0
Passage - 1 (Question. 51 - 53) 0 + 0 + 21 12

d= =
51. Direction ratio of L1 are 3, 1, 2 and of L2 are 1, 2, 3 2
3 +1 10

iˆ ˆj kˆ Passage - 3 (Question. 57 - 59)

Vector perpendicular to L1 and L2 is 3
1 2
57. A (2, 1, 0), B (1, 0, 1)
1 2 3

C (3, 0, 1) and D (0, 0, 2)
−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ
= – iˆ – 7 ĵ + 5 k̂ unit vector is

Equation of plane ABC
5 3

Hence (b) is correct. x−2 y −1 z
52. Shortest distance between L1 and L2 is 1 1 −1 = 0 ⇒ y + z = 1
    2 0 0
| (b − a ) . p × q |  
  , Now p × q = – iˆ – 7 ĵ + 5 k̂  
| p×q| 58. Equation of L= 2kˆ + λ ( AB × AC )
  −3 + 20 17
and b − a = 3 iˆ + 4 k̂ . Hence = = . so L= 2kˆ + λ ( ˆj + kˆ)

5 3 5 3
Hence (d) is correct 59. Equation of plane ABC

53. The equation of plane passing through (– 1, – 2, – 1)

y+z–1=0
2 −1 1

and normal ^ to L1 and to L2 i.e. parallel to – i – 7j +
distance from (0, 0, 2) is = = .
5k is 2 2

a (x + 1) + b (y + 2) + c (z + 1) = 0

or, – (x + 1) – 7 (y + 2) + 5 (z + 1) = 0

i.e. x + 7y – 5z + 10 = 0

Distance of (1, 1, 1) from this plane is
1 + 7 − 5 + 10 13
= . Hence (c) is correct.
5 3 75
16.28 Mathematics
Matching Column Type
(d)
x y z
60. (a) Line parallel to 2 = - 1 = 1 and passing
through ^1, 3, 4h is given by
x-1 y-3 z-4
2 = - 1 = 1 = m

Any point on this line is given by
^2m + 1, - m + 3, m + 4h

AB = 2DE = 2 m 2 + n 2


This point lies on the plane 2x - y + z = 3
& ]2m + 1g - ]- m + 3g + m + 4 = 3
BC = 2FE = 2 l 2 + n 2

2
6
& m=0&m=0 CA = 2FD = 2 l 2 + m 2

Hence point lies on the plane AB 2 + BC 2 + CA 2 = 8 ]l 2 + m 2 + n 2g

AB 2 + BC 2 + CA 2

& Distance = 0
& =8
l2 + m2 + n2

(b)
61. (a) Both the lines pass through the point (7, 11, 15)

(b) < 2, 3, 4 > are direction ratios of both the lines.
Also the point (1, 2, 3) is common to both

\ The lines are conicident.
Point ‘Q’ on the line can be written as
(c) <5, 4 – 2> are direction ratios of both the lines
^2m + 1, 4m + 3, 3m + 2h Also, PQ is parallel to the

\ The lines are parallel.

normal of the plane &

Also x = 2 + 5l, y = – 3 + 4l, z = 5 – 2l
2 + 5λ − 7 − 3 + 4λ −1 5 − 2λ − 2
3 ]2m + 1 - 3g + 2 ]4m + 3 - 8g - 2 ]3m + 2 - 2g = 0

\
5
=
4
=
−2

8
& m - 6 - 10 = 0 3 + 2λ

i.e. l – 1 = l – 1 = \ no valure of l
−2

&m=2
Thus the lines are parallel and different.

& Q / ^5, 11, 8h

(d) <2, 3, 5> and <3, 2, 5> are direction ratios of first
and 2nd line respectively.
PQ
& = 22 + 32 + 62 = 7
\ The lines are not parallel.
(c) Equation of plane through ^0, - 1, - 1h, (4,5,1)

x = 3 + 2l, y = – 2 + 3l, z = 4 + 5l
and (3,9,4) is given by 10x - 14y + 22z + 8 = 0
x = 3 + 3 3µ, y = – 2 + 2µ, z = 7 + 5µ

Now, ^- 4, 4, k h lies on this

are parametric equations of the lines

Solving 3 + 2l = 3 + 3µ and –2 + 3l = 2 + 2µ

&- 40 - 56 + 22k + 8 = 0 12 8
We get l = ,µ =

& 22k = 88 & k = 4 5 5

Now substituting these values in 4 + 5l = 7 + 5µ

We get 4 + 12 = 7 + 8 i.e. 16 = 15 which is not true.

\ The lines do not intersect.

Hence the lines are skew.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.29
62. (a) Let the foot Q of perpendicular be 63. (a) Vector parallel to line of intersection of the plane

(2 + 2l, 1 + 3l, 2 + 4l) is (iˆ + ˆj ) × ( ˆj + kˆ) = kˆ − ˆj + iˆ equation of line

\ 2(2l + 1) + 3(3l – 1) + 4(4l – 1) = 0 whose dr’s, are (1, – 1, 1) and passing through (0, 0,
5
0) is x = – y = z
29l = 5 λ =

29 kˆ . Hence dr’s = (0, 0, 1)
(b) Similarly (iˆ × ˆj ) =
\ Foot = b 29 , 29 , 29 l
68 44 78
and passing through the point (2, 3, 0)

x−2 y−3 z

(b) Let the image be the point (a, b, c), then
\ Equation of line = =
0 0 1
1+ a 68 1+ b 44 3 + c 78
(c) Similarly ˆ
i x ( ˆ
j + ˆ
k ) = ˆ
k − ˆ
j
= , = and =
2 29 2 29 2 29

dr’s = (0, –1, 1)
107 30 69 x−2 y − 2007 z + 2004

i.e. a = 29 , b = 29 and c = 29
Equation of line = =
0 −1 1
x−2 y −3 z −5 4 + 9 − 20 + 17 −10
because x = 2 and y + z = 3

(c) = = =− =
2 3 −4 4 + 9 + 16 29

so y = 2007, z = – 2004 satisfy above equation.
38 57 185
(d) x = 2, x + y + z = 3
a=
,b = and c =
29 29 29

y+z=1
x−2 y − 5 z −1 6 − 10 + 4 − 5 10
same as part C, we get

(d) = = =−2 =
3 −2 4 29 29
x−2 y z −1
= =
30 88 20 125 40 69 0 −1 1
x = 2+ = , y = 5− =
, z = 1+ =
29 29 29 29 29 29

Numerical Type x-0 y + 2m z-m

& 1 = 1 = 1 .....(ii)
1. 8x + 4 2 y = 1, z = 0 ]a 2 - a 1g $ ]b 1 - a 2g
1
Shortest distance =
x- 8 b1 # b 2
y-0 z-0
Here,

& 1 = = 0 =m
- 2
_a2 - a1 i = b - mit + b - 2m + 1 ltj + mkt l


- 8x - 6 3 z = 1, y = 0 2
1 ti tj kt
x+ 8 y-0 z-0

& = 0 = -4 & b1 # b2 = 1 1 - 1

3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1
4 0 0
& 1 # b2 = itb 2 + 2 l - tj b1 + 2 l + ktb1 - 2 l
1 1 1 1
1 - 2 0 = 2 b
3 3 0 -4 3 kt
1 & 1 # b2 = it - 2 tj + 2
b
d=
51 2it - 3tj + kt
1 b
& 1 # b2 = 2
2 = 51
d
b # b2 2it - 3tj + k
2. Given equations of the lines are & 1
=
b1 # b2 14
]a 2 - a 1g $ ]b 1 # b 2g

x - m = 2y - 1 =- 2z
1
Shortest distance =
x-m y- z-0 b1 # b 2
& 1 = 12 = 1
.....(i)
2it - 3tj + kt
= b - mit + b - 2m + 2 ltj + mkt l $ e o
-2 7 1
2 &
2 2 14

& x = y + 2m = z - m
16.30 Mathematics
3
Equation of line
7 - 2m + 6m - 2 + m y+1
& = x-1 z+1
2 2
L| 1 = 1 = 1
14
3 7 Let point R, ^m + 1, m - 1, m - 1h

& 5m - 2 = 2

lying on plane x + y + z = 5,
3 7
& 5m = 2 ! 2
so, 3m - 1 = 5
& 5m = 5, - 2
&m=2
2
& m = 1, - 5 Point R is ^3, 1, 1h

QR 2 = 5 Ans.

as m is given an integer
& m = 1 5. Gives planes are:
Hence the required value is : P r $ _it + tj + kt i = 1
1
..(i)
& m = 1 P2 r $ ^it + 2tj h =- 2
: ..(ii)
3. Lines must be intersecting
Planes passing through the intersection of planes P1

