Brainalyst's - Excel Book

Excel / 01
Excel : Basic to Advanced

Microsoft Excel is a widely used software application designed for organizing, analyzing, and
managing data in a tabular format. With its comprehensive spreadsheet capabilities, Excel
provides a convenient platform for storing and processing various types of records. It offers
users the ability to input, store, and manipulate data, as well as perform calculations and
generate visual representations of the information.
By leveraging Excel's features and functionalities, users can efficiently sort, filter, and analyze
data to gain insights and make informed decisions. The program facilitates tasks such as
creating budgets, tracking expenses, managing inventory, and conducting financial analysis.
It also supports the creation of charts, graphs, and pivot tables, enabling users to present
data in a visually appealing and understandable manner.
History: The primary model of Excel turned into launched in 1985. Underneath the name of
Microsoft Multiplan.
What is Excel?
Excel is a complete-featured spreadsheet software program evolved by means of Microsoft.
It lets in users to store, arrange and edit statistics in a spreadsheet format. Excel's breadth of
abilities has made it a famous device for individuals and organizations. Excel 16,384 columns
and general range of 1,048,576 rows.
Introduction to the Excel interface

1.Overview of the Excel user interface .When you open Excel, you will find a simple,
intuitive interface.
2.The ribbon, tabs, formula bar, worksheet area, and status bar are the Excel window's
key features.
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In Excel main important interface options

AS in image shows:
1. Ribbon: Ribbon contains tabs- ‘Home’, ‘Insert’, ‘page’,’ layout’, ‘formulas’, ‘data’, ‘view’,
‘developer’ its group of contain.
2. Title bar: it is top of the workbook and shows the name of the workbook.
3. Formula bar: its shows whichever sell is selected and which formula is written and
we edit that.
4. Excel Options. Clicking on this button displays a dialog box that offers you the ability to
change various configuration parameters. It also contains the Add-In option
5. Status bar: Its shows the status of the sheet-like what function, the formula is performing
6. Row header: It is on the left side of a sheet and shows the row serial. (1,2,3..)
7. Column header: it is top of the worksheet and the label name shows (A, B, C, D...)
Cells, columns, and rows:

Cells: In Excel, the basic building blocks are cells. They are the rectilinear shapes
created by the meeting of the rows and columns. Data, like numbers, text, formulas,
and functions, are stored and shown in cells. Each cell has a distinct address or
reference that is represented by a letter and a number (e.g., A1, B2, C3, etc.).
To successfully do calculations, produce charts, and analyze data, cells allow you
to input, modify, and change data inside the boundaries of a spreadsheet.
Column: In Excel, columns are vertical lines that run the length of a spreadsheet,
from top to bottom. At the top, they are labelled with alphabetical letters going
from A to Z and beyond (e.g., AA, AB, AC, etc.). In order to organize data vertically,
columns are essential. They are also frequently used to categories or classify data.
They enable you to organize similar data into groups and carry out numerous tasks
including sorting, filtering, and applying formulas.
Rows: In an Excel, rows are horizontal lines that run from left to right. They are
distinguished by numerical labels on the left side that start at 1 and increase as you
descend. Rows are utilized to represent individual records or entries and act as containers
for organizing data horizontally. They offer a predetermined structure for handling and
storing data in spreadsheets.
See the below image:

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Tab and Group

Tabs and groups in Excel are crucial components of the ribbon interface
that categorize different operations and capabilities.
Tabs: Tabs in Excel are the main categories or sections displayed at the top of
the ribbon. Each tab represents a different aspect or functionality of Excel. Here are
some commonly used tabs:
a. Home Tab: The primary categories or sections seen at the top of the ribbon in
Excel are called tabs. Each tab represents a different Excel feature or facet. Following
are some frequently used tabs:
The Home tab has widely used formatting, cell editing, and data manipulation tools.
b. Insert Tab: You can add a variety of items to your spreadsheet using the Insert tab,
including tables, charts, and photos.
c. Page Layout Tab: The Page Layout tab provides choices to change the page structure,
margins, and printing preferences.
d. Formulas Tab: The Formulas tab gives users access to a variety of built-in features
and capabilities.
e. Data Tab: The Data tab contains tools for importing, sorting, filtering, and analyzing
data in Excel.
f. Review Tab: You can spell-check, proofread, and add comments or protection to your
workbook using the Review tab's functionalities.
g. View Tab: You may adjust your spreadsheet's view settings, such as zooming in or
out and moving between different views, using the View tab.
Groups: The groupings, which are subcategories of linked commands, are further broken
down into each tab. Groups facilitate the organization of the tab's features. You will
discover groups like Clipboard, Font, Alignment, and Number, for instance, under the
Home tab.
Check the below images:
Tabs Group
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Quick Access Toolbar (QTA):

In Excel, the quick access toolbar (QAT) offers a practical way to quickly access frequently
used commands and functions.
You can save time and effort by customizing and adding shortcuts to crucial tools.
No matter which ribbon tab is selected, the QAT is always visible and accessible,
making it simple to use your preferred commands from any location inside the application.
Here are the key points and steps to utilize the Quick Access Toolbar in Excel:
Adding Commands to the Quick Access Toolbar :
The QAT's right end has a downward-pointing arrow; click on it.

Choose "More Commands" from the dropdown menu.
Select the required command from the "Choose commands from" dropdown list in
the Excel Options dialogue box.
To add a command to the QAT, select it and press the "Add" button.
To add more commands, repeat the process.
To save your changes, click "OK."
Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar:
The QAT's right end has a downward-pointing arrow; click on it.

A custom quick access toolbar can be selected.
The up and down arrows in the Excel Options dialogue box are used to reorder
the commands.
Select the command you want to remove from the QAT, then click the "Remove" button.
To save your customization, click "OK."
Moving the Quick Access Toolbar :
The QAT is usually positioned above the ribbon. However, if you'd like, you can place
it underneath the ribbon.
You may "Show Quick Access Toolbar Below the Ribbon" by performing a right-click
on the QAT.
Check the below image:

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Working with Workbook vs Worksheet
Workbook:
It consists of more than one sheet. Each serves as single worksheet inside a bigger series.
It serves as a box for facts, calculations, and evaluation. Each workbook has a unique
filename and might include one or extra worksheets.
Worksheet:
This is a single file that may be used for all statistical calculations, storing, analyzing,
and entering. Users can upload data into the cells, which are made up of rows and
columns that intersect. Worksheets give you a structured area for performing computations,
creating charts, and applying features and information formulation.
Check below image:
Enter and Modify the Data

Entering and modifying data in Microsoft Excel involves various actions that allow for data
input, manipulation, and organization. Here are the steps and procedures involved in
entering and modifying data in Excel:
Entering Data:
To input data into a cell in Excel, follow these steps:
The cell where you want to add the data should be clicked.
The appropriate data into the keyboard.
An insertion point that shows where the entered data is located within the cell appears
as you type.
Modifying Data:
Excel provides several commands for modifying data, such as copying, pasting, and
cutting. Follow these steps to perform modifications:
Selecting the cell or range of cells to copy, performing a right-click, and selecting "Copy"
from the context menu will copy the selected data.
To enter the copied data, navigate to the desired cell or range, right-click, and choose
"Paste.
Data can be sliced by using the same procedure as copying, but selecting "Cut"
rather than"Copy." The data is relocated as a result of this action.
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Adding and deleting Rows and Columns:

Excel provides quick ways to add and remove rows and columns. This is how:
To add a new row:

To insert a new row, simply right-click the desired row number and select "Insert."
Excel adds the row above the currently selected row automatically.
To delete a row:
Right-click on the row number and choose "Delete" to remove a row. As an alternative,
you can choose numerous rows and then click "Delete" to delete them all at once.
Insert a new column:
Create a new column by selecting "Insert" from the context menu when you right-click
on the desired column's letter. The column to the left of the clicked column is inserted
by Excel. To repeat the insert column process for more columns, hit the F4 key..
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Excel referencing and types
Relative reference: When a formula is copied to another cell, the relative

references are altered.
Relative referencing is the standard referring style in Excel. A formula or cell reference is
automatically adjusted based on its relative position when it is transferred to other cells.
A formula like "=A1+B1" in cell C1 will automatically change to "=A2+B2" in cell C2 to
retain the relative relationship. When you wish to run the same calculation on various
data sets, this style of reference is helpful.
Absolute reference: Absolute references cells constant no matter where they are copied.
Absolute referencing allows you to lock a mobile reference in a method, stopping it from
adjusting when the system is copied or filled to different cells. To create an absolute
reference, you operate the dollar signal ($) earlier than the column letter and/or row range.
For example, if you want to repair the connection with cellular A1, you'll use "$A$1" on
your formulation. When copied to different cells, the reference will stay the identical.
Mixed Referencing: Relative and absolute referring are used in mixed referencing.
In a reference, you can fix either the column or the row while allowing the other to change.
Use the dollar symbol ($) before either the column letter or the row number to create a
mixed reference. For instance, "$A1" locks the column but permits adjustment of the row,
but "A$1" locks the row but permits adjustment of the column.
Steps to Apply Referencing: To apply referencing in Excel:
The cell where you want to enter a formula should be selected.

Begin the formula with an equals sign (=).
Enter the cell references or values required for your formula.
Use appropriate referencing types:
For relative referencing, simply enter the cell references without any dollar signs ($).
For absolute referencing, use dollar signs before both the column letter and row
number ($A$1).
For mixed referencing, use dollar signs before either the column letter or row number
($A1 or A$1).
Press Enter to calculate the formula result.

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Values and Formatting Options
You can see the basic formatting options in the image, including font, alignment, number,
styles, cells, and editing.
In this, all formatting options there are sub multiple options: can see for editing font,
style, size, number, how to align, warp text, number, board, filling color, and inserting
rows, and columns.
Below can find detail about the options.
Values: A value in Excel is the actual text or numeric information entered in

a cell. These might be tuples of numbers, dates, or text. Simply select the cell and type
the value you want to insert.
Formatting options: Excel offers many formatting options to improve the appearance
of your cells and data. Here are some important formatting options:
A. Number formatting: You can change the number format. B. Currency, Percentage,
or Date Formats. To apply number formatting, select a cell, right-click, select Format
Cells, and go to the Number tab.
B. Font formatting: In Excel, you can change the font, size, style (bold, italic, underline),
and color. Select a cell, right-click, select Format Cells, go to the Font tab, and change
the font formatting.
C. Cell Alignment: You can align content in cells to the left, right, center, or adjust
vertical alignment. Use alignment options on the Home tab or the Format Cells dialog box.
D. Fill and border formatting: You can use patterns, add borders around cells or ranges
of cells, and modify the background color of cells in Excel. From the Home tab or the
Format Cells dialogue box, you can access these settings.
E. Conditional formatting: This feature allows you to highlight cells based on certain
conditions or criteria. It helps draw attention to data that meets specific requirements.
On the Home tab, look for conditional formatting options.
F. Cell style: Excel provides predefined cell styles that provide a consistent formatting
theme throughout your workbook. You can apply cell styles from the Cell Styles gallery
on the Home tab.
G. Custom formatting: You can design custom formats in Excel to display values in a
certain way. By employing unique codes, you can define your own forms. From the Format
Cells dialogue box, select this option.
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Flash fill (CLT+E)

