Programming

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Translator

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(Compiler / Interpreter)

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What is Python?
Python is simple & easy

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Free & Open Source

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High Level Language
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Developed by Guido van Rossum

Portable
Our First Program
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print("Hello World")
Python Character Set

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Letters – A to Z, a to z
Digits – 0 to 9

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Special Symbols - + - * / etc.

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Whitespaces – Blank Space, tab, carriage return, newline, formfeed

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Other characters – Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as part of data or literals
Variables

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A variable is a name given to a memory location in a program.

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name = "Shradha"
age = 23

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price = 25.99
Memory

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name = "Shradha"
age = 23
price = 25.99
Rules for Identifiers

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Data Types

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Integers

String

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Float

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Boolean

None
Data Types

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Keywords

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Keywords are reserved words in python.

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*False should be uppercase

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Print Sum

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Comments in Python

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# Single Line Comment

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"""

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Multi Line
Comment
"""
Types of Operators
An operator is a symbol that performs a certain operation between operands.

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Arithmetic Operators ( + , - , * , / , % , ** )

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Relational / Comparison Operators ( == , != , > , < , >= , <= )

Assignment Operators ( = , +=, -= , *= , /= , %= , **= )

Logical Operators ( not , and , or )

Type Conversion

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a, b = 1, 2.0

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sum = a + b

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#error
a, b = 1, "2"
sum = a + b
Type Casting

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a, b = 1, "2"

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c = int(b)

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sum = a + c
Type Casting

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Input in Python

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input( ) statement is used to accept values (using keyboard) from user

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input( ) #result for input( ) is always a str

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int ( input( ) ) #int

float ( input( ) ) #float

give code eg of all 3

Let‘s Practice
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Write a Program to input 2 numbers & print their sum.

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Let‘s Practice
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WAP to input side of a square & print its area.

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Let‘s Practice
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WAP to input 2 floating point numbers & print their average.

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Let‘s Practice
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WAP to input 2 int numbers, a and b.

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Print True if a is greater than or equal to b. If not print False.

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Strings
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String is data type that stores a sequence of characters.

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Basic Operations

concatenation
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“hello” + “world” “helloworld”

length of str

len(str)
Indexing

Apna_College

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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str = “Apna_College”
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str[0] is ‘A’, str[1] is ‘p’ ...

str[0] = ‘B’ #not allowed

Slicing
Accessing parts of a string

str[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included

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str = “ApnaCollege”

str[ 1 : 4 ] is “pna”

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str[ : 4 ] is same as str[ 0 : 4]

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str[ 1 : ] is same as str[ 1 : len(str) ]
Slicing
Negative Index

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Apple

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-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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str = “Apple”

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str[ -3 : -1 ] is “pl”
String Functions
str = “I am a coder.”

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str.endsWith(“er.“) #returns true if string ends with substr

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str.capitalize( ) #capitalizes 1st char

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str.replace( old, new ) #replaces all occurrences of old with new

str.find( word ) #returns 1st index of 1st occurrence

str.count(“am“) #counts the occurrence of substr in string

Let‘s Practice
WAP to input user’s first name & print its length.

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WAP to find the occurrence of ‘$’ in a String.

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Conditional Statements
if-elif-else (SYNTAX)

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if(condition) :
Statement1

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elif(condition):

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Statement2
else:
StatementN
Conditional Statements
Grade students based on marks

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marks >= 90, grade = “A”

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90 > marks >= 80, grade = “B”

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80 > marks >= 70, grade = “C”

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70 > marks, grade = “D”
Let‘s Practice
WAP to check if a number entered by the user is odd or even.

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WAP to find the greatest of 3 numbers entered by the user.

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WAP to check if a number is a multiple of 7 or not.
Lists in Python
A built-in data type that stores set of values

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It can store elements of different types (integer, float, string, etc.)

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marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76] #marks[0], marks[1]..