& (2s – 1, 4s + 3, 3s –1) = (2t – 3, 6t – 2 , m t + 1) and P2 can be given as

2s – 1 = 2t – 3, 4s + 3 = 6t – 2 , 3s – 1 = m t + 1
P1 + mP2 = 0
& $ _it + tj + kt i - 1 + m " r $ ^it - 2tj + 2 h, = 0
1 1

& t = , s =- , m =- 7 r ..(iii)
2 2

Now the plane represented by Eq. (iii) passes

distance of plane contains given lines from given
through P (1, 0, 2) or OP = it + 2kt
plane is same as distance between point (–3, –2,1)
from given plane. Hence put r = it + 0tj + 2kt in Eq. (iii)

; - 69 + 20 - 2 + 48 ;

Required distance equal to
So we get
529 + 100 + 4
_it + 0tj + 2kt i $ _it + tj + kt i - 1 + m #(it + 0tj + 2kt)

3 k
&k=3
$ (it + 2tj) + 2 , = 0
= =
633 633
& 6(1) (1) + (0) (1) + (2) (1) - 1@

Single Options Correct
4. + m 6(1) (1) + (0) (- 2) + (2) (0) + 2@ = 0

2
& + 3m = 0
P(1,0,1)
2

& m =- 3

 Now put the value of m in Eq. (iii)

R
& r $ _it + tj + kt i - 1 - 3 6r $ (it - 2tj) + 2@ = 0
b 2

& r $ ;b1 - 3 l it + b1 + 3 ltj + (1 + 0) ktE - b1 + 3 l = 0

(1,1,1) 2 4 4
Q(a, b, c)

& r $ : 3 it + 3 tj + ktD = 3
L 1 7 7

Let parallel vector of L = b
& r $ 7it + 7tj + 3ktA = 7

mirror image of Q on given plane x + y + z = 5
a - 1 b - 0 c - 1 - 2 ]2 - 5g
6. d.r of normal to the plane
1 = 1 = 1 = 3 10 10 10
, ,

a = 3, b = 2, c = 3 3 3 3
Q / ^3, 2, 3h

/ 1, 1, 1

-2 1 4
b
` < PQ midpoint of P and Q is d
, , n
3 3 3
so, b = ^1, 1, 1h

& equation of plane x + y + z = 1
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.31
7. Equation of plane through the intersection of ^ ^ ^
i j k
^ ^ ^
x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y – z + 4 = 0 is 8 - 1 - 10 = 26i - 52j + 26k
(x + y + z – 1) + l(2x + 3y – z + 4) = 0 2 3 4
∴ Equation of required plane is
⇒ (1 + 2l)x + (1 + 3l)y + (1 – l)z – 1 + 4l = 0 ...(i)
26x – 52y + 26z = 0 ⇒ x – 2y + z = 0
Direction ratios of normal to the plane (i) are
x+2 y-2 z+1
11. Let L1: 3 = - 1 = 2
1 + 2l, 1 + 3l, 1 – l
x-2 y-3 z-4
Since (i) is parallel to y-axis : L2 1 = 2 = 3
-1 Let n be the normal vector to the plane which is
∴1 + 3l = 0 ⇒ l = 3
parallel to the lines L1 & L2 and passing through the
∴The equation of plane is x + 4z – 7 = 0 point (4, –1, 2).
Clearly, only point (3, 2, 1) satisfies this equation. ^ ^ ^
i j k
^ ^ ^
8. ` n = 3 - 1 2 =- 7i - 7j + 7k
1 2 3
So, equation of the required plane is
–7(x – 4) – 7(y + 1) + 7(z – 2) = 0
D.r.’s of any line passing through (–4, 3, 1) and ⇒ x + y – z – 1 = 0
Only the point in option (a) i.e., (1, 1, 1) satisfies the

(–1, 3, 2) are given by < 3, 0, 1 >. above equation of the plane.

Normal vector of plane containing two intersecting 12. Let A(1 – 3m, m – 1, 2 + 5m) be a point on the line
r = ^1 - 3nh i + ^n - 1h j + ^2 + 5nh k and B(3, 2, 6).
^ ^ ^

lines parallel to the vector p , which is given by
So, AB = ^2 + 3nh i + ^3 - nh j + ^4 - 5nh k
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
i j k
^ ^

p = 3 0 1 =- 2i + 6k Since, line AB is parallel to plane x – 4y + 3z = 1.
-3 2 -1 ∴ 1∙ (2 + 3m) – 4(3 – m) + 3(4 – 5m) = 0
Also, required line is parallel to vector ⇒ 2 + 3m – 12 + 4m + 12 – 15m = 0 ⇒ –8m = –2
i j k
^ ^ ^ 1
⇒ m = 4
1 2 - 1 = 4 ^3i - i + k h
^ ^ ^

l m n
-2 0 6
13. 2 - 2 3 = l + m ! drs of line L1
Hence, required equation of line is 1 -1 1
x+4 y-3 z-1
3 = - 1 = 1
l m n
9. We have, x = ay + b, z = cy + d 1 1 0 =- 7l - 7m - 8n ! Normal plane
x-b y z-d 3 5 -7
& a = 1 = c ...(i)

containing line L1 and L2
Also, x = a’z + b’, y = c’z + d’
x - b' y - d' z
For one point of line L1
& a' == c' = 1 ...(ii)

2x - 2y + 3z - 2 = 0
a Lines (i) and (ii) are perpendicular.
∴ aa’ + c’ + c = 0
x-y+z = 1 = 0
- 2y + 3z = 2
10. Vector along the normal to the plane containing the 4 Solving ^0, 5, 4h
x y z x y z - y + z =- 1
lines 3 = 4 = 2 and 4 = 2 = 3

So, equation of plane is
^ ^ ^
- 7 ] x - 0 g + 7 ^ y - 5 h - 8 ] z - 4g = 0
i j k
^ ^ ^
3 4 2 = 8i - j - 10k
4 2 3
7x - 7y + 8z + 3 = 0
^ ^ ^

Vector perpendicular to the vectors 2i + 3j + 4k and 7#0-7#0+8#0+3 1

Distance = =
72 + 72 + 82
^ ^ ^
8i - j - 10k is 3 2
16.32 Mathematics
14. A ^5, - 1, 4h x-3 y+2 z+4
18. As line
2 = - 1 = 3 lies in plane
B ^4, - 1, 3h


lx + my - z = 9

AB = 2

So 2l - m - 3 = 0 (as line is perpendicular to

Direction ratio of AB < 1, 0, 1 > normal of the plane) ...(1)

Angle between line AB and plane is i & sin i =
2 Also point ^3, - 2, - 4h lies in plane
6
1
So 3l - 2m - 5 = 0 ...(2)
cos
& i=
3
From equation (1) and (2), we get l = 1, m =- 1
2

Projection of AB on plane = AB cos i = 3 So l 2 + m 2 = 2

x-1 y+2 z-3 19. [a – c, b, d] = 0
15.
1 = 4 = 5 =λ

Let midpoint of PQ be M which lines on the plane 2 −1 3−4 4−5

& M ^ x, y, z h = ^1 + λ, 4λ - 2, 5λ + 3h
1 1 −k = 0

k 2 1
2 ]1 + λg + 3 ]4λ - 2g - 4 ]5λ + 3g + 22 = 0

1 −1 −1

& - 6λ + 6 = 0 & λ = 1
1 1 −k = 0
& M ^2, 2, 8h, P ^1, - 2, 3h
k 2 1

PM = 1 + 16 + 25 = 42 ⇒ 1(1 + 2k) + (1 + k2) – (2 – k) = 0

PQ = 2 42 .
⇒ k2 + 2k + k = 0
x-1 y+1 z+1
⇒ k2 + 3k = 0
16. Equation of plane is 1 -2 3 =0
2 -1 -1
⇒ k = 0, –3

5x + 7y + 3z + 5 = 0 Note : If 0 appears in the denominator, then the

Distance from correct way of representing the equation of straight
x−2 y−3
^1 3, - 7h =
5 + 21 - 21 + 5 10 line is = ; z = 4.
, = 1 1
83 83
20. Let feet of perpendicular is (2a, 3a + 2, 4a + 3)
1-1+1 1
17. cos θ = 3 =3

⇒ D′ ratio of the perpendicular line < 2a – 3, 3a +
AP 3, 4a – 8 >

cos θ = AQ

and D′ ratio of the line < 2, 3, 4 >
AP
AQ = cos θ = 10 3
⇒ 2(2a – 3) + 3 (3a + 3) + 4 (4a – 8) = 0

⇒ 29 a – 29 = 0

⇒ a = 1 ⇒ feet of perpendicular is (2, 5, 7).