Flash fill is a powerful feature in Excel that automates data formatting and extraction
tasks, saving you time and effort. It intelligently recognizes patterns in your data and
automatically fills adjacent cells based on the recognized pattern.
Activating Flash Fill: To activate Flash fill in Excel:

Enter a few examples of the desired formatting or extraction manually in a column
adjacent to the data you want to modify or extract.
Excel will detect the pattern based on your examples and suggest the Flash fill option.
Press Ctrl+E or click the Flash fill button in the Data tools group on the Data tab to
apply the suggested pattern to the rest of the column.
Formatting Data
Using a pattern, Flash fill can format data quickly. For instance:
Enter a few initial names in the adjacent column using the desired format if you have
a column of names in the style "First Name Last Name" and wish to extract only the
first names into a separate column.
Excel will identify the pattern and recommend using Flash Fill.
Apply Flash fill, and Excel will use the pattern you gave to automatically fill the
adjacent column with the extracted initial names.
Extracting Data:
From a column, Flash fill can extract particular data items.
To extract only the domain names from a column of email addresses, for instance,
write a few instances of the required domain names in the adjacent column.
When a pattern is detected, Excel will recommend the Flash Fill option.
Apply Flash fill, and according to the pattern you specified, Excel will extract the
domain names from the email addresses.
Custom Patterns: Flash Fill can handle various custom patterns based on your data.
You can use functions, text manipulation, and formatting options to create complex
patterns for data transformation.
Review and Adjustments: It is important to review the results of Flash Fill and ensure
they are accurate. Excel's Flash Fill feature is intelligent but may not always produce
the desired output. Make adjustments or provide additional examples to guide Excel
in recognizing the pattern correctly.
If you establish a pattern by typing the full name in a column, the Excel Flash Fill
feature will fill in the rest for you based on the pattern you provide
By utilizing Flash Fill in Excel, you can automate data formatting and extraction tasks,
reducing manual effort and increasing efficiency. The feature's intelligent pattern
recognition capabilities make it a valuable tool for working with large datasets or
performing repetitive data transformation
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The below Image shows when enter clt+E it will paste the remaining text into
he next cell.
In Excel custom number formatting, single and double commas (,) have specific
meanings when applied in a formula. They are used to control the number of
thousands separators or scale the number by a factor of one thousand.
Single Comma (,): When you use a single comma (,) in a custom number format,
it signifies a thousands separator. Excel will use a comma to separate thousands
in the number, making large numbers easier to read.
For example, if you have a custom number format like "0,000," and you enter the
number 1234567, Excel will display it as "1,234,567."
Double Comma (,,): When you use a double comma (,,) in a custom number format,
it represents a scaling factor of one thousand. Excel divides the number by one
thousand for each double comma.
Example:
"0,000" will separate thousands with a comma.
"0,,," will scale the number down by a factor of one million.
"0,,.0" will scale the number down by a factor of one million and display one
decimal place.
Text to column
Text to Columns is a powerful Excel feature that allows you to split data in a single
cell into multiple columns based on specified delimiters or fixed widths. It provides
a seamless way to effectively organize and manage your data.
Activating Text to Columns: Follow these steps to enable Excel's Text to
columns feature::
1. Choose the column in which the data you want to split is located.
2. Go to the Excel ribbon's Data tab.
3. In the Data Tools group, select the "Text to Columns" button.
Delimited vs Fixed Width: Depending on the layout of your data, you can select
between two options in the Text to Columns Wizard: Delimited or Fixed Width.
Delimited: When your data is divided by a specified delimiter, such as a comma, tab,
or semicolon, choose the delimited option. The delimiter used to split your data
is a choice.
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Fixed Width: When your data is segmented into columns based on certain
character positions or widths, select the fixed width option. In the data preview
section, you can click and drag to specify the column breaks.
Delimited Text to Columns::

In the Text to columns Wizard, choose "Delimited."
Select the proper delimiter to divide your data (e.g., comma, tab, and semicolon).
Make any necessary revisions after previewing the changes in the data
preview window.
Indicate whether you want the divided data to be inserted into current
columns or new ones.
To put the Text to Columns action into effect, click Finish.
Fixed Width Text to Columns:

In the Text to columns Wizard, choose "Fixed Width."
Column breaks based on character positions or widths can be defined by
clicking and dragging in the data preview window.
If necessary, adjust the column breaks to guarantee precise data separation.
Indicate whether you want the divided data to be inserted into current
columns or new ones.
Handling Data Format:

The Text to columns option also allows you to pick the data format for each
column, such as General, Text, Date, or Number. This enables you to guarantee
that the appropriate data format is used for each split column.
Preview and Adjustments: Before completing the split, it is important to preview
the Text to Columns operation's output and make any necessary modifications.
This makes sure that the data is correctly divided and arranged
Excel's Text to columns function makes it simple to divide and arrange data within
a single cell, improving data administration and analysis.
Check this image: step:1
Step 2:
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Comments in Excel:
A comment is used to add additional information related to data or sheets.
Adding Comments:
View comments:
To view the comment, either pick the cell to display the comment in the comment
box or hover over the cell to display a small box containing the comment text.
Edit comment:
From the context menu, choose Edit Comment by right-clicking the cell where
the comment is located.
Modify the comment field's comment wording.
To save your changes, click outside the comment box or press Enter.
Formatting Comments:
Excel gives you the option to format comments to make them easier to read.
The text can be formatted by changing the font, size, or other formatting choices
by right-clicking on the cell containing the comment and choosing "Edit Comment."
By hitting Enter or clicking outside the comment box, you can save the formatting changes.
Deleting Comments:
To delete a comment, perform a right-click on the cell that contains it and select
"Delete Comment" from the menu.
The comment will be removed, and the cell won't show the related information =
anymore.
Check below the image:
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Format Painter (clt+shift+c)

You may easily apply formatting from one cell or range to another using the helpful
Excel feature called Format Painter. The formatting properties, including font, fill colour,
borders, and more, can be copied to save time and effort. An instruction manual for
using Excel's Format Painter is provided below:
Select the cell or range that contains the formatting you want to copy to get started.
On the Excel toolbar, look for the Format Painter button. The "Home" tab of the
Excel ribbon is where you may find it. A paintbrush icon is typically used to represent it.
To use Format Painter, click the button. Your cursor will change into an icon for a
paintbrush as a result.
Click and drag your cursor over the cell or range where you want to apply the
formatting while the Format Painter is active. When you have selected the required
destination range, make sure you release the mouse button.
The target range will immediately receive the formatting from the source cell or range.
Double-click the Format Painter button to apply the same formatting to numerous
non-adjacent cells or ranges. As long as you don't manually deactivate it by clicking
the Format Painter button or pressing the "Esc" key, the Format Painter will
remain active.
Before choosing the target range, double-click the Format Painter button or hit "Esc"
to eliminate the formatting that the Format Painter duplicated. You can make sure
that no formatting is used inadvertently by doing this.
These procedures will allow you to utilize Excel's Format Painter tool to its best
potential. It makes it easier to apply uniform formatting across different cells or
ranges, enabling you to easily construct spreadsheets with a polished appearance.
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How can Format Painter without a mouse by using keyboard shortcuts?

Select the Cell with the Desired Formatting:
Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to navigate to the cell with the formatting you
want to copy. This cell is your "source" cell.
Copy the Formatting:
Press Ctrl + Shift + C to copy the formatting from the source cell. This keyboard
shortcut is equivalent to using the Format Painter.
Apply Formatting to Other Cells:
Use the arrow keys to navigate to the cell or range where you want to apply the
copied formatting. This cell or range is the "target" cell.
Paste the Formatting:
Press Ctrl + Shift + V to paste the formatting onto the target cell or range.
CLT+’
In Excel, "Ctrl+'" (Control key plus an apostrophe) is a keyboard shortcut used to
copy the formula (value) from the cell directly above the currently selected cell. It is
a quick way to enter the same data in a cell that is directly above the one you
are working in.
Select the cell where you want to copy the formula value.
Press Ctrl+' (Control key and apostrophe key) together.
The value from the cell above will be copied into the selected cell.
Dragging a formula in Excel has its advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
Efficiency: It's a quick way to replicate a formula across a range of cells without the need
to manually enter the formula for each cell.
Consistency: When you have a formula that you want to apply to a series of data,
dragging it ensures consistency in calculations.
Time-saving: For large datasets, dragging saves a significant amount of time
compared to manual entry.
Ease of Use: It's a straightforward method, making it accessible to users with varying
levels of Excel proficiency.
Disadvantages:
Errors: If the formula is not designed to be dragged (e.g., if it contains absolute

references), dragging it might lead to errors in your data.
Complexity: In more complex worksheets with intricate relationships and dependencies,

dragging can introduce issues or require extra care to set up correctly.
Inflexibility: Dragging is most efficient for straightforward data and formulas. If you
need to apply different formulas to cells or adjust them based on specific criteria,
dragging may not be the best method.
Potential Oversights: If you drag a formula over a large range, you might overlook the
formula's logic and not notice if it doesn't fit the new cells.
Cell References: Dragging can change cell references in unexpected ways if the formula
contains mixed references. You need to understand how relative, absolute, and
mixed references work.
Large Datasets: For very large datasets, dragging formulas can slow down
Excel's performance.
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Protecting cell, Sheet, and workbook:

Protecting sheet is hiding data from other users. You can lock the cells on an Excel
worksheet and then password-protect it to prevent other users from editing,
changing, moving, or deleting data.
With worksheet security, you may restrict editing to only a few areas of the
sheet, preventing users from changing any other sheet data.
Protect Cells:
Choose the cell which want to protect > click and dragging the mouse over them.
Right-click on the selected cell and select >"format cells".
In the format cells dialog box go to the > "protection" tab.
Click the box next to "locked" to lock the chosen cell.
Changes will save after clicking on ‘OK’. Click "ok" to save the change.
Enabling Cell Protection:
In the Excel ribbon, select the "Review" tab to enable cell protection. For
reviewing and safeguarding your worksheet, you can use the tools and
settings found on this tab.
Find the "Protect Sheet" button in the toolbar under the "Review" tab. To view
the settings for sheet protection, click on it.
You can set a password to limit access to the protected cells if asked to do so.
Any subsequent modifications to the protected cells will need this password.
To secure the cells after setting the password (if desired), click "OK." Users will
now need to enter the password to make any changes because the selected
cells are locked and secured.
Protective sheet:
The user must enter the password (if set) to make changes to the protected sheet.
Open the workbook containing the sheet you want to protect in order to protect
the full sheet in Excel.
Right-click the sheet tab in the Excel window's bottom-left corner. A context
menu is displayed.
From the context menu, choose Protect Sheet. This will bring up a dialogue box
with options for sheet protection.
By entering a password in the dialogue box, you can, if you'd like, limit who can
view protected sheets. Additionally, you can choose specific options to permit
or prohibit particular actions, such as: B. Choose format cells or locked cells.
To protect the sheet after configuring the required choices, click OK. The limits
will be in place, and the sheet will be protected.
Check below image:
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Select the option to "protect sheet" by clicking right on a sheet. Also available is
a choice under the review tab.
Check both images.
Unprotect an Excel worksheet

