Module 20

Properties of Z-Transform
Objective:To understand the properties of Z-Transform and associating the knowledge of
properties of ROC in response to different operations on discrete signals.
Introduction :
We are aware that the z transform of a discrete signal x(n) is given by
∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

And inverse z transform is given by

1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑗
The Properties of z-transform simplifies the work of finding the z-domain equivalent of a
time domain function when different operations are performed on discrete signal like time
shifting, time scaling, time reversal etc. These properties also signify the change in ROC
because of these operations.
These properties are also used in applying z- transform to the analysis and characterization of
Discrete Time LTI systems.
Description :
1. Linearity
Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥1 (𝑛) 𝑋1 (𝑧) with ROC = R1
𝑍
and𝑥2 (𝑛) 𝑋2 (𝑧) with ROC = R2
𝑍
then 𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 𝑎𝑋1 𝑧 + 𝑏𝑋2 (𝑧), with ROC containing 𝑅1 ∩ 𝑅2
Proof:
Taking the z-transform
∞

𝑍 𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛

𝑛 =−∞
∞
=𝑎 𝑛=−∞ 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 + 𝑏 ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥2 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
= 𝑎𝑋1 𝑧 + 𝑏𝑋2 (𝑧)
The ROC of the Linear combination is at least the intersection of R 1 and R2. For
sequences with rational z-transforms, if the poles of 𝑎𝑋1 𝑧 + 𝑏𝑋2 (𝑧) consist of all
the poles of X1(z) and X2(z), indicating no pole-zero cancellation, then the ROC will
be exactly equal to the overlap of the individual regions of convergence.
If the Linear combination is such that some zeros are introduced that cancel
poles, then the ROC may be larger.
 Illustration:
A simple example of this occurs when x1(n) and x2(n) are both of infinite
duration, but the linear combination is of finite duration. In this case the ROC of the
linear combination is the entire z-plane, except for zero and / or infinity.
For example, the sequences anu(n) and anu(n-1) both have an ROC defined by
|z|>|a|, but the sequence corresponding to the difference {anu(n) - anu(n-1)}=𝛿 𝑛
has a region of convergence that is the entire z-plane.

2. Time Shifting
Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧)with ROC= R
𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑧 −𝑚 𝑋 𝑧 with ROC= R, except for the possible addition or deletion
of the origin or infinity
Proof:
∞

𝑍 𝑥 𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
Let n-m=p
∞
= 𝑝=−∞ 𝑥 𝑝 𝑧 −(𝑝+𝑚 )
∞
−𝑚
=𝑧 𝑥 𝑝 𝑧 −𝑝
𝑝=−∞

= 𝑧 −𝑚 𝑋 𝑧
Illustration:
Because of the multiplication by z-m, for m>0 poles will be introduced at z=0,
which may cancel corresponding zeros of X(z) at z=0. Consequently, z=0 may be a
pole of z-mX(z) while it may not be a pole of X(z).In this case the ROC for z-mX(z)
equals the ROC of X(z) but with the origin deleted.
Similarly, if m<0, zeros will be introduced at z=0, which may cancel
corresponding poles of X(z) at z=0. Consequently, z=0 may be a zero of z-mX(z)
while it may not be a pole of X(z). In this case z=∞ is a pole of z -mX(z), and thus the
ROC for z-mX(z) equals the ROC of X(z) but with z=∞ deleted.