⇒ length perpendicular is 12 + 62 + 42 = 53

 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.33

Single Option Correct

x−0 y −1 z − 2
1. Let direction ratios of normal be n
So,equation of MN is = = .
2 −7 5
it tj kt 3 3 3
& n = 2 1 - 2 =- 14it - 2tj - 15kt x−2 y−3 z−5
4. Equation of QR is = = =
3 -6 -2 1 4 1
& equation of plane is
- 14 ] x - 1g - 2 ^ y - 1 h - 15 ] z - 1g = 0

Let P ≡ (2 + l, 3 + 4l, 5 + l)


& 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
10 + 5l – 12 – 16l – 5 – l = 1 – 7 – 12l = 1

2. Line is −2

⇒l=
x−0 y−0 z−0 3
= = = a...(1)
1 1 1  4 1 13 
Q (a, a, 1)
then P ≡  , , 
3 3 3
Direction ratio of PQ are

Let S = (2 + µ, 3 + 4µ, 5 + µ)
l – a, l – a, l – 1
→
Since PQ is perpendicular to (1) TS = (µ )iˆ + (4µ + 2) ˆj + (µ + 1)kˆ

\ l – a + l – a + 0 = 0
→
l=a TS ⋅ (iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ) = 0 µ + 16µ + 8 + µ + 1 = 0

\ Direction ratio of PQ are 0, 0, l – 1
1 3 9
Another line is µ = −
S =  , 1, 
2 2 2
x−0 y − 0 z +1
= = = b...(2)
−1 1 0  4 3
2
4  13 9 
2
1 4 1
\ R ( – b, b, – 1) PS =  −  + +  −  = + +
3 2 9 3 2 36 9 36
\ Direction ratio of PR are
l + b, l – b, l + 1 1 4 9 1
= + = =
Since PQ is perpendicular to (ii) 18 9 18 2
\ – l – b + l – b = 0
b=0 5. Equation of required plane
\ R (0, 0, – 1) (x + 2y + 3z – 2) + l(x – y + z – 3) = 0
and Direction ratio of PQ are l, l, l + 1 ⇒ (1 + l) x + (2 – l)y + (3 + l) z – (2 + 3l) = 0
Since PQ ^ PR distance from point (3, 1, – 1)
\ 0 + 0 + l2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ l = ± 1 ⇒ B, C
For l = 1 the point is on the line so it will be rejected. 3 + 3λ + 2 − λ − 3 − λ − 2 − 3λ 2

= =
⇒ l = – 1. (1 + λ ) 2 + (2 − λ ) 2 + (3 + λ ) 2 3
x+2 y +1 z
3. Any point on line = = =l −2λ 2
2 −1 3
⇒ =
Let any two points on this line are
2
3λ + 4λ + 14 3

A (– 2, – 1, 0), B (0, – 2, 3). Put (l = 0, 1)
⇒ 3l = 3l + 4l + 14
2 2

7

Let foot of perpendicular from A(– 2, – 1, 0) on ⇒l = −

2
plane is (a, b, g)

equation of required plane
α + 2 β +1 β − 0

⇒ = = = µ (say)
5x – 11y + z – 17 = 0
1 1 1

Also, a + b + g = 3 1− 4 − 2 − α

⇒µ – 2 + µ – 1 + µ = 3 ⇒ µ = 2 6. D = =5
3

⇒ M (0, 1, 2)

a + 5 = 15

Similarly foot of perpendicular from B(0, – 2, 3) on

(\ a > 0)
 2 −4 11
⇒ a = 10 ⇒ plane is x + 2y – 2z – 10 = 0
plane is N  , ,  .
3 3 3
Let foot of perpendicular is (a, b, g)
16.34 Mathematics
α −1 β + 2 γ −1  1 − 4 − 2 − 10  5
\ Thus the lines are parallel.
= = = −  =
⇒ Statement 1 is wrong ⇒ Option (d).
1 2 −2  9 3
  
8 4 7 Aliter: [n1 n2 n3 ] = 0 ⇒ lines are parallel.

⇒ α = ,β = , γ = − .
3 3 3 10. 3 (3 + 14t) – 6(1 + 2t) – 2(15t) = 15
7. Direction ratio’s of normal to plane containing the 9 + 42t – 6 – 12t – 30t = 15
straight line 3 = 15 which is not possible statement 1 is false
iˆ ˆj kˆ iˆ ˆj kˆ
3 4 2 = 8 iˆ – ĵ – 10 k̂
n1 × n2 = 3 −6 −2

4 2 3 2 1 −2

x−0 y−0 z−0 = iˆ (12 + 2) – ĵ (– 6 + 4) + k̂ (3 + 12)

Required plane 2 3 4 =0 = 14 iˆ + 2 ĵ + 15 k̂ statement 2 is true.
8 −1 −10 x y z
11. As + + = 1 cuts the coordinate axes at

⇒ – 26x + 52y – 26z = 0 a b c

⇒ x – 2y + z = 0
A (a, 0, 0) B (0, b, 0) C (0, 0, c)

and its distance from origin = 1
1
8. l = m = n =
3

2x + y + z = 9
x−2 y +1 z − 2 1 1 1

\ equations of line are = = 1
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
⇒ = 1 or 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1 ...(i)
1 1 1 a b c

x – 2 = y +1 = z – 2 = r + +

Q ≡ (r + 2, r – 1, r + 2) a 2 b2 c2

\ Q Lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 9
where P is centroid of D.

2(r + 2) + (r – 1) + (r + 2) = 9  a + 0 + 0 0 + b + 0 0 + 0 + c

∴ P (x, y, z) =  , , 

⇒ 4r + 5 = 9 ⇒ r = 1 3 3 3

\ Q (3, 0, 3)
a b c

⇒ x= , y = , z = ...(ii)
\ PQ = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
3 3 3
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Thus from (i) and (ii),
  1 1 1 1 1 1
9. n1 × n2 = 1 −1 1 = 2 ˆj + 2kˆ 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 or 2 + 2 + 2 = 9 = k
9x 9y 9z x y z
1 1 −1
∴ k = 9.
iˆ ˆj kˆ 
12. In vector notation, equation of Ist line is r = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
 

n2 × n3 =1 1 −1 =−4 ˆj − 4kˆ + l (2 iˆ + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ ) and equation of 2nd line is
1 −3 3 
=r 3iˆ + kjˆ + m ( iˆ + 2 ĵ + k̂ ).
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Since two lines are non-parallel and intersect, then
 
      
n3 × n1 = 1 −3 3 = 2 ˆj + 2kˆ (b − a ) ⋅ ( p × q ) = 0 where lines are r = a + λp and
1 −1 1    2 k + 1 −1
r = b + µq ⇒
1 2 1 =0
 
The three lines are respectively parallel to n1 × n2 , 2 3 4
         
⇒ 2(8 – 3) – (k + 1) (4 – 2) – 1 (3 – 4) = 0
n2 × n3 , n3 × n1 . Also n1 × n2 , n2 × n3 , n3 × n1 are
9

⇒k = .
parallel. 2
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.35
13. As the given line is parallel to the given plane, the 2
` a + b - c = d ...(1)
line will be in the given plane, if (4, 2, k) lies in the

Normal vector to plane is
given plane.

n = 2i + 2j

⇒ 2(4) – 4(2) + k = 7
a b c
⇒k=7
` 2 = 2 = 0 =k
Multiple Options Correct
` a = 2k, b = 2k, c = 0 ...(2)
x y-4 z
and a + c = 1 (given) ...(3)
14. line of intersection is 0 = - 4 = 5
from (2) and (3)
(1) Any skew line with the line of intersection of given
` a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
planes can be edge of tetrahedron.
and from (1)
(2) any intersecting line with line of intersection of
2(1) + 1 – 0 = d
given planes must lie either in plane P1 or P2 can be
d =3
edge of tetrahedron.
Now :

a+b = 2
15. r = kt + t ^- it + tj h + p ]- it + ktg
d-c = 3
n = it + tj + kt ; & x + y + z = 1

d+b = 4
Q ^10, 15, 20h and S ^a, b, ch

so, a, b, c are correct.
b - 15 c - 20
a - 10 18. Equation of L1 r = Si + m _- Si + 2Tj + 2V
ki
1 = 1 = 1
Equation of L r = n _2Si - Tj + 2V ki
=- 2 b
10 + 15 + 20 -1l 2
1+1+1 L1 & L2 are skew lines
88 The direction ratios of line AB which is perpendicular

=- 3
to L1 and L2 will be
& ^a, b, ch / b - 3 , - 3 , - 3 l
58 43 28

1   , 2 , 2 
& A, B, C are correct options
A
L1

16. Point of intersection of L1 & L2 is (1, 0, 1)

Line L passes through (1, 0, 1)
1-a 1 1-c
l =- m = - 2 ...(1) L2
B
2 ,   , 2 
acute angle bisector of L1 & L2
it - tj + 3kt - 3it - tj + kt Si Tj V k
r = it + kt + m e o - 1 2 2 = 6Si + 6Tj - 3V k
11
r = it + kt + t _it + tj - 2kt i 2 - 1 2
Hence direction ratios of AB will be (2, 2, –1)
l m -2 direction ratios of AB proportional to (2, 2, –1)