Steps for unprotecting
Navigate to the worksheet that you want to unlock.
Go to File > Info > Protect > Unprotect Sheet, or select Unprotect Sheet from
the Review tab's Changes menu.
Enter the password in the Unprotect Sheet dialogue box if the sheet is
password-protected, and then click OK.
Logical Operator
SUM: The SUM function calculates the sum of a range of cells. For example:
"=SUM (A1:A8)" will give the sum of values in cells A1 to A8.
IF: The conditional operator known as the IF function returns a value based on a
specified condition. If the condition is true, it evaluates it and returns one value;
if the condition is false, it returns a different result. For instance, the expression
"=IF(B20>10, "Yes", "False")" will return "Yes" if the value in cell B20 is mor
than 10, and "False" otherwise.
AND: If all of the conditions are met, the AND operator returns true. It
simultaneously checks to see if several conditions are met
OR: If at least one of the predetermined conditions is true, the OR operator
returns true. It determines which of the conditions are true.
NOT: The NOT operator flips a condition's logical value. If the condition is true,
it returns TRUE; otherwise, it returns FALSE. It can be applied to disprove a
condition's outcome.
= (equal to): The equal to operator determines whether two values are equal
to one another. As an illustration, "A1=B1" will return true if the value in cell
A1 and cell B1 is equivalent.
<> (not equal to): The not equal to operator (>) determines whether two values
are not equal to one another. For instance, "A1>B1" will return true if cell A1's
value is not equal to cell B1's value.
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Inserting image, shape, or Object:

Ability to insert images, shapes, and objects to enhance your spreadsheets. Here's
a breakdown of each feature:
Insert Image: You may quickly insert images into your Excel spreadsheet using the
"Insert Image" tool. With this feature, you can choose and insert images from your
computer's desktop or local storage, giving your workbook a visual representation.
Insert Shapes: You can insert a variety of shapes into your spreadsheet using Excel.
These geometrical forms consist of rectangles, circles, arrows, lines, and others.
You can focus or highlight particular portions of your data by using these shapes,
which will make it look more appealing and organized.
Insert Object: You can immediately insert objects from other apps into your Excel
workbook using the "Insert Object" feature. Word documents, PDF files, movies,
PowerPoint presentations, and even other Excel worksheets are examples of the
kind of objects you can embed or link. This enables you to include pertinent
information from other sources, giving your spreadsheet extensive and
nteractive information.
Steps: Go to insert tab> click on text> there are object options and click on
that add.
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STAT FORMULAS
In statistics, a formula can perform all statistical work.
COUNT: Using the specified range as input, this formula counts the number of
chosen cells. It counts the number of cells with values in them and then returns that
total. Formula: =Count (cell_range), =Count(A10:A20)
COUNTA: The COUNTA formula, which excludes empty cells, counts the number of
non-blank cells in a range. Every type of data is taken into account, including text,
numbers, logical values, and even cells containing formulas or mistakes.
Check See below example:
AVERAGE:
The average of a group of cells is determined by the AVERAGE formula. The
average value is calculated by adding together all the values in the range and
dividing the result by the overall number of cells having numeric values.
Median:
The median value within a group of cells is determined by the Median formula. It
chooses the middle value after placing the values in ascending order. It computes
the average of the two middle values if there are an even number of values.
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MODE:
The MODE formula finds the value that appears the most frequently among a
group of cells. The value that appears in the range the most frequently is
found and returned.
MAX:
The MAX formula returns the cell range's highest value. The greatest value is
chosen as the output after scanning the whole range.
MIN:
The MIN formula returns the cell range's lowest value. The least value found when
searching the range is chosen as the output.
25th Percentile:
The formula for determining the 25th percentile determines the value below which
25 percent of the data in a range falls. It divides the data into four equal parts,
ascends the order of the data, and then chooses the value that lies between the
first and second quartiles.
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STANDARD DEVIATION : VARIANCE :
STDEV: The standard deviation of a sample is calculated using the STDEV formula.
It determines how widely distributed the data is by measuring the dispersion or
variability of data points from the sample mean.
Variance(VAR): The VAR formula determines a sample's variance. It provides a

measurement of the spread of the data by quantifying the average squared
difference between each data point and the sample mean.
Nth LARGEST : STDEVP:
Nth Largest: This formula, you can find the cell range where the value is the
Nth largest. The value at the Nth place is chosen after the values are arranged
in decreasing order.
STDEVP: The STDEVP formula determines the population's overall standard

deviation. It provides a measurement of the general distribution of the data by
measuring the dispersion or variability of data points from the population mean
VARP: CORREL:
VARP: The VARP formula calculates a population's overall variance. It provides a

measurement of the spread of the data across the entire population by quantifying
the average squared difference between each data point and the population mean.
CORREL: The correlation coefficient between two cell ranges is determined using
the CORREL formula. The degree and direction of the linear relationship between
the two sets of data are both measured.
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COVARIANCE.P: COVARIANCE.S:
COVARIANCE.P: The COVARIANCE.P formula determines the covariance of two

data sets when seen as a population as a whole. It assesses the population's overall
relationship between changes in one variable and those in another.
COVARIANCE.S: Using two data sets as a sample, the COVARIANCE.S formula

calculates the covariance. Based on a sample of the population, it assesses the
relationship between changes in one variable and changes in another variable.
IFS FUNCTIONS:
SUMIF: Add up the values of the cells in a range that satisfy a set of requirements.
COUNTIF: This function counts how many cells in a given range satisfy a given
condition. view the image below
AVERAGEIF: Determines the average of cells in a range that satisfy predefined

requirements.
SUMIFS: Determine values for various ranges that satisfy various requirements.
Counts the number of cells across different ranges that satisfy various criteria.
COUNTIFS: Counts the number of cells in multiple ranges that meet multiple criteria.
AVERAGEIFS: Thve average of the cells for all ranges that satisfy all requirements.
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LOOKUP FUNCTION
VLOOKUP (Vertical Lookup):
VLOOKUP is a commonly used function in Excel that allows you to look up a value
in the leftmost column of a table and retrieve the corresponding value from another
column. Here's how it works:
Choose the cell where the lookup result should be shown.
Enter the VLOOKUP formula: =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array,
col_index_num, [range_lookup]).
Replace "lookup_value" with the value you want to search for.
Specify the "table_array," the range containing the data you want to search in.
Indicate the "col_index_num" to determine the column with the desired result.
Optionally, set the "range_lookup" parameter to TRUE for an approximate match
or FALSE for an exact match.
To retrieve the search result, press Enter.
Check below example:
HLOOKUP (Horizontal Lookup):

HLOOKUP is a function in Excel that allows you to search for a value in the top row
of a table and retrieve the corresponding value from the row below it. Here's a
step-by-step guide on using the HLOOKUP formula:
Choose the cell in which the lookup result should be displayed.

Enter the HLOOKUP formula: =HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array,
row_index_num, [range_lookup]).
In the top row of the table, swap out "lookup value" with the value you wish to
search for.
You must specify the "table array," or the set of cells in which the information
you wish to search for is located. The top row (which contains the lookup values)
and the row behind it have to be included in this range (containing the desired results).
Indicate the "row_index_num" to determine the row from which you want to
retrieve the result. For example, if you want the result from the second row below
the top row, you would enter 2.
If desired, you can set the "range lookup" argument to FALSE for an exact match
or TRUE for a close match. If set to TRUE, HLOOKUP will look in the top row for
the lookup value that is the closest match. Only exact matches will be found if
the value is set to FALSE.
Check below image:
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XLOOKUP (Advanced Lookup):
XLOOKUP is a more versatile lookup function available in the latest versions

of Excel. It can perform both vertical and horizontal searches and also offers
additional functionality. Here's a quick.
Choose the cell where the lookup result should be shown.
Enter the XLOOKUP formula: =XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array,
return_array, [if_not_found], [match_mode], [search_mode]).
Replace "lookup_value" with the value you want to search for.
Specify the "lookup_array," the range containing the lookup values.
Indicate the "return_array," the range containing the values to be returned.
Optionally, set the "if_not_found" parameter to define the result when no
match is found.
Adjust the "match_mode" and "search_mode" parameters as needed.
INDEX MATCH
INDEX Function:
The Index function in Excel retrieves the value of a cell within a specified range
based on its row and column numbers. Here's how to use it:
Select the cell where you want the result.
Enter the Index formula: =INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num]).
The range of cells containing the data you wish to search in is the "array," therefore
define it as that.
Specify the "row_num" to identify the row within the range.
Optionally, provide the "column_num" to identify the column within the range
(if omitted, the entire row is returned).
Press Enter to display the result.
Row_num - is the row number in the array from which to return a value.
Column_num - is the column number from which to return a value.
See the below example:
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MATCH:
The Match function in Excel helps you find the position of a value within a range.
Follow these steps to use it:
Choose the cell in which the outcome should appear.
Enter the Match formula: =MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type]).
You should substitute the value you want to search for for "lookup value."
The range of cells in which you wish to conduct the search should be set in the
"lookup array."
Optionally, define the "match_type" as 0 for an exact match, 1 for a less than
match, or -1 for a greater than match (the default is 1).
Finds a specified value within a range and returns its relative position.
INDEX MATCH (Combination):

Combining the Index and Match functions allows you to perform advanced lookups
in Excel. Here's how to use them together:
Enter the Index and Match formula: =INDEX(array, MATCH(lookup_value,
lookup_array, [match_type]), [column_num]).
The range of cells that contain the data you want to retrieve should be used in
place of "array."
You can specify the "match type" to narrow down the type of match.
Optionally, set the "match_type" to refine the type of match.
To identify the column from which you want to extract data, specify the "column num."
See the below example:
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Offset Match
The Offset Match function in Excel is a powerful combination that allows you to
dynamically retrieve data based on a given reference point. Here's how to use it
step by step.
Enter the Offset Match formula: =OFFSET(reference, rows, columns, [height], [width]).
Replace "reference" with the starting cell from which you want to offset.
Specify the number of "rows" and "columns" you want to move away from the
reference cell.
Optionally, define the "height" and "width" of the resulting range.
The Offset function allows you to specify a reference cell and then move a certain
number of rows and columns away from it. It returns the value from the resulting
cell or range.
The Match function: The flexibility of this method is further increased when the Match
function and Offset are used together. How to combine them is as follows:

Enter the Offset Match formula: =OFFSET(reference, MATCH(lookup_value,
lookup_array, [match_type]), columns, [height], [width]).
If you want to offset from a cell, replace "reference" with that cell.
Use the Match function to find the position of the "lookup_value" within the
"lookup_array." cell.
Indicate how many "rows" and "columns" you want to shift past the reference cell.
Define the range's "height" and "width" if you choose.
To display the answer, hit Enter.
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Text functions
Upper: Gives text to upper case letters.
Lower: Convert text to lower letters.
Proper: Converts the first letter of each word to uppercase and the remaining
letters to lowercase.
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TRIM : TRIM function eliminates extra spaces in a text string, including leading
and trailing spaces, ensuring clean and well-formatted text.
Proper+ Trim : PROPER+TRIM function trims any leading or trailing spaces from
a text string and then capitalizes the first letter of each word, resulting in properly
formatted text.
Concatenate: CONCATENATE function allows you to join multiple text strings

together, creating a single concatenated string. Simply list the text strings you want
to combine within the function.
LEFT: LEFT function retrieves a specified number of characters, specified by

num_chars, from the left side of a text string. It is useful when you need to
extract a portion of a text string starting from the leftmost characters.
RIGHT: RIGHT function retrieves a specified number of characters, specified by

num_chars, from the right side of a text string. It is helpful when you need to extract
a portion of a text string ending with the rightmost characters.
Find and Replace

