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Operational Amplifier

The document discusses operational amplifiers and how they can be configured as voltage buffers or inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. It provides details on the circuit design and equations for calculating gain for each configuration.

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Ram Chandar
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15 views

Operational Amplifier

The document discusses operational amplifiers and how they can be configured as voltage buffers or inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. It provides details on the circuit design and equations for calculating gain for each configuration.

Uploaded by

Ram Chandar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operational Amplifier

Op-Amp Voltage Buffer

 A voltage buffer, also known as a voltage follower, or a unity gain amplifier, is an amplifier
with a gain of 1. It’s one of the simplest possible op-amp circuits with closed-loop feedback.
 Even though a gain of 1 doesn’t give any voltage amplification, a buffer is extremely useful
because it prevents one stage’s input impedance from loading the prior stage’s output
impedance, which causes undesirable loss of signal transfer.
 An op-amp can be configured as a voltage buffer by:
1.Connecting the input signal to the non-inverting (+) input, and
2.Connecting the output directly back to the inverting input (-) with a wire

 Suppose the input voltage is suddenly higher than the output.


 The op-amp will see a higher voltage on its non-inverting input than its inverting
input (V+>V-) , and so the output voltage will start to increase.
 The circuit is configured so that this increased output voltage loops back from the output,
through the wire connecting the output to the inverting input.
 The voltage at the inverting input increases.
 Once the inverting input voltage rises to meet the non-inverting input voltage, the output will
stop increasing.
Vout=AOL(V+−V-)
We can substitute in the V+ and V- above to find an equation that connects Vout to Vin , and solve
algebraically:
Vout=AOL(V+−V-)
Vout=AOL(Vin−Vout)
Vout=AOLVin−AOLVout
Vout(1+AOL)=AOLVin
Vout=(AOL1+AOL)Vin
Because the ideal op-amp assumes AOL→∞ , we can take the limit: limAOL→∞(AOL1+AOL)=1
so we simply have:
Vout=Vin
as expected for a voltage follower.

Buffer Transistor load circuit:


The most basic circuit for buffering an op-amp’s output current is the following:

 The input is applied to the noninverting op-amp terminal, and the output is connected directly
to the base of the BJT. The op-amp and the BJT could use the same positive supply, but in this
case, we are assuming that two voltages are available—a 5 V supply for low-power, low-noise
circuitry, and 12 V for the high-power portion of the design. The value of the load resistor is
very low, such that output voltages greater than about 200 mV applied directly to the load
would require more output current than the LT6203 can provide. The transistor chosen in the
LTspice schematic can handle about 1000 mA, which means it is good for load voltages up to
5 V.
 The key to this circuit is the feedback connection. Remember the “virtual short”: when
analysing an op-amp in a negative-feedback configuration, we can assume that the voltage at
the noninverting terminal equals the voltage at the inverting terminal. This alone tells us that
the output voltage (i.e., the voltage across the load) will be equal to the input voltage.
 the virtual short is sort of a superstition that can distract us from the reality of how an op-amp
function. The op-amp multiplies the differential input voltage by a very large gain. Thus, with
negative feedback, the op-amp rapidly reaches equilibrium because the large changes in
output voltage reduce the differential voltage that is causing these very output changes. In this
equilibrium state, the output has stabilized at whatever voltage eliminates the difference
between the voltages at the inverting and noninverting input terminals—in other words, the
op-amp automatically adjusts its output in whatever way is needed to make VIN– equal to
VIN+.
 In the context of this output-buffering circuit, the op-amp automatically generates whatever
output voltage is needed to make the BJT’s emitter voltage equal to the input voltage.

Non-inverting Operational Amplifier:

 In non-inverting operational amplifier configuration, the input voltage signal, ( VIN ) is


applied directly to the non-inverting ( + ) input terminal which means that the output gain of
the amplifier becomes “Positive” in value in contrast to the “Inverting Amplifier” circuit.
 Feedback control of the non-inverting operational amplifier is achieved by applying a small
part of the output voltage signal back to the inverting ( – ) input terminal via a Rƒ –
R2 voltage divider network, again producing negative feedback. This closed-loop
configuration produces a non-inverting amplifier circuit with very good stability, a very high
input impedance, Rin approaching infinity, as no current flows into the positive input
terminal, (ideal conditions) and a low output impedance

Non-inverting Operational Amplifier Gain


Then the closed loop voltage gain of a Non-inverting Operational Amplifier will be given as:

Inverting Amplifier:
 An inverting amplifier (also known as an inverting operational amplifier or an inverting op-
amp) is a type of operational amplifier circuit which produces an output which is out of phase
with respect to its input by 180o.
 This means that if the input pulse is positive, then the output pulse will be negative and vice
versa. The figure below shows an inverting operational amplifier built by using an op-amp
and two resistors.

 The inverting terminal of inverting operational amplifier is fed with the input signal whereas
the non-inverting terminal is usually connected to ground or some reference voltage.
 Next a feedback circuit is applied. In this a feedback resistor is connected between the output
of op-amp and inverting input terminal. This resistor primarily controls the gain.
 Now an ideal op-amp amplifies the input voltage applied. The negative feedback from the
output to the inverting input creates a stable condition. This helps us to control the output
generated. The whole time op-amp works to ensure that the voltage at the inverting input is
equal to the voltage at the non-inverting input.
 Due to the inverting nature, the input signal is inverted . This means if input signal increases
then output will decrease and vice-versa. The gain in final output is calculated using the
formula gain=RF/Rin.
 After the amplification and inversion of input signal along with phase inversion ,the output
wave is generated at the junction. The output voltage is denoted by Vout.

Inverting Amplifier Equation and Gain


Av=Vout/Vin
Where, Vin-V2= IinRin and V2-Vout=IFRF
Observe that an ideal op amp has infinite input impedance due to which the currents flowing into its
input terminals are zero.
Thus, Iin = If. We also know that in an ideal op amp the voltage at inverting and non-inverting inputs
are always equal. Hence,
Due to virtual ground V1=0
Also,V2=V1=0
So ,Vin-0= IFRin and 0-Vout=IFRF
We combine the last two equations
-Vout/Vin= IFRF/IFRin
so, -Vout/Vin= RF/Rin

∴ Vout/Vin= -RF/Rin
This is how we derive the gain of inverting operational amplifier.

Advantages of Inverting Operational Amplifier


 The configuration of Inverting Operational Amplifier makes them stable as compared to the
non-Inverting Operational Amplifier. The stability and predictability of these op-amps makes
them easier to analyse.
 The output gain in-case of Inverting Operational Amplifier is dependent on resistances used
so by selecting appropriate resistance values, we can achieve high gains with large
amplifications of input waveforms.
 The non-inverting input of this Operational Amplifier is grounded therefore the inverting
input acts as a virtual ground. This simplifies the task of circuit designing and circuit-
analysis.
 One important advantage of Inverting Operational Amplifier is their ability of phase-
inversion. This helps to give an output which is out of phase with input wave at 1800. Thus it
can be used in phase-shift circuits.
 Inverting Operational Amplifiers have high input impedance and low output impedance. The
high input impedance helps to drain very little current from input waveform and low output
impedance helps to carry low-input impedance loads without the loss of signal.

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