& 1 = 1 = -2 & l = m = 1
1-a 1 – l – 2m = 2 k ... (i)

From (1) 1 =- 1 & a = 2 2l + m = 2k ... (ii)
1-c 2l – 2m = – k ... (iii)

& - 2 =- 1 & c =- 1 solving (i) (ii) & (iii)
we get l= 1/9 m = 2/9
17.
A b 9 , 9 , 9 l, B b 9 , 9 , 9 l
P (1, 0, 1) 8 2 2 4 2 4

Equation of line L3 (A, B) passing through A

= b 9 Si + 9 Tj + 9 V
R 8 2 2 l _ S T Vi
k + t 2 i + 2j - k , t ! R
option (a) correct
P (3, 2, 1) Equation of line L3 passing through B

= b 9 Si - 9 Tj + 9 V

R is mid point of PQ 4 2 4 l _ S T Vi
k + t 2 i + 2j - k
` R ^2, 1, - 1h and it lies on plane, equation of plane


is ax + by + cz = d Option (c) is correct, option (b) also satisfy
16.36 Mathematics
19. Direction ratio of common line is n1 × n2 1
c l= −

i cj kc 2
c c c c c c
2 1 - 1 = i (3) - j (3) + k (3) = 3 (i - j + k)
\ Equation of P3 is 2x – y + 2z – 2 = 0
1 2 1
Dist. from (a, b, g) is 3
x - 4/3 y - 1/3 z 2α − β + 2 γ − 2

(d) 3 = -3 = 3
\ = 2 ⇒ 2a – b + 2g = 2 ± 6
3
This is || to line of intersection
\ Option (b, d) are correct.
xx 2+2-1 3 1 r

(c) cos i = ; x i< x2 ; = = 6 = 2 &i3 23. Let equation of line l is
1 2 6 6

(d) P3 : x - y + z = l satisfy (4, 2, -2)
4 - 2 - 2 = ⇒ x - y + z = 0

^2, 1, 1h =
2-1+1 2
&
3 3

20. Points O, P, Q, R, S are (0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0), (3, 3, 0) x−0 y−0 z−0
= =
(0, 3, 0), b 2 , 2 , 3 l respectively.
3 3
l: =k
a b c

This line l is perpendicular to given line l1 and l2.
& Angle between OQ and OS is cos -1 d
1
n
Hence a + 2b + 2c = 0
3
2a + 2b + c = 0

Equation of plane containing the points O, Q and S
a b c
is x - y = 0 = =
−2 3 −2

& Perpendicular distance from P(3,0,0) to the plane x y z
3-0 3
Hence equation of l is = = = k1, k2

x - y = 0 is = −2 3 −2
2 2 ↓ ↓

Perpendicular distance from O(0, 0, 0) to the line for l1 for l2
x y-3 z 15
Now A (–2k1, 3k1, –2k1)
RS: 1 = - 1 = 2 is 2 .

B (–2k2, 3k2, –2k2)
21. Mirror image of (3, 1, 7)
z - 7 - 2 ]3 - 1 + 7 - 13g

Point A satisfied l1
x-3 y-1
1 = - 1 = 1 = 3 –2k1 iˆ + 3k1 ĵ – 2k1 k̂

= (3 + t) iˆ + (–1 + 2t) ĵ + (4 + 2t) k̂

3 + t = –2k1...(1)

–1 + 2t = 3k1...(2)

4 + 2t = –2k1...(3)

(2) and (3) –5 = 5k1 ⇒ k1 = –1 ⇒ A (2, –3, 2)

Let any point on l2 (3 + 2S, 3 + 2S, 2 + S)


Given (1 + 2S ) 2 + (6 + 2 S ) 2 + ( S ) 2 = 17

Equation of plane passing through line and (–1, 5, 3)
x y z
9S2 + 28S + 37 = 17

9S2 + 28S + 20 = 0
n = -1 5 3


9S2 + 18S + 10S + 20 = 0
1 2 1
9S (S + 2) + 10 (S + 2) = 0

x - 4y + 7z = 0
S = –2, –10/9
22. Let P3 be P2 + lP1 = 0 ⇒ x + ly + z – 1 = 0
Hence (–1, –1, 0) , (7/9, 7/9, 8/9).

Distance from (0, 1, 0) is 1 x−5 −y z
= =
24. 0 α − 3 −2
0 + λ + 0 −1

\ = ±1 x−α y z
1 + λ2 + 1 = =
0 −1 2 − α
 3 Dimensional Geometry 16.37
5−α 0 0
m = 2 and n =- 1 satisfy all these conditions
comparing onstant terms,
0 3−α −2 = 0
0 −1 2−α

- an - bm =- (c - 1)

a - 2b + c = 1
(5 – a) ((3 – a) (2 – a) – 2) = 0
(a2 – 5a + 6 – 2) = 0
So equation of plane is x - 2y + z = 1
(a – 5)(a2 – 5a + 4) = 0 -2 - 1 3
a = 1, 4, 5
Distance from (0, 1, 0) = =
6 6
   
25. For co-planer lines [a − c b d ] = 0 3 2
3

 
a (1, – 1, 0) , c = (–1, – 1, 0) D -f
p = = 1.50
6 2
 
b = 2 ˆ + kjˆ + 2kˆ
i d = 5iˆ + 2 ˆj + kkˆ
Numerical Type
2 0 0 26. O is origin point C will be foot of perpendicular
Now 2 k 2 = 0 from O to plane
5 2 k Y

so C b 3 , 3 , 3 l
1 1 1

⇒k = ± 2
so, AB =- 2 Si + 2 Tj
   1 1
B(1/2, 1/2, 0)

n1 = b1 × d1 = 6 ˆj – 6kˆ for k = 2
O
C X
A(1, 0, 0)
  
n2 = b2 × d 2 = 14 ˆj + 14kˆ for k = – 2 AC =- 3 Si + 3 Tj + 3 V
2 1 1
k

so the equation of planes are
1 1 S Tj V 3
  
( r − a ) ⋅ n1 = 0 ⇒ y – z = – 1 ...(1) D = 2 AB # AC = 2 i + + k = 12
6 6 6
  
( r – a ) ⋅ n2 = 0 ⇒ y + z = – 1 ...(2) 3
(6D)2 = 4 = 0.75

so answer is (b, c) 27. P(α, β, γ)
Comprehension with Numerical Type
R(α, β, –γ)
Solution for Q 24 and Q 25
Q
1 2 3 x - a y - b z - c - 2 ^a + b - 3h
1 = 1 = 0 = 2
O = 4 5 6 = 0

x = 3 – β, y = 3 – α, z = γ
7 8 9
Q (3 – β, 3 – α, γ) lies on z –axis

Given system of equation will be consistent even
if a = b = c - 1 = 0, i.e., euations will form \ β = 3, α = 3
homogeneous system. P(3, 3, γ) distance from x-axis is 5
9 + γ2 = 25 γ2 = 16 ⇒ γ=4

So. a = 0, b = 0, c = 1 P(3, 3, 4) \ PR = 8
0 2 1 R(3, 3, –4)
M = 0 1 0 =- 1 (- 1) =+ 1
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
-1 0 1 28. Equation of plane is 2 3 4 =0

As given eqautions are consistent 3 4 5
x + 2y + 3z - a = 0 ....P1 x – 2y + z = 0 ...(1)
Ax – 2y + z = d...(2)

4x + 5y + 6z - b = 0 ....P2

7x + 8y + 9z (c - 1) = 0 ....P3 A −2 1

Compare = = ⇒A=1

For some scalar m and n 1 −2 1
d

nP1 + mP2 = P3
Distance between planes is = 6
1+1+ 4

n (x + 2y + 3z - a) + m (4x + 5y + 6z - b) ⇒ | d | = 6.