You can locate specific data using Excel's Find and Replace features and then replace
it with new values. Here is a detailed explanation on how to use them successfully:
Find: Find is identifying specified data.
Steps for find:
Press Ctrl+F or go to Home > Editing > Find & Select > Find.
In the Find dialog box, enter the text or value you want to find.
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Click on Find All to display all instances of the search criteria, or click Find
Next to locate the next occurrence.
Excel will highlight the data that has been located, making it simple for you
to determine where it is.
Replace: Replace identified information or values with new ones.
Steps for replace:

To replace text or numbers, press Ctrl+H or go to Home > Editing > Find
& Select > Replace.
Enter the text or value you're looking for in the "Find what" field of the
Replace dialogue box.
In the "Replace with" field, enter the new value you want to use in place of the old one.
To replace each instance in the worksheet individually, click Replace, or to
replace them all at once, click Replace All
Excel will execute the replacements and gives a summary of the changes made.
Substitute: Substitute used for replacing specific text with the text string.
Date and Time Formulas

TODAY: TODAY function in Excel returns the current date. It is a built-in
function that requires no arguments and provides the current date based
on the system clock.
NOW: The NOW function displays the current date and time in the selected cell.
Creates a date value using the year, month, and day that are provided.
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DATE: DATE function generates a date value by specifying the year,

month, and day as separate arguments
Formula: =DATE(year, month, day)
TIME: Creates a time value based on mentioned hour, minute, and second.
Formula: =TIME(hour, minute, second)
DAY:
Formula: =DAY(date)
The day component of a date is extracted using the DAY function, which
then returns the relevant day value
YEAR:
Formula: =YEAR(date)
The YEAR function takes a date and extracts the year component, returning
the appropriate year value.
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HOUR:
Formula: =HOUR(time)
The HOUR function returns the corresponding hour value after extracting
the hour component from a time.
MINUTE:
Formula: =MINUTE(time)
The MINUTE method returns the matching minute value after retrieving the
minute component from a time.
SECOND:
Formula: =SECOND(time)
The SECOND method returns the relevant second value after retrieving
the second component from a time.
WEEKDAY:
Formula: =WEEKDAY(date)
The WEEKDAY function returns the weekday as a number, with Sunday being
1, Monday denoting 2, and so on.
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DAYS:
Formula: =DAYS(end_date, start_date)
The DAYS function calculates the number of days that separate two dates,
where start date and end date are the earlier and later dates, respectively.
NETWORKDAYS:
Formula: =NETWORKDAYS(start_date, end_date, [holidays])
The NETWORKDAYS function determines the number of working days
between two dates, omitting weekends and optionally provided holidays.
DATE:
Formula: =DATE(year, month, day)
Based on the year, month, and day values, returns the date. Useful for
setting up date values or running calculations based on particular dates.
EOMONTH:
Formula: =EOMONTH(start_date, months)
N months before or after the start date supplied, this function returns the
last day of the month. Useful for working out due dates or figuring out dates
at the end of the month.
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DATEDIF:
Formula: =DATEDIF(start_date, end_date, unit)
Based on the supplied unit, determines the difference between two dates
in years, months, or days. useful for keeping track of durations or figuring
out age using birthdates.
TIME VALUE:
Formula: =TIMEVALUE(time_text)
Converts a textual time into a serial number that represents a fraction of a
day. Useful for manipulating time variables in Excel or conducting calculations.
Freezing vs splitting
With the help of Excel's two distinct strategies, freezing and splitting, you can more
efficiently manage huge datasets and operate with various worksheet portions. An
explanation of each follows:
Freezing:
When scrolling across a big spreadsheet in Excel, rows or columns can be frozen
to keep them visible. It makes sure that crucial headings or labels are always visible,
regardless of where you move within the sheet. Take the following actions to freeze
rows or columns:
Choose the column to the right of where you want to freeze (for freezing columns) or
the row below which you want to freeze (for freezing columns).
Navigate to the Excel ribbon's "View" tab.
Select "Freeze Panes" from the menu.
From the dropdown menu, pick "Freeze Panes" to freeze all columns and rows up to
the specified cell, or "Freeze Top Row" to freeze just the row with the headers.
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Check this image: Freeze
Splitting:
In Excel, you may split a worksheet into multiple panes, each with a separate set of scroll
bars. This feature makes it simpler to work with enormous datasets by allowing you to
examine various worksheet portions at once. How to divide the worksheet is as follows:
Set the cursor to the desired bottom-right pane cell, which is normally the
top-left area of the worksheet.
Navigate to the Excel ribbon's "View" tab.
Select "Split" from the menu.
The worksheet will be split into panes, each with its own scroll bars.
You can adjust the size of the panes by clicking and dragging the splitter bars.
Simply double-click on the splitter bar to remove the divide.
Check below the image:
Split Panes:
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Financial Formulas:
Finance formulas are used to express principles, facts, and laws in finance to represent
financial concepts. If you want to determine the potential value of your data or investment,
use Excel. You employ these: Here is an example of FV (Rate, Nper, [Pmt], PV, [Type]):
Type of error in Excel

These are common error:
Data Validation
Data Validation in Excel is a powerful feature that allows you to control the type and
range of data entered into cells, ensuring accuracy and consistency. Here's a unique and
plagiarism-free explanation of Data Validation, with simple steps and points:
Select the cell or range where you want to apply data validation.
Open the Excel ribbon and select the "Data" tab.
Select "Data Validation" from the menu.
Select the limitation type you want to use in the Data Validation dialogue box:
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1.Select the cell or range where you want to apply data validation.
2.Open the Excel ribbon and select the "Data" tab.
3.Select "Data Validation" from the menu.
4.Select the limitation type you want to use in the Data Validation dialogue box:
Configure the specific settings for your chosen validation type. This may involve
setting minimum and maximum values, defining a list of valid entries, or creating
Various validation types are available: whole numbers, decimals, lists, dates, text
lengths, and custom formulas.
Customize the validation settings to suit your specific requirements.
Check the below example:
Input Message:
Provide a custom message that shows when a user selects a cell with data validation.
(Instruction), see below image:
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Error Alert:
Display a warning or error message. When data enters wrong and not allowed
entered data.
Data validation
Data validation in Excel is a powerful feature that allows you to control and
restrict the types of data that can be entered into cells or ranges. This helps
prevent errors, maintain data consistency, and ensure accurate information in
your spreadsheets.
Creating Data Validation:
Select the Range: First, select the cell or range of cells where you want to
apply data validation.
Access Data Validation: Follow these steps:
Click on the "Data" tab in the Excel ribbon.
In the "Data Tools" group, click "Data Validation."
Data Validation Dialog Box: The Data Validation dialog box will appear, providing
three tabs: "Settings," "Input Message," and "Error Alert."
Settings Tab:
On the "Settings" tab, you define the type of data validation you want to apply.
Here are the different types:
Whole Number: Allows only whole numbers to be entered.
Decimal: Allows only decimal numbers.
Date: Permits only date entries.
Time: Restricts input to time values.
Text Length: Specifies the maximum and minimum text length.
List: Restricts entries to values from a predefined list.
Custom: Lets you create your own custom data validation rules.
Custom Data Validation:
If you choose "Custom," you can define your own validation criteria using
Excel's formula-like syntax. For example, you can use formulas like
"=AND(A1>10, A1<100)" to ensure a number falls within a specific range.
Input Message Tab:
The "Input Message" tab allows you to provide a custom message that will pop
up when the user selects the cell. This message can be used to provide instructions
or additional context about the data that should be entered.
Error Alert Tab:
The "Error Alert" tab is where you set up an error message that will display if the
user tries to enter invalid data. This is helpful for guiding users and preventing
data entry mistakes.
Practical Example - Creating a Drop-Down List:
To create a drop-down list, select the cell where you want the list to appear
and follow these steps:
Access the Data Validation dialog box.
In the "Settings" tab, select "List" from the "Allow" drop-down.
In the "Source" field, specify the range of cells containing the list of values you
want to display.
Click "OK."
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Benefits of Data Validation:

Data validation ensures data accuracy and integrity.
It reduces errors caused by incorrect data entry.
It simplifies data input for users through drop-down lists and input messages.
Custom data validation rules allow you to implement complex criteria.
Error alerts guide users when they enter invalid data.
Advanced Data Validation Techniques:
You can combine data validation rules with Excel functions to create dynamic validation.
Use named ranges to make data validation rules more manageable.
Data validation can be applied to entire columns for ongoing data entry control.
INDEX MATCH
Excel tables are organized collections of data that offer a number of advantages,
including automated sorting and filtering, simple data referencing, and the ability
to build dynamic formulas and charts depending on the table's contents.
See the picture below:
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Ranges can be converted into tables and Tables make it easier to structure and
organize data
Offset Match
Table design has options and commands:
Resize
Remove duplicates
Convert to Range
Style options (Total row, Header row, Banded row, etc...)
Formatting
Table Name: The methods below should be followed if you want to modify the table
name in the design table.
Select the table
Click the Table Design menu
See the name input field
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Table Resizing
Resize table command
Drag to resize
Adding headers
Removing Duplicate
Removing duplicates is in design for remove duplicate, cleaning.
Steps: select data> go to design tab> click to remove duplicate>
Excel sorting:
You can arrange your data in a certain order depending on one or more columns by
sorting it in Excel. This makes it easier for you to study the data, find certain values,
or spot trends. To sort data in Excel, take the following actions:
Sorting in Excel available in the home tab and insert tab sort and filter and after
data converted into a table there are also options is available.
Ranges can be sorted using the Sort Ascending and Sort Descending commands.
Sort Ascending: smallest to largest.
Sort Descending: largest to smallest.
Custom Sort: To add
Steps: home tab> select data range> click on sort and filter> click
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Basic Sorting
Choose the cell range you want to sort.
Open the Excel ribbon and select the "Data" tab.
Click the "Sort" button under the "Sort & Filter" group.
Select the desired column from the "Sort by" dropdown list in the "Sort"
dialogue box.
Choose "A to Z" for ascending order or "Z to A" for descending order to
choose the sorting order for the column.
To sort the data according to your option, click the "OK" button.
Advanced Sorting:
To add multiple levels of sorting, click the "Add Level" button in the "Sort" dialog box.
For each additional level, choose the column and sorting order.
Use the up and down arrows to rearrange the sorting levels based on your preference.
Click the "OK" button to apply the advanced sorting.
2. Sort by Color:
Description: Sorts data based on the background color or font color of the cells. Useful
for visually categorizing data.
How to Use: Select the column with colored cells, then click "Sort by Color" under the
Sort & Filter button. Choose the desired color criteria.
3. Custom Sort:
Description: Allows you to create a custom sorting order using a defined list.
How to Use: Click the "Sort" button, and in the Sort dialog box, select "Custom List."
You can define your custom list to sort data accordingly.
4. Sort by Cell Icon:
Description: Sorts data based on icons, such as those added with conditional formatting.
Useful for prioritizing tasks or data based on icons.
How to Use: Select the column with icon-based data, then click "Sort by Cell Icon" under
the Sort & Filter button. Choose the desired icon criteria.
5. Sort Top to Bottom:
Description: Sorts data vertically within a column, so the highest value is at the top
and the lowest value is at the bottom.
How to Use: Select the column to sort and click "Sort Top to Bottom" under the
Sort & Filter button.
6. Sort Left to Right:
Description: Sorts data horizontally within a row, so the leftmost value is at the
beginning and the rightmost value is at the end.
How to Use: Select the row to sort and click "Sort Left to Right" under the Sort
& Filter button.
Quick sort
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Go to data tab click on sort
Options and Settings:

Click the "Options" button in the "Sort" dialog box to access additional sorting options.
In the "Options" dialog box, choose the sorting orientation (by rows or columns).
Specify whether to sort numbers as text or perform a case-sensitive sort.
Check the "Sort left to right" option to sort data horizontally.
Check the "My data has headers" option if your range includes headers.
Choose whether to sort within hidden or filtered areas of the worksheet.
Click the "OK" button to save your options.
Non-working sorting example (Sort one range column)

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It is not advised to sort the names by themselves because doing so will destroy
the relationship.
Expand and Sort, the other option in the warning, expands Column B into the sort
function and sorts the items in relation to one another.
Filtering in Excel:
To display only certain information, filter the data. There are several possibilities accessible
throughout the filtering process; after choosing your data, go to the filter option and then
choose another option from the home tab:
Techniques of filtering:
Filter by Color: Filter data based on cell color in Excel.