3. Scaling in the z-Domain

Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC= R
𝑍 𝑧
then 𝑧𝑜 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋 with ROC= |zo|R where, |zo|R is the scaled version of R.
𝑧𝑜
Proof:
 ∞ ∞
𝑧 −𝑛 𝑧
𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑍 𝑧𝑜 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑧𝑜 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 =𝑋
𝑧𝑜 𝑧𝑜
𝑛 =−∞ 𝑛=−∞

Illustration:
𝑧
If z is a point in the ROC of X(z), then the point |𝑧𝑜 |𝑧is in the ROC of 𝑋 .
𝑧𝑜
𝑧
Also, if X(z) has a pole (or zero) at z=a, then 𝑋 has a pole (or zero) at z=zoa.
𝑧𝑜
An important special case of the property is when zo=ejωo. In this case, |zo|R=R
and
𝑍
𝑒𝑗 𝜔 𝑜 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔 𝑜 𝑧
The left-hand side of the above equation corresponds to multiplication by a
complex exponential sequence. The right-hand side can be interpreted as a
rotation in the z-plane; i.e., all pole-zero locations rotate in the z-plane by an angle
of ωo, as illustrated in the figure below.

Fig (a) is the pole-zero pattern for the z-transform for a signal x(n)
Fig (b) is the pole-zero pattern for the z-transform of 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑜 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

4. Time Reversal
Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC= R
𝑍 1 1
then 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑋 with ROC= 𝑅
𝑧
Proof:
∞

𝑍 𝑥 −𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
Let -n=p
∞ ∞
𝑝
1
= 𝑥 𝑝 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑝 𝑧 −1 −𝑝
=𝑋
𝑧
𝑝=−∞ 𝑝=−∞
Illustration
 If zo is in the ROC for x(n), then 1/zo is in the ROC for x(-n)

5. Conjugation
Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC= R
𝑍
then 𝑥 ∗ 𝑛 𝑋 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ with ROC= R
Proof:
∞

𝑍 𝑥∗ 𝑛 = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
as we know that z=rejω
∞ ∗
= 𝑛 =−∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑛
∞ ∗

= 𝑥 𝑛 𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑛
𝑛=−∞
∞ ∗

= 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧∗ −𝑛

𝑛=−∞
∗
= 𝑋 𝑧∗ = 𝑋∗ 𝑧∗

Also𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑋 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ when x(n) is real.

Illustration:
If X(z) has a pole ( or zero) at z=zo, it must also have a pole (or zero) at the complex
conjugate point z=zo*.

6. The Convolution Property

Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥1 (𝑛) 𝑋1 (𝑧) with ROC = R1
𝑍
and𝑥2 (𝑛) 𝑋2 (𝑧) with ROC = R2
𝑍
then 𝑥1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥2 𝑛 𝑋1 𝑧 . 𝑋2 (𝑧), with ROC containing 𝑅1 ∩ 𝑅2
Proof:
∞

𝑍 𝑥1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥2 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛 =−∞
∞ ∞
= 𝑛 =−∞ 𝑚 =−∞ 𝑥1 𝑚 𝑥2 (𝑛 − 𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑛
Interchanging the order of summations
∞ ∞

𝑍 𝑥1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑚 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑚 =−∞ 𝑛=−∞
 ∞

= 𝑥1 𝑚 𝑧 −𝑚 𝑋2 (𝑧)
𝑚 =−∞
(Since from Time shifting property)
∞

= 𝑋2 (𝑧) 𝑥1 𝑚 𝑧 −𝑚
𝑚 =−∞

= 𝑋1 𝑧 . 𝑋2 (𝑧)

Illustration:
Just as with the convolution property for the Laplace transform, the ROC of
𝑋1 𝑧 . 𝑋2 (𝑧) includes the intersection of R1 and R2 and may be larger if pole-zero
cancellation occurs in the product.
Note: This property plays an important role in the analysis of Discrete Time LTI
systems.
For example consider an LTI system for which y(n)=h(n)*x(n), where
𝑕 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝛿(𝑛 − 1).
𝑍
Note that 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝛿 𝑛 − 1 1 − 𝑧 −1 , with ROC equal to the entire z-plane except
the origin. Also, the z-transform has a zero at z=1.
Applying the property
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC = R, then
𝑍
𝑦(𝑛) (1 − 𝑧 −1 ) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC = R, with the possible deletion of z=0 and/or
addition of z=1.

