HINDUSTAN INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL, PADUR
(Affiliated to the central board of secondary education, New Delhi
Affiliation No:1931031, School Code : 55940)

GRADE - XII
CHEMISTRY PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

ELISHA ELIZABETH GEORGE

 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘TO PREPARE PIGMENTS
AND POSTER PAINTS’ submitted by Elisha Elizabeth George of grade XII
with Roll No.___________________ for the AISSCE - 2023-24 at Hindustan
International School, Padur has been examined. This report is checked by the
Practical External/Internal Examiner on ___________________.

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner

Signature of Principal

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 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of honour and gratitude to my

project guide Ms. Nishanthini Arulmurugan, for guiding and mentoring me
through the course of the project. She always evinced keen interest in my work.
Her constructive advice and constant motivation have been responsible for the
successful completion of this project.

My sincere regards go to our respected Principal, Ms. Susan George for

extending every possible support for the completion of this project.

I also extend my obligation to my Parents for their motivation and

support. I must thank my classmates for their timely help and support in the
completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who helped me
directly or indirectly towards the successful completion of this project.

Elisha Elizabeth George

Grade XII

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 INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. AIM 9
3. THEORY 10
4. MATERIALS REQUIRED 11
5. PROCEDURE 12
6. OBSERVATION 17
7. RESULT 18
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

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 INTRODUCTION

What is a Pigment?

A Pigment is a substance that imparts black, white or any colour to other

materials. It is a powdered substance that is mixed with a liquid in which it is
relatively insoluble and used especially to impart colour to coating materials
such as paints, inks, plastics and rubber.

A pigment is a material that changes the colour of reflected or transmitted light

as the result of wavelength-selective absorption ie., it's a substance that appears
a certain colour because it selectively absorbs a certain wavelength of light. This
physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of
luminescence, in which a material emits light. Many materials selectively
absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and
developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them
ideal for colouring other materials.

Pigments are used for colouring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food and
other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry
colourants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a binder
or a vehicle, a relatively neutral or colourless material that suspends the pigment
and gives the paint its adhesion. A distinction is usually made between a
pigment, which is insoluble in its vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye,
which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution).
A colourant can act as either a pigment or a dye depending on the vehicle
involved. In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by

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precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a
lake pigment. The term biological pigment is used for all coloured substances
independent of their solubility.

The appearance of pigments is intimately connected to the colour of the source

light. Sunlight has a high colour temperature, and a fairly uniform spectrum, and
is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources tend to have
great peaks in some parts of their spectrum, and deep valleys in others. Viewed
under these conditions, pigments will appear in different colours.Selection of a
pigment for a particular application is determined by cost, and by the physical
properties and attributes of the pigment itself.

A pigment is also a colouring matter in animals and plants especially in a cell or

tissue. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur, and hair contain
pigments. Animal skin coloration often comes about through specialised cells
called chromatophores, which animals such as the octopus and chameleon can
control to vary the animal's colour.
Pigment colour differs from structural colour in that pigment colour is the same
for all viewing angles, whereas structural colour is the result of selective
reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures.

Types of Pigments:-

1. Organic Pigments:-

● Organic pigments occur naturally and they’ve

been used for centuries. They’re quite simple
in their chemical structure. They’re named
organic as they contain minerals and metals
that give them their colour.
● Organic pigments are based on carbon chains
and rings. While some contain inorganic
elements as stabilisers, organic pigments are
defined primarily by this factor. These strong carbon chains also
make them highly stable.

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 ● Organic pigment is a class of insoluble organic compounds of high
colouring strength. The so-called insolubility means that they have
extremely small solubility in water, organic solvent, and various
kinds of media. For organic compounds used as pigments, they
should also have a series of pigment characteristics, namely
sunshine-resistant, resistant to flooding, acid-resistant, alkali
resistant, organic solvents resistant, heat resistant and excellent
dispersion property in the application medium and so on.
● Some examples of organic pigments are Astaxanthin,
Quinacridone, Pigment Yellow 12, Carbon back, Carmine, etc.

2. Inorganic pigments:-

● Inorganic pigments are also known as “synthetic

pigments.” Inorganic pigment suppliers supply
this type of pigment mainly to paints, plastics,
synthetic fibres and ink industry. In uses where
bright colours are required, organic pigments are
used as they bolster high colour strength.
● They consist of dry ground minerals, usually
metals and metallic salts. Because of their
composition, inorganic pigments are usually more opaque and
more insoluble than organic pigments. In general, inorganic
pigments are the most commonly used in industry, favoured for
their lightfastness and low cost.
● Most of the inorganic pigments are complex which are formed by
transition elements. A large number of complexes formed by
transition elements are coloured, both in solid state and aqueous
solution.
● Some examples of inorganic pigments are titanium dioxide, zinc
white, cadmium etc.