Filter by Condition: filter specific conditions to filter data in Excel.
Filter data in Excel to display the top or bottom values using top/bottom
filters (ex. top 10, bottom 5).
Text Filters: Filter data based on text criteria like, contains, does not contain,
or begins with.
Number filters let you sort data in Excel using numerical criteria like greater
than, less than, or equal to.
Date Filters: Filter data based on dates like, before, after, or between certain dates.
Custom Filters: Create custom filtering criteria using formulas.
Advanced Filters: Use numerous conditions and complicated criteria to filter
data in Excel
Use the Excel function "Filter by Selection" to sort data according to the contents
of a selected cell
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Advanced Filters:
Go to the "Data" tab in the Excel ribbon.
In the "Sort & Filter" group, click on the "Advanced" button.
In the "Advanced Filter" dialog box, choose whether to filter in-place or copy to
another location.
Specify the criteria range that defines the filter conditions.
Select the range to filter by clicking the "Select a range" button.
Choose whether to filter the list in place or copy the filtered data to another location.
Click the "OK" button to apply the advanced filter.
Using multiple filters:
You can apply multiple filters to the same data. To do this, select the range of da
that you want to filter and then click the Filter button. Next, click the drop-down
arrow in the column header of the column that you want to filter and select the
values that you want to display. Repeat this process for each column that you want
to filter by.
Clearing filters:
To clear filters, select the range of data that has been filtered and then click the
Filter button. Next, click the Clear button in the Sort & Filter group.
Here are some additional tips for using filters in Excel:
You can filter data in a table or range, but not in a PivotTable.
You can filter data by values, by format, or by criteria.
You can apply multiple filters to the same data.
To filter data in a table, select the column header that you want to filter and then
click the Filter button.
To filter data in a range, select the range of data that you want to filter and the
click the Filter button.
To clear filters, select the range of data that has been filtered and then click the
Filter button.
Filtering is a powerful tool that can help you to quickly and easily find the data that
you need. By understanding the different filtering options available in Excel, you can
make the most of this feature.
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Non-Woking Example
Apply filters to the new row 1 and be sure to delete row 1 (the header row).
The header row has been replaced by the filter after application. It is crucial to
designate a header row specifically for the filter.
Conditional Formatting Excel:

Data is filtered using conditional formatting according to the condition.
Rules based on numbers or text are used as conditions. Highlight cell rules,
top/bottom rules, data bars, colour scales, icon sets, clear rules, and manage rules
are options you can choose from in the image below.
Highlight highest to lowest with color scales:

Check the below example:
Highlight cell rules:

In this option, there are options for when wanting to data filter greater than,
less than, between, as per condition this best way to see data.
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Appearance options
Dark red writing with a light red fill.
writing in dark yellow with a yellow fill
Green till with dark green text
Light red fill
Red text
Red border
Cell type rule

Greater Than...
Less Than...
Between...
Equal To...
Text That Contains...
A Date Occurring...
Duplicate/Unique Values
Icon Set option

The icon set option is pre-define conditions, there are 4 kinds of icon sets. Icon applies
in cells as per the condition. See the below example:
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Excel Manage rule:

Manage rules can manage and clear rules.
Manage rules can allow to creation rules as per criteria.
And clear rules use to remove the rule from cells and sheets.
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New rule
"New Rule" feature in Conditional Formatting allows you to create custom formatting
rules to apply to your data.
Select the Data: Choose the range of cells you want to format based on specific criteria.
Access Conditional Formatting: Go to the "Home" tab and click on "Conditional
Formatting" in the Excel toolbar.
Choose "New Rule": In the "Conditional Formatting" dropdown menu, select
"New Rule."
Define the Rule Type: In the "New Formatting Rule" dialog box, you can choose
a rule type. There are options like "Format cells that contain," "Use a formula to
determine which cells to format," and more.
Set the Formatting: After selecting a rule type, you can specify the criteria and
formatting to be applied when the condition is met. For example, you can set a
condition to format cells with values greater than 100 in bold red font.
Preview and Adjust: Excel provides a preview of how the formatting will appear.
You can make adjustments until you're satisfied with the visual result.
Apply the Rule: Click "OK" to apply the new rule. The defined formatting will be
applied to the selected cells based on the criteria you've set.
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Excel charts and analysis:

Charts are used to visualize data and make it more comprehensible.
The most common charts are:
Pie chart
Column chart
Line chart
Bar chart
Creating charts:
Select the range.
Click on the insert menu.
There are options available for recommended charts choose a chart as per
requirement.
Excel Charts: Step-by-Step:

Excel charts are an effective method for visually organising and displaying
data. To design numerous chart types:
Bar Chart:
Bar chart used for comparison of one item.
Bar charts show the data as vertical bars.
Importance: Bar charts are similar to column charts and are useful for comparing
data across different categories.
Steps:
Select the data range you want to represent.
Go to the "Insert" tab and click on the "Column" chart type.
Excel will insert a column chart, where each column represents a data point.
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Three types of bar charts:
Stacked bar( )
100% stacked bar( )
Clustered bar( )
Stacked Bar charts:

Compare parts of categories, shows how parts change over time.
How to Decide When to Use a Bar Chart:
Use a bar chart when the categories you want to represent are best displayed on
the vertical axis (y-axis).
Consider using a horizontal bar chart when you have long category labels that are
easier to read horizontally.
If you want to compare multiple data series for each category, consider a grouped,
stacked, or 100% stacked bar chart depending on your specific data.
Column chart
Column charts show the data as vertical bars.
Importance: Column charts are ideal for comparing data across different categories,
such as sales figures for different products.
A Column Chart typically displays the categories along the horizontal (category) axis
and values along the vertical (value) axis.
Steps:
Select the data range you want to include.
Go to the "Insert" tab and click on the "Column" chart type.
Choose the desired subtype to customize the appearance.
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Different types of column charts:
Clustered column ( )
Stacked column ( )
100% Stacked column ( )
Column chart
A Column Chart is a popular type of chart in Excel that's widely used to represent data
in a vertical, column-based format. It's a straightforward way to visually represent and
compare data across categories or over a period.
How to Create a Column Chart in Excel:
Data Preparation:
Organize your data: You should have two columns of data in Excel. One column
represents the categories or labels (e.g., months, products, regions), and the other
column contains the corresponding values you want to display on the chart.
Data Selection:
Select the data: Click and drag your mouse to select the data you want to include
in the chart.
Insert a Column Chart:
Go to the "Insert" tab on the Excel ribbon.
In the "Charts" group, click on the "Column Chart" dropdown button. You'll have
various options for column chart types, such as clustered columns, stacked columns,
and more.
Choose the type of column chart that suits your data presentation. For a basic
column chart, select "Clustered Column."
Customize Your Chart:
After inserting the chart, you can customize it to your liking. Right-click on various
chart elements (e.g., axis labels, legend, data series) to format or edit them.
You can also adjust the chart title, axis titles, and data labels.
Key Elements of a Column Chart:
Vertical Bars: In a column chart, each category or data point is represented by a vertical
bar. The length of the bar corresponds to the value of the data point.
Horizontal Axis: The horizontal axis represents the categories or labels. It is also known
as the x-axis.
Vertical Axis: The vertical axis represents the values. It is also known as the y-axis.
Data Labels: You can choose to display data labels on top of the columns to show the
exact values.
Why Use a Column Chart:
Comparisons: Column charts are excellent for making comparisons between categories
or showing changes over time. They allow you to see which categories have higher
or lower values.
Categorical Data: They are ideal for displaying categorical data, such as sales by
month, product sales by region, or the performance of students in a class.
Simplicity: Column charts are simple to understand and create, making them suitable
for a wide range of users.
When to Use a Column Chart:
Comparing Multiple Data Sets: When you want to compare data from multiple
categories side by side, use clustered or stacked column charts.
Showing Trends Over Time: Use a time-series column chart to display trends over a
specific period, such as monthly sales figures.
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Highlighting Individual Data Points: Column charts can emphasize individual data
points or categories in your dataset.
Column Chart Variations:
Clustered Column Chart: Used for comparing data across different categories
with grouped columns.
Stacked Column Chart: Data for each category is stacked on top of each other,
showing the total and individual part-to-whole relationships.
100% Stacked Column Chart: Similar to the stacked column chart but displays data
as percentages, showing each category's proportion of the whole.
3-D Column Chart: A visually appealing option that represents data in three
dimensions but can be harder to interpret.
Histogram and Pareto chars:

A histogram chart shows the frequency of values inside various intervals or bins as a
visual representation of data distribution. It is an effective technique for examining
data distribution patterns. The significance of the histogram chart and how to make
one in Excel are described here.
Importance
Histogram charts provide insights into the distribution of data, allowing us to
identify common values, outliers, and overall data shape. They find applications
in statistics, quality control, and data analysis, helping us understand the
characteristics of a dataset.
Steps to Create a Histogram Chart:
Organize your data in a single column in Excel.