7. Accumulation
Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC = R
then
𝑍 1
𝑛
𝑘=−∞ 𝑥(𝑘) 𝑋 𝑧 . 1−𝑧 −1 , with ROC containing 𝑅 ∩ { 𝑧 > 1}
Proof:

𝑥(𝑘) = 𝑥 𝑛 ∗ 𝑢(𝑛)
𝑘=−∞
𝑛

𝑍 𝑥(𝑘) = 𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 ∗ 𝑢(𝑛)
𝑘=−∞

Applying convolution property

 𝑛
1
𝑍 𝑥(𝑘) = 𝑋 𝑧 .
1 − 𝑧 −1
𝑘=−∞

8. Time Expansion
The continuous –time concept of time scaling does not directly extend to discrete
time, since the discrete time index is defined only for integer values. However, the
discrete time concept of time expansion can be defined and does play an important
role in discrete time signal and system analysis. Let m be a positive integer, and
define the signal
𝑛
𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚
𝑥(𝑚 ) 𝑛 = 𝑚
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚
𝑥(𝑚 ) 𝑛 can be obtained from x(n) by placing m-1 zeros between successive values
of the original signal. Intuitively, we can think of 𝑥(𝑚 ) 𝑛 as a slowed down version
of x(n). Now,
Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC = R
𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑚 𝑛 𝑋(𝑧 𝑚 ) with ROC= R1/m
That is , if R is a< |z| <b, then the new ROC is a< |zm| <b, or a1/m< |z| <b1/m.
Also, if X(z) has a pole (or zero) at z=a, thenX(zm)has apole (or zero) at z1/m.
Proof:
The z transform of 𝑥 𝑚 𝑛 is given by
∞ ∞
−𝑛
𝑛 −𝑛
𝑍 𝑥𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑚 𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑧
𝑚
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛 =−∞

Changing the variables is performed by letting r = n/m, which also yields r = -∞ as

n=-∞ and r=∞ as n=∞. Therefore,
∞ ∞

𝑍 𝑥𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑧 −𝑚𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑧𝑚 −𝑟
= 𝑋(𝑧 𝑚 )
𝑟=−∞ 𝑛=−∞

9. Differentiation in the z-Domain

Statement:
𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC= R
𝑍 𝑑𝑋 (𝑧)
then 𝑛𝑥(𝑛) −𝑧 with ROC = R
𝑑𝑧

Proof:
z transform is given by
∞

𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 =𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
 Differentiating above on both sides with respect to „z‟
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑑𝑋(𝑧) 𝑑 −𝑛
𝑑 −𝑛
= 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 = −𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛−1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛 =−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞
𝑑𝑋(𝑧)
−𝑧 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑑𝑧
𝑛=−∞
𝑑𝑋 (𝑧)
Comparing both equations −𝑧 is the z transform of 𝑛𝑥(𝑛).
𝑑𝑧

ROC remains the same R because differentiating X(z) will increase the order of the
poles present at the same location as earlier.
Illustration:
Consider
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 −𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑢(𝑛)𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑛

𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

For convergence of X(z), we require that ∞ 𝑛=0 𝑎𝑧

−1 𝑛
< ∞. Consequently, the
region of convergence is that range of values of z for which 𝑎𝑧 −1 < 1, or
equivalently, 𝑧 > 𝑎
∞ 1
Then 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑛=0 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑛
= 1−𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑍 𝑑𝑋 𝑧 𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) −𝑧 = with ROC: |z| > |a|
𝑑𝑧 1−𝑎𝑧 −1 2

From the above result, it is observed that differentiating rational form z-domain
function will result in multiple order poles. Therefore, ROC remains same as X(z).