3. Metallic and Industrial pigments:-

a. Metallic pigment:-

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 ● Metallic pigments are special effect pigments
made from the highest quality mica
nanoparticles coated with organic and
inorganic colours.
● Metallic pigments are used in a wide variety
of coating applications. The AVL pigments
are well known for their very performing
metallic effects as well as functional
performance in different fields
● Metallic pigments include metal pigments such as the flakes or
platelets of aluminium, copper, copper-zinc alloys, zinc and other
metals

b. Industrial pigment:-
● Industrial pigments are chemical
preparations, compressed into a powder
from colourants.
● Industrial pigments are the pigments that
are widely used in the industrial
applications and include organic,
inorganic and the metallic pigments.
● Examples are ultramarine, ochre,
melanin, vermilion etc.

Poster paints:-
Poster paint is a type of brightly coloured paint which contains no oil and is
used for painting pictures. It is a distemper paint that usually uses Starch,
Cornstarch, cellulose, gum-water or another glue size as its binder. It either
comes in large bottles or jars or in a powdered form. It is normally a cheap paint
used in school art classes. This type of paint was specifically designed for use
on posters and papers to get bright, vibrant colours. It dries faster than acrylics
to a matte, chalk-like finish, but poster paint is not permanent. This is what
makes poster paint ideal for using in a playgroup, workshop or art club setting.

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 AIM
To prepare pigments and poster paints using various chemicals and reagents.

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 THEORY
A pigment is a finely divided material which contributes to optical and other
properties of paints. Pigments may be classified according to their composition
or source which they are obtained from. However the most common and useful
classification is that colour pigments can be made using simple chemical
reactions and techniques.

Grinding a pigment or a mixture to a very fine powder and then suspending the
powder in a very fine liquid makes poster paint so as to have a uniform
suspension. For making poster paints the pigments made by various chemical
reactions are thoroughly mixed with the medium. Paints are made of inorganic
pigments, which sometimes harden but adding a little amount of warm water
can soften them. If the pigments are organic in nature, then an organic solvent is
required to soften it.

The pigments thus formed from the various chemical reactions are added to a
medium to get the required poster paints. The medium provides a stable base for
the unstable pigments where the pigments come in a reaction with the medium
such as shampoo, gum for the desired outcome of the poster paint. Medium can
easily be prepared by glue, shampoo and water. All we have to do is mix some
glue with shampoo in water. Finally dissolve the precipitates in the medium and
the poster paints are ready

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED

Apparatus:-

1. Beakers
2. Funnels
3. Water
4. Conical flask
5. Filter paper
6. China dish
7. Spatula
8. Electronic weighing scale

Chemicals:-

Chrome Yellow:-
1. Potassium Chromate
2. Lead Nitrate

Prussian Blue:-
1. Ferric Chloride
2. Potassium Ferrocyanide

White:-
1. Sodium Chloride
2. Lead Nitrate

Malachite:-
1. Copper Sulphate
2. Sodium Carbonate

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 PROCEDURE

Chrome Yellow:-

Steps for preparation:-

1. Make a solution of potassium chromate by dissolving 7 grams of the salt

in 50 mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the salt
particles are properly dissolved in the water.
2. Make a solution of lead nitrate by dissolving 10 grams of the salt in 100
mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the salt
particles are properly dissolved in the water.
3. Add potassium chromate solution, slowly, into lead nitrate solution while
stirring briskly.
4. Leave the yellow (chrome yellow) mixture, so formed, undisturbed for 15
minutes.
5. Prepare a gravity filter by setting a folded filter paper in the form of a
cone, which is stuck to the inner edge of a funnel, which is then set on a
conical flask
6. Pour the mixture, slowly, over the gravity filter, and allow the powder to
precipitate.
7. Once the filter paper is dried up, carefully remove the filter paper and
pour the powder in a china dish.
8. Scrape the excess powder that is stuck on the filter paper, by using a
spatula.
9. The powder obtained is the paint pigment of the shade chrome yellow.
10.Weigh the powder formed on an electronic weighing scale, and calculate
the efficiency of formation.