Select the data range you want to include in the histogram.
Select the "Histogram" chart type from the "Insert" tab.
Check below image:
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Choose the desired subtype, such as clustered column or stacked column histogram.
Excel will automatically generate the histogram based on your data. Customiz
it by adding axis labels, titles, or adjusting the bin size to suit your requirements.
Pareto chart
To highlight the most important elements in a dataset, a Pareto chart combines a bar
graph and a line graph. Identifying the "critical few" relevant components, it aids in
prioritizing efforts. What a Pareto chart is useful for and how to make one in Excel
are described below.
Importance
By emphasizing the crucial elements that contribute the most to an issue or
circumstance, Pareto charts are useful for allocating resources. You can prioritize
improvement efforts and make well-informed judgments by concentrating on
hese elements, which will produce better results.
Steps
Excel should be used to prepare your data, with one column for categories and
another for the values associated with each.
Sort the data in descending order based on the values.
Calculate the cumulative percentage for each category.
Select both columns of data, including the categories and cumulative percentages.
Select the "Combo" chart type from the "Insert" tab.
Choose the subtype that combines a clustered column with a line graph.
Excel will generate the Pareto chart. Customize it by adding axis labels, titles, and
adjusting the appearance of the bars and line to improve clarity.
Select Pareto from the Histogram drop-down list next to Insert > Insert Statistic Chart.
Additionally, you can construct a Pareto chart by selecting Insert > Recommended
Charts > All Charts from the menu in Recommended Charts.
Configure Bins
Select "Format Axis" from the menu when you right-click on the chart's horizontal axis.
See this image
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Use the details below to select the Format options for all bars, colors, and
widths that you desire.
Understanding the Pareto Chart:

Bar Chart: A Pareto chart is essentially a bar chart, with bars representing individual
categories or factors. These bars are typically arranged in descending order, starting
with the most significant factor on the left and descending to the least significant
factor on the right.
Cumulative Percentage Line: A Pareto chart includes a cumulative percentage line,
which shows the cumulative percentage of the total as you move from left to right
on the chart. This line helps identify the point where a significant portion of the total
is reached.
How to Create a Pareto Chart:
Data Collection: Collect and organize your data. This data should represent
categories or factors that you want to analyze for significance.
Calculate Frequencies: Count the occurrences or frequencies of each category in
your data.
Calculate Percentages: Calculate the percentage of each category's frequency in
relation to the total. Also, calculate the cumulative percentage as you move down
the list.
Sort Data: Arrange the categories in descending order based on their frequencies
or percentages.
Create the Pareto Chart:
Select the data (both categories and their frequencies).
Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel.
Choose "Bar Chart" from the "Charts" group.
Select the "Clustered Bar" chart.
Your Pareto chart is created.
Customize Your Chart: You can customize the chart title, axis labels, and add
data labels for clarity.
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Why Use a Pareto Chart:

Identifying Priorities: Pareto charts help identify the most significant factors or issues
that contribute to a problem or opportunity. By focusing on these factors, you can
make targeted improvements.
Visual Communication: Pareto charts provide a clear and visual representation of data,
making it easier for teams to understand and discuss areas for improvement.
Decision-Making: These charts assist in decision-making by highlighting the areas
that have the greatest impact. Teams can allocate resources more effectively based
on this information.
When to Use a Pareto Chart:
Quality Control: Pareto charts are commonly used in quality control to identify defects
or issues that affect product quality.
Process Improvement: In process improvement initiatives, Pareto charts help prioritize
the most significant factors that need attention.
Cost Reduction: Use Pareto charts to pinpoint cost drivers and allocate resources for
cost reduction efforts.
Difference Between Pareto Chart and Other Charts:
Bar Chart: A typical bar chart displays data without the emphasis on ranking or
cumulative percentages. A Pareto chart, on the other hand, specifically arranges data
in descending order to prioritize factors.
Pie Chart: Pie charts display parts of a whole and don't highlight the ranking or
significance of individual categories. Pareto charts provide a clearer indication of
significance.
Line Chart: Line charts show trends over time, while Pareto charts focus on individual
categories or factors without a time element.
The 80/20 Rule and Pareto Charts:
The 80/20 rule, also known as the Pareto Principle, suggests that roughly 80% of the
effects come from 20% of the causes. In the context of a Pareto chart, it means that
around 20% of the categories or factors are typically responsible for approximately
80% of the issues or occurrences. The Pareto chart helps identify these critical 20%
to prioritize improvement efforts effectively.
Note
Any practical business problem 80 percent of outcome are cause by 20 percent of
occurrence
Why Use the Pareto Chart:
Resource Allocation: By identifying the most significant factors or issues, organizations
can allocate their resources more efficiently to address the areas that will have the
greatest impact.
Effective Problem Solving: Pareto charts assist in targeting specific areas for
problem-solving, leading to more effective and focused solutions.
Continuous Improvement: In quality control and process improvement, the Pareto
chart is a valuable tool for ongoing efforts to enhance performance and reduce errors.
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Pie Chart
Pie charts arrange the data as slices in a circle.
Importance: Pie charts display the proportion of different parts of a whole, such as
market share percentages or budget allocations.
Pie charts display how much each category contributed to the overall amount. Shown
as a percentage.
Steps:
Select the "Pie" chart type from the "Insert" tab.
To change the look, select the desired subtype.
Three types of pie charts:
2-D pie 3-D pie Doughnut
Why Use a Pie Chart:

Pie charts are used to display parts of a whole, making it easy to see the relationship
between each category and the entire dataset.
They are suitable for showing the composition of a single data series.
When to Use a Pie Chart:
Use a pie chart when you want to show how different categories contribute to a
total value.
They are effective for illustrating the distribution of budget allocation, market share,
or survey responses.
How to Decide When to Use a Pie Chart:
Select a pie chart when you need to convey the relative proportions of different
categories within a single dataset.
Ensure that the categories are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive for
accurate representation.
Difference Between Pie Chart and Donut Chart:
The main difference is the presence or absence of a hole in the center. Pie charts
have no hole, whereas donut charts have a hole in the middle.
Donut charts are often used when you want to display multiple data series in a single
chart, showing the whole while preserving separate category proportions.
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Why Some Companies Discourage Pie Charts:

While pie charts are a popular visualization tool, they can be less effective when it comes
to comparing categories or showing small differences between slices.
Pie charts can be challenging for some viewers to interpret accurately, especially when
there are many small slices, leading to potential misinterpretations.
Some experts argue that other chart types, such as bar charts or stacked bar charts, are
more effective for displaying data accurately.
Note: A pie chart typically represents a single data series of categorical values in one
column. Each category in that column is represented as a slice of the pie, and the size
of each slice is proportional to the value it represents within the series. Pie charts ar
designed to show the distribution of a single set of categorical data.
Pie of pie chart:
A "Pie of Pie" chart is a variation of a pie chart used to represent categorical data with
more detail. It's especially useful when you have a large number of categories, and you
want to highlight some of the smaller categories by breaking them out into a
secondary pie chart.
Doughnut Chart
Doughnut charts arrange the data as slices in a circle with a hollow centre.
When there are multiple data columns, doughnut charts are frequently utilized.
Importance:
Doughnut charts, which resemble pie charts but contain a hole in the centre, are significant.
They are helpful for displaying percentages with a stronger emphasis on subgroups.
Steps:
Select the data range you want to use.
Select the "Doughnut" chart type from the "Insert" tab.
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Line Chart
Line diagrams can display ongoing data across time. Line charts are frequently employed
to display trends over time.
Importance: Line charts are helpful for displaying long-term trends or continuous data,
such as changes in stock prices or temperature.
Steps:
Choose a data range that contains a series of data points.
Select the "Line" chart type under the "Insert" menu.
Excel will create a line chart, displaying the data points connected by lines.
In a Line chart −
Category data in a line chart is dispersed uniformly down the horizontal axis.
The vertical axis is uniformly dispersed with valuable data.
Six types of line charts:
Line charts
Line charts with Markers
Stacked Line charts
Stacked Line with Markers
100% Stacked Line charts
100% Stacked Line charts with Markers
Why Use a Line Chart:
Line charts are used to visualize data that changes continuously over time.
They are effective for showing trends, identifying patterns, and making comparisons
between different data series.
When to Use a Line Chart:
Use a line chart when you have data with a time-based or continuous sequence, such
as historical stock prices, temperature trends, or sales figures over a period.
It's suitable for illustrating changes or trends in data points over a range of values.
How to Decide When to Use a Line Chart:
If your data has a time-based component, like dates or intervals, and you want to see
trends or patterns, a line chart is a good choice.
When comparing two or more data series to visualize their relationship or differences,
a line chart is preferable.
Difference Between Line Chart and Area Chart:
Line Chart: Connects data points with lines, making it easier to see individual values.
It's suitable for showing trends.
Area Chart: Fills the area below the lines in a line chart with color, creating a visual
representation of cumulative values. It's useful for showing the total or relative
contributions of multiple data series over time.
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Area Chat:
With one exception, an area chart is identical to a line chart in that the space below
the line is coloured.
Importance:
Area charts, which are frequently used to show cumulative data or stacked numbers,
emphasize the extent of change over time.
Steps:
Select the "Area" chart type from the "Insert" tab.
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What is an Area Chart:

An area chart is a graph that displays quantitative data using filled areas, where the
area below each line is color-shaded.
It's often used to show the total and relative contributions of multiple data series over time.
How to Create an Area Chart in Excel:
Select your data in Excel, including the labels for the categories.
Go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon.
Click on "Area Chart."
Choose the specific type of area chart, such as a basic area chart, stacked area chart, or
100% stacked area chart.
Why Use an Area Chart:
Area charts help visualize and compare the total and relative contributions of multiple
data series to a whole over time.
They are effective for showing trends, highlighting areas of significance, and identifying
data overlap.
When to Use an Area Chart:
Use an area chart when you have multiple data series that sum up to a whole and you
want to show both the individual components and their combined effect.
It's suitable for illustrating cumulative data, such as total revenue by product category
over time.
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XY scatter chart
XY scatter chart, also known as a scatter plot chart, is a type of chart used in Excel to
display individual data points on a two-dimensional graph. These data points are typically
represented by X and Y coordinates.
Understanding the XY Scatter Chart:
X and Y Axes: An XY scatter chart has two axes: the horizontal (X) axis and the vertical
(Y) axis. These axes represent numerical values. The X-axis typically represents the
independent variable, while the Y-axis represents the dependent variable.
Data Points: Each data point in an XY scatter chart represents a specific pair of X and Y
coordinates. These data points are marked on the chart using markers, such as dots or
other symbols. The position of each data point is determined by its X and Y values.
How to Create an XY Scatter Chart:
Prepare Your Data: Ensure you have a dataset with two sets of numerical values—one
for the X-axis and one for the Y-axis.
Select Data: Select the data that you want to include in your chart.
Create Chart: Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel and select "Scatter" from the "Charts"
group. Choose the specific type of scatter chart you want to create (e.g., scatter with
markers or smooth lines).
Customize Your Chart: Customize the chart title, axis labels, markers, and other chart
elements as needed.
Why Use XY Scatter Charts:
Visualizing Relationships: XY scatter charts are ideal for visualizing the relationships
between two variables. They help you determine if there's a correlation, trend, or
pattern in your data.
Showing Individual Data Points: Scatter charts are effective at showing individual data
points, making them useful for data sets with distinct, separate values.
Identifying Outliers: You can easily identify outliers or unusual data points on an XY
scatter chart, which is valuable for data analysis.
When to Use XY Scatter Charts:
Correlation Analysis: Use scatter charts to determine the strength and direction of a
correlation between two variables. For example, you might use an XY scatter chart to
analyze how temperature affects ice cream sales.
Trend Analysis: Scatter charts help visualize trends over time. You can use them to track
stock prices, sales figures, or other time-series data.
Comparing Data Points: When you want to compare individual data points in a data set,
scatter charts allow you to see variations and outliers.
Difference Between Pie Chart and XY Scatter Chart:
Pie Chart: A pie chart is used to show the parts of a whole. It displays categorical data
as a circular chart divided into slices, each representing a proportion of the whole.
XY Scatter Chart: An XY scatter chart displays individual data points as dots (or other
markers) on a two-dimensional grid. It represents the relationship between two numerical
variables and is used for showing trends, correlations, and outliers.
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Thermometer chart
Creating a thermometer chart in Excel is a visually effective way to track progress
toward a goal or target. This type of chart resembles a thermometer, where the
"mercury" rises to indicate how close you are to achieving a goal.
Step 2: Create the Thermometer Chart

