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Optical Transducer

The document discusses different types of optical, mechanical, and other transducers used in biosensing applications. It describes key principles and examples such as surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence, and how techniques like nanomechanical systems and quantum dots are applied in biosensors.

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27 views4 pages

Optical Transducer

The document discusses different types of optical, mechanical, and other transducers used in biosensing applications. It describes key principles and examples such as surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence, and how techniques like nanomechanical systems and quantum dots are applied in biosensors.

Uploaded by

yisakabera123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optical Transducer

Optical transduction
n utilizes ch
hanges in optical
o propperties suchh as phase, amplitude,, and
frequency
y, manifesteed because of
o the selective bindingg of an anallyte with thee bio-recognnition
element i.e.
i it converrts chemical to light enerrgy.

Principlle

 Colorimetric
C for color: Measure
M chan
nge in light aadsorbed as rreactants aree converted tto
prroducts.
 Photometric for
f light inteensity: Photo
on output forr a luminesceent or fluoreescent processs
caan be detecteed with phottomultiplier tubes or phootodiode sysstems

The goveerning thing


g is that enzy
ymatic reacttions alter thhe optical prroperties of some substaances
which allow
a them to emit liight upon illuminationn in the foorm of som me fluoresccence,
phosphorrescence or chemilumine
c escence.

The SPR R(Surface Plasmon


P Ressonance) is an optical phenomenoon due to a charge deensity
oscillatio
on at the inteerface of a metal
m and a dielectric,
d w
which has dieelectric consstants of oppposite
signs. Foor example, A thin layer of gold on a high refracctive index gglass surfacee can absorb laser
light, pro
oducing elecctron waves (surface plaasmons) on the gold suurface. This occurs onlyy at a
specific angle and wavelength
w of
o incident light
l and is highly depeendent on thhe surface oof the
gold, succh that bindiing of a targget analyte to
t a receptor changes thhe resonant frequency w which
producess a measurab ble signal.
[Sourcce: http://en.wiikipedia.org/wiiki/File:Surface_Plasmon_Reesonance_(SPR
R).jpg]

Fluoresceence is a moolecular abso


orption of ligght at one w
wavelength annd its instanntaneous emiission
of at lon
nger wavelen ngths. Some molecules fluoresce naaturally and others suchh as DNA caan be
modifiedd for fluoresccence detectiion by attach
hment of speecial fluoresccent dyes.

Applicattions

DNA Sen nsors: Genettic monitorin ng, disease, Immunosennsors: HIV, H Hepatitis, otther viral dissease,
drug testting, environ nmental mo onitoring, Ceell-based Seensors: funcctional sensoors, drug testing,
Point-of--care sensorss: blood, uriine, electrollytes, gases, steroids,druugs, hormonnes, and proteins,
Bacteria Sensors: (E--coli, streptoococcus, otheer): food inddustry, mediccine, environnmental. Enzyme
sensors: diabetics,
d drrug testing.

Gold nannoparticles have


h been useed as a new class of univversal fluoreescence quennchers to devvelop
an opticaal biosensor for
f recognizzing and deteecting speciffic DNA seqquences.

Quantam m dots are useed as inorgan nic fluoroph


hores. QDs hhave fairly brroad excitatiion spectra–ffrom
ultravioleet to red–thaat can be tuneed dependin
ng on their siize and compposition. Theey are beingg used
in virus tagging
t and cancer
c cells imaging forr diagnostics purposes
A most promising
p traansducer invvolving lumin nescence usees firefly lucciferase (Phootinus-lucifeerin
4-monoo oxygenase (AATP-hydroly ysing), EC 1.13.12.7) to detect the prresence of bacteria in food or
clinical samples.
s Baccteria are speecifically lyssed and the A
ATP releasedd (roughly pproportional to
the numb ber of bacterria present) reacted
r with D-luciferin and oxygen in a reactionn which prodduces
yellow light in high quantum
q yield.
luciferase
ATP
A + D-lucifferin + O2 oxylucciferin + AM
MP + pyrophoosphate + CO
O2 + light (5662
nm)
MECHA
ANICAL TRANSDU
T UCER
Mechanical Transduccer is one wh
hich convertts mechanicaal energy intto electrical energy.

Mechanical Transdu ucers are usu


ually cantilever shaped. Smaller sizze of mechaanical transdducers
producess outstanding
g mass resolu
ution in a sin
ngle atom wh
which is an addvantage froom quartz cryystal.

In this caase, the bio molecules form


f a monoolayer on thee upper sidee of the micrro cantileverr that
generatess surface sttress produccing static mechanical
m bending w
with curvaturre which causes
cantileveer to oscillatee with respecct to the equ
uilibrium possition.

[Sourcee:Biosensors bbased on nanom


mechanical systtems,Javier Taamayo,
PriscilaM. Koosaka,]

Applicattions

Biosensoors based on n mechanicaal transducerrs can speciffically detecct single-basse mismatchhes in


oligonucleotide hybrridization. In these assays nucleic acids are iimmobilizedd on a side of a
cantileveer (active siide). Exposuure of the cantilever tto a samplee containingg complemeentary
nucleic acid
a gives rise to a cantiilever bendin
ng (deflectioon) of a few
w nanometerrs. Deflectionn can
be measu ured by an opptical system
m in which a laser beam reflects on ccantilever.

Concllusions
Various types of trransducers have been discussed aafter thorouugh study iis made. Their
applicatio
on in bio-naanotechnolog gy has also been
b describbed. It is conncluded that nano transdducers
provide much betteer results over o conven ntional sens ors. Furtherr scope is their contrrolled
productioon and betterr detecting techniques
t which
w can ennhance the usse these in m
medical purpposes.
There seeems to be brright future for
f detectionn once the apppropriate tecchnology is developed.
List of references
1. Se-Chul Park, Eun-Jin Cho, “A calorimetric biosensor and its application for detecting a
cancer cell with optical imaging”, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering 2006, IFMBE Proceedings Volume 14, 2007, pp 637-640
2. Kewal K. Jain,“Nanotechnology in clinical laboratory diagnostics”, Jain PharmaBiotech,
Blaesiring 7, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
3. DorotheeGrieshaber, Robert MacKenzie, “Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles
and Architecture”, Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology)
4. Javier Tamayo, Priscila M. Kosaka, “Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems”,Chem.
Soc. Rev.,2013
5. [Online].Available:http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0010/Kumar/Kumar-0010.html
6. [Online].Available:http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-piezoelectric-transducer.htm
7. [Online].Available:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073497500400028X
8. [Online].Available:http://archives.sensorsmag.com/articles/1299/14_1299/
9. [Online].Available:http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonic
s/EquipmentTrans/piezotransducers.htm
10. [Online].Available: http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/calorimetric.html
11. [Online].Available:http://www.cem.msu.edu/~cem835/Lecture04.pdf
12. [Online].Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor
13. [Online].Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotransducer
14. [Online].Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593106000548

Source:
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/118107015/15

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