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Reaction:-

K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 → PbCrO4 + 2KNO3

Prussian Blue:-

Steps for preparation:-

1. Make a solution of hydrated iron (III) chloride by dissolving 5 grams of

the salt in 50 mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until
the salt particles are properly dissolved in the water.
2. Make a solution of potassium ferrocyanide by dissolving 10 grams of the
salt in 75 mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the
salt particles are properly dissolved in the water.
3. Add iron chloride solution, slowly, into potassium ferrocyanide solution
while stirring briskly.
4. Leave the dark blue mixture, so formed, undisturbed for 15 minutes.
5. Prepare a gravity filter by setting a folded filter paper in the form of a
cone, which is stuck to the inner edge of a funnel, which is then set on a
conical flask
6. Pour the mixture, slowly, over the gravity filter, and allow the powder to
precipitate.
7. Once the filter paper is dried up, carefully remove the filter paper and
pour the powder in a china dish.
8. Scrape the excess powder that is stuck on the filter paper, by using a
spatula.
9. The powder obtained is the paint pigment of the shade prussian blue.
10.Weigh the powder formed on an electronic weighing scale, and calculate
the efficiency of formation.

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Reaction:-

3K4[Fe(CN)6] + 4FeCl3 → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

White:-

Steps for preparation:-

1. Make a solution of sodium chloride by dissolving 2.5 grams of the salt in

50 mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the salt
particles are properly dissolved in the Water.
2. Make a solution of lead nitrate by dissolving 6 grams of the salt in 10 mL
of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the salt particles
are properly dissolved in the water.
3. Add sodium chloride solution, slowly, into lead nitrate solution while
stirring briskly.
4. Leave the white mixture, so formed, undisturbed for 15 minutes.
5. Prepare a gravity filter by setting a folded filter paper in the form of a
cone, which is stuck to the inner edge of a funnel, which is then set on a
conical flask
6. Pour the mixture, slowly, over the gravity filter, and allow the powder to
precipitate.
7. Once the filter paper is dried up, carefully remove the filter paper and
pour the powder in a china dish.
8. Scrape the excess powder that is stuck on the filter paper, by using a
spatula.
9. The powder obtained, is the paint pigment of the shade white.
10.Weigh the powder formed on an electronic weighing scale, and calculate
the efficiency of formation.

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Reaction:-

2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2NaNO3 + PbCl2

Malachite:-

Steps for preparation:-

1. Make a solution of sodium carbonate by dissolving 5 grams of the salt in

55 mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the salt
particles are properly dissolved in the water.
2. Make a solution of copper sulphate by dissolving 12 grams of the salt in
50 mL of water. Stir the solution briskly, using a spatula, until the salt
particles are properly dissolved in the water.
3. Add sodium carbonate solution, slowly, into copper sulphate solution
while stirring briskly.
4. Leave the greenish (malachite) mixture, so formed, undisturbed for 15
minutes.
5. Prepare a gravity filter by setting a folded filter paper in the form of a
cone, which is stuck to the inner edge of a funnel, which is then set on a
conical flask
6. Pour the mixture, slowly, over the gravity filter, and allow the powder to
precipitate.
7. Once the filter paper is dried up, carefully remove the filter paper and
pour the powder in a china dish.
8. Scrape the excess powder that is stuck on the filter paper, by using a
spatula.
9. The powder obtained is the paint pigment of the Shade malachite.
10.Weigh the Powder Formed on an Electronic Weighing Scale, and
calculate the efficiency of formation.

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Reaction:-

CuSO4.5H2O + 2Na2CO3 → CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 + 2Na2SO4 + CO2 + 9H2O

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 OBSERVATION

Chrome Yellow:-

Amount of Reactants = 17 g
Amount of Pigment formed = 9.72 g

Prussian Blue:-

Amount of Reactants = 15 g
Amount of Pigment formed = 6.40 g

White:-

Amount of Reactants =8.5 g

Amount of Pigment formed = 4.08 g

Malachite:-

Amount of Reactants = 17 g
Amount of Pigment formed = 4.61 g

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 RESULT

Chrome Yellow:-

Efficiency = 57.1 %

Prussian Blue:-

Efficiency = 42.6 %

White:-

Efficiency = 48 %

Malachite:-

Efficiency = 27.1 %

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Chemistry/prepare-pigments.php
https://www.slideshare.net/DipeshGupta53/hirday-gupta-poster-paintspptx
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PAINTS-PIGMENTS-POSTER-COLOURS
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paints-51k
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poster-paints/
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webster.com/dictionary/pigment#:~:text=pig%C2%B7%E2%80%8Bment-
,%CB%88pig%2Dm%C9%99nt,matter%20in%20animals%20and%20plants
https://www.meghmaniglobal.com/what-is-pigments-what-are-the-types-of-pigments
https://www.brenntag.com/en-us/industries/coatings-and-construction/inorganic-vs-organic-
pigments/
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