= 7x + 8y + 9z - (c - 1) Matching Column Type

Comparing coefficients
x −1 y z+3

n + 4m = 7, 2 + 5m = 8, 3n + 6m = 9 29. L1 : = =
2 −1 1
16.38 Mathematics

iˆ ˆj kˆ
Subjective Type
 31. 62x + 29y + 19z – 105 = 0 or 2x – y + z – 3 = 0
Normal of plane P : n = 7
1 2
3 5 −6
Let the equation of planes be (3l + 2) x + (l – 1) y
+ (l + 1) z – 5l – 3 = 0
= iˆ (–16) – ĵ (–42 – 6) + k̂ (32)

1 6λ + 4 + λ − 1 − λ − 1 − 5λ − 3
= –16 iˆ + 48 ĵ + 32 k̂

⇒ =
6 (3λ + 2) 2 + (λ − 1) 2 + (λ + 1) 2

⇒ n = iˆ – 3 ĵ – 2 k̂
24

⇒ l = 0, –
Point of intersection of L1 and L2 5

2k1 + 1 = k2 + 4
Hence the required planes are 2x – y + z – 3 = 0 and

– k1 = k2 – 3

1 = 3k2 – 2 62x + 29y + 19z – 105 = 0

k2 = 1

Point of intersection (5, –2, –1) iˆ ˆj kˆ

Plane (x – 5) – 3 (y + 7) – 2(z + 1) = 0 32. A normal vector to the plane is −1 +1 0

x – 3y – 2z – 5 – 6 – 2 = 0 +1 0 −1

x – 3y – 2z = 13
⇒ a = 1, b = 3, c = –2, d = 13
= – iˆ – ĵ – k̂ . Hence the equation of plane passing

30. (a) a = b = c ⇒ a (x + y + z) = 0 through (1, 1, 1) and whose normal having direction
Qa≠0
ratio (1, 1, 1) can be written as x + y + z = 3. Thus
represents identical planes ≡ x + y + z = 0
A is (3, 0, 0) and B (0, 3, 0), C is (0, 0, 3) volume of
(a) → (r)
3 0 0
(b) a + b = – c ⇒ ax + by – (a + b) z = 0 1 1 9
bx – (a + b) y + az = 0 tetrahedron is 0 3 0 = × 27 = .
6 6 2
0 0 3
x −y

⇒ =
ab − (a 2 + b 2 + 2ab) a 2 + ab + b 2 33. Here, one of permutations is possible as, A
z corresponds to one of A′, B′, C′ and B corresponds
=
− a − ab − b 2
2
to one of remaining A′, B′, C′ and C corresponds to

(b) → (q) third of A′, B′, C′.

x y z
\ A lies on L1, B lies on the line of intersection of P1
2 2
= 2 2
= and P2 and C lies on the line L2 on the plane P2.
− a − b − ab − a − ab − b − a − ab − b 2
2

⇒x=y=z
A′ lies on L2 = C
(c) a ≠ b ≠ c
B′ lies on the line of intersection of P1 and P2 = B
(c) → (p)
The system of equations has only trivial
C′ lies on L1 on the plane P1 = A.
solution ⇒ planes pass through origin.
Thus, [A′ B′ C′] = [CBA]
(d) a = b = c and 3a = 0 (d) → (s)
⇒a=b=c=0
i.e. permutation of [A′ B′ C′] is [ABC].

All points in three dimensional space satisfy given
equations

⇒ equation represents the whole of the three
dimensional space.
 17
Heights and Distances 17.1

Chapter Heights and Distances

EXERCISE - 1
1 #
1. Shadow of tower (OP) = OA and shadow of flagstaff 3
h cot 60° 3 3
h ]cot 30° - cot 60°g
(PQ) = AB = 2 3 . Let α be the angle made by = = = 2 = 1.5 min .
d 3-
1
3 n
the sun with the ground. Let the distance between 3
O and A (OA) = x, height of the tower (OP) = h,
distance between O and B (OB) = x + 2 3 and
^OQ h = h + 6 . We know that in 3 OAP
OP h
tan α = OA = x ...(1)
We also know that in 3 OBQ,
OQ h+6
tan α = OB = ...(2)
x+2 3
Solving eqs. (1) and (2), we get
3. Let h be the height of the tower. ` In OBT, right
h h+6
x = x + 2 3 or h ^ x + 2 3 h = x ]h + 6g or angled at O, OB = h cot β . Also, in triangle OAT
right angled at O we have OA = h cot α
3h
hx + 2 3 h = hx + 6x or 2 3 h = 6x or x =
3 d = h OB 2 + OA 2
d = h cot 2 β + cot 2 α
h h h
or x = or tan α = or tan α = 3 or d
3 3 `h=
cot 2 α + cot 2 β
α = 60°

4.

h
2. In 3 ABC, tan 60° = BC
& BC = h cot 60°
h
3 ABD, tan 30° = BD

tan ]2ag =
& BD = h cot 30° & BC + CD = h cot 30°
x+h
d
& CD = h cot 30° - BC
2 tan a x+h
= d
& d = h cot 30° - h cot 60° [from eq. (1)]
1 - tan 2 a
2h/d x+h
distance from D to C 2 2 = d

` Speed of the car = time taken = 1 - h /d
d h cot 30° - h cot 60° h ]d 2 + h 2g h ]d 2 + h 2g
3 = 3 x
& = 2 2 height of flagstaff =
d -h d2 - h2

Distance
` Time taken from C to B = Speed 10 ]225 + 100g 3250
225 - 100 = 125 = 26m
17.2 Mathematics
5. Let h be the height of the pole. The position PQ ` cot β = cosec 2 β - 1 = ]5.76g = 2.4

subtends an angle β at O such that

In the triangle PAD and PBD,
3 3
β = tan -1 5 ; i.e. tan β = 5


Let θ = α + β. Then β = θ - α
tan θ - tan α
tan
& β = 1 + tan θ tan α
h
h 4
3 40 - 40 3 3h # 40 # 160
&5 = h & 5 = 160 40 # 160 + h 2
h 4
1 + 40 . 40
3 120h
&5 =
& 3 # 6400 + 3h 2 = 600h
6400 + h 2
& 6400 + h 2 = 200h & h 2 - 200h + 6400 = 0

& ]h - 40g]h - 160g = 0 & 40, 160

AD = h cot α = 3.2h and BD = h cot β = 2.4h

Hence, h = 40m In the right angled 3 ABC, AB 2 = AD 2 + BD 2

& 100 2 = 6]3.2g2 + ]2.4g2@h 2 = 16h 2 & h = 25m

8. BD = p2 + q2

+ABD = +BDC = α
& +DAB = π - ]θ + αg

6. Clearly, one side, AB, of the triangle

= 9 cot 45° = 9m Diagonal AC = 9 cot 30° = 9 3 m

p

tan α = q 3 ABD
AB BD BD
sin θ = sin ^π - ]θ + αgh = sin ]θ + αg
BD sin θ BD 2 sin θ
sin ]θ + αg BD sin ]θ + αg
` AB = =

BD 2 sin θ
= BD sin θ cos α + BD cos θ sin α
_ p 2 + q 2 i sin θ
= q sin θ + p cos θ
° 20 1
9. tan 30 = 20 + x =
3

` The other side = ^9 3 h - 9 2 = 9 2 m
2

So, area = 9 # 9 2 m 2 = 81 2 m 2

7. DP is a clock tower standing at the midpoint D of
BC.

& x = 20 ^ 3 - 1 h
+PAD = α = cot -1 3.2 & cot α = 3.2 and


& 20 + x = 20 3
+PBD = β = cosec -1 2.6 & cosec β = 2.6
& Speed is 20 ^ 3 - 1 h m/s

 Heights and Distances 17.3
10. Let ED be the tower of high h.
So, distance = 3 + ]240g2 but
h2

h 1
2 =
h ]240g2 3
3 +
h2 1
& 2 = After solving, h = 60 6 m
h ]240g2 3
3 +
13. PB = QC = l (length of ladder)

h h
tan 30° = AD & AD =
3
h AB AD - BD

BD = h ; CD = BC = BD - CD
3
h 3 -h 3 -1

= h = = 3
3 -1
h-
3 e o
& PA = l cos α, QA = l cos β
3
20 + h h
& AC = l sin β, AB = l sin α
- 70
11. tan α = tan ^φ - θ h & CB = AB - AC = l ^sin α - sin βh
1 70
&6 = ]20 + hgh
]70g2
1+
& y = l ^sin α - sin βh and

& ]70g2 + 20h + h 2 = ]6 g]70g]20g
QP = x = AQ - AP = l ^cos β - cos α h

& + 20h + 70 ]70 - 120g = 0
h 2
CB sin α - sin β y
& 2 + 20h - ]50g]70g = 0
& QP =
= x
h cos β - cos α
- 20 ! 400 + ]4g]50g]70g
y 2 sin c 2 m cos c 2 m
α-β α+β
h
& = 2 = 50m

& x =
m sin c
α-βm
2 sin c
α+β
2 2
y
& x = cot c m & x = y tan c m
α+β α+β

2 2
14. Let ABCD be a square of side of length a.
It is given that +BPC = 60° . Let M be the
midpoint of BC. Then +BPM = 30° .