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student = [”Karan”, 85, “Delhi”] #student[0], student[1]..

student[0] = “Arjun” #allowed in python

len(student) #returns length

List Slicing
Similar to String Slicing

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list_name[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included

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marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76]

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marks[ 1 : 4 ] is [64, 33, 95]

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marks[ : 4 ] is same as marks[ 0 : 4]

marks[ 1 : ] is same as marks[ 1 : len(marks) ]

marks[ -3 : -1 ] is [33, 95]

List Methods
list = [2, 1, 3]

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list.append(4) #adds one element at the end [2, 1, 3, 4]

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list.sort( ) #sorts in ascending order [1, 2, 3]

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list.sort( reverse=True ) #sorts in descending order [3, 2, 1]

list.reverse( ) #reverses list [3, 1, 2]

list.insert( idx, el ) #insert element at index

List Methods
list = [2, 1, 3, 1]

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list.remove(1) #removes first occurrence of element [2, 3, 1]

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list.pop( idx ) #removes element at idx

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Tuples in Python
A built-in data type that lets us create immutable sequences of values.

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tup = (87, 64, 33, 95, 76) #tup[0], tup[1]..

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tup[0] = 43 #NOT allowed in python

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tup1 = ( )

tup2 = ( 1, )

tup3 = ( 1, 2, 3 )
Tuple Methods
tup = (2, 1, 3, 1)

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tup.index( el ) #returns index of first occurrence tup.index(1) is 1

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tup.count( el ) #counts total occurrences tup.count(1) is 2

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Let‘s Practice
WAP to ask the user to enter names of their 3 favorite movies & store them in a list.

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WAP to check if a list contains a palindrome of elements. (Hint: use copy( ) method)

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[1, 2, 3, 2, 1] [1, “abc”, “abc”, 1]
Let‘s Practice
WAP to count the number of students with the “A” grade in the following tuple.
[”C”, “D”, “A”, “A”, “B”, “B”, “A”]

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Store the above values in a list & sort them from “A” to “D”.

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Dictionary in Python
Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs

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They are unordered, mutable(changeable) & don’t allow duplicate keys

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“key” : value

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dict[”name”], dict[”cgpa”], dict[”marks”]

dict[”key”] = “value” #to assign or add new

Dictionary in Python
Nested Dictionaries

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student[”score”][”math”]
Dictionary Methods
myDict.keys( ) #returns all keys

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myDict.values( ) #returns all values

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myDict.items( ) #returns all (key, val) pairs as tuples

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myDict.get( “key““ ) #returns the key according to value

myDict.update( newDict ) #inserts the specified items to the dictionary

Set in Python
Set is the collection of the unordered items.

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Each element in the set must be unique & immutable.

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nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

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set2 = { 1, 2, 2, 2 }

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#repeated elements stored only once, so it resolved to {1, 2}

null_set = set( ) #empty set syntax

Set Methods
set.add( el ) #adds an element

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set.remove( el ) #removes the elem an

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set.clear( ) #empties the set

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set.pop( ) #removes a random value
Set Methods
set.union( set2 ) #combines both set values & returns new

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set.intersection( set2 ) #combines common values & returns new

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Let‘s Practice
Store following word meanings in a python dictionary :

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table : “a piece of furniture”, “list of facts & figures”
cat : “a small animal”

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You are given a list of subjects for students. Assume one classroom is required for 1
subject. How many classrooms are needed by all students.

”python”, “java”, “C++”, “python”, “javascript”,

“java”, “python”, “java”, “C++”, “C”
Let‘s Practice
WAP to enter marks of 3 subjects from the user and store them in a dictionary. Start with
an empty dictionary & add one by one. Use subject name as key & marks as value.

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Figure out a way to store 9 & 9.0 as separate values in the set.
(You can take help of built-in data types)
Loops in Python

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Loops are used to repeat instructions.

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while Loops

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while condition :

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#some work

print hello 5 times

print numbers from 1 to 5

show infinite, iterator

Let‘s Practice

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Print numbers from 1 to 100.

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Print numbers from 100 to 1.

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Print the multiplication table of a number n.

Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Break & Continue

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Break : used to terminate the loop when encountered.

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Continue : terminates execution in the current iteration & continues execution of the loop

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with the next iteration.

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take search example
& stop the search when found

print all numbers but not multiple of 3

Loops in Python

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Loops are used used for sequential traversal. For traversing list, string, tuples etc.

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for Loops

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for el in list:

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#some work

for Loop with else

for el in list:
#some work

else:
else used as it doesn’t execute
#work when loop ends when break is used
Let‘s Practice

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using for

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Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

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[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

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Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

range( )

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Range functions returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by

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1 (by default), and stops before a specified number.