10. The Initial Value Theorems

Statement:
If x(n)=0, for n < 0 then initial value of x(n) i.e., 𝑥 0 = lim𝑧→∞ 𝑋(𝑧)
Proof:
∞ −𝑛
We know that Z{x(n)}= 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 as x(n) is causal.
Expanding the summation
∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯
𝑛=0

Applying the lim𝑧→∞ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑕 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

lim 𝑋(𝑧) = lim 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞
i.e.,
lim 𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑥(0)
𝑧→∞

11. The Final Value Theorem

Statement:
If x(n) is causal and X(z) is the z-transform of x(n) and if all the poles of X(z) lie
strictly inside the unit circle except possibly for a first order pole at z=1 then
lim 𝑥 𝑛 = lim(1 − 𝑧 −1 )𝑋(𝑧)
𝑁→∞ 𝑧→1
Proof:
Consider the z-transform of x(n)-x(n-1)
𝑍
x(n) − x(n − 1) (1 − 𝑧 −1 )𝑋(𝑧)
∞

𝒁{ 𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)} = 𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) 𝑧 −𝑛 = (1 − 𝑧 −1 )𝑋(𝑧)

𝑛 =0

Also, the above can be written as

𝑁

lim 𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) 𝑧 −𝑛 = (1 − 𝑧 −1 )𝑋(𝑧)

𝑁→∞
𝑛=0

Applying the limit z→1 on both sides

𝑁

lim lim 𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) 𝑧 −𝑛 = lim(1 − 𝑧 −1 )𝑋(𝑧)

𝑧→1 𝑁→∞ 𝑧→1
𝑛 =0

LHS after applying the limit z→1 becomes

𝑁
𝑥 0 − 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 + ⋯
lim 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑥 𝑛−1 = lim
𝑁→∞ 𝑁→∞ +𝑥 𝑁 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑁 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑁 − 𝑥 𝑁 − 1
𝑛=0

All terms cancel except x(N). Therefore,

lim 𝑥 𝑛 = lim(1 − 𝑧 −1 )𝑋(𝑧)
𝑁→∞ 𝑧→1
Summary:
Examples:
Solved Problems:
Problem 1: Compute the convolution y(n) of the signals
𝑥 𝑛 = {1,2,1}
1 0≤𝑛≤5
𝑕 𝑛 =
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒
Solution:
By definition
∞ 2
−𝑛
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 −2
𝑛 =−∞ 𝑛=0
= 1 − 2𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 = (1 − 𝑧 −1 )2
ROC is the entire z-plane expect z=0 because x(z) becomes unbounded for z=0.
Similarly, we have
∞ 5 5
−𝑛 −𝑛
1 − 𝑧 −6
𝐻 𝑧 = 𝑕 𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑕 𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑧 −𝑛 =
1 − 𝑧 −1
𝑛 =−∞ 𝑛 =0 𝑛 =0

ROC is the entire z-plane expect z=0 because x(z) becomes unbounded for z=0.

Now, consider 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) ∗ 𝑕(𝑛)

Using the convolution property, we obtain
1 − 𝑧 −6
𝑌 𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑧 𝐻 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑧 −1 )2 = 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −6 = 1 − 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −6 + 𝑧 −7
1 − 𝑧 −1
Then y(n)={1,-1,0,0,0,0,-1,1}
Problem 2: Determine the z-transform and ROC of the signal 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛) − 𝑢(𝑛 − 10)
Solution:
1 𝑧 −10 1 − 𝑧 −10 1 𝑧10 − 1
𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 =𝑍 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑧 𝑢 𝑛 − 10 = − = = 10
1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑧 𝑧−1
ROC is the entire z-plane except z=0
Problem 3: Find the z-transform of the signal g(n)=|n|a|n|
Solution:
Consider the given signal g(n)=|n|a|n|
 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑛≥0
𝑔 𝑛 =
−𝑛𝑎−𝑛 𝑛≤0
Using the differentiation property in z-domain
𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑍 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 = , 𝑧 > |𝑎|
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 2

From the time reversal property in z-domain

𝑍
If 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧) with ROC= R
𝑍 1 1
then 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑋 with ROC= 𝑅
𝑧