12. Total distance from temple = x 2 + ]240g2 ,
h h

where x = =
tan 60° 3

BM

In 3 BPM, tan +BPM = PM
3
PM
& = 3 BM = 2 a
2 2 2
In 3 OPM, PM = OM + OP

2 2
3a a
& 4 = 4 + h 2 & a 2 = 2h 2
17.4 Mathematics
15. Let P be the summit of the mountain and Q be the foot. & a tan θ ^1 - tan 2 θh - 2 ]h - ag tan θ = 0

Let A be the first position and B the second position
of observation. BN and BM are perpendiculars from tan
& θ ^a - a tan 2 θ - 2h + 2ah = 0
B to PQ and AQ, respectively. a tan θ ! 0

Then, AB = 1000 m = 1 km, 2 - 2h + 3a
tan
` θ= a
+MAB = 30°, +MAP = 45°,
- 2h + 3a 2h
& θ = tan -1 a = tan -1 3- a
+NBP = 60°

4 5
17. tan θ = 3 and tan φ = 2 ...(1)
Now, +BAP = +MAP - +MAB = 45° - 30° = 15°

+APB = +APN - +BPN = 45° - 30° = 15°

Therefore, 3 ABP is isosceles and AB = BP. But


AB = 1 km, so BP = 1 km.
150

Now, PQ = PN + NQ
In 3 ABE, tan φ = d

PN
= + BM & d = 150 cot φ
2
= BP sin 60° + AB sin 30°
= 150 # 5 = 60m ...(2)
3 3 +1 h
1
In 3 DCE, tan θ = d
= 1# 2 +1# 2 = 2 km
DE 4 h
16. In 3 DEC, tan θ = DC & 3 = d [from Eq, (1)]

& = 3 ]60g
4
h [from Eq, (2)]
h
& = 80m
Now, in 3 DCE, DE 2 = DC 2 + CE 2

& 2 = 60 2 + 80 2 = 10000
x
x
& = 100 m
18. In 3 OBC, we have

h-a
tan
& θ = CE
h-a
& CE = tan θ ...(1)
a a ]a CE = ABg

In 3 ABC, tan 2θ = AB = CE
5
2 tan θ a
tan α = x ...(1)

& = h-a [from Eq.(1)]
1 - tan 2 θ 30
tan θ
Also, tan 2α = x
& a tan θ = ]h - ag #
2 tan θ

Dividing (2) by (1), we have
1 - tan 2 θ
 Heights and Distances 17.5
30
tan 2α = 5 tan α
2 tan α
& = 6 tan α
1 - tan 2 α
2
& tan 2 α = 3

2
tan& α= 3
OA
` = OB = AB = a
3
` x = 5 cot α = 5. 2 OC h a
In 3 ACO, tan 30° = OA = a & h =
3
19. Let AM be the lake, P the cloud and P' its reflection °
in the lake. 22. In 3 ABC, BC = h cot 60 and in 3 ABD
BD = h cot 45°

Let the height of cloud MP = x, then MP' = x
BC & h cot 45° - h cot 60° = 7


In the right angled 3 PBC, CP = cot β
` BC = ] x - hg cot β
7 7
...(1) &h= =
cot 45° - cot 60°
d1 -
1
n

In the right-angled 3 P'BC 3
BC ] g
CP' = cot α & BC = CP' cot α = CM + MP' cot α
= 2 ^ 3 + 1hm

7 3

& BC = ] x + hg cot α
...(2)
From (1) and (2), we get ] x - hg cot β = ] x + hg cot α
23. Let AB be a pole of height h and BC = x be the
& ] x - hg tan α = ] x + hg tan β
shadow of pole and θ be the angle of elevation of
the source of light.
& x ^tan α - tan βh = h ^tan α + tan βh


Given, length of shadow of pole = height of pole
sin α sin β n = d sin α sin β n
& x d cos α -
h cos α + x
& = h ...(1)
cos β cos β
& x ^sin α cos β - cos α sin βh h

In 3 ABC, tan θ = x
= h ^sin α cos β + cos α sin βh

tan
& θ=1
& x sin ^α - βh = h sin ^α + βh


& θ = 45°
h sin ^α + βh
sin ^α - βh
& Hence, x =
20. Using the relation
d cot β 100 cot 45°

h= =
cot α - cot β cot 30° - cot 45°
100 # 1 # 3 + 1 100 ^ 3 + 1 h

= = 2 = 50 ^ 3 + 1 h
3 -1 3 +1
21. Let h be the height of a tower. Since +AOB = 60°,


`3 OAB is an equilateral triangle,
17.6 Mathematics
CD h BE
24. In 3 BCD, tan 60° = BC = x 26. In 3 ABE, sin β = b
h & = 3 x ...(1) & BE = h1 = b sin β Using sin rule in

and in 3 ACD,
CD h
tan 30° = AC = x + 40


& 40 + x = h 3

& 40 + x = 3x
x
& = 20

[Using Equation (1)]

On putting this value in equation (1), sin ^α - βh sin ^ γ - α h

3 AED, ED = b

We get, h = 20 3 m. b sin ^α - βh h2
sin ^ γ - α h

& ED = Now, in 3 FED, sin γ = ED

b sin ^α - βh sin γ
sin ^ γ - α h

& h2 =

` Total height, CD
b sin ^α - βh sin γ
sin ^ γ - α h
= h1 + h2 = b sin β +

b 7sin β sin ^ γ - α h + sin ^α - βh sin γA
sin ^ γ - α h
=


b 7sin β ^sin γ cos α - cos γ sin αh + sin γ ^sin α cos β - sin β cos αhA
25. Let D be the position of window whose height is H
=
sin ^ γ - α h
metres and BC be the position of the house. b 6sin β sin γ cos α - sin β cos γ sin α + sin γ sin α cos β - sin γ sin β cos α@

=
sin ^ γ - α h
AD
In 3 ABD, tan 60° = AB
b sin α sin ^ γ - βh
sin ^ γ - αh

=
H
& 3= 6 &H=6 3
h
In 3 DAB, DB 2 = ^6 3 h + ]6 g2
2 27. In 3 ECD, tan 3α = CD

& CD = h cot 3α ...(1)
DB
& = 144 = 12m
DB 12
In 3 DCB, cos 30° = BC = h

12
h
& = = 8 3m
3
2

h

In 3 EBD, tan 2α = BD
& BD = h cot 2α ...(2)
h

In 3 EAD, tan α = AD
& AD = h cot α ...(3)

From equation (2) and (3), we have
AD - BD = h cot α - h cot 2α
 Heights and Distances 17.7
AB = h ]cot α - cot 2αg
...(4)
Let AD = a In 3 ADC, tan β = a
h

From equation (1) and (4), we have
a a = h cot β ...(1)

BD - CD = h cot 2α - h cot 3α h-H

In 3 BCE, tan α =
& BC = h ]cot 2α - cot 3αg ...(5)
a


a tan α = h - H H = h - a tan α

From equation (4) and (5), we have

H = h - h tan α cot β
cos α cos 2α
h ]cot α - cot 2αg sin α - sin 2α
H = h c1 - tan β m = h d
tan β - tan α
n
AB tan α
h ]cot 2α - cot 3αg
BC = = cos 2α cos 3α
tan β
sin 2α - sin 3α a
sin ]2α - αg 30. In 3 APD, tan 45° = AP
sin 3α
= sin]3ααsin 2α
- 2αg = sin α = 3 - 4 sin α
2
AP & = a and in 3 BPC, tan 45° = PB
b
sin
sin 2α sin 3α PB & =b
= 3 - 2 ]1 - cos 2αg = 1 + 2 cos 2α.


` DE = a + b and
DP
28. In 3 DAP, tan 60° = AP

CD = b - a
1 6a EQ = DP = 1@
AP =
In 3 DEC,
3
EQ DC 2 = DE 2 + EC 2 = ]a + bg2 + ]b - ag2 = 2 ]a 2 + b 2g

In 3 EAQ, tan 30° = AP + PQ
1 1
& = 1 2
3 + PQ PQ = km
3 3
2
distance 3
Speed = Time = 10 = 240 3
60 # 60

12
31. In 3 ABE, tan 60° = AB

29. Let h be the height of the hill and height of the pillar
be H. So, AC = h and BC = h - H

AB
& = 4 3 m and in
12
3 ACE, tan 45° = AC

AC
& = 12 m
In 3 ABC = AC 2 - AB 2 = 144 - 48 = 4 6 m


` Area of the rectangular field
AB
= # BC

= 4 3 # 4 6 = 48 2 sq.m
17.8 Mathematics
32. Let h be the height of the tower.
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we get
x cot 30° = h cot 60°

1 1
3 x = h&x= 3h
3
35. We have 16sin θ + 16 cos θ = 10
2 2

h
In 3 ABC, tan 60° =
1
^ 3 + 1h
3 h 3 ^ 3 - 1h 3 - 3
& = &h= = 2 m
3 +1 1 3-1
64
33. In 3 ADE, tan θ = x ...(1)

In 3 BCE, tan ^90° - θh = x
36

& sin θ + 161 - sin θ = 10
16
2 2

16

& x + x = 10,
where x = 16sin θ

2

& x = 2, 8 & 16sin θ = 2, 8

2

& 2 4 sin θ = 2, 23

2

& 4 sin 2 θ = 1, 3

2
& sin 2 θ = b 2 l , c
1 2 3m π π
& θ = 6, 3
2
π

`α= 6
36
Let the altitude of the sun be θ. Then,

cot θ = x ...(2)

By (1) and (2), h
tan θ = h & tan θ = 3
& 1 = b 64
x
lb 36 l = 48m
x
3
π

& θ = 3 & θ = 2α
34. Let OP be the tower of height x. Let A be the point
on the same level as the foot O of the tower and B be 36. Let AP be the lamp-post of 9 m standing at corner
the point h m above A (see fig). Then +AOB = 60°
and +PAO = 30° . From right angled triangle AOP,
A of the rectangular field ABCD. In 3 'sBAP and
we have OA = x cot 30° and from right angled PA PA
triangle OAB, we have OA = h cot 60° CAP, we have tan 45° = BA and tan 30° = AC

BA
& = 9m and AC = 9 3 m

BC
` = AC 2 - AB 2

= 243 - 81 = 162 = 9 2 m

Hence, area of the field
AB
= # BC
= 9 # 9 2 m 2 = 81 2 m 2

 Heights and Distances 17.9

39. Let OP be the flagstaff of height h standing at the

centre O of the rectangular field ABCD subtending
angles 15° and 45° at E and F, respectively, the
midpoint of the sides AD and DC of the field(see
figure), then OE = h cot 15° = h ^2 + 3 h and
°
OF = h cot 45 = h
37. O is the position of eye.