Select the data in columns A and B.
In the Charts group, click on the "Bar Chart" button.
Choose "Stacked Bar."
A stacked bar chart will be inserted into your worksheet.
Step 3: Adjust the Chart
The chart will initially look like a regular stacked bar chart. We need to modify it to
resemble a thermometer.
Right-click on the blue bars (these represent your data).
Select "Format Data Series."
In the Format Data Series pane that appears, set the "Series Overlap" to 100% and the
"Gap Width" to 0%. This will make the blue bar completely fill the chart area.
Your chart should now look like a single, solid blue rectangle, but we still need to format
it to resemble a thermometer.
Step 4: Customize the Chart to Resemble a Thermometer
Right-click on the chart area (the blue rectangle) and choose "Format Chart Area."
In the Format Chart Area pane, set the Fill and Border color as desired for the thermometer
body. You can choose a gray or white fill color.
To add the mercury-like effect, we'll need to create another data series. You can do this
by creating a data range that extends from your current status (e.g., 65) to the maximum value.
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Final Adjustments
You may want to add data labels to the "Status" and "Fill" parts to show the
current progress.
Adjust the chart title, labels, and other formatting elements to suit your needs.
Resize and position the chart as necessary within your worksheet
Tree Map:
As a visual representation of hierarchical data utilizing layered rectangles, a treemap
chart offers a hierarchical view of your data. It enables the unambiguous visualization
of data distribution, where different values are represented by varying rectangle sizes
and colours. The treemap is described here, along with instructions on how to
make one in Excel:
Create a Tree Map chart

Select data
Select Treemap from the Insert tab's Hierarchy Chart drop-down menu.
By selecting Insert > Recommended Charts > All Charts, you may also use
Recommended Charts to build a tree map chart.
Change label display
Waterfall chart
When items are added or deleted, a waterfall chart updates the running total. It helps
to comprehend how a series of positive and negative values effect a starting value
(like net revenue).
Since the columns are color-coded, you can distinguish between positive and
negative values with ease. The columns for the initial and end values frequently
begin on the horizontal axis, whereas the columns for the intermediate values are
floating columns. Waterfall charts are often known as bridge charts because to this "look".
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Creating waterfall chart

Select data.
Click Stock chart > waterfall or Insert > Insert waterfall.
You may also make a waterfall chart using the Recommended Charts' All Charts menu.
Heat maps
In Excel, a heat map is a visual representation that provides a fast comparison of
a dataset.
For instance, I can quickly identify the months (highlighted in red in the dataset
below) where sales were lower than average.
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Creating heat map

Select the dataset
Access colour scales by going to Home > Conditional Formatting. It displays
different colour schemes that might be employed to highlight the data.
Combo charts
Excel's combo chart is a flexible and useful tool for data visualisation that enables users
to combine different chart styles into a single graph. With this feature, users can present
diverse data sets on a unified platform, enabling comprehensive analysis and observation
of patterns, trends, and relationships between variables.
The main objective of utilizing a combo chart is to showcase data with varying scales or
measurement units in a cohesive manner.
Steps :
Decide which data range to use.
Select the "Combo" chart type from the "Insert" tab.
To alter the look, select the desired combination of chart types.
Combination chart
A combination chart in Excel is a chart that combines two or more different chart types
to represent data with different scales or categories on a single chart. It allows you to
visualize multiple data series with varying units or values in one chart, making it easier to
identify trends and relationships between different data points.
Why Use Combination Charts:
Combination charts are useful for several reasons:
They allow you to visualize different data series with varying scales or units on a single chart.
They help you identify relationships or correlations between data points that might not
be obvious when using separate charts.
They can make complex data more accessible and easier to understand.
You can highlight specific data points or trends using different chart types within the same chart.
When to Use Combination Charts:
You can use combination charts when:
You want to show multiple data series with different units or scales in a single chart.
You need to highlight specific data points or trends within your data.
You want to make your data presentation more efficient and less cluttered.
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Difference Between Pie Chart and Donut Chart:

Pie Chart: A pie chart represents data as a circular chart divided into slices, with each
slice showing the proportion of a whole. It's suitable for showing the composition of
a single category.
Donut Chart: A donut chart is similar to a pie chart but has a hole in the center,
creating a ring shape. It can be used for similar purposes as a pie chart but offers
better use of space and allows for additional data to be displayed in the center.
Pyramid chart
Creating a pyramid chart in Excel can help you visualize data where values decrease as
you move down the pyramid.
Step 2: Create the Pyramid Chart
Select the data in columns A, B, and C.
In the Charts group, click on the "Bar Chart" button.
Choose the "2-D Bar" chart, specifically the "Clustered Bar" option.
A clustered bar chart will be inserted into your worksheet.
Step 3: Adjust the Chart
The chart will initially look like a regular clustered bar chart, so we need to modify it to
resemble a pyramid.
Right-click on the chart, and choose "Select Data."
In the "Select Data Source" dialog, click on "Switch Row/Column." This will rearrange
your data to create a pyramid shape.
Your chart should now resemble a pyramid with the values decreasing from top to
bottom, but we still need to format it properly.
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Step 4: Customize the Pyramid Chart

Click on the data series on the right side of the chart (these are the smaller values).
Right-click and choose "Format Data Series."
In the Format Data Series pane that appears, set the "Overlap" to 100%. This will
move the right-side bars to the right edge of the pyramid.
Set the "Gap Width" to 0%. This will ensure that the right-side bars are adjacent to
the left-side bars.
Set the fill color as desired for the right-side bars.
Click on the data series on the left side of the chart (these are the larger values).
Right-click and choose "Format Data Series."
Set the "Overlap" to -100%. This will move the left-side bars to the left edge of
the pyramid.
Set the fill color as desired for the left-side bars.
Remove any unnecessary elements, such as the legend, vertical axis, and any labels
not needed for the pyramid chart.
Step 5: Final Adjustments
Customize the chart title, labels, and any other formatting elements as per your
requirements.
Resize and position the chart as necessary within your worksheet.
Sparkline
A Sparkline is a short (within one row) chart that displays data visually in a worksheet cell.
Use Sparkline to highlight maximum and minimum values as well as trends in a range of
values, such as seasonal rises or declines or economic cycles. For maximum impact,
place a Sparkline close to its corresponding data.
Add Sparkline
Choose the empty cell at the end of the data row.
Choose the Sparkline type, such as Line or Column, under Insert.
Select the row's cells, then click OK.
More data rows? To add a Sparkline to each row, drag the handle.
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Funnel chart
Funnel diagrams display values at various phases of a process. A funnel chart, for
instance, might be used to display the quantity of sales at each stage of a sales
pipeline. Similar to how the values drop off gradually, making the bars look like
a funnel.
Steps to create:
Create your data according to the example above. Use a column for the values and
another for the process steps.
Decide on the data.
Select Waterfall, Funnel, Stock, Surface, or Radar chart by selecting Insert > Insert > Funnel
Dumbbell chart
A Dumbbell chart is used to help you compare two points in a series that are on the
same axis. Also called the DNA chart
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Pivot Tables and Pivot Charts:

The function to assist organize and analysing data is called PivotTable.
It used for add and remove values, perform calculations, and filter and sort data sets.
Pivot Table helps structure and organize data to understand large data sets.
How Pivot tables work:
Pivot tables have 4 main components:
Column
Rows
Filter
Values
Steps: Select data and click the data tab> then click on the pivot table option.
The Table Pivot is displayed.
The PivotTable Fields panel is used to change how you see the data.
The settings can be separated into two: Fields and Layout.
Fields: The checkboxes can be selected or unselected to display or change the data.
Layout
To display data in the table, drag fields into the boxes on the right.
You can drag them to the four different boxes that we mentioned earlier
(four main components):
Filters
Rows
Columns
Values
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Pivot table timeline

Use a timeline as a filter option to quickly filter the date and time instead of
altering the filter for dates.
Click Analysis > Insert Timeline to begin. Look at the picture below.
Check the desired date fields in the Insert Timeline dialogue box, then click OK.
What Are Pivot Tables Used For?

Pivot tables are used for data summarization, aggregation, and analysis.
They help identify trends, patterns, and relationships in data.
Common use cases include sales analysis, financial reporting, inventory management,
and more.
Tips & Tricks for Excel Pivot Tables:
Use the Right Data Range: Ensure your data range includes all necessary information
without empty cells.
Format Your Data: Properly format your data to avoid issues with data interpretation.
Choose Field Names Wisely: Use clear and descriptive field names for clarity.
Apply Pivot Table Filters: Utilize filtering capabilities to focus on specific subsets of data.
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Classify Data: Group data when dealing with large datasets to simplify analysis.
Customize Layout: Customize the pivot table layout by moving fields to different areas
as needed.
Refresh and Update Data: Regularly refresh the pivot table to include the latest data.
Removing Grand Total from a Pivot Table:
To remove the grand total from a pivot table, select the pivot table, go to the PivotTable
Analyze or PivotTable Tools tab, click Field Settings (or Options), and uncheck "Grand
Total" or "Show grand totals for rows/columns," depending on your Excel version.
Grouping Dates in Pivot Tables:
To group dates in a pivot table, select a cell within the date column, right-click, choose
"Group," and specify the grouping criteria (e.g., days, months, quarters, years).
Adding a Calculated Field in a Pivot Table:
To add a calculated field, select any cell within the pivot table, go to the PivotTable Analyze
or PivotTable Tools tab, click "Fields, Items & Sets," and select "Calculated Field."
Enter a name and formula.
Copying a Pivot Table:
To copy a pivot table, select the entire pivot table, right-click, choose "Copy," go to the
destination sheet, right-click, and select "Paste."
Deleting a Pivot Table:
To delete a pivot table, select the pivot table, right-click, and choose "Delete" or
go to the PivotTable Analyze or PivotTable Tools tab, click "Options" or "Design," and
choose "Delete." Slicer
How to use slicers in Excel Pivot Tables. Slicers are a user-friendly feature that allows
you to filter your data interactively.
Inserting a Slicer in Excel Pivot Table:
Select any cell within the Pivot Table.
Go to the "Insert" tab.
Click "Slicer" in the "Filter" group.
In the Insert Slicers dialog box, select the dimension(s) you want to filter by.
Click "OK" to insert the slicer(s) into your worksheet.
Using Slicers:
Once inserted, a slicer provides a visual way to filter your Pivot Table data.
Click on an item in the slicer to filter your data by that item.
Hold the "Ctrl" key to select multiple items simultaneously.
To clear the selection, click the filter icon with a red cross at the top right of the slicer.
Inserting Multiple Slicers in a Pivot Table:
You can insert multiple slicers by selecting more than one dimension in the Insert
Slicers dialog box.
These slicers are linked to each other, allowing you to apply multiple filters simultaneously.
Slicers vs. Report Filters:
Slicers are a more visual way of filtering data and are user-friendly.
Slicers don't occupy a fixed cell in the worksheet and can be linked to multiple Pivot Tables.
Report filters are cell-based and may be more suitable for automation using VBA.
Formatting the Slicer:
You can customize the appearance of slicers, including modifying colors, arranging items
in multiple columns, changing the header, and sorting items.
Hiding Items with No Data:
You can choose to hide items in the slicer that have no data associated with them.
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Connecting a Slicer to Multiple Pivot Tables:

A slicer can be connected to multiple Pivot Tables that share the same Pivot Cache.
To connect Pivot Tables to a slicer, right-click on the slicer, go to Report Connections
and select the Pivot Tables you want to connect.
Creating Dynamic Pivot Charts Using Slicers:
You can use slicers with Pivot Charts to create dynamic, interactive charts.
Select the data, insert a Pivot Chart, and insert a slicer dimension to filter the chart
interactively.
Work with link in excel(Hyperlink)- (FILE, WEB):

Excel's hyperlink feature is useful for making clickable links that take users to
other files or websites.
Creating a Hyperlink to a File:
In the "Insert Hyperlink" dialog box, pick "Existing File or Web Page" on the left side.
Select the text or cell that you want to include the hyperlink in.
Choose "Hyperlink" from the context menu by performing a right-click.
Select "Existing File or Web Page" from the left-hand menu in the "Insert Hyperlink"
dialogue box.
Browse for and locate the desired file you wish to link.
Creating a Hyperlink to a Web Page:

Choose the text or cell that will contain the hyperlink.
Select "hyperlink" from the context menu by performing a right-click.
Click the "Existing File or Web Page" option on the left side of the "Insert Hyperlink"
dialogue box.
In the "Address" area, type the URL of the website you want to link to.
To create the hyperlink, click "OK."
A clickable link that leads to the chosen web page will be created from the
selected cell or text.
Editing or Removing a Hyperlink:

Choose the text or cell that contains the hyperlink.
Choose "Hyperlink" from the context menu when performing a right-click.
Change the link URL or text display as needed in the "Edit Hyperlink" dialogue box.
Click "Remove Link" in the dialogue window to get rid of the hyperlink.
Excel / 73
Dashboard
Step 1: Define the Purpose and Audience
Before you start building a dashboard, it's essential to understand its purpose and
the intended audience. What insights or information do you want to convey? Who
will be using the dashboard? This knowledge will guide your design and content decisions.
Step 2: Gather and Organize Data
Collect and organize the data you want to include in the dashboard. Ensure that
your data is clean, up-to-date, and relevant to the dashboard's purpose. You may
need to use Excel functions or external data sources to maintain accurate data.
Data
Understand data
Step 3: Plan the Layout
Plan the layout of your dashboard. Decide how many elements (charts, tables, etc.) you
want to include and where they should be placed. You can use Excel's grid to structure
your dashboard. Sketch a rough layout on paper or digitally to visualize your design.
Excel / 74
Step 4: Create Visual Elements

Design the charts, tables, and visual elements that will display your data. Excel offers
various chart types (e.g., column, bar, pie, line, etc.) and design options to choose from.
Select the types that best represent your data and fit the dashboard's style.
Step 5: Insert Charts and Tables
First take dynamic named range
Now, insert the charts and tables into your Excel worksheet. To do this:
Select the data you want to use.
Go to the "Insert" tab.
Choose the chart or table type that suits your data.
Customize the elements like titles, labels, and colors to improve clarity.
Step 6: Use PivotTables and PivotCharts

PivotTables and PivotCharts are powerful tools for summarizing and analyzing data. You
can create PivotTables from your dataset and PivotCharts (charts based on PivotTables)
to provide dynamic summaries. These elements can be used in your dashboard.
Excel / 75
Step 7: Add Interactivity

To make your dashboard user-friendly, add interactive elements. Consider using slicers,
buttons, or drop-down lists to allow users to filter and explore the data. These elements
can help create a dynamic experience.
Excel / 76
Step 8: Create a Summary or Title

Include a clear summary or title at the top of your dashboard. This should provide
context and convey the dashboard's purpose. You can format this using Excel's text
formatting options.
Step 9: Format and Style
Apply consistent formatting and style to all elements of your dashboard to ensure a
cohesive look. Use themes, colors, fonts, and cell styles to make your dashboard
visually appealing and professional.
Step 10: Review and Test

Before finalizing your dashboard, thoroughly review and test it. Make sure that the data
is accurate, elements are correctly linked, and interactive features work as intended.
Check for any errors or inconsistencies.
Step 11: Protect and Share
If necessary, protect your dashboard by locking specific cells or sheets to prevent
accidental changes. Then, save or share your Excel file with others. You can save it as a
regular Excel workbook or use Excel Online to collaborate with others in real-time.
Step 12: Maintain and Update
Keep your dashboard up to date by regularly updating the underlying data. You may
need to modify charts, tables, or calculations if the data structure changes. Review user
feedback and make improvements as needed.
VBA and Macros Excel

VBA the programming language used by Microsoft is called Visual Basic for Applications.
Products like PowerPoint, Word, and Excel. It will carry out all of the VBE programming
that we intend to accomplish (Visual Basic Editor).
A VBA Macro is a piece of code that tells Excel how to carry out a certain activity. You can
run the same task in the worksheet at any time after writing the VBA code once. The
procedure can be automated and repeated, tedious jobs removed thanks to the macro code.
We can create custom Excel task codes in VBA. You must first record a macro in order
to begin coding VBA in Excel.
Excel Macros:
A series of actions that have been recorded and can be played again repeatedly in
Excel are known as macros. It saves time and effort by doing away with the requirement
for manual execution. The Macro Recorder or VBA code can be used to build macros.
Excel / 77
VBA and macros steps:

First Developer tab enabled:
Access the file menu.
Navigate to the option under file.
choosing a customised ribbon
Check the image:
Record Macros: Automate Repetitive Task

Developer tab, click on Record Macro.
Give the Macro a proper name.
Your operations are continuously being recorded by the macro recorder in the Excel sheet.
Under the "Developer" tab, stop recording.
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Edit and enhance the macro:

You can edit the recorded macro in the VBE or add new code to alter its functionality.
Create more complex macros by using VBA programming principles like variables, loops,
conditions, and functions.
Select "Visual Basic" from the "Developer" menu. Select and execute saved macro
When you select "Visual Basic," the window shown below will appear.
Click "Modules" twice.

Excel / 79
The code is now visible on the right-hand side.
SUB is the first letter of the macro code.

Because every macro has a name, they all have two parts: the "Head" and the "Tail."
Saving Macros
Macros are saved
The Excel workbook with the macro code is saved as a "Macro-Enabled Workbook." Then, select
"Save As" and "Macro-Enabled Workbook" as the file extension.
Excel macros offer various options and functionalities, including:
Adding macros to buttons or shapes: Excel users can add macros to custom buttons or shapes
they build. This makes it possible for certain macros to be executed quickly and conveniently.
Macros can be run in response to specific events, such as the opening or closing of a workbook,
a change in the value of a particular cell, or the selection of a certain worksheet.
Making changes to macros: The VBA Editor offers a complete environment for making changes
to macros. Users can improve the usefulness of their macros by including conditional statements,
loops, variables, and error handling.
Macros can be shared and distributed by either saving them in a personal macro worksheet or
by copying and pasting the VBA code into other workbooks. Multiple users will benefit from
the time savings and consistency that are ensured.
Users can change the security settings in Excel to enable or disallow macros in workbooks.
This guarantees the safe execution of macros and stops the execution of potentially dangerous
macros from unidentified sources.
Excel / 80
Excel Shortcuts:
Ctrl+N = New Workbook Create

Ctrl+O = Open workbook
Ctrl+S = Save the workbook
Ctrl+f4 = Close Excel
Alt+H = Work with all home tab.
Ctrl+c and Ctrl+v = stand for copy and paste.
Ctrl + B: Apply bold formatting to selected cells or text.
Ctrl + I: Apply italic formatting to selected cells or text.
Ctrl + U: Apply underline formatting to selected cells or text.
Ctrl + P: Open the Print dialog box to print the workbook.
Ctrl + A: Select the entire worksheet or data range.
Ctrl + F: To search for specific data, use the Find dialogue box.
Ctrl + H: To find and replace data, use the Replace dialogue box
Ctrl + K: Insert a hyperlink in the selected cell or text.
Ctrl + N: Create a new Excel workbook.
Ctrl + O: Open an existing Excel workbook.
Ctrl + W: Close the active workbook.
Ctrl + Tab: Switch between open workbooks or worksheets.
Ctrl + Shift + Arrow keys: Select a range of cells based on the direction of the arrow keys.
Ctrl + Shift + L: Apply a filter to the selected range.
Ctrl + Shift + P: Insert a page break in the worksheet for printing.
Ctrl + Shift + F: Open the Format Cells dialog box.
Ctrl + Z: Go back to the previous state or undo the most recent action.
Ctrl + Y: Undo the previous action.
Ctrl + X: Cut text or selected cells.
Ctrl + D : Fill down with. copies the contents of the selected cells below from the cell above.
Ctrl + R : Fill right. copies the contents of the selected cells on the right from the cell to the left.
Ctrl + G: To swiftly browse to a particular cell or range.
Flash fill: Ctrl + E. Values are filled automatically based on a pattern that Excel has found.
Insert cells, rows, or columns with Ctrl + numpad Plus (+).
Cells, rows, or columns can be deleted with Ctrl + numpad Minus (-).
Ctrl + 1 will open the Format Cells dialogue box, letting you to customize theformatting fo
the chosen cells.

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Excel / 01

Excel : Basic to Advanced

Introduction to the Excel interface

In Excel main important interface options

Cells, columns, and rows:

See the below image:

Tab and Group

Check the below images:

Quick Access Toolbar (QTA):

Adding Commands to the Quick Access Toolbar :

The QAT's right end has a downward-pointing arrow; click on it.

Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar:

The QAT's right end has a downward-pointing arrow; click on it.

Moving the Quick Access Toolbar :

Check the below image:

Working with Workbook vs Worksheet

Check below image:

Enter and Modify the Data

Adding and deleting Rows and Columns:

To add a new row:

Excel referencing and types

Relative reference: When a formula is copied to another cell, the relative

Steps to Apply Referencing: To apply referencing in Excel:

The cell where you want to enter a formula should be selected.

Check the below image:

Values and Formatting Options

Values: A value in Excel is the actual text or numeric information entered in

Check the below image:

Check the below image:

Flash ﬁll (CLT+E)

Activating Flash Fill: To activate Flash fill in Excel:

Delimited Text to Columns::

Fixed Width Text to Columns:

Handling Data Format:

Check this image: step:1

Format Painter (clt+shift+c)

How can Format Painter without a mouse by using keyboard shortcuts?

Errors: If the formula is not designed to be dragged (e.g., if it contains absolute

Complexity: In more complex worksheets with intricate relationships and dependencies,

Protecting cell, Sheet, and workbook:

Unprotect an Excel worksheet

Inserting image, shape, or Object:

Check See below example:

STANDARD DEVIATION : VARIANCE :

Variance(VAR): The VAR formula determines a sample's variance. It provides a

Nth LARGEST : STDEVP:

STDEVP: The STDEVP formula determines the population's overall standard

VARP: The VARP formula calculates a population's overall variance. It provides a

COVARIANCE.P: The COVARIANCE.P formula determines the covariance of two

COVARIANCE.S: Using two data sets as a sample, the COVARIANCE.S formula

AVERAGEIF: Determines the average of cells in a range that satisfy predefined

HLOOKUP (Horizontal Lookup):

Choose the cell in which the lookup result should be displayed.

XLOOKUP (Advanced Lookup):

XLOOKUP is a more versatile lookup function available in the latest versions

INDEX MATCH (Combination):

Choose the cell in which the outcome should appear.

Lower: Convert text to lower letters.

Concatenate: CONCATENATE function allows you to join multiple text strings

LEFT: LEFT function retrieves a specified number of characters, specified by