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CH 1. Network Models

The document discusses the OSI model for network communication. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer, covering what each layer is responsible for and its key functions and principles. The document provides details on each individual layer and how they work together in the layered communication process.

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29 views26 pages

CH 1. Network Models

The document discusses the OSI model for network communication. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer, covering what each layer is responsible for and its key functions and principles. The document provides details on each individual layer and how they work together in the layered communication process.

Uploaded by

mitaleeextra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Models (OSI)

Dr. Rajesh Gupta


Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
Introduction
• In communication and networking, protocol defines the rules that all
communicating parties must follow
• Communicating parties include
• Sender
• Receiver
• Intermediate devices
• Simple communication may need only one simple protocol.
• Complex communication needs to divide tasks between different layers.
• So need a protocol at each layer
• Protocol layering
Introduction

A single-layer protocol

Set of rules Maria and Ann would follow:


• Greet each other when they meet.
• Know that they should confine their vocabulary to the level of their friendship.
• Refrain from speaking when the other party is speaking.
• Exchange some nice words when they leave.
Layered Communication

• We use the concept of layers in our


daily life.
• Let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail.
Layered Communication
Protocol Layering
• Enables us to divide a complex task into several smaller and simpler tasks.
• Modular implementation (Modularity) enables layered replacements.
• Layer is black box with inputs and outputs, without concern about how inputs are
changed to outputs.
• Principles of protocol layering:
• Bidirectional communication needs to make each layer so that it is able to perform two
opposite tasks, one in each direction.
• Two objects under each layer at both sites should be identical.
Layered Communication
• Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer immediately below it.
• The sender at the higher layer uses the services of the middle layer.
• The middle layer uses the services of the lower layer.
• The lower layer uses the services of the carrier.
• The layered model that dominated data communications and networking literature
before 1990 was the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
OSI Model
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
• Open system is set of protocols that allow
any two different systems to communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture.
• The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a
model for understanding and designing a
network architecture that is flexible, robust,
and interoperable.
• It consists of seven layers, each of which
defines a part of the process of moving
information across a network.
OSI Model
• As the message travels from A to B, it may pass through many intermediate
nodes.
• Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on
another machine.
• This communication is governed by an agreed-upon series of rules and
conventions called protocols.
• The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called
peer-to-peer processes.
OSI Model
Peer-to-peer
process
Encapsulation concept
OSI Model at each layer

Exchange using
OSI model
Layers in OSI Model: Physical Layer

• This layer is responsible for the movement of bits from one hop (node) to the next.
• It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission
medium.
• It is also concerned with the data rate, synchronization of bits, line configuration, physical
topology, and transmission mode.
Layers in OSI Model: Physical Layer
Layers in OSI Model: Data Link
Layer

• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.
• This layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link.
• It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer (network layer).
• Other responsibilities: framing, physical addressing, flow control, error control, and access
control.
Layers in OSI Model: Data Link
Layer
Layers in OSI Model: Network Layer

• This layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet, possibly across
multiple networks (links).
• DLL oversees the delivery of the packet between two systems on the same network (links)
• If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no need for a network layer.
• Other responsibilities: logical addressing and routing.
Layers in OSI Model: Transport
Layer

• The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
• A process is an application program running on a host.
• Whereas the network layer oversees source-to-destination delivery of individual packets, it
does not recognize any relationship between those packets.
• Other responsibilities: service point addressing, segmentation and reassembly, connection
control, and end-to-end flow control.
Layers in OSI Model: Transport
Layer
Layers in OSI Model: Session Layer

• The services provided by the first three layers (physical, data link, and network) are not
sufficient for some processes.
• The session layer is the network dialog controller.
• It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems.
• Other responsibilities: dialog control and synchronization.
Layers in OSI Model: Session Layer
Layers in OSI Model: Presentation
Layer

• The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information
exchanged between two systems.
• The presentation layer is responsible for translation (different coding systems), compression,
and encryption.
Layers in OSI Model: Presentation
Layer
Layers in OSI Model: Application Layer

• The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network.
• It provides user interfaces and support for services.
Layers in OSI Model: Application Layer
OSI Model: Layers Summary
OSI Model: Layers Summary

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