As is clear from figure, from 3 ODC,

= h 1 2 + ^2 + 3 h = 2h 2 + 3
2
h EF
&

OC = From 3 OAC,
sin β

& 1200 = AC = 2EF = 4h 2 + 3
δ
α CA 2 1 α 300

sin 2 = OC = h & h = 2 δ sin β. cosec 2 h
& = = 300 2 - 3
2+ 3
sin β
500
40. d2 = h cot 30° = 500 3 , d1 =
38. Let h be the height of the tower PQ (see figure); 3
then, h = AQ tan α = BQ tan β = CQ tan γ
& BC = BQ - CQ = h 6cot β - cot γ@

CA = h ^cot α - cot γ h and

AB = h ^cot α - cot βh


so that BC cot α - CA cot β + AB cot γ = h

7cot α ^cot β - cot γ h - cot β ^cot α - cot γ h +

500 2000
cot γ ^cot α - cot β hA = 0.

Diameter d = 500 3 + = m
3 3
17.10 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 2

Numerical Type 3. In 3 ABC

1. Let h be the height of PQ tower and A, B be two h
tan 60° = x & h = 3 x (1)

given points in horizontal plane where AB = 40.

In 3 BPD

From adjoining diagram B
P

15°
h
||
30°
15° 30° hm P D
||
A B Q
40 x 10 m
° °

+APB = 30 - 15
60°
= 15° = +PAB

A x C
PB
& = AB = 40 h - 10
tan 30° =
x
h
Now in 3 PBQ, PB = sin 30°
3 ]h - 10g = x (2)
& = 40 b 2 l = 20 m
1
h
(1) and (2)
2. In 3 ABP
3h - 30 = h
h °
tan 45 = x & h = x (1)
h = 15 m

4. Let tan -1 b 9 l = z & tan z = 9

In 3 ACP 1 1

4
From figure, tan i = 5 (1)
C

B
h
300 m
B
hm
60°
45°
P
80 m  tan1 1 ()
A x 9


300 A 100 m P
tan 60° = x

and tan ^i + zh = 100
80 + h

h = 100 3 m

Put value of tan z and tan i

h = 20 m
 Heights and Distances 17.11
5. In 3 ABC 7. In 3 ABC, x = h cot 2i (i)
tan ]90 - ig = x & cot i = x
6 6
(1) In 3 ABD, h = ]2h + xg tan i
(ii)

In 3 BPD A

18

tan i = x (2)

From (1) and (2)
h
D

 2
D
2h x B
 C
B P 24 ft
` Put value of x from (i) in (ii), we get

1 = b2 + l tan i
1
6 ft
tan 2i

& 1 = c2 +
1 - tan 2 i m

A C tan i
x 2 tan i
6 18 tan 2
i - 4 tan i + 1 = 0
.
x x =1
`
x 2 = 108 & x = 6 3 m
tan
& i = 2 + 3 (Rejected) or ^2 - 3 h
6. In 3 OBC, we have & i = 15°

5 8.

tan a = x (i)
A B
30

Also, tan 2a = x (ii)

Dividing (ii) by (i), we have
30
30

tan 2a = 5 tan a
2 tan a 

& = 6 tan a P
1 - tan 2 a
2 2 
tan
& a= 3 Q 10
10 10
2
tan
& a= 3 d
3
d = 10 cot i; d = 30 cot 2i

` x = 5 cot a = 5. 2
O x C
10 cot i = 3 cot 2i

& i = 30°


5m 9. AB = 100 cot 30° - 100 cot 60°
P
B

100 m
25 m

30° 60°
A

A B Q

= 100 d 3 -
1
n = 200 =
200 3
3 3 3
10. Required distance = 60 cot 15° = 60 tan 75°

= 223.9 m
17.12 Mathematics

Numerical Type
3.
1.

30 30

h h
A B

75° 20

60
45° 40 P T
30°
h

PT = = AB
3
h + 40 AB
h + 40  40 3 h - 20 = 3
tan 75° =

h h = 3 ]h - 20g

h + 40 - 40 3
h = 30
2+ 3 h
1 = 4.
h + 40 - 40 3 D B

& 2h + 80 - 80 3 + 3 h + 40 3 - 120 = h
& ^ 3 + 1 h = 40 + 40 3
h h

h
& = 40 h

` Height of hill = 40 + 40 = 80m
30 60
A A
Single Options Correct x C y

2.
Let the plane be at Point B initially
P

Given the angle of elevation of plane from point A
is 60c

Now in TABC
h
2h

tan 60c = y
A
h

& 3= y
h
h
& = 3y ..(i)
 8
After a flight of 20 sec, the plane has reached point

B D, also the angle of elevation changes to 30c
x C x Q

Let BC = CQ = x & AB = h and PQ = 2h
Hence in TADE
h r 2h h

tan i = x , tan 8 = x
tan 30c = x + y
1 h
tan i 1
& = x+y
= 2 3
tan b 8 l
r

& 3h = x+y ..(ii)
tan i = 2 tan b 8 l = 2 ^ 2 - 1 h
1 r 1

Given speed of the plane is 432 km/h

Time taken to reach from point point B to point D
tan 2 i = 4 ^3 - 2 2 h
1 20
is 20 sec = 60 # 60 hr

We know distance = Speed # time
 Heights and Distances 17.13

Thus Distance travelled from point B to point D i.e 20

=
432 # 20 12 3 -1
BD = 60 # 60 = 5 km

= 10 ( 3 + 1) sec
12
x
& = BD = 5
6.

Use this value in Eq.(ii) , we get
12
3 h = 5 + y
12 h-x
y = 3h- 5

From (i)
60°
h = 3: 3 h - 5 D
12

1 y
12 3 45° x x
h
& = 3h - 5 30°
z y
6 3
h
& = 5 km 1
sin 30° = x & x = 2

h
& = 1200 3 m
3
5. cos 30° = z & z = 2

30 h
45 tan 45° = y + z & h = y + z

h h-x h-x
tan 60° = y & tan 60° = h - z

30 45 3 ]h - zg = h - x
A
t=0
B
t = 20s
C ^ 3 - 1hh = 3 z - x

& ^ 3 - 1hh = 2 - 2
x 3 1


Let speed of boat is u m/s and height of tower is h
meter & distance AB = x metre & ^ 3 - 1hh = 1


Also time taken to reach from point A to point B is 1

&h=
20 sec 3 -1

Let point D be the top of tower 7.