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range( start?, stop, step?)

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Let‘s Practice

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using for & range( )

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Print numbers from 1 to 100.

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Print numbers from 100 to 1.

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Print the multiplication table of a number n.
pass Statement

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pass is a null statement that does nothing. It is used as a placeholder for future code.

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for el in range(10):

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pass

generally used in execption handling

Let‘s Practice

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WAP to find the sum of first n numbers. (using while)

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WAP to find the factorial of first n numbers. (using for)
Functions in Python

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Block of statements that perform a specific task.

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def func_name( param1, param2..) : Function Definition

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#some work
return val

func_name( arg1, arg2 ..) #function call

Functions in Python

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Built-in Functions User defined Functions

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print( )

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len( )

type( )

range( )
Default Parameters

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Assigning a default value to parameter, which is used when no argument is passed.

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Let‘s Practice

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WAF to print the length of a list. ( list is the parameter)

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WAF to print the elements of a list in a single line. ( list is the parameter)

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WAF to find the factorial of n. (n is the parameter)

WAF to convert USD to INR.

Recursion

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When a function calls itself repeatedly.

#prints n to 1 backwards

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Recursion

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#returns n!

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Let‘s Practice

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Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers.

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Write a recursive function to print all elements in a list.
Hint : use list & index as parameters.
File I/O in Python

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Python can be used to perform operations on a file. (read & write data)

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Types of all files

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1. Text Files : .txt, .docx, .log etc.

2. Binary Files : .mp4, .mov, .png, .jpeg etc.

Open, read & close File

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We have to open a file before reading or writing.

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f = open( “file_name”, “mode”)

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sample.txt r : read mode
demo.docx w : write mode

data = f.read( )

f.close( )
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Reading a file

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data = f.read( ) #reads entire file

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data = f.readline( ) #reads one line at a time

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Writing to a file

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f = open( “demo.txt”, “w”)

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f.write( “this is a new line“ ) #overwrites the entire file

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f = open( “demo.txt”, “a”)

f.write( “this is a new line“ ) #adds to the file

with Syntax

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with open( “demo.txt”, “a”) as f:

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data = f.read( )

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Deleting a File

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using the os module

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Module (like a code library) is a file written by another programmer that generally has

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import os
os.remove( filename )
Let‘s Practice

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Create a new file “practice.txt” using python. Add the following data in it:

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Hi everyone

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we are learning File I/O

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using Java.
I like programming in Java.

WAF that replace all occurrences of “java” with “python” in above file.

Search if the word “learning” exists in the file or not.

Let‘s Practice

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WAF to find in which line of the file does the word “learning”occur first.

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Print -1 if word not found.

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From a file containing numbers separated by comma, print the count of even numbers.
OOP in Python

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To map with real world scenarios, we started using objects in code.

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This is called object oriented programming.

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Class & Object in Python

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Class is a blueprint for creating objects.

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#creating class

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class Student:

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name = “karan kumar”

#creating object (instance)

s1 = Student( )
print( s1.name )
Class & Instance Attributes

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Class.attr

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obj.attr

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_ _init_ _ Function
Constructor
All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the object is being
initiated.

#creating object

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#creating class

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class Student:

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s1 = Student( “karan” )

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def __init__( self, fullname ): print( s1.name )

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self.name = fullname

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*The self parameter is a reference to the current
instance of the class, and is used to access variables
that belongs to the class.
Methods
Methods are functions that belong to objects.

#creating class #creating object

class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )

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def __init__( self, fullname ): s1.hello( )

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self.name = fullname

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def hello( self ):

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print( “hello”, self.name)
Let‘s Practice

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Create student class that takes name & marks of 3 subjects as arguments in constructor.

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Then create a method to print the average.

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Static Methods
Methods that don’t use the self parameter (work at class level)

class Student:
@staticmethod #decorator

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def college( ):

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print( “ABC College” )

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*Decorators allow us to wrap another function in order to
extend the behaviour of the wrapped function, without
permanently modifying it
Important

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Abstraction

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Hiding the implementation details of a class and only showing the essential features to the user.

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Encapsulation
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Wrapping data and functions into a single unit (object).
Let‘s Practice

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Create Account class with 2 attributes - balance & account no.

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Create methods for debit, credit & printing the balance.

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