1 −1
1 𝑎 1 𝑎𝑧 1
𝑧
𝑍 𝑥 −𝑛 =𝑋 = 2 , > 𝑎 = 2
, 𝑧 <
𝑧 1 −1 𝑧 1 − 𝑎𝑧 𝑎
1−𝑎 𝑧

Considering g(n)=x(n)+x(-n)
1 𝑎 1+𝑎 2 𝑧+𝑧 −1 −4𝑎 2 1
Taking z-transform yields 𝐺(𝑧) = 𝑋(𝑧) + 𝑋 = , 𝑎 < 𝑧 <
𝑧 1−𝑎𝑧 2 1−𝑎𝑧 2 𝑎

Problem 4: Find the z-transform and ROC of the signal

𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
𝑔 𝑛 = 𝑎3 𝑢 = 𝑎 , 3 𝑛 = 0,3,6, … where |a|< 1
3 0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒
Solution:
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
Consider the signal 𝑔 𝑛 = 𝑎 3 𝑢 =𝑥
3 3

where x(n)=anu(n)
𝑍 1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑋 𝑧 = 1−𝑎𝑧 −1 with ROC:|z| > |a|

Using Time expansion property

𝑛 𝑍
𝑛 𝑛 1
𝑥 = 𝑎3 𝑢 𝑋 𝑧 3 = 1−𝑎𝑧 −3 with ROC:|z| > |a|1/3
3 3

Problem 5:Use the convolution property to show that 𝑢(𝑛) ∗ 𝑢(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛𝑢(𝑛)
Solution:
Let𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛) ∗ 𝑢(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛𝑢(𝑛)
Taking the z-transform of x(n) and using the convolution property, we get
1 𝑧 −1
𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑍 𝑢 𝑛 ∗ 𝑢(𝑛 − 1) =
1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −1

𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) =
1 − 𝑧 −1 2
 𝑍 𝑑 1 𝑧 −1
Also from differentiation in z-domain property 𝑛. 𝑢 𝑛 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =
1−𝑧 −1 1−𝑧 −1 2

Hence 𝑢(𝑛) ∗ 𝑢(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛𝑢(𝑛)

Problem 6: Apply the final value theorem to determine x(∞) for the signal
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 =
0, 𝑜𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Solution:
Given that
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 =
0, 𝑜𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
From the definition of the unilateral z-transform, we have
∞ ∞
−𝑛
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 = (1)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

Substituting n=2r,
∞ ∞
−2𝑟
1
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑧 −2 𝑟
= −2
; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑧 −2 < 1 → 𝑧 > 1
1−𝑧
𝑟=0 𝑟=0

From the final value theorem, we have

1 1 1
𝑥 ∞ = lim 1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑋(𝑧) = lim 1 − 𝑧 −1 −2
= lim −1
=
𝑧→1 𝑧→1 1−𝑧 𝑧→1 1 + 𝑧 2
Problem 7:Findthe transfer function of the system whose impulse response is given by
2 𝑛 2 𝑛−1
𝑕 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 −2 𝑢 𝑛 − 1 .Check whether the system is stable.
3 3

Solution:
2 𝑛 2 𝑛−1
Given the impulse response of the system 𝑕 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 −2 𝑢 𝑛−1
3 3

Applying z-transform and applying time shifting property for the second term

1 −1
1 2𝑧 −1
𝐻 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑧 2 = 2
1 − 3 𝑧 −1 1 − 3 𝑧 −1 1 − 3 𝑧 −1

ROC: |z| > 2/3

System have only one pole at z=2/3 which is inside the unit circle. Hence the system is stable.
Problem 8:Find the z-transform and ROC of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 1 − 2𝛿 𝑛 + 𝛿(𝑛 − 1)
Solution:
Given signal𝑥 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 1 − 2𝛿 𝑛 + 𝛿(𝑛 − 1)
Applying z-transform on both sides
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 2 + 𝑧 −1
ROC is entire z-plane except z=0 and z=∞
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
Problem 9:Find the initial value of the signal 𝑥 𝑛 = 7 𝑢 𝑛 −6 𝑢 𝑛
3 2

Solution:
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
Given signal 𝑥 𝑛 = 7 𝑢 𝑛 −6 𝑢 𝑛
3 2

Applying z-transform
3
7 6 1 − 2 𝑧 −1
𝑋 𝑧 = 1 − 1 = 1 1
1 − 3 𝑧 −1 1 − 2 𝑧 −1 1 − 3 𝑧 −1 1 − 3 𝑧 −1

Applying initial value theorem

3
1 − 2 𝑧 −1
lim 𝑋 𝑧 = lim 1 1
=1
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞
1 − 3 𝑧 −1 1 − 3 𝑧 −1

Problem 10:Consider the rectangular signal

1, 0≤𝑛≤5
𝑥 𝑛 =
0, 𝑜𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Let 𝑔(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)
a) Find the signal g(n) and directly evaluate its z-transform
b) Noting that
𝑛

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑘=−∞
Determine the z-transform of x(n)
Solution:
a) The signal g(n) is simplified as 𝑔 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝛿(𝑛 − 6)
Using the definition of z-transform 𝐺 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑧 −6 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑧 > 0
b) From accumulation property
𝑧 1 1−𝑧 −6
𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑘=−∞ 𝑔(𝑘) 𝑋 𝑧 = 1−𝑧 −1 𝐺 𝑧 = 1−𝑧 −1 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑧 > 0

Assignment:
Problem 1: Determine the signal x(n) whose z-transform is given by X(z)=log(1+az-1), |z|>|a|
𝑛−1
Problem 2: Find the z-transform of a signal 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢 2

Problem 3:Determine the input to the system, using z-transform given output y(n)=δ(n-2)
and impulse response h(n)=(1/2)nu(n)
Problem 4: Determine the system function for the causal LTI system with difference
1 1
equation𝑦 𝑛 − 2 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 4 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥(𝑛)

Problem 5:Considera signal y(n) which is related to two signals x(n) and h(n) by
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) ∗ 𝑕(𝑛) where 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 and 𝑕 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 . Use the properties of
2 3
the z-transform to determine Y(z).
Problem 6: Consider a sequence 𝑥1 (𝑛) with z-transform 𝑋1 (𝑧) and a sequence 𝑥2 (𝑛) with z-
transform 𝑋2 (𝑧), where 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥1 (−𝑛).
Show that 𝑋2 𝑧 = 𝑋1 (1/𝑧 ), and from this, show that if 𝑋1 (𝑧) has a pole (or zero) at z=zo,
then 𝑋2 (𝑧) has a pole( or zero) at z=1/zo
1 𝑛
Problem 7. Find the z-transform and ROC of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 3−𝑛
4

Problem 8:Find the z-transform of t2e-at after performing sampling at T=1 sec
Problem 9:Find the z-transform as well as ROC for the sequence
𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑢(𝑛 − 8)
3
Problem 10:Find the two-sided z-transform of the signal

1 𝑛
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛≥0
3
−2 𝑛 𝑛 ≤ −1

Simulation:
Z-transform using MATLAB is performed with the help of the function ztrans
1 𝑛−1
Example:Finding the z transform of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛 − 1)
4

>>syms z
>>syms n
>>ztrans(((1/4)^(n-1)*heaviside(n-1)))

ans =

(1/(4*z - 1) + 1/2)/z

>> pretty(ans)

1
------- + 1/2
4 z - 1
-------------
z
References:
[1] Alan V.Oppenheim, Alan S.Willsky and S.Hamind Nawab, “Signals & Systems”, Second
edition, Pearson Education, 8th Indian Reprint, 2005.
[2] M.J.Roberts, “Signals and Systems, Analysis using Transform methods and MATLAB”,
Second edition,McGraw-Hill Education,2011
[3] John R Buck, Michael M Daniel and Andrew C.Singer, “Computer explorations in
Signals and Systems using MATLAB”,Prentice Hall Signal Processing Series
[4] P Ramakrishna rao, “Signals and Systems”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008
[5] Tarun Kumar Rawat, “Signals and Systems”, Oxford University Press,2011