Now in TACD
h

tan 30c = AC
h

& AC = tan 30c = h cot 30c And in TBCD
h

tan 45c = BC

& BC = h cot 45c

So x = AB = AC - BC

& x = h cot 30c - h cot 45c h °

X = 200 sin θ x = tan 45

x = h ( 3 - 1) ..(i)
Dis tan ce
Y = 200 cos θ h = x ...(1)

Using the formula Speed = Time , we get h °
x h ( 3 - 1) y = tan 30

u = 20 = 20 m/s
3 h = y ...(2)
Let time taken to reach from B to C be t sec

Distance 3 x = y

We know Time = Time
BC h 3 200 sin θ = 200 cos θ
t
& = u =u {As BC = CD = h }
1

tan θ = ` θ = 30°
h 3

=
( 3 - 1) ` h = 200. sin 30°
h = 100m
h 20
 18
Mathematical Induction 18.1

Chapter Mathematical Induction

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1

1. Let P ]ng: n!1 a 2 k

n+1 n 2. For n =1, we get,
P n + 1 + (P + 1) 2n - 1 = P 2 + (P + 1) 1 = P 2 + P + 1

Step I : For n = 2 & 2! 1 a 2 k & 2 1 4
2+1 2 9

Which is divisible by P 2 + P + 1, so result is true for


& 2 < 2.25 which is true. Therefore, P(2) is true. n =1

Step II : Assume that P(k) is true, then
Let us assume that the given result is true for
n=m!N
p(k): k ! 1 a 2 k
k+1 k

i.e. P m + 1 + ]P + 1g2m - 1 is divisible by P 2 + P + 1


Step III : For n = k + 1,
i.e. p m + 1 + (p + 1) 2m - 1 = k (p 2 + p + 1) 6k ! N ..(i)

P (k + 1):(k + 1)! 1 a 2 k
k + 2 k+1

Now, p(m + 1) + 1 + (p + 1) 2 (m + 1) - 1

k ! 1 a 2 k & (k + 1) k ! 1
k+1 k ( k + 1) k + 1 = p m + 2 + (p + 1) 2m + 1 = p m + 2 + (p + 1) 2 (p + 1) 2m - 1


2k
k+1

= P m + 2 + (P + 1) 2 [k (P 2 + P + 1) - P m + 1] by using (i)
( k + 1)
(
& k + 1)! 1 …..(i) and = P m + 2 + (P + 1) 2 $ k (P 2 + P + 1) - (P + 1) 2 (P) m + 1

2k
= P m + 1 [P - (P + 1) 2] + (P + 1) 2 $ k (P 2 + P + 1)

1a 2 k
(k + 1) k + 1 k + 2 k+1
k …..(ii)
2 = P m + 1 [P - P 2 - 2P - 1] + (P + 1) 2 $ k (P 2 + P + 1)

& a k + 1 k 2 2 & :1 + k + 1 D 2 2
k + 2 k+1 1 k+1
=- P m + 1 [P 2 + P + 1] + (P + 1) 2 $ k (P 2 + P + 1)

& 1 + (k + 1) k + 1 + k + 1 C2 a k + 1 k + ........ 2 2
1 1 2 = P 2 + P + 1) [k $ (P + 1) 2 - P m + 1]
(

Which is divisible by p 2 + p + 1, so the result is

& 1 + 1 + k + 1 C2 a k + 1 k + ...... 2 2
1 2
true for n = m + 1.


Which is true, hence (ii) is true.
Therefore, the given result is true for all n ! N by
induction.
1a 2 k
( k + 1) k + 1 k + 2 k+1

From (i) and (ii), (k + 1)! 1 Trick : For n = 2, we get, P n + 1 + (P + 1) 2n - 1

2k
& k + 1)! 1 a 2 k
k + 2 k+1 = P3 + (P + 1) 3 = P3 + P3 + 1 + 3P 2 + 3P

(
= 2P3 + 3P 2 + 3P + 1


Hence P(k + 1) is true. Hence by the principle of
mathematical induction P(n) is true for all n ! N Which is divisible by P 2 + P + 1.


Trick : By check option
Given result is true for all n ! N

(a) For n = 1, 1! 1 a 2 k & 1 < 1 which is wrong

1+1 1 3. a Un + 1 = 3Un - 2Un - 1 …..(i)


Step I : Given U1 = 3
(b) For n = 2, 2! < b 2 l & 2 < 4 which is correct
3 2 9

For n =1, U1 + 1 = 3U1 - 2U0, U2 = 3.3 - 2.2 = 5

(c) For n = 3, 3! < b 2 l & 6 < 8 which is correct

3+1 3
Option (b) Un = 2 n + 1


For n = 1, U1 = 21 + 1 = 3 which is true. For n = 2,

(d) For n = 4, 4! < b 2 l & 24 < b 2 l & 24
4+1 5 4 4
U2 = 2 2 + 1 = 5 which is true

< 39.0625 which is correct.But smallest positive
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1 and n = 2
integer n is 2.
Step II : Assume it is true for n = k then it is also true
for n = k + 1
18.2 Mathematics
Then Uk = 2 k + 1
…..(ii) and n(n - 1) 2 n (n - 1)(n - 2) 3
4. (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + 2! x + 3! x + .....
Uk + 1 = 2 k + 1 + 1 …..(iii)
n ( n - 1) n ( n - 1) ( n - 3)

Step III : Putting n = k in (i), we get & (1 + x) n - nx - 1 = x 2 : 2!
+ 3! x + .....D

Uk + 1 = 3Uk - 2Uk -1 = 3 [2 k + 1] - 2 [2 k - 1 + 1]
From above it is clear that ]1 + xgn - nx - 1 is

k k-1 k k-1

= 3.2 + 3 - 2.2 - 2 = 3.2 + 1 - 2.2 divisible by x 2 .
& 3.2 k - 2 k + 1 = 2.2 k + 1 = 2 k + 1 + 1
Trick : ]1 + xgn - nx - 1.

& k + 1 = 2k + 1 + 1
U Put n = 2 and x = 3; Then 4 2 - 2.3 - 1 = 9


This shows that the result is true for n = k + 1, by the

Is not divisible by 6, 54 but divisible by 9. Which is
principle of mathematical induction the result is true
for all n ! N. given by option (c) = x2 = 9.

EXERCISE - 1

1. P ]ng: n 2 > 100 3. Put n = 1

P ]1 g: 1 > 100: false

LHS = 1
P ]4g: 16 > 100 : false

32 9
RHS = 8 = 8 & True
P ]5 g: 25 > 100 : false

Put n = 2
If P ]k g is true & k 2 > 100

LHS = 1 + 2 = 3
Also, ]k + 1g > k
2 2
]2 + 2g2 16

RHS = = 8 =2
& ]k + 1g2 > 100
8


But 3 < 2, Hence not true for n $ 2
& ]k + 1g is true
P

& Option (d)
2. Step1 : For n = 1
4. For divisibility by x - y
1 1

LHS = 1.2 , RHS = 2
For n = 1, given statement becomes x' - y' , is
1 1 divisible by x - y which is clearly ture

1.2 = 2

Step 2: Assume it is true for n = k For n = k; Assume x k - y k is divisible by x - y

1 1 1 k Now, x k + 1 - y k + 1
= xk + 1 - xk y + xk y - yk + 1
& 1.2 + 2.3 + ... ]
k k + 1g k + 1
=
= k ^ x - yh + y_ x k - y k i
x

Step 3: Prove for n = k + 1
which is divisble by ^ x - yh

1 1 1 1
& 1.2 + 2.3 + ... ]
k k + 1g ]k + 1g]k + 2g
+
& k + 1 - y k + 1 is divisible by x - y
x
k 1
= k+1 + ]
k + 1g]k + 2g
5. Let p(n) = n3 + (n + 1)3 + (n + 2)3 , p(A) = 36, p(B) =
99 both are divisible by 99
k ]k + 2g + 1 ]k + 1g2
=]
k + 1g]k + 2g ]k + 1g]k + 2g
=
Let it is true for n = k
k+1
k3 + (k + 1)3 + (k + 2)3 = 9q ; q ! I
= k + 2 = RHS

for n = k + 1
adding 9k2 + 27k + 27 both sides k3 + (k + 1)3 + (k +
2)3 + 9k2 + 27k + 27 = 9q + 9k2 + 27k + 27,(k + 1)3 +

& This is true for all n (k + 2)3 + (k + 3)3 = 9r ; r ! I
 Mathematical Induction 18.3

Single Options Correct Let P ]ng = n ]n + 1g < n + 1

1. Given, P(n) = n2 – n + 41 is prime. P ]2g = 2 # 3 < 3

Now, P(3) = 32 – 3 + 41 = 47, which is prime. If P ]k g = k ]k + 1g < k + 1 is true


And P(5) = 52 – 5 + 41 = 61, which is also prime. Now, P ]k + 1g = ]k + 1g]k + 2g < k + 2 has to be

true

So, P(3) and P(5) both are true.

Since, k + 1 < k + 2
2. P ]ng =
1 1 1
+ ... +
` ]k + 1g]k + 2g < k + 2
+
1 2 n
P ]2g =
1 1
+ > 2
Hence statement-2 is true.
1 2

Let us assume 3. Put k = 1
P ]k g =
1 1 1
LHS 1 RHS = 4
+ + ... > k is true
1 2 k

LHR ! RHS
` P ]k + 1g =
1 1 1
+ + ... > k+1
1 2 k+1
Let S(k) is true

has to be true

then 1 + 3 + 5 +....(2k – 1) = 3 + k2
1 k ]k + 1g + 1

LHS > k + =
add (2k + 1) both the side 1 + 3 + 5 +.... + (2k – 1) +
k+1 k+1
(2k + 1) = 3 + k2 + 2k + 1
Since, k ]k + 1g > k


S(k + 1) = 3 + (k + 1)2 then if S(k) is true S(k + 1) is
k ]k + 1g + 1 k+1 also true.

a < = k+1
k +1 k+1

Statement-1 is correct
18.4